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Paradiso R, Proietti S. Light-Quality Manipulation to Control Plant Growth and Photomorphogenesis in Greenhouse Horticulture: The State of the Art and the Opportunities of Modern LED Systems. JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2022; 41:742-780. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s00344-021-10337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AbstractLight quantity (intensity and photoperiod) and quality (spectral composition) affect plant growth and physiology and interact with other environmental parameters and cultivation factors in determining the plant behaviour. More than providing the energy for photosynthesis, light also dictates specific signals which regulate plant development, shaping and metabolism, in the complex phenomenon of photomorphogenesis, driven by light colours. These are perceived even at very low intensity by five classes of specific photoreceptors, which have been characterized in their biochemical features and physiological roles. Knowledge about plant photomorphogenesis increased dramatically during the last years, also thanks the diffusion of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which offer several advantages compared to the conventional light sources, such as the possibility to tailor the light spectrum and to regulate the light intensity, depending on the specific requirements of the different crops and development stages. This knowledge could be profitably applied in greenhouse horticulture to improve production schedules and crop yield and quality. This article presents a brief overview on the effects of light spectrum of artificial lighting on plant growth and photomorphogenesis in vegetable and ornamental crops, and on the state of the art of the research on LEDs in greenhouse horticulture. Particularly, we analysed these effects by approaching, when possible, each single-light waveband, as most of the review works available in the literature considers the influence of combined spectra.
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Vis-NIR Spectroscopy and Machine Learning Methods for the Discrimination of Transgenic Brassica napus L. and Their Hybrids with B. juncea. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid advancement of genetically modified (GM) technology over the years has raised concerns about the safety of GM crops and foods for human health and the environment. Gene flow from GM crops may be a threat to the environment. Therefore, it is critical to develop reliable, rapid, and low-cost technologies for detecting and monitoring the presence of GM crops and crop products. Here, we used visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy to distinguish between GM and non-GM Brassica napus, B. juncea, and F1 hybrids (B. juncea X GM B. napus). The Vis-NIR spectra were preprocessed with different preprocessing methods, namely normalization, standard normal variate, and Savitzky–Golay. Both raw and preprocessed spectra were used in combination with eight different chemometric methods for the effective discrimination of GM and non-GM plants. The standard normal variate and support vector machine combination was determined to be the most accurate model in the discrimination of GM, non-GM, and hybrid plants among the many combinations (99.4%). The use of deep learning in combination with Savitzky–Golay resulted in 99.1% classification accuracy. According to the findings, it is concluded that handheld Vis-NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric analyses could be used to distinguish between GM and non-GM B. napus, B. juncea, and F1 hybrids.
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Zhang X, Heuvelink E, Melegkou M, Yuan X, Jiang W, Marcelis LFM. Effects of Green Light on Elongation Do Not Interact with Far-Red, Unless the Phytochrome Photostationary State (PSS) Changes in Tomato. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010151. [PMID: 35053149 PMCID: PMC8773434 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary This paper focuses on the role of phytochromes (phys) in the interaction between green light and far-red light effects on “shade avoidance syndrome”. We grew wild type and phy mutants of tomato under a set of light conditions with different combinations of green, blue, red, and far-red light. Partial (20%) replacement of red/blue by green light in the absence of far-red light hardly affected the tomato plant morphology. However, when the spectrum contained far-red light, partially replacing red/blue by green light resulted in more elongation, which was associated with a lower phytochrome photostationary state (PSS) value. There was no effect of partial substitution of red/blue with green light when the PSS was kept constant. Thus, this study has revealed an interaction between green and far-red light effects on elongation unless PSS was kept constant. Green light was often a bit neglected in photobiology, but now an increasing number of researchers are realizing that green light deserves more attention. This study advances the understanding of light quality and plant growth and finding the optimal spectrum when growing plants under LED lighting in controlled environment agriculture. Abstract Green light (G) could trigger a “shade avoidance syndrome” (SAS) similarly to far-red light. We aimed to test the hypothesis that G interacts with far-red light to induce SAS, with this interaction mediated by phytochromes (phys). The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Moneymaker) wild-type (WT) and phyA, phyB1B2, and phyAB1B2 mutants were grown in a climate room with or without 30 µmol m−2 s−1 G on red/blue and red/blue/far-red backgrounds, maintaining the same photosynthetically active radiation (400–700 nm) of 150 µmol m−2 s−1 and red/blue ratio of 3. G hardly affected the dry mass accumulation or leaf area of WT, phyA, and phyB1B2 with or without far-red light. A lower phytochrome photostationary state (PSS) by adding far-red light significantly increased the total dry mass by enhancing the leaf area in WT plants but not in phy mutants. When the background light did not contain far-red light, partially replacing red/blue with G did not significantly affect stem elongation. However, when the background light contained far-red light, partially replacing red/blue with G enhanced elongation only when associated with a decrease in PSS, indicating that G interacts with far-red light on elongation only when the PSS changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.H.); (M.M.); (X.Y.)
| | - Ep Heuvelink
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.H.); (M.M.); (X.Y.)
| | - Michaela Melegkou
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.H.); (M.M.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xin Yuan
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.H.); (M.M.); (X.Y.)
| | - Weijie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
- Correspondence: (W.J.); (L.F.M.M.)
| | - Leo F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.H.); (M.M.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence: (W.J.); (L.F.M.M.)
