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Nasuno M, Arimura Y, Nagaishi K, Isshiki H, Onodera K, Nakagaki S, Watanabe S, Idogawa M, Yamashita K, Naishiro Y, Adachi Y, Suzuki H, Fujimiya M, Imai K, Shinomura Y. Mesenchymal stem cells cancel azoxymethane-induced tumor initiation. Stem Cells 2015; 32:913-25. [PMID: 24715689 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in tumorigenesis remains controversial. Therefore, our goal was to determine whether exogenous MSCs possess intrinsic antineoplastic or proneoplastic properties in azoxymethane (AOM)-induced carcinogenesis. Three in vivo models were studied: an AOM/dextran sulfate sodium colitis-associated carcinoma model, an aberrant crypt foci model, and a model to assess the acute apoptotic response of a genotoxic carcinogen (AARGC). We also performed in vitro coculture experiments. As a result, we found that MSCs partially canceled AOM-induced tumor initiation but not tumor promotion. Moreover, MSCs inhibited the AARGC in colonic epithelial cells because of the removal of O(6)-methylguanine (O(6) MeG) adducts through O(6) MeG-DNA methyltransferase activation. Furthermore, MSCs broadly affected the cell-cycle machinery, potentially leading to G1 arrest in vivo. Coculture of IEC-6 rat intestinal cells with MSCs not only arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase, but also induced apoptosis. The anti-carcinogenetic properties of MSCs in vitro required transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling because such properties were completely abrogated by absorption of TGF-β under indirect coculture conditions. MSCs inhibited AOM-induced tumor initiation by preventing the initiating cells from sustaining DNA insults and subsequently inducing G1 arrest in the initiated cells that escaped from the AARGC. Furthermore, tumor initiation perturbed by MSCs might potentially dysregulate WNT and TGF-β-Smad signaling pathways in subsequent tumorigenesis. Obtaining a better understanding of MSC functions in colon carcinogenesis is essential before commencing the broader clinical application of promising MSC-based therapies for cancer-prone patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Nasuno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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52
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In vivo selection to identify bacterial strains with enhanced ecological performance in synbiotic applications. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2455-65. [PMID: 25616794 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03903-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One strategy for enhancing the establishment of probiotic bacteria in the human intestinal tract is via the parallel administration of a prebiotic, which is referred to as a synbiotic. Here we present a novel method that allows a rational selection of putative probiotic strains to be used in synbiotic applications: in vivo selection (IVS). This method consists of isolating candidate probiotic strains from fecal samples following enrichment with the respective prebiotic. To test the potential of IVS, we isolated bifidobacteria from human subjects who consumed increasing doses of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) for 9 weeks. A retrospective analysis of the fecal microbiota of one subject revealed an 8-fold enrichment in Bifidobacterium adolescentis strain IVS-1 during GOS administration. The functionality of GOS to support the establishment of IVS-1 in the gastrointestinal tract was then evaluated in rats administered the bacterial strain alone, the prebiotic alone, or the synbiotic combination. Strain-specific quantitative real-time PCR showed that the addition of GOS increased B. adolescentis IVS-1 abundance in the distal intestine by nearly 2 logs compared to rats receiving only the probiotic. Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing not only confirmed the increased establishment of IVS-1 in the intestine but also revealed that the strain was able to outcompete the resident Bifidobacterium population when provided with GOS. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that IVS can be used to successfully formulate a synergistic synbiotic that can substantially enhance the establishment and competitiveness of a putative probiotic strain in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Abstract
Probiotic organisms are claimed to offer several functional properties including stimulation of immune system. This review is presented to provide detailed informations about how probiotics stimulate our immune system. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus casei Shirota, Bifidobacterium animalis Bb-12, Lactobacillus johnsonii La1, Bifidobacterium lactis DR10, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii are the most investigated probiotic cultures for their immunomodulation properties. Probiotics can enhance nonspecific cellular immune response characterized by activation of macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in strain-specific and dose-dependent manner. Mixture and type (gram-positive and gram-negative) of probiotic organisms may induce different cytokine responses. Supplementation of probiotic organisms in infancy could help prevent immune-mediated diseases in childhood, whereas their intervention in pregnancy could affect fetal immune parameters, such as cord blood interferon (IFN)-γ levels, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 levels, and breast milk immunoglobulin (Ig)A. Probiotics that can be delivered via fermented milk or yogurt could improve the gut mucosal immune system by increasing the number of IgA(+) cells and cytokine-producing cells in the effector site of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ashraf
- a Faculty of Health Engineering and Science, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Victoria University , Werribee Campus, P.O. Box 14428 , Melbourne , Victoria , 8001 , Australia
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Feregrino-Perez AA, Piñol-Felis C, Gomez-Arbones X, Guevara-González RG, Campos-Vega R, Acosta-Gallegos J, Loarca-Piña G. A non-digestible fraction of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis during early carcinogenesis. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 69:248-254. [PMID: 24952025 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-014-0428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the non-digestible fraction (NDF) from common cooked beans (P. vulgaris L., cv Negro 8025) inhibits azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon cancer and influences the expression of genes involved in the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through the action of butyrate. The objective of this study was to identify cell cycle alterations and morphological changes induced by treatment with AOM and to examine the formation of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in male Sprague Dawley rats fed with these beans. Rats were fed control diets upon arrival and were randomly placed into four groups after one week of acclimatization: control, NDF (intragastric administration), NDF + AOM and AOM. Rats treated with NDF + AOM exhibited a significantly lower number of total colonic ACF with a notable increase in the number of cells present in the G1 phase (83.14%); a decreased proliferation index was observed in the NDF + AOM group when compared to AOM group. NDF + AOM also displayed a higher number of apoptotic cells compared to AOM group. NDF of cooked common beans inhibited colon carcinogenesis at an early stage by inducing cell cycle arrest of colon cells and morphological changes linked to apoptosis, thus confirming previous results obtained with gene expression studies.