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Hughes NM, George CO, Gumpman CB, Neufeld HS. Coevolution and photoprotection as complementary hypotheses for autumn leaf reddening: a nutrient-centered perspective. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:22-29. [PMID: 34738236 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Hughes
- Department of Biology, High Point University, 1 N University Pkwy, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Christian O George
- Department of Biology, High Point University, 1 N University Pkwy, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Corinne B Gumpman
- Department of Biology, High Point University, 1 N University Pkwy, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Howard S Neufeld
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, 287 Rivers St.,, Boone, NC, 28608, USA
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Optimization of Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density and Light Quality for Increasing Radiation-Use Efficiency in Dwarf Tomato under LED Light at the Vegetative Growth Stage. PLANTS 2021; 11:plants11010121. [PMID: 35009123 PMCID: PMC8796024 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dwarf tomatoes are advantageous when cultivated in a plant factory with artificial light because they can grow well in a small volume. However, few studies have been reported on cultivation in a controlled environment for improving productivity. We performed two experiments to investigate the effects of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD; 300, 500, and 700 μmol m−2 s−1) with white light and light quality (white, R3B1 (red:blue = 3:1), and R9B1) with a PPFD of 300 μmol m−2 s−1 on plant growth and radiation-use efficiency (RUE) of a dwarf tomato cultivar (‘Micro-Tom’) at the vegetative growth stage. The results clearly demonstrated that higher PPFD leads to higher dry mass and lower specific leaf area, but it does not affect the stem length. Furthermore, high PPFD increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of individual leaves but decreased RUE. A higher blue light proportion inhibited dry mass production with the same intercepted light because the leaves under high blue light proportion had low Pn and photosynthetic light-use efficiency. In conclusion, 300 μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD and R9B1 are the recommended proper PPFD and light quality, respectively, for ‘Micro-Tom’ cultivation at the vegetative growth stage to increase the RUE.
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Sohn SI, Pandian S, Zaukuu JLZ, Oh YJ, Park SY, Na CS, Shin EK, Kang HJ, Ryu TH, Cho WS, Cho YS. Discrimination of Transgenic Canola ( Brassica napus L.) and their Hybrids with B. rapa using Vis-NIR Spectroscopy and Machine Learning Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010220. [PMID: 35008646 PMCID: PMC8745187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the rapid development of genetically modified (GM) technology has raised concerns about the safety of GM crops and foods for human health and the ecological environment. Gene flow from GM crops to other crops, especially in the Brassicaceae family, might pose a threat to the environment due to their weediness. Hence, finding reliable, quick, and low-cost methods to detect and monitor the presence of GM crops and crop products is important. In this study, we used visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy for the effective discrimination of GM and non-GM Brassica napus, B. rapa, and F1 hybrids (B. rapa X GM B. napus). Initially, Vis-NIR spectra were collected from the plants, and the spectra were preprocessed. A combination of different preprocessing methods (four methods) and various modeling approaches (eight methods) was used for effective discrimination. Among the different combinations, the Savitzky-Golay and Support Vector Machine combination was found to be an optimal model in the discrimination of GM, non-GM, and hybrid plants with the highest accuracy rate (100%). The use of a Convolutional Neural Network with Normalization resulted in 98.9%. The same higher accuracy was found in the use of Gradient Boosted Trees and Fast Large Margin approaches. Later, phenolic acid concentration among the different plants was assessed using GC-MS analysis. Partial least squares regression analysis of Vis-NIR spectra and biochemical characteristics showed significant correlations in their respective changes. The results showed that handheld Vis-NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric analyses could be used for the effective discrimination of GM and non-GM B. napus, B. rapa, and F1 hybrids. Biochemical composition analysis can also be combined with the Vis-NIR spectra for efficient discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-In Sohn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (S.P.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-K.S.); (H.-J.K.); (T.-H.R.); (W.-S.C.); (Y.-S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-063-238-4712
| | - Subramani Pandian
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (S.P.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-K.S.); (H.-J.K.); (T.-H.R.); (W.-S.C.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - John-Lewis Zinia Zaukuu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi AK-039-5028, Ghana;
| | - Young-Ju Oh
- Institute for Future Environmental Ecology Co., Ltd., Jeonju 54883, Korea;
| | - Soo-Yun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (S.P.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-K.S.); (H.-J.K.); (T.-H.R.); (W.-S.C.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Chae-Sun Na
- Seed Conservation Research Division, Baekdudewgan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Korea;
| | - Eun-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (S.P.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-K.S.); (H.-J.K.); (T.-H.R.); (W.-S.C.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Hyeon-Jung Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (S.P.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-K.S.); (H.-J.K.); (T.-H.R.); (W.-S.C.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Tae-Hun Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (S.P.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-K.S.); (H.-J.K.); (T.-H.R.); (W.-S.C.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Woo-Suk Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (S.P.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-K.S.); (H.-J.K.); (T.-H.R.); (W.-S.C.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Youn-Sung Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (S.P.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-K.S.); (H.-J.K.); (T.-H.R.); (W.-S.C.); (Y.-S.C.)
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Zhang X, Bisbis M, Heuvelink E, Jiang W, Marcelis LFM. Green light reduces elongation when partially replacing sole blue light independently from cryptochrome 1a. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1946-1955. [PMID: 34453337 PMCID: PMC9293030 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although green light is sometimes neglected, it can have several effects on plant growth and development. Green light is probably sensed by cryptochromes (crys), one of the blue light photoreceptor families. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible interaction between green and blue light and the involvement of crys in the green light response of plant photomorphogenesis. We hypothesize that green light effects on morphology only occur when crys are activated by the presence of blue light. Wild-type Moneymaker (MM), cry1a mutant (cry1a), and two CRY2 overexpressing transgenic lines (CRY2-OX3 and CRY2-OX8) of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) were grown in a climate chamber without or with green light (30 μmol m-2 s-1 ) on backgrounds of sole red, sole blue and red/blue mixture, with all treatments having the same photosynthetic photon flux density of 150 μmol m-2 s-1 . Green light showed no significant effects on biomass accumulation, nor on leaf characteristics such as leaf area, specific leaf area, and chlorophyll content. However, in all genotypes, green light significantly decreased stem length on a sole blue background, whereas green light hardly affected stem length on sole red and red/blue mixture background. MM, cry1a, and CRY2-OX3/8 plants all exhibited similar responses of stem elongation to green light, indicating that cry1a, and probably cry2, is not involved in this green light effect. We conclude that partially replacing blue light by green light reduces elongation and that this is independent of cry1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and FlowersChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Horticulture and Product Physiology GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mehdi Bisbis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Leibnitz Institute for Vegetable and Ornamental ProductionGermany
| | - Ep Heuvelink
- Horticulture and Product Physiology GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Weijie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and FlowersChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Leo F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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Quero G, Bonnecarrère V, Simondi S, Santos J, Fernández S, Gutierrez L, Garaycochea S, Borsani O. Genetic architecture of photosynthesis energy partitioning as revealed by a genome-wide association approach. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 150:97-115. [PMID: 32072456 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthesis process is determined by the intensity level and spectral quality of the light; therefore, leaves need to adapt to a changing environment. The incident energy absorbed can exceed the sink capability of the photosystems, and, in this context, photoinhibition may occur in both photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI). Quantum yield parameters analyses reveal how the energy is managed. These parameters are genotype-dependent, and this genotypic variability is a good opportunity to apply mapping association strategies to identify genomic regions associated with photosynthesis energy partitioning. An experimental and mathematical approach is proposed for the determination of an index which estimates the energy per photon flux for each spectral bandwidth (Δλ) of the light incident (QI index). Based on the QI, the spectral quality of the plant growth, environmental lighting, and the actinic light of PAM were quantitatively very similar which allowed an accurate phenotyping strategy of a rice population. A total of 143 genomic single regions associated with at least one trait of chlorophyll fluorescence were identified. Moreover, chromosome 5 gathers most of these regions indicating the importance of this chromosome in the genetic regulation of the photochemistry process. Through a GWAS strategy, 32 genes of rice genome associated with the main parameters of the photochemistry process of photosynthesis in rice were identified. Association between light-harvesting complexes and the potential quantum yield of PSII, as well as the relationship between coding regions for PSI-linked proteins in energy distribution during the photochemical process of photosynthesis is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Quero
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Garzón 809, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Victoria Bonnecarrère
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Estación Experimental Wilson Ferreira Aldunate, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 48, Km 10, Rincón del Colorado, 90200, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Simondi
- Área de Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (FCEN-UNCuyo), Padre Contreras 1300, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Jorge Santos
- Área de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (FCEN-UNCuyo), Padre Contreras 1300, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Fernández
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad de La República, Julio Herrera y Reissig 565, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Gutierrez
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Departamento de Biometría, Estadística y Cómputos, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Garzón 780, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvia Garaycochea
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Estación Experimental Wilson Ferreira Aldunate, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 48, Km 10, Rincón del Colorado, 90200, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - Omar Borsani