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55
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Urbanska AM, Bhathena J, Cherif S, Prakash S. Orally delivered microencapsulated probiotic formulation favorably impacts polyp formation in APC (Min/+) model of intestinal carcinogenesis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:1-11. [PMID: 25060720 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.898647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of intestinal polyps in an orthotopic colorectal mouse model, receiving a probiotic yogurt formulation containing microencapsulated live Lactobacillus acidophilus cells was investigated. The expression of various immunohistochemical markers namely CD8, Mac-1, Ki-67, and cleaved caspase-3, was evaluated. Results suggest that the probiotic formulation decreases overall intestinal inflammation. Mice receiving the probiotic formulation were found to develop almost two-fold fewer tumors in the small intestines. In the large intestine, however, there was no significant difference observed among polyp numbers. The formulation appears to have potential application in the prevention of various GI pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Malgorzata Urbanska
- a Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Artificial cells and Organs Research Center , Faculty of Medicine, McGill University , University Street, Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Jasmine Bhathena
- a Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Artificial cells and Organs Research Center , Faculty of Medicine, McGill University , University Street, Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Sofiane Cherif
- a Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Artificial cells and Organs Research Center , Faculty of Medicine, McGill University , University Street, Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Satya Prakash
- a Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Artificial cells and Organs Research Center , Faculty of Medicine, McGill University , University Street, Montreal , QC , Canada
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56
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Lafiandra D, Riccardi G, Shewry PR. Improving cereal grain carbohydrates for diet and health. J Cereal Sci 2014; 59:312-326. [PMID: 24966450 PMCID: PMC4064937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Starch and cell wall polysaccharides (dietary fibre) of cereal grains contribute to the health benefits associated with the consumption of whole grain cereal products, including reduced risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer. The physiological bases for these effects are reviewed in relation to the structures and physical properties of the polysaccharides and their behaviour (including digestion and fermentation) in the gastro-intestinal tract. Strategies for modifying the content and composition of grain polysaccharides to increase their health benefits are discussed, including exploiting natural variation and using mutagenesis and transgenesis to generate further variation. These studies will facilitate the development of new types of cereals and cereal products to face the major health challenges of the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Lafiandra
- Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Department of Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy, Via S.C. De Lellis, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Gabriele Riccardi
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Via Pansini 5, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Peter R. Shewry
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading RG6 6AR, UK
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57
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Serban DE. Gastrointestinal cancers: influence of gut microbiota, probiotics and prebiotics. Cancer Lett 2014; 345:258-70. [PMID: 23981580 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract continue to represent a major health problem, despite progress in therapy. Gut microbiota is a key element related to the genesis of GI cancers, countless papers addressing this burning issue across the world. We provide an updated knowledge of the involvement of gut microbiota in GI tumorigenesis, including its underlying mechanisms. We present also a comprehensive review of the evidence from animal and clinical studies using probiotics and/or prebiotics in the prevention and/or therapy of GI tumours, of GI cancer therapy-related toxicity and of post-operative complications. We summarize the anticarcinogenic mechanisms of these biotherapeutics from in vitro, animal and clinical interventions. More research is required to reveal the interactions of microflora with genetic, epigenetic and immunologic factors, diet and age, before any firm conclusion be drawn. Well-designed, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled human studies using probiotics and/or prebiotics, with adequate follow-up are necessary in order to formulate directions for prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Elena Serban
- "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Second Pediatric Clinic, Emergency Children's Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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58
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Levy M, Thaiss CA, Elinav E. The Microbiota: A New Player in the Etiology of Colorectal Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-013-0196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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59
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Elinav E, Nowarski R, Thaiss CA, Hu B, Jin C, Flavell RA. Inflammation-induced cancer: crosstalk between tumours, immune cells and microorganisms. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:759-71. [PMID: 24154716 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1363] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a fundamental innate immune response to perturbed tissue homeostasis. Chronic inflammatory processes affect all stages of tumour development as well as therapy. In this Review, we outline the principal cellular and molecular pathways that coordinate the tumour-promoting and tumour-antagonizing effects of inflammation and we discuss the crosstalk between cancer development and inflammatory processes. In addition, we discuss the recently suggested role of commensal microorganisms in inflammation-induced cancer and we propose that understanding this microbial influence will be crucial for targeted therapy in modern cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Elinav
- 1] Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 100 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel. [2]
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60
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Chong ESL. A potential role of probiotics in colorectal cancer prevention: review of possible mechanisms of action. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:351-74. [PMID: 24068536 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of investigations, mainly using in vitro and animal models, have demonstrated a wide range of possible mechanisms, by which probiotics may play a role in colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. In this context, the most well studied probiotics are certain strains from the genera of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. The reported anti-CRC mechanisms of probiotics encompass intraluminal, systemic, and direct effects on intestinal mucosa. Intraluminal effects detailed in this review include competitive exclusion of pathogenic intestinal flora, alteration of intestinal microflora enzyme activity, reduction of carcinogenic secondary bile acids, binding of carcinogens and mutagens, and increasing short chain fatty acids production. Reduction of DNA damage and suppression of aberrant crypt foci formation have been well demonstrated as direct anti-CRC effects of probiotics on intestinal mucosa. Existing evidence clearly support a multifaceted immunomodulatory role of probiotics in CRC, particularly its ability to modulate intestinal inflammation, a well known risk factor for CRC. The effectiveness of probiotics in CRC prevention is dependent on the strain of the microorganism, while viability may not be a prerequisite for certain probiotic anticancer mechanisms, as indicated by several studies. Emerging data suggest synbiotic as a more effective approach than either prebiotics or probiotics alone. More in vivo especially human studies are warranted to further elucidate and confirm the potential role of probiotics (viable and non-viable), prebiotics and synbiotics in CRC chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Swee Lan Chong
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, PO Box 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand,
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61
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Bartkiene E, Juodeikiene G, Vidmantiene D, Zdunczyk Z, Zdunczyk P, Juskiewicz J, Cizeikiene D, Matusevicius P. Influence of diets to Wistar rats supplemented with soya, flaxseed and lupine products treated by lactofermentation to improve their gut health. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 64:730-9. [PMID: 23480304 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.775230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study proposes the contribution of lactic acid bacteria and plants rich in bioactive substances and high-quality proteins as alternative products for human diets in improving the gut environment as potential against pathogenic bacteria. The effect of diets supplemented with soya, flaxseed and lupine flours fermented with a Pediococcus acidilactici KTU05-7 probiotic strain in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Wistar rats were analyzed. In vivo experiments showed a positive effect of long time lactofermentation of plant material on the body weight of rats. Diets with fermented yellow lupine resulted in enhanced activities of α-glucosidase, β-galactosidases, as well as high levels of lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria and enterococci in the GIT were determined. Lactofermentation of analyzed plant products had a significantly lowering effect on Escherichia coli compared with the control group. The dominant flora of large intestines like Bifidobacterium and anaerobic cocci were found in high levels after diets with fermented lupine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bartkiene
- Department of Food Safety and Animal Hygiene, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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62
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Zhao XH, Zhu CL. Synergic effect of exogenous microorganism combination on propionic and butyric acid formation during in vitro colonic fermentation of maize resistant starch. STARCH-STARKE 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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63
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Chen HL, Cheng HC, Wu WT, Liu YJ, Liu SY. Supplementation of Konjac Glucomannan into a Low-Fiber Chinese Diet Promoted Bowel Movement and Improved Colonic Ecology in Constipated Adults: A Placebo-Controlled, Diet-Controlled Trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2013; 27:102-8. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2008.10719681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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64
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Raman M, Ambalam P, Kondepudi KK, Pithva S, Kothari C, Patel AT, Purama RK, Dave J, Vyas B. Potential of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics for management of colorectal cancer. Gut Microbes 2013; 4:181-92. [PMID: 23511582 PMCID: PMC3669163 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.23919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality and is the fourth most common malignant neoplasm in USA. Escaping apoptosis and cell mutation are the prime hallmarks of cancer. It is apparent that balancing the network between DNA damage and DNA repair is critical in preventing carcinogenesis. One-third of cancers might be prevented by nutritious healthy diet, maintaining healthy weight and physical activity. In this review, an attempt is made to abridge the role of carcinogen in colorectal cancer establishment and prognosis, where special attention has been paid to food-borne mutagens and functional role of beneficial human gut microbiome in evading cancer. Further the significance of tailor-made prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics in cancer management by bio-antimutagenic and desmutagenic activity has been elaborated. Probiotic bacteria are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a healthy benefit on the host. Prebiotics are a selectively fermentable non-digestible oligosaccharide or ingredient that brings specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity of the gastrointestinal microflora, conferring health benefits. Synbiotics are a combination of probiotic bacteria and the growth promoting prebiotic ingredients that purport "synergism."
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Raman
- Department of Biotechnology; Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of Technology; Chennai, India
| | - Padma Ambalam
- Department of Biotechnology; Christ College; Rajkot, India,Correspondence to: Padma Ambalam,
| | | | - Sheetal Pithva
- Department of Biosciences; Saurashtra University; Rajkot, India
| | - Charmy Kothari
- Department of Biotechnology; Christ College; Rajkot, India
| | - Arti T. Patel
- SMC College of Dairy Science; Anand Agricultural University; Anand, India
| | | | | | - B.R.M. Vyas
- Department of Biosciences; Saurashtra University; Rajkot, India
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65
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Zhu Q, Gao R, Wu W, Qin H. The role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:1285-300. [PMID: 23397545 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex and abundant microbial community that can reach levels as high as 10(13)-10(14) microorganisms in the colon. These microorganisms are essential to a host's well-being in terms of nutrition and mucosa immunity. However, numerous studies have also implicated members of the colonic microbiota in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). While CRC involves a genetic component where damaged DNA and genetic instability initiates a malignant transformation, environmental factors can also contribute to the onset of CRC. Furthermore, considering the constant exposure of the colonic mucosa to the microbiome and/or its metabolites, the mucosa has long been proposed to contribute to colon tumorigenesis. However, the mechanistic details of these associations remain unknown. Fortunately, due to technical and conceptual advances, progress in characterizing the taxonomic composition, metabolic capacity, and immunomodulatory activity of human gut microbiota have been made, thereby elucidating its role in human health and disease. Furthermore, the use of experimental animal models and clinical/epidemiological studies of environmental etiological factors has identified a correlation between gut microbiota composition and gastrointestinal cancers. Bacteria continuously stimulate activated immunity in the gut mucosa and also contribute to the metabolism of bile and food components. However, the highest levels of carcinogen production are also associated with gut anaerobic bacteria and can be lowered with live lactobacilli supplements. In this review, evidence regarding the relationship between microbiota and the development of CRC will be discussed, as well as the role for microbial manipulation in affecting disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Zhu
- Department of Surgery, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
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66
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Probiotic-induced apoptosis and its potential relevance to mucosal inflammation of gastrointestinal tract. Adv Med Sci 2012; 57:175-82. [PMID: 22968339 DOI: 10.2478/v10039-012-0025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this short review we attempt to establish and/or strengthen connections between probiotics administration and apoptotic pathway in gastrointestinal tract. The disturbance of apoptosis is mainly deliberated in the framework of insufficient removal of immuno-effector cells that may cause autoimmunity. In the context of the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), the commensal bacteria and their products effect on gut and immune cell survival are illustrated. The multitude of mechanisms of probiotics to induce cell death is shortly summarized and some aspects of it are being discussed in greater detail. The mechanism of intestinal cell death induced by probiotic administration and its influence on the immune system and potential benefits of apoptosis induction during probiotic therapy is indicated.
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67
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Zhu CL, Zhao XH. In vitro fermentation of a retrograded maize starch by healthy adult fecal extract and impacts of exogenous microorganisms on three acids production. STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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68
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Uccello M, Malaguarnera G, Basile F, D'agata V, Malaguarnera M, Bertino G, Vacante M, Drago F, Biondi A. Potential role of probiotics on colorectal cancer prevention. BMC Surg 2012; 12 Suppl 1:S35. [PMID: 23173670 PMCID: PMC3499195 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2482-12-s1-s35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer represents the most common malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract. Owing to differences in dietary habits and lifestyle, this neoplasm is more common in industrialized countries than in developing ones. Evidence from a wide range of sources supports the assumption that the link between diet and colorectal cancer may be due to an imbalance of the intestinal microflora. Discussion Probiotic bacteria are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a healthy benefit on the host, and they have been investigated for their protective anti-tumor effects. In vivo and molecular studies have displayed encouraging findings that support a role of probiotics in colorectal cancer prevention. Summary Several mechanisms could explain the preventive action of probiotics against colorectal cancer onset. They include: alteration of the intestinal microflora; inactivation of cancerogenic compounds; competition with putrefactive and pathogenic microbiota; improvement of the host’s immune response; anti-proliferative effects via regulation of apoptosis and cell differentiation; fermentation of undigested food; inhibition of tyrosine kinase signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Uccello
- International PhD programme in Neuropharmacology, University of Catania, Italy
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69
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Kumar M, Nagpal R, Verma V, Kumar A, Kaur N, Hemalatha R, Gautam SK, Singh B. Probiotic metabolites as epigenetic targets in the prevention of colon cancer. Nutr Rev 2012; 71:23-34. [PMID: 23282249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary interventions for preventing colon cancer have recently attracted increased attention from researchers and clinicians. The probiotics have emerged as potential therapeutic agents but are also regarded as healthy dietary supplements for nutrition and health applications. The probiotic metabolome may interfere with various cellular and molecular processes, including the onset and progression of colon cancer. Probiotic metabolites may lead to the modulation of diverse cellular signal transduction and metabolic pathways. The gut microbial metabolites (organic acids, bacteriocins, peptides, etc.) have been noted to interact with multiple key targets in various metabolic pathways that regulate cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Progress in this field suggests that epigenetic alterations will be widely used in the near future to manage colon cancer. The present review provides insights into the molecular basis of the therapeutic applications and the chemopreventive activities of certain probiotic metabolites, with emphasis on the interaction between these metabolites and the molecular signaling cascades that are considered to be epigenetic targets in preventing colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India.