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Garzón 809, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Kang C, Zhang Y, Cheng R, Kaiser E, Yang Q, Li T. Acclimating Cucumber Plants to Blue Supplemental Light Promotes Growth in Full Sunlight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:782465. [PMID: 34912362 PMCID: PMC8668241 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.782465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Raising young plants is important for modern greenhouse production. Upon transfer from the raising to the production environment, young plants should maximize light use efficiency while minimizing deleterious effects associated with exposure to high light (HL) intensity. The light spectrum may be used to establish desired traits, but how plants acclimated to a given spectrum respond to HL intensity exposure is less well explored. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings were grown in a greenhouse in low-intensity sunlight (control; ∼2.7 mol photons m-2 day-1) and were treated with white, red, blue, or green supplemental light (4.3 mol photons m-2 day-1) for 10 days. Photosynthetic capacity was highest in leaves treated with blue light, followed by white, red, and green, and was positively correlated with leaf thickness, nitrogen, and chlorophyll concentration. Acclimation to different spectra did not affect the rate of photosynthetic induction, but leaves grown under blue light showed faster induction and relaxation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) under alternating HL and LL intensity. Blue-light-acclimated leaves showed reduced photoinhibition after HL intensity exposure, as indicated by a high maximum quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (F v /F m ). Although plants grown under different supplemental light spectra for 10 days had similar shoot biomass, blue-light-grown plants (B-grown plants) showed a more compact morphology with smaller leaf areas and shorter stems. However, after subsequent, week-long exposure to full sunlight (10.7 mol photons m-2 day-1), B-grown plants showed similar leaf area and 15% higher shoot biomass, compared to plants that had been acclimated to other spectra. The faster growth rate in blue-light-acclimated plants compared to other plants was mainly due to a higher photosynthetic capacity and highly regulated NPQ performance under intermittent high solar light. Acclimation to blue supplemental light can improve light use efficiency and diminish photoinhibition under high solar light exposure, which can benefit plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenqian Kang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ruifeng Cheng
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Elias Kaiser
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Qichang Yang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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LED Illumination for High-Quality High-Yield Crop Growth in Protected Cropping Environments. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112470. [PMID: 34834833 PMCID: PMC8621602 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vegetables and herbs play a central role in the human diet due to their low fat and calory content and essential antioxidant, phytochemicals, and fiber. It is well known that the manipulation of light wavelengths illuminating the crops can enhance their growth rate and nutrient contents. To date, it has not been easy to generalize the effects of LED illumination because of the differences in the plant species investigated, the measured traits, the way wavelengths have been manipulated, and the plants’ growing environments. In order to address this gap, we undertook a quantitative review of LED manipulation in relation to plant traits, focusing on vegetables and herbs. Here, we use standardized measurements of biomass, antioxidant, and other quantitative characteristics together with the whole range of the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Overall, our review revealed support for the claims that the red and blue LED illumination is more reliable and efficient than full spectrum illumination and increases the plant’s biomass and nutritional value by enhancing the photosynthetic activity, antioxidant properties, phenolic, and flavonoids contents. Although LED illumination provides an efficient way to improve yield and modify plant properties, this study also highlights the broad range of responses among species, varieties traits, and the age of plant material.
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Rogowski P, Urban A, Romanowska E. Light as a substrate: migration of LHCII antennas in extended Michaelis-Menten model for PSI kinetics. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 225:112336. [PMID: 34736069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We extended, for the first time, the Michaelis-Menten (M-M) model to describe the kinetics of photosystem I (PSI) complexes using light as a substrate. Our work is novel as it can be useful for studying the phenomenon of "state transitions" because it quantifies the affinity of light to PSI reaction centers depending on the associated light harvesting complex II (LHCII) antennas. We verified our models by measuring the PSI activity as a function of light intensity using an oxygen electrode for chloroplast from plants grown in low light conditions and treated with far red light. We determined the kinetics constant KM for: PSI-LHCI, PSI-LHCI-LHCII and PSI-PSII megacomplexes and have shown that KM for PSI located in the megacomplexes was smaller in magnitude than PSI-LHCI, thus demonstrating that LHCII antennas are functionally associated with PSI. The parameter [S]1/2used in our models is the equivalent of M-M constant. Far red light increases [S]1/2, which indicates that transition from state 1 to state 2 leads to an energy gain while reaching the PSI reaction centers. We also observed that redistribution of the absorbed excitation energy is realized not only by LHCII migration but also by association of the photosystems in the megacomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Rogowski
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Urban
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Romanowska
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02096 Warsaw, Poland.