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70
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de Moura NA, Caetano BF, Sivieri K, Urbano LH, Cabello C, Rodrigues MA, Barbisan LF. Protective effects of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) intake on experimental colon carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2902-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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71
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Conlon MA, Kerr CA, McSweeney CS, Dunne RA, Shaw JM, Kang S, Bird AR, Morell MK, Lockett TJ, Molloy PL, Regina A, Toden S, Clarke JM, Topping DL. Resistant starches protect against colonic DNA damage and alter microbiota and gene expression in rats fed a Western diet. J Nutr 2012; 142:832-40. [PMID: 22457395 PMCID: PMC3327741 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.147660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS), fed as high amylose maize starch (HAMS) or butyrylated HAMS (HAMSB), opposes dietary protein-induced colonocyte DNA damage in rats. In this study, rats were fed Western-type diets moderate in fat (19%) and protein (20%) containing digestible starches [low amylose maize starch (LAMS) or low amylose whole wheat (LAW)] or RS [HAMS, HAMSB, or a whole high amylose wheat (HAW) generated by RNA interference] for 11 wk (n = 10/group). A control diet included 7% fat, 13% protein, and LAMS. Colonocyte DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) were significantly higher (by 70%) in rats fed the Western diet containing LAMS relative to controls. Dietary HAW, HAMS, and HAMSB opposed this effect while raising digesta levels of SCFA and lowering ammonia and phenol levels. SSB correlated inversely with total large bowel SCFA, including colonic butyrate concentration (R(2) = 0.40; P = 0.009), and positively with colonic ammonia concentration (R(2) = 0.40; P = 0.014). Analysis of gut microbiota populations using a phylogenetic microarray revealed profiles that fell into 3 distinct groups: control and LAMS; HAMS and HAMSB; and LAW and HAW. The expression of colonic genes associated with the maintenance of genomic integrity (notably Mdm2, Top1, Msh3, Ung, Rere, Cebpa, Gmnn, and Parg) was altered and varied with RS source. HAW is as effective as HAMS and HAMSB in opposing diet-induced colonic DNA damage in rats, but their effects on the large bowel microbiota and colonocyte gene expression differ, possibly due to the presence of other fiber components in HAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Conlon
- CSIRO Preventative Health,Food Futures National Research Flagships, and,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline A. Kerr
- CSIRO Preventative Health,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Robert A. Dunne
- CSIRO Preventative Health,CSIRO Mathematics, Informatics and Statistics, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia; and
| | - Janet M. Shaw
- CSIRO Preventative Health,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Seungha Kang
- CSIRO Preventative Health,CSIRO Livestock Industries, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony R. Bird
- CSIRO Preventative Health,Food Futures National Research Flagships, and,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew K. Morell
- Food Futures National Research Flagships, and,CSIRO Plant Industry, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Trevor J. Lockett
- CSIRO Preventative Health,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter L. Molloy
- CSIRO Preventative Health,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ahmed Regina
- Food Futures National Research Flagships, and,CSIRO Plant Industry, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Shusuke Toden
- CSIRO Preventative Health,Food Futures National Research Flagships, and,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Julie M. Clarke
- CSIRO Preventative Health,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David L. Topping
- CSIRO Preventative Health,Food Futures National Research Flagships, and,CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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72
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Martin FPJ, Collino S, Rezzi S, Kochhar S. Metabolomic applications to decipher gut microbial metabolic influence in health and disease. Front Physiol 2012; 3:113. [PMID: 22557976 PMCID: PMC3337463 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary preferences and nutrients composition have been shown to influence human and gut microbial metabolism, which ultimately has specific effects on health and diseases’ risk. Increasingly, results from molecular biology and microbiology demonstrate the key role of the gut microbiota metabolic interface to the overall mammalian host’s health status. There is therefore raising interest in nutrition research to characterize the molecular foundations of the gut microbial–mammalian cross talk at both physiological and biochemical pathway levels. Tackling these challenges can be achieved through systems biology approaches, such as metabolomics, to underpin the highly complex metabolic exchanges between diverse biological compartments, including organs, systemic biofluids, and microbial symbionts. By the development of specific biomarkers for prediction of health and disease, metabolomics is increasingly used in clinical applications as regard to disease etiology, diagnostic stratification, and potentially mechanism of action of therapeutical and nutraceutical solutions. Surprisingly, an increasing number of metabolomics investigations in pre-clinical and clinical studies based on proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry provided compelling evidence that system wide and organ-specific biochemical processes are under the influence of gut microbial metabolism. This review aims at describing recent applications of metabolomics in clinical fields where main objective is to discern the biochemical mechanisms under the influence of the gut microbiota, with insight into gastrointestinal health and diseases diagnostics and improvement of homeostasis metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Pierre J Martin
- Metabolomics and Biomarkers, Department of BioAnalytical Science, Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd. Lausanne, Switzerland
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73
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Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species for the degradation of resistant starch in the human colon. ISME JOURNAL 2012; 6:1535-43. [PMID: 22343308 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2012.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 642] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The release of energy from particulate substrates such as dietary fiber and resistant starch (RS) in the human colon may depend on the presence of specialist primary degraders (or 'keystone species') within the microbial community. We have explored the roles of four dominant amylolytic bacteria found in the human colon in the degradation and utilization of resistant starches. Eubacterium rectale and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron showed limited ability to utilize RS2- and RS3-resistant starches by comparison with Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Ruminococcus bromii. In co-culture, however, R. bromii proved unique in stimulating RS2 and RS3 utilization by the other three bacterial species, even in a medium that does not permit growth of R. bromii itself. Having previously demonstrated low RS3 fermentation in vivo in two individuals with undetectable populations of R. bromii-related bacteria, we show here that supplementation of mixed fecal bacteria from one of these volunteers with R. bromii, but not with the other three species, greatly enhanced the extent of RS3 fermentation in vitro. This argues strongly that R. bromii has a pivotal role in fermentation of RS3 in the human large intestine, and that variation in the occurrence of this species and its close relatives may be a primary cause of variable energy recovery from this important component of the diet. This work also indicates that R. bromii possesses an exceptional ability to colonize and degrade starch particles when compared with previously studied amylolytic bacteria from the human colon.
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74
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Finamore A, Roselli M, Britti MS, Merendino N, Mengheri E. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis MB5 induce intestinal but not systemic antigen-specific hyporesponsiveness in ovalbumin-immunized rats. J Nutr 2012; 142:375-81. [PMID: 22223570 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.148924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics may modulate the host immune response by mechanisms not yet fully understood. We evaluated the modulation of intestinal and systemic antigen-specific immune response by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) or Bifidobacterium animalis MB5 in tolerized and immunized rats. Three groups of rats received orally LGG, B. animalis, or PBS (control) for 28 d. Each group was divided into two subgroups of tolerized or immunized rats receiving orally ovalbumin (OVA; 7 mg) or PBS on d 7, 9, and 11. All rats were immunized with OVA (300 μg) on d 14 and 21. In tolerized rats, the OVA-induced proliferative response of mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleen cells did not differ from control, indicating that the two probiotics maintained the tolerance. LGG and B. animalis in immunized rats reduced the OVA-induced proliferative response in MLN (P < 0.01) but not in spleen, whereas the proliferative response to anti-CD3 and concanavalin A of MLN and spleen cells as well as the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction were not affected by probiotic treatment, indicating OVA-specific hyporesponsiveness restricted to intestinal immunity. This hyporesponsiveness was associated with CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cell expansion (P < 0.01) and increased IL-10 and TGFβ after LGG (P < 0.05), and increased apoptosis after B. animalis (P < 0.001) in MLN. In conclusion, we report a novel activity of LGG and B. animalis in inducing OVA-specific hyporesponsiveness in MLN of OVA-immunized rats that can be useful for a therapeutic strategy to prevent undesirable reactions to immunogenic antigens in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Finamore
- National Research Institute on Food and Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rome, Italy
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75
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Ashraf R, Shah NP. Selective and differential enumerations of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium spp. in yoghurt — A review. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 149:194-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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76
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Oral inoculation of probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM suppresses tumour growth both in segmental orthotopic colon cancer and extra-intestinal tissue. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:1623-34. [PMID: 21992995 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511004934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the cellular response by the administration of probiotic bacteria may be an effective strategy for preventing or inhibiting tumour growth. We orally pre-inoculated mice with probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (La) for 14 d. Subcutaneous dorsal-flank tumours and segmental orthotopic colon cancers were implanted into mice using CT-26 murine colon adenocarcinoma cells. On day 28 after tumour initiation, the lamina propria of the colon, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleen were harvested and purified for flow cytometry and mRNA analyses. We demonstrated that La pre-inoculation reduced tumour volume growth by 50·3 %, compared with untreated mice at 28 d after tumour implants (2465·5 (SEM 1290·4) v. 4950·9 (SEM 1689·3) mm³, P<0·001). Inoculation with La reduced the severity of colonic carcinogenesis caused by CT-26 cells, such as level of colonic involvement and structural abnormality of epithelial/crypt damage. Moreover, La enhanced apoptosis of CT-26 cells both in dorsal-flank tumour and segmental orthotopic colon cancer, and the mean counts of apoptotic body were higher in mice pre-inoculated with La (P<0·05) compared with untreated mice. La pre-inoculation down-regulated the CXCR4 mRNA expressions in the colon, MLN and extra-intestinal tissue, compared with untreated mice (P<0·05). In addition, La pre-inoculation reduced the mean fluorescence index of MHC class I (H-2Dd, -Kd and -Ld) in flow cytometry analysis. Taken together, these findings suggest that probiotics La may play a role in attenuating tumour growth during CT-26 cell carcinogenesis. The down-regulated expression of CXCR4 mRNA and MHC class I, as well as increasing apoptosis in tumour tissue, indicated that La may be associated with modulating the cellular response triggered by colon carcinogenesis.