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Burgess AJ, Durand M, Gibbs JA, Retkute R, Robson TM, Murchie EH. The effect of canopy architecture on the patterning of "windflecks" within a wheat canopy. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3524-3537. [PMID: 34418115 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Under field conditions, plants are subject to wind-induced movement which creates fluctuations of light intensity and spectral quality reaching the leaves, defined here as windflecks. Within this study, irradiance within two contrasting wheat (Triticum aestivum) canopies during full sun conditions was measured using a spectroradiometer to determine the frequency, duration and magnitude of low- to high-light events plus the spectral composition during wind-induced movement. Similarly, a static canopy was modelled using three-dimensional reconstruction and ray tracing to determine fleck characteristics without the presence of wind. Corresponding architectural traits were measured manually and in silico including plant height, leaf area and angle plus biomechanical properties. Light intensity can differ up to 40% during a windfleck, with changes occurring on a sub-second scale compared to ~5 min in canopies not subject to wind. Features such as a shorter height, more erect leaf stature and having an open structure led to an increased frequency and reduced time interval of light flecks in the CMH79A canopy compared to Paragon. This finding illustrates the potential for architectural traits to be selected to improve the canopy light environment and provides the foundation to further explore the links between plant form and function in crop canopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Burgess
- Division of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Maxime Durand
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonathon A Gibbs
- Computer Vision Lab, School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Renata Retkute
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - T Matthew Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik H Murchie
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
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Palma CFF, Castro-Alves V, Rosenqvist E, Ottosen CO, Strid Å, Morales LO. Effects of UV radiation on transcript and metabolite accumulation are dependent on monochromatic light background in cucumber. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:750-761. [PMID: 34510478 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During recent years, we have advanced our understanding of plant molecular responses to ultraviolet radiation (UV, 280-400 nm); however, how plants respond to UV radiation under different spectral light qualities is poorly understood. In this study, cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus "Lausanna RZ F1") were grown under monochromatic blue, green, red, and broadband white light in combination with UV radiation. The effects of light quality and UV radiation on acclimatory responses were assessed by measuring transcript accumulation of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), CHALCONE SYNTHASE 2 (CHS2), and LIGHT HARVESTING COMPLEX II (LHCII), and the accumulation of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in the leaves. The growth light backgrounds differentially regulated gene expression and metabolite accumulation. While HY5 and CHS2 transcripts were induced by blue and white light, LHCII was induced by white and red light. Furthermore, UV radiation antagonized the effects of blue, red, green, and white light on transcript accumulation in a gene-dependent manner. Plants grown under blue light with supplementary UV radiation increased phenylalanine, flavonol disaccharide I and caffeic acid contents compared to those exposed only to blue light. UV radiation also induced the accumulation of flavonol disaccharide I and II, ferulic acid hexose and coumaric acid hexose in plants grown under green light. Our findings provide a further understanding of plant responses to UV radiation in combination with different light spectra and contribute to the design of light recipes for horticultural practices that aim to modify plant metabolism and ultimately improve crop quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Castro-Alves
- School of Science and Technology, Life Science Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Eva Rosenqvist
- Section of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Tåstrup, Denmark
| | | | - Åke Strid
- School of Science and Technology, Life Science Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Luis Orlando Morales
- School of Science and Technology, Life Science Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Wang QW, Liu C, Robson TM, Hikosaka K, Kurokawa H. Leaf density and chemical composition explain variation in leaf mass area with spectral composition among 11 widespread forbs in a common garden. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:698-708. [PMID: 34309027 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf mass per area (LMA) is a key leaf functional trait correlated with plant strategies dictating morphology, physiology, and biochemistry. Although sunlight is generally accepted as a dominant factor driving LMA, the contribution of each spectral region of sunlight in shaping LMA is poorly understood. In the present study, we grew 11 widespread forb species in a common garden and dissected the traits underpinning differences in LMA, such as its morphological components (leaf density [LD] and leaf thickness [LT]), macroelement, and metabolite composition under five spectral-attenuation treatments: (1) transmitting c. 95% of the whole solar spectrum (> 280 nm), (2) attenuating ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B), (3) attenuating both UV-A and UV-B radiation, (4) attenuating UV radiation and blue light, (5) attenuating UV radiation, blue, and green