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77
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Baffoni L, Gaggìa F, Di Gioia D, Biavati B. Role of intestinal microbiota in colon cancer prevention. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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78
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Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Zoetendal EG, Venema K, de Vos WM, Smidt H. Tools for the tract: understanding the functionality of the gastrointestinal tract. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2011; 2:9-22. [PMID: 21180550 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x09337646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract comprises a series of complex and dynamic organs ranging from the stomach to the distal colon, which harbor immense microbial assemblages that are known to be vital for human health. Until recently, most of the details concerning our gut microbiota remained obscure. Over the past several years, however, a number of crucial technological and conceptual innovations have been introduced to shed more light on the composition and functionality of human gut microbiota. Recently developed high throughput approaches, including next-generation sequencing technologies and phylogenetic microarrays targeting ribosomal RNA gene sequences, allow for comprehensive analysis of the diversity and dynamics of the gut microbiota composition. Nevertheless, most of the microbes especially in the human large intestine still remain uncultured, and the in situ functions of distinct groups of the gut microbiota are therefore largely unknown, but pivotal to the understanding of their role in human physiology. Apart from functional and metagenomics approaches, stable isotope probing is a promising tool to link the metabolic activity and diversity of microbial communities, including yet uncultured microbes, in a complex environment. Advancements in current stable isotope probing approaches integrated with the application of high-throughput diagnostic microarray-based phylogenetic profiling and metabolic flux analysis should facilitate the understanding of human microbial ecology and will enable the development of innovative strategies to treat or prevent intestinal diseases of as yet unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petia Kovatcheva-Datchary
- TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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79
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Kolida
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom;
| | - Glenn R. Gibson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom;
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80
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Jeon JR, Choi JH. Lactic acid fermentation of germinated barley fiber and proliferative function of colonic epithelial cells in loperamide-induced rats. J Med Food 2010; 13:950-60. [PMID: 20673062 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a functional food from the dietary fiber fraction of germinated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (GBF), lactic acid fermentation was attempted using Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Bifidobacterium bifidus. The quality characteristics of the lactic acid-fermented product and its effect on gastrointestinal function in an animal model were examined. The anaerobic fermentation of 1% and 2% GBF yielded lactic acid bacteria at 8.9 +/- 1.0 x 10(8) and 1.6 +/- 0.2 x 10(9) colony-forming units/mL, and it was considered acceptable for consumption by sensory assessment. To determine the effect on gastrointestinal function, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with three types of diets: a normal chow diet and chow diets supplemented with 10% lactic acid bacteria or a yogurt fermented with 2% GBF (GBFY). The rats fed GBFY for 6 weeks gained less body weight, excreted more fecal mass, and had improved gastrointestinal transit as examined with barium sulfate. The effect of GBFY on colonic epithelial proliferation was investigated through loperamide (LPM)-induced constipation in rats. The rats fed with GBFY for 6 weeks were intraperitoneally administered LPM twice daily for 7 days. GBFY supplementation decreased fecal excretion and moisture content in feces and depleted goblet cells as observed by hematoxylin and eosin stain. However, the rats supplemented with GBFY prior to the LPM administration had enhanced bowel movement, mucin secretion, and production of short-chain fatty acids compared with values for the LPM-alone group. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the GBFY supplement increased the numbers of nuclei stained positively for Ki-67 and extended from the base to the middle zone of crypts. These results indicate that GBFY alleviates constipation via the proliferation of the colonic crypts in LPM-administered rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ryae Jeon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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81
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Connolly ML, Lovegrove JA, Tuohy KM. In vitro evaluation of the microbiota modulation abilities of different sized whole oat grain flakes. Anaerobe 2010; 16:483-8. [PMID: 20624475 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies and healthy eating guidelines suggest a positive correlation between ingestion of whole grain cereal and food rich in fibre with protection from chronic diseases. The prebiotic potential of whole grains may be related, however, little is known about the microbiota modulatory capability of oat grain or the impact processing has on this ability. In this study the fermentation profile of whole grain oat flakes, processed to produce two different sized flakes (small and large), by human faecal microbiota was investigated in vitro. Simulated digestion and subsequent fermentation by gut bacteria was investigated using pH controlled faecal batch cultures inoculated with human faecal slurry. The different sized oat flakes, Oat 23's (0.53-0.63 mm) and Oat 25's/26's (0.85-1.0 mm) were compared to oligofructose, a confirmed prebiotic, and cellulose, a poorly fermented carbohydrate. Bacterial enumeration was carried out using the culture independent technique, fluorescent in situ hybridisation, and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production monitored by gas chromatography. Significant changes in total bacterial populations were observed after 24 h incubation for all substrates except Oat 23's and cellulose. Oats 23's fermentation resulted in a significant increase in the Bacteroides-Prevotella group. Oligofructose and Oats 25's/26's produced significant increases in Bifidobacterium in the latter stages of fermentation while numbers declined for Oats 23's between 5 h and 24 h. This is possibly due to the smaller surface area of the larger flakes inhibiting the simulated digestion, which may have resulted in increased levels of resistant starch (Bifidobacterium are known to ferment this dietary fibre). Fermentation of Oat 25's/26's resulted in a propionate rich SCFA profile and a significant increase in butyrate, which have both been linked to benefiting host health. The smaller sized oats did not produce a significant increase in butyrate concentration. This study shows for the first time the impact of oat grain on the microbial ecology of the human gut and its potential to beneficially modulate the gut microbiota through increasing Bifidobacterium population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Connolly
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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82
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Habermann N, Schön A, Lund EK, Glei M. Fish fatty acids alter markers of apoptosis in colorectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma cell lines but fish consumption has no impact on apoptosis-induction ex vivo. Apoptosis 2010; 15:621-30. [PMID: 20107900 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapenteinoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), constituents of fish oil, exert chemopreventive activity in colon cancer. One of the mechanisms involved is the facilitation of apoptosis. While a pro-apoptotic potential of n-3 PUFAs has been suggested, it is still unclear whether additional consumption of fish will also lead to comparable results. The aim of this study was to assess EPA- and DHA-mediated effects on endpoints of apoptosis and to use a novel biomarker-approach to measure modulation of apoptosis by consumption of fish. LT97 human colon adenoma and HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells were used to investigate modulation of apoptosis by EPA, DHA or linoleic acid (LA) using a set of endpoints, namely phosphatidylserine staining with Annexin-V (flow cytometry), Bcl-2 expression (Real-time RT-PCR), and Bid, caspase 3, 8 and 9 expression as well as PARP cleavage (Western Blot). Furthermore, faecal water (FW) of volunteers (n = 89) from a human trial intervening with fish was used to investigate changes in apoptosis by flow cytometry. DHA was more effective at inducing apoptosis than EPA. LT97 cells were more prone to DHA and EPA induced apoptosis than HT29 cells. Treatment of LT97 cells with FW from volunteers consuming fish did not result in any changes in apoptosis. Taken together, our results show that adenoma cells are highly susceptible to n-3 PUFA-induced apoptosis. By using a biomarker-approach (FW) to measure apoptosis-induction ex vivo no change in apoptosis after additional fish consumption was detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Habermann