light. We found that LMA, LD, and chemical traits varied significantly across species depending on spectral treatments. LMA was significantly increased by UV-B radiation and green light, while LD was increased by UV-A but decreased by blue light. LMA positively correlated with LD across treatments but was only weakly related to LT, suggesting that LD was a better determinate of LMA for this specific treatment. Regarding leaf elemental and metabolite composition, carbon, nitrogen, and total phenolics were all positively correlated with LMA, whereas lignin, non-structural carbohydrates, and soluble sugars had negative relationships with LMA. These trends imply a tradeoff between biomass allocation to structural and metabolically functional components. In conclusion, sunlight can spectrally drive LMA mainly through modifying functional and structural support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Department of Forest Vegetation, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chenggang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, China
| | - Thomas Matthew Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kurokawa
- Department of Forest Vegetation, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
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Proietti S, Moscatello S, Riccio F, Downey P, Battistelli A. Continuous Lighting Promotes Plant Growth, Light Conversion Efficiency, and Nutritional Quality of Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. in Controlled Environment With Minor Effects Due to Light Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:730119. [PMID: 34712255 PMCID: PMC8546256 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.730119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Light-emitting diode lamps can allow for the optimization of lighting conditions in artificial growing environments, with respect to light quality, quantity, and photoperiod extension, to precisely manage resources and crop performance. Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. was hydroponically cultured under three light treatments to investigate the effect on yield and nutritional properties of rocket plants. A treatment of (W-12h) having a12/12 h light/dark at 600 μmol m-2 s-1 provided by LEDs W:FR:R:B = 12:2:71:15 was compared with two treatments of continuous lighting (CL), 24 h light at 300 μmol m-2 s-1 provided by cool white LEDs (W-CL), and by LED R:B = 73:27 (RB-CL). CL enhanced the growth of the rocket plants: total fresh biomass, leaf fresh weight, and shoot/root ratio increased in W-CL, and leaf dry weight, leaf dry matter %, root fresh and dry weight, and specific leaf dry weight (SLDW) increased in RB-CL. Total carbon content was higher in RB-CL, whereas total nitrogen and proteins content increased in W-12h. Both W-CL and RB-CL increased carbohydrate content in the rocket leaves, while W-CL alone increased the sugar content in the roots. Fibers, pigments, antioxidant compounds, and malic acid were increased by CL regardless of the light spectrum applied. Nitrate was significantly reduced in the rocket leaves grown both in W-CL and RB-CL. Thus, the application of CL with low light intensity can increase the yield and quality value of rocket, highlighting that careful scheduling of light spectrum, intensity, and photoperiod can improve the performance of the crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Proietti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Porano, Italy
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Porano, Italy
| | - Francesca Riccio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Porano, Italy
| | - Peter Downey
- Department of Applied Science, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Porano, Italy
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66
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Castillejo N, Martínez-Zamora L, Gómez PA, Pennisi G, Crepaldi A, Fernández JA, Orsini F, Artés-Hernández F. Postharvest yellow LED lighting affects phenolics and glucosinolates biosynthesis in broccoli sprouts. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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67
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Effects of Light Spectral Quality on the Micropropagated Raspberry Plants during Ex Vitro Adaptation. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102071. [PMID: 34685878 PMCID: PMC8537843 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work focuses on developing light environments for the effective regulation of morphogenesis and ex vitro conditions adaptation in micropropagated raspberry plants on the basis of photomorphogenetic control of physiological processes using light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In experiments with cloned plants growing ex vitro in stressful conditions during acclimation, the effects of optical radiation of various spectral combinations from different photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) spectral regions were studied. The data on the plant development and state of the photosynthetic apparatus, features of photosynthetic gas exchange and transpiration, accumulation of photosynthetic pigments, light curves of photosynthesis, and data on growth processes in light modes using combined quasimonochromatic radiation (either mixture of red, green, and blue light or red, far-red, and blue light) with various ratio of the distinct spectral regions were obtained. Photosynthetic apparatus functional activity under different light conditions was studied with chlorophyll fluorescence determination, and plant stress responses to growing under artificial spectral light conditions were characterized. The experiments were accompanied by detailed plant phenotyping at the structural and functional levels. Plant acclimation and photosynthetic improvements in response to added far-red and green light wavelengths to the main red-blue spectrum have been elucidated.
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68
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Meyer P, Van de Poel B, De Coninck B. UV-B light and its application potential to reduce disease and pest incidence in crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:194. [PMID: 34465753 PMCID: PMC8408258 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B radiation (280-315 nm), perceived by the plant photoreceptor UVR8, is a key environmental signal that influences plant growth and development and can reduce disease and pest incidence. The positive effect of UV-B on disease resistance and incidence in various plant species supports the implementation of supplemental UV-B radiation in sustainable crop production. However, despite many studies focusing on UV-B light, there is no consensus on the best mode of application. This review aims to analyze, evaluate, and organize the different application strategies of UV-B radiation in crop production with a focus on disease resistance. We summarize the physiological effects of UV-B light on plants and discuss how plants perceive and transduce UV-B light by the UVR8 photoreceptor as well as how this perception alters plant specialized metabolite production. Next, we bring together conclusions of various studies with respect to different UV-B application methods to improve plant resistance. In general, supplemental UV-B light has a positive effect on disease resistance in many plant-pathogen combinations, mainly through the induction of the production of specialized metabolites. However, many variables (UV-B light source, plant species, dose and intensity, timing during the day, duration, background light, etc.) make it difficult to compare and draw general conclusions. We compiled the information of recent studies on UV-B light applications, including e.g., details on the UV-B light source, experimental set-up, calculated UV-B light dose, intensity, and duration. This review provides practical insights and facilitates future research on UV-B radiation as a promising tool to reduce disease and pest incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca Meyer
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Van de Poel
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Coninck
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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69
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Comparative Growth, Photosynthetic Pigments, and Osmolytes Analysis of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Seedlings under an Aeroponics System with Different LED Light Sources. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7080239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The performance of hemp seedlings was evaluated through morphological traits, photosynthetic pigments, and osmolytes under 11 light treatments (10 LED light compositions + natural light) in an aeroponics system. The seedlings were brought under treatment at 25 days of age, where the light intensity was 300 µmol m−2s−1 and duration was 20 days. A higher leaf number and node number were observed in L10 (R4:B2:W2:FR1:UV1) and L11 (R2:B2:G2:W2:FR1:UV1), and a higher leaf length and leaf width were recorded in the L2 (white), L3 (R8:B2), and L5 (R7:B2:FR1) treatments. Furthermore, a higher shoot length was recorded in L3 (R8:B2), L6 (R6:B2:G1:FR1), and L9 (R6:B2:FR1:UV1) while roots developed more in the L1 (natural light), L5 (R7:B2:FR1), and L9 (R6:B2:FR1:UV1) treatments. On the other hand, the L3 (R8:B2) treatment manifested higher chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and photosynthetic quantum yield (Fv/Fm). The hierarchical clustering and heatmap analysis revealed that higher leaf numbers and node numbers resulted in bushy plants with shorter shoots and longer roots. A negative correlation was also observed in photosynthetic traits (pigments and fluorescence) with osmolytes and root length. Importantly, the treatments L4 (R7:B2:G1), L6 (R6:B2:G1:FR1), L8 (R5:B2:G1:FR1:UV1), and L11 (R2:B2:G2:W2:FR1:UV1) manifested higher nodes with a higher osmolyte content, such as proline, ascorbic acid, total soluble carbohydrate, and sucrose, which may be a helpful indicator for higher branches and inflorescences, and ultimately higher cannabinoids accumulation in the plants. The approach and findings of this study could provide future research with the baseline information on optimizing the light composition to produce hemp plants with ideal phenotypes.
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70
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Schmalstig JG, Jainandan K. Green light attenuates blue-light-induced chloroplast avoidance movement in Arabidopsis and Landoltia punctata. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1525-1539. [PMID: 34458978 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Chloroplast movement to the anticlinal walls in excess light, referred to as chloroplast avoidance movement, is one strategy to prevent high light damage. Chloroplast avoidance movement is mediated by the blue-light photoreceptor phototropin. Since some blue-light effects are reversed by green light, we investigated the effect of green wavelengths on chloroplast avoidance. METHODS Chloroplast position was visualized via microscopy and by transmission of red light through the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana and Landoltia punctata (duckweed). RESULTS Green light reduced blue-light-induced chloroplast avoidance movement but only when green light was presented simultaneously with blue light. Green light alone had no effect on chloroplast position. An action spectrum for green-light attenuation of chloroplast avoidance in duckweed revealed peaks at 510, 550, and 590 nm. Blue-light-induced chloroplast avoidance movement in three Arabidopsis mutants with reduced nonphotochemical quenching, npq1, npq4, and npq7 was not affected by green light. CONCLUSIONS The action spectrum does not conform to any known photoreceptor. The lack of a green-light response in the npq mutants of Arabidopsis suggests a possible role for the xanthophyll cycle or a signal from the chloroplast in control of chloroplast avoidance movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy G Schmalstig
- Department of Biology, 1000 Holt Ave, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL, 32789, USA
| | - Kenneth Jainandan
- Department of Biology, 1000 Holt Ave, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL, 32789, USA
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71
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Santin M, Ranieri A, Castagna A. Anything New under the Sun? An Update on Modulation of Bioactive Compounds by Different Wavelengths in Agricultural Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1485. [PMID: 34371687 PMCID: PMC8309429 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plants continuously rely on light as an energy source and as the driver of many processes in their lifetimes. The ability to perceive different light radiations involves several photoreceptors, which in turn activate complex signalling cascades that ultimately lead to a rearrangement in plant metabolism as an adaptation strategy towards specific light conditions. This review, after a brief summary of the structure and mode of action of the different photoreceptors, introduces the main classes of secondary metabolites and specifically focuses on the influence played by the different wavelengths on the content of these compounds in agricultural plants, because of their recognised roles as nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Santin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Annamaria Ranieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (A.R.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Castagna
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (A.R.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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72
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Pennisi G, Orsini F. Improving light management in lettuce crops. NATURE FOOD 2021; 2:394-395. [PMID: 37118232 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00302-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Pennisi
- University of Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Orsini
- University of Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Bologna, Italy.