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute for Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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83
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Dennis T, Fanous M, Mousa S. Natural products for chemopreventive and adjunctive therapy in oncologic disease. Nutr Cancer 2010; 61:587-97. [PMID: 19838932 DOI: 10.1080/01635580902825530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional supplements or complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) are currently being investigated for their use in preventing, inhibiting, and reversing the progression of cancer. Natural agents and their derivatives such as vitamin A, selenium, green tea, resveratrol, aspirin, and probiotics have potential benefits in chemoprevention. There is also growing evidence for the use of natural products as adjunctive therapy alongside conventional cancer treatments. Nutritional supplements expenditures demonstrated greater growth than pharmaceuticals, with approximately 80% of cancer patients using natural products. Current issues with nutritional supplements use in cancer treatment include insufficient or conflicting evidence, poor quality control, potential interactions with chemotherapy, and potential efficacy in relation to changes in certain biomarkers, but long-term implications remain largely unresolved. Continued research is needed to lend credibility to these potentially valuable naturally driven supplements in the prevention and potentially in the treatment of cancer in conjunction with standard pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Dennis
- Albany College of Pharmacy, The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany, New York, USA
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84
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Dias MC, Vieiralves NFL, Gomes MIFV, Salvadori DMF, Rodrigues MAM, Barbisan LF. Effects of lycopene, synbiotic and their association on early biomarkers of rat colon carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 48:772-80. [PMID: 20026158 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated whether a synergy exists for the combined treatment with lycopene and synbiotic on early biomarkers of colon carcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats received a diet containing 300 mg/kg of lycopene and/or synbiotic (Bifidobacterium lactisplus oligofructose/inulin) or their combination 2 weeks before and during carcinogen treatment with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Twenty-four hours after the last DMH application, the colons were processed for immunohistochemical analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p53 protein, hematoxylin-eosin staining for apoptosis analysis and genotoxicity of fecal water by comet assay. Eight weeks after the last DMH application, the colons were analyzed for development of classical aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin-negative ACF. Treatment with lycopene, synbiotic or their combination significantly increased apoptosis, reduced the PCNA and p53 labeling indexes and the development of classical ACF and mucin-negative ACF. Furthermore, a lower genotoxicity of fecal water was also detected in the groups treated with the chemopreventive agents. An additive/synergistic effect of the combined treatment with lycopene/synbiotic was observed only for the fecal water genotoxicity and mucin-negative ACF parameters. These results indicate that an additive/synergistic of the combination of chemopreventive agents on the initiation phase of colon carcinogenesis can be detected using selective early biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos C Dias
- Department of Morphology, UNESP São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, 18618-000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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85
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Altonsy MO, Andrews SC, Tuohy KM. Differential induction of apoptosis in human colonic carcinoma cells (Caco-2) by Atopobium, and commensal, probiotic and enteropathogenic bacteria: mediation by the mitochondrial pathway. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 137:190-203. [PMID: 20036023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The induction of apoptosis in mammalian cells by bacteria is well reported. This process may assist infection by pathogens whereas for non-pathogens apoptosis induction within carcinoma cells protects against colon cancer. Here, apoptosis induction by a major new gut bacterium, Atopobium minutum, was compared with induction by commensal (Escherichia coli K-12 strains), probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium latis) and pathogenic (E. coli: EPEC and VTEC) gut bacteria within the colon cancer cell line, Caco-2. The results show a major apoptotic effect for the pathogens, mild effects for the probiotic strains and A. minutum, but no effect for commensal E. coli. The mild apoptotic effects observed are consistent with the beneficial roles of probotics in protection against colon cancer and suggest, for the first time, that A. minutum possesses similar advantageous, anti-cancerous activity. Although bacterial infection increased Caco-2 membrane FAS levels, caspase-8 was not activated indicating that apoptosis is FAS independent. Instead, in all cases, apoptosis was induced through the mitochondrial pathway as indicated by BAX translocation, cytochrome c release, and caspase-9 and -3 cleavage. This suggests that an intracellular stimulus initiates the observed apoptosis responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed O Altonsy
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AJ, UK
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86
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Brown M, Storlien L, Huang XF, Tapsell L, Else P, Higgins J, Brown I. Dietary Fat and Carbohydrate Composition. Front Neurosci 2009. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420067767-c21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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87
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Worthley DL, Le Leu RK, Whitehall VL, Conlon M, Christophersen C, Belobrajdic D, Mallitt KA, Hu Y, Irahara N, Ogino S, Leggett BA, Young GP. A human, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic supplementation: effects on luminal, inflammatory, epigenetic, and epithelial biomarkers of colorectal cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:578-86. [PMID: 19640954 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet is an important factor in colorectal carcinogenesis; thus, dietary supplements may have a role in colorectal cancer prevention. OBJECTIVE The objective was to establish the relative luminal, epithelial, and epigenetic consequences of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic dietary supplementation in humans. DESIGN This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-wk crossover trial of resistant starch and Bifidobacterium lactis, either alone or as a combined synbiotic preparation, in 20 human volunteers. Rectal biopsy, feces, and serum samples were collected. The rectal mucosal endpoints were DNA methylation at 16 CpG island loci and LINE-1, epithelial proliferation (Ki67 immunohistochemistry), and crypt cellularity. The fecal endpoints were short-chain fatty acid concentrations, pH, ammonia, and microbiological profiles (by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing). Serum endpoints were a panel of cytokines and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. RESULTS Seventeen subjects completed the entire study. The synbiotic intervention fostered a significantly different fecal stream bacterial community than did either the prebiotic (P = 0.032) or the probiotic (P = 0.001) intervention alone, in part because of a greater proportion of patients harboring fecal Lachnospiraceae spp. These changes developed in the absence of any significant differences in fecal chemistry. There were no differences in epithelial kinetics. CONCLUSIONS This synbiotic supplementation with B. lactis and resistant starch, in the doses used, induced unique changes in fecal microflora but did not significantly alter any other fecal, serum, or epithelial variables. This trial was registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN012606000115538.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Worthley
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Research Foundation, Clinical Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia.
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88
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Gastrointestinal microflora, food components and colon cancer prevention. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:743-52. [PMID: 19716282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence that the intestinal microbiota is intrinsically linked with overall health, including cancer risk, is emerging. Moreover, its composition is not fixed but can be influenced by several dietary components. Dietary modifiers, including the consumption of live bacteria (probiotics) and indigestible or limited digestible food constituents such as oligosaccharides (prebiotics) and polyphenols or both (synbiotics), are recognized modifiers of the numbers and types of microbes and have been reported to reduce colon cancer risk experimentally. Microorganisms also have the ability to generate bioactive compounds from food components. Examples include equol from isoflavones, enterodiol and enterolactone from lignans and urolithins from ellagic acid, which have also been demonstrated to retard experimentally induced cancers. The gastrointestinal microbiota can also influence both sides of the energy balance equation, namely, as a factor influencing energy utilization from the diet and as a factor that influences host genes that regulate energy expenditure and storage. Because of the link between obesity and cancer incidence and mortality, this complex complexion deserves greater attention. Overall, a dynamic interrelationship exists between the intestinal microbiota and colon cancer risk, which can be modified by dietary components and eating behaviors.
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89
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Le Leu RK, Hu Y, Brown IL, Woodman RJ, Young GP. Synbiotic intervention of Bifidobacterium lactis and resistant starch protects against colorectal cancer development in rats. Carcinogenesis 2009; 31:246-51. [PMID: 19696163 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of a probiotic bacteria 'Bifidobacterium lactis', the carbohydrate 'resistant starch' (RS) and their combination (synbiotic), on their ability to protect against colorectal cancer (CRC). Bifidobacterium lactis has been shown previously to utilize RS as a substrate and up-regulate the acute apoptotic response to a carcinogen in the colon [Le Leu et al. (2005) J. Nutr., 135, 996-1001]. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six equal groups and fed semi-purified diets for 30 weeks. Colonic neoplasms were induced by 2 weekly injections of azoxymethane (15 mg/kg body wt). The experimental groups were as follows: control-no added dietary fibre or RS; RS in two forms-Hi-maize 958 or Hi-maize 260; B.lactis (lyophilized)-added to control and RS diets (six treatment groups in all). Rats fed RS in combination with B.lactis showed significantly lowered incidence and multiplicity of colonic neoplasms (P < 0.01) by >50% compared with the control group. There was a trend for protection by RS alone (P = 0.07), whereas no protection against cancer was seen in the group supplemented with only B.lactis. Fermentation events [short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), pH] were altered by the inclusion of RS into the diet, whereas the inclusion of B.lactis into the diet had no significant effect on the fermentation parameters. The synbiotic combination of RS and B.lactis significantly protects against the development of CRC in the rat-azoxymethane model. Synbiotic combination of prebiotic and probiotic seems likely to be a superior preventive strategy to prebiotic alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Le Leu
- Flinders Centre for Cancer Prevention and Control, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia.
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90
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Shimada T, Cai Y, Cheng L, Motonaga C, Fukada K, Kitamura Y, Wu J. Immunomodulation effects of heat-treated Enterococcus faecalis FK-23(FK-23) in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1007-4376(09)60050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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91
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Le Leu RK, Hu Y, Brown IL, Young GP. Effect of high amylose maize starches on colonic fermentation and apoptotic response to DNA-damage in the colon of rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2009; 6:11. [PMID: 19267935 PMCID: PMC2656505 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated in rats the effects of feeding different forms of high amylose maize starches (HAMS) rich in resistant starch (RS) to understand what the implications of RS heterogeneity might be for colonic biology, including innate cellular responses to DNA-damage. Methods A range of maize starches were compared: digestible cornstarch (Control), HYLON® VII, Hi-maize® 1043, Hi-maize® 240, Hi-maize® 260 and NOVELOSE® 330. Included in the comparison was Cellulose. End-points after 4 weeks included: pH, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) levels, colonic epithelial cell kinetics and apoptotic response to carcinogen 'azoxymethane' in the colonic epithelium. Results The RS diets significantly increased SCFA and reduced pH in caecal content and faeces. Hi-maize 260 resulted in the highest butyrate concentrations. All RS diets prevented the mucosal atrophy as seen in the rats fed the Control diet. Epithelial cell turnover was increased in the Control and Cellulose groups compared to the Hi-maize 260, HYLON VII and NOVELOSE 330 groups (P < 0.01). The apoptotic response to azoxymethane was higher only in the Hi-maize 260 group compared to the Control group (P < 0.01). Butyrate correlated positively with the apoptotic response (P < 0.01). Conclusion The consumption of RS elicits a range of beneficial physiological and protective effects associated with the fermentation of RS. Increased production of butyrate seems a likely explanation by which RS enhances the apoptotic response to carcinogen-induced DNA damage which is consistent with the proposed role of this SCFA in promoting a normal cell phenotype and preventing the development of abnormal cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Le Leu
- Flinders Centre for Cancer Prevention and Control, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
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92
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Comparative effects of very low-carbohydrate, high-fat and high-carbohydrate, low-fat weight-loss diets on bowel habit and faecal short-chain fatty acids and bacterial populations. Br J Nutr 2009; 101:1493-502. [PMID: 19224658 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508094658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Very low-carbohydrate diets are often used to promote weight loss, but their effects on bowel health and function are largely unknown. We compared the effects of a very low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LC) diet with a high-carbohydrate, high-fibre, low-fat (HC) diet on indices of bowel health and function. In a parallel study design, ninety-one overweight and obese participants (age 50.6 (sd 7.5) years; BMI 33.7 (sd 4.2) kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned to either an energy-restricted (about 6-7 MJ, 30 % deficit) planned isoenergetic LC or HC diet for 8 weeks. At baseline and week 8, 24 h urine and faecal collections were obtained and a bowel function questionnaire was completed. Compared with the HC group, there were significant reductions in the LC group for faecal output (21 (sd 145) v. - 61 (sd 147) g), defecation frequency, faecal excretion and concentrations of butyrate ( - 0.5 (sd 10.4) v. - 3.9 (sd 9.7) mmol/l) and total SCFA (1.4 (sd 40.5) v. - 15.8 (sd 43.6) mmol/l) and counts of bifidobacteria (P < 0.05 time x diet interaction, for all). Urinary phenols and p-cresol excretion decreased (P < or = 0.003 for time) with no difference between diets (P > or = 0.25). Faecal form, pH, ammonia concentration and numbers of coliforms and Escherichia coli did not change with either diet. No differences between the diets were evident for incidences of adverse gastrointestinal symptoms, which suggests that both diets were well tolerated. Under energy-restricted conditions, a short-term LC diet lowered stool weight and had detrimental effects on the concentration and excretion of faecal SCFA compared with an HC diet. This suggests that the long-term consumption of an LC diet may increase the risk of development of gastrointestinal disorders.
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93
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Kelly RM, Dijkhuizen L, Leemhuis H. Starch and alpha-glucan acting enzymes, modulating their properties by directed evolution. J Biotechnol 2009; 140:184-93. [PMID: 19428713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Starch is the major food reserve in plants and forms a large part of the daily calorie intake in the human diet. Industrially, starch has become a major raw material in the production of various products including bio-ethanol, coating and anti-staling agents. The complexity and diversity of these starch based industries and the demand for high quality end products through extensive starch processing, can only be met through the use of a broad range of starch and alpha-glucan modifying enzymes. The economic importance of these enzymes is such that the starch industry has grown to be the largest market for enzymes after the detergent industry. However, as the starch based industries expand and develop the demand for more efficient enzymes leading to lower production cost and higher quality products increases. This in turn stimulates interest in modifying the properties of existing starch and alpha-glucan acting enzymes through a variety of molecular evolution strategies. Within this review we examine and discuss the directed evolution strategies applied in the modulation of specific properties of starch and alpha-glucan acting enzymes and highlight the recent developments in the field of directed evolution techniques which are likely to be implemented in the future engineering of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan M Kelly
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
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94
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Fotiadis CI, Stoidis CN, Spyropoulos BG, Zografos ED. Role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in chemoprevention for colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:6453-7. [PMID: 19030195 PMCID: PMC2773329 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.6453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common form of cancer. Current treatments are all associated with a high risk of complications and a low success rate. Recently, synbiotics have been proposed as a new preventive and therapeutic option. There is no direct experimental evidence for cancer suppression in humans as a result of the consumption of pro-, pre- or synbiotics. However, there is a wealth of evidence emerging from laboratory studies. The mechanisms by which pro-, pre- and synbiotics may inhibit colon cancer are now beginning to be understood and will be addressed in the present review.
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95
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Ishizuka S, Iwama A, Dinoto A, Suksomcheep A, Maeta K, Kasai T, Hara H, Yokota A. Synbiotic promotion of epithelial proliferation by orally ingested encapsulated Bifidobacterium breve and raffinose in the small intestine of rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 53 Suppl 1:S62-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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96
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Abstract
The present review assesses the potential of thePhaseolus vulgarisα-amylase inhibitor isoform 1 (α-AI1) starch blockers as a widely used remedy against obesity and diabetes. Consumption of the α-amylase inhibitor causes marginal intraluminal α-amylase activity facilitated by the inhibitor's appropriate structural, physico-chemical and functional properties. As a result there is decreased postprandial plasma hyperglycaemia and insulin levels, increased resistance of starch to digestion and increased activity of colorectal bacteria. The efficacy and safety of the amylase inhibitor extracts, however, depend on the processing and extraction techniques used. The extracts are potential ingredients in foods for increased carbohydrate tolerance in diabetics, decreased energy intake for reducing obesity and for increased resistant starch. Research developments in the distribution and biosynthesis of the α-amylase inhibitor, relevant physico-chemical properties, the molecular starch-blocking mechanism, anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effects, safety of extracts and the need for research into their potential anti-colorectal cancer effect are discussed.
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97
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Liu R, Xu G. Effects of resistant starch on colonic preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2672-9. [PMID: 18571825 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the effects of resistant starch (RS) at different levels on the azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) at the pre-initiation (PI) and promotion (P) stages in Wistar rats. According to the consuming assigned diets, all animals received AOM at a dosage of 15 mg/kg once a week for two consecutive weeks. In experiment 1, four groups of rats (n=12) were given AOM after 3 weeks of consuming the AIN-76 (control group) and RS diets. In experiment 2, four groups of rats (n=12) were given AOM before 3 weeks of consuming the AIN-76 and RS diets. Rats were killed after 13 weeks of initial injecting AOM. Colons were fixed in formalin and ACF were quantified after staining. In experiment 1, rats fed RS had more ACF than that of the control fed rats. In experiment 2, rats fed RS had fewer ACF than that of the control fed rats. The results indicate that dietary RS suppresses AOM-induced ACF formation, only at the P stage. A significant dose-response effect was observed between suppression of ACF formation and dietary RS amount. However, RS promote the formation of ACF at the PI stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, China.
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98
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Increased induction of apoptosis by Propionibacterium freudenreichii TL133 in colonic mucosal crypts of human microbiota-associated rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Br J Nutr 2008; 100:1251-9. [PMID: 18466653 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508978284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Propionibacterium freudenreichii, a food-grade bacterium able to kill colon cancer cell lines in vitro by apoptosis, may exert an anticarcinogenic effect in vivo. To assess this hypothesis, we administered daily 2 x 10(10) colony-forming units (CFU) of P. freudenreichii TL133 to human microbiota-associated (HMA) rats for 18 d. Either saline or 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was also administered on days 13 and 17 and rats were killed on day 19. The levels of apoptosis and proliferation in the mid and distal colon were assessed by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labelling (TUNEL) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunolabelling, respectively. The administration of P. freudenreichii TL133 significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells in DMH-treated rats compared to those given DMH only (P < 0.01). Furthermore, propionibacteria were able to decrease the proliferation index in the distal colon after treatment with DMH (P < 0.01). Conversely, propionibacteria alone did not exert such an effect on healthy colonic mucosa. P. freudenreichii TL133 thus facilitated the elimination of damaged cells by apoptosis in the rat colon after genotoxic insult and may play a protective role against colon cancer.
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Abstract
Microbes found on the skin are usually regarded as pathogens, potential pathogens or innocuous symbiotic organisms. Advances in microbiology and immunology are revising our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of microbial virulence and the specific events involved in the host-microbe interaction. Current data contradict some historical classifications of cutaneous microbiota and suggest that these organisms may protect the host, defining them not as simple symbiotic microbes but rather as mutualistic. This review will summarize current information on bacterial skin flora including Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus and Pseudomonas. Specifically, the review will discuss our current understanding of the cutaneous microbiota as well as shifting paradigms in the interpretation of the roles microbes play in skin health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Cogen
- Department of Bioengineering, Division of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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100
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Sung HY, Choi YS. Fructooligosaccharide and soy isoflavone suppress colonic aberrant crypt foci and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in dimethylhydrazine-treated rats. J Med Food 2008; 11:78-85. [PMID: 18361741 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the inhibitory effects of soy isoflavones and fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on colon carcinogenesis. Sprague-Dawley male rats were injected with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and given experimental diets that contained 0%, 3%, 6%, or 9% FOS with or without soy isoflavones (1,000 mg/kg of diet). After 12 weeks, colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, and fecal bile acid profiles were determined. The numbers of ACF, the numbers of ACF containing four or more crypts per focus of colonic mucosa, and the levels of COX-2 protein in the colonic epithelial tissues were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the FOS-fed, DMH-treated rats (P < .001), as compared to the DMH-treated control rats. Soy isoflavones significantly decreased the number of ACF with four or more aberrant crypts per focus (P < .001) and the amount of COX-2 protein (P < .01), independently of the effect of the oligosaccharide. The highest suppression of ACF formation was obtained with soy isoflavones combined with >or=6% FOS. No significant relationship was found between the dosage of FOS or soy isoflavones and the concentration of fecal secondary bile acid. We conclude that the combination of FOS and soy isoflavones inhibits colonic ACF formation and reduces COX-2 expression in DMH-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Sung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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