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73
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Tabbert JM, Schulz H, Krähmer A. Increased Plant Quality, Greenhouse Productivity and Energy Efficiency with Broad-Spectrum LED Systems: A Case Study for Thyme ( Thymus vulgaris L.). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050960. [PMID: 34065972 PMCID: PMC8150821 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A light-emitting diode (LED) system covering plant-receptive wavebands from ultraviolet to far-red radiation (360 to 760 nm, “white” light spectrum) was investigated for greenhouse productions of Thymus vulgaris L. Biomass yields and amounts of terpenoids were examined, and the lights’ productivity and electrical efficiency were determined. All results were compared to two conventionally used light fixture types (high-pressure sodium lamps (HPS) and fluorescent lights (FL)) under naturally low irradiation conditions during fall and winter in Berlin, Germany. Under LED, development of Thymus vulgaris L. was highly accelerated resulting in distinct fresh yield increases per square meter by 43% and 82.4% compared to HPS and FL, respectively. Dry yields per square meter also increased by 43.1% and 88.6% under LED compared to the HPS and FL lighting systems. While composition of terpenoids remained unaffected, their quantity per gram of leaf dry matter significantly increased under LED and HPS as compared to FL. Further, the power consumption calculations revealed energy savings of 31.3% and 20.1% for LED and FL, respectively, compared to HPS. In conclusion, the implementation of a broad-spectrum LED system has tremendous potential for increasing quantity and quality of Thymus vulgaris L. during naturally insufficient light conditions while significantly reducing energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Manuela Tabbert
- Plant Analysis and Storage Product Protection, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Julius Kühn Institute—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.M.T.); (A.K.); Tel.: +49-308-304-2210 (A.K.)
| | - Hartwig Schulz
- Plant Analysis and Storage Product Protection, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Julius Kühn Institute—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
- Consulting & Project Management for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Waltraudstraße 4, 14532 Stahnsdorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Krähmer
- Plant Analysis and Storage Product Protection, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Julius Kühn Institute—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence: (J.M.T.); (A.K.); Tel.: +49-308-304-2210 (A.K.)
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74
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Chater CCC. Light in the darkness: how ferns flourished in the ancestral angiosperm forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:886-888. [PMID: 33725385 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caspar C C Chater
- Department of Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
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75
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De Pascale S, Arena C, Aronne G, De Micco V, Pannico A, Paradiso R, Rouphael Y. Biology and crop production in Space environments: Challenges and opportunities. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2021; 29:30-37. [PMID: 33888285 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Long-term manned space-exploration missions and the permanence of human colonies on orbital stations or planetary habitats will require the regeneration of resources onboard or in-situ. Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSSs) are artificial environments where different compartments, involving both living organisms and physical-chemical processes, are integrated to achieve a safe, self-regulating, and chemically balanced Earth-like environment to support human life. Higher plants are key elements of such systems and Space greenhouses represent the producers' compartment. Growing plants in Space requires the knowledge of their growth responses not only to all environmental factors acting on Earth, but also to specific Space constraints such as altered gravity, ionizing radiations and confined volume. Moreover, cultivation techniques need to be adjusted considering such limitations. The type and intensity of environmental factors to be taken into account depend on the mission scenarios. Here, we summarize constraints and opportunities of cultivating higher plants in Space to regenerate resources and produce fresh food onboard. Both biological and agro-technological issues are considered briefly going through experiments both ground-based on Earth and in Space.
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Affiliation(s)
- S De Pascale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - C Arena
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - G Aronne
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - V De Micco
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy.
| | - A Pannico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - R Paradiso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Y Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
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Vitale E, Velikova V, Tsonev T, Ferrandino I, Capriello T, Arena C. The Interplay between Light Quality and Biostimulant Application Affects the Antioxidant Capacity and Photosynthetic Traits of Soybean ( Glycine max L. Merrill). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10050861. [PMID: 33923330 PMCID: PMC8144973 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper evaluates the combined effect of biostimulant and light quality on bioactive compound production and seedling growth of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) plants. Germinated seeds pre-treated with different concentrations (0.01%, 0.05%, 0.5%) of an amino acid-based biostimulant were grown for 4 days at the dark (D), white fluorescent light (FL), full-spectrum LED (FS), and red-blue (RB) light. Potential changes in the antioxidant content of sprouts were evaluated. Part of the sprouts was left to grow at FL, FS, and RB light regimes for 24 days to assess modifications in plants' anatomical and physiological traits during the early developmental plant stage. The seed pre-treatment with all biostimulant concentrations significantly increased sprout antioxidant compounds, sugar, and protein content compared to the control (seeds treated with H2O). The positive effect on bioactive compounds was improved under FS and RB compared to D and FL light regimes. At the seedling stage, 0.05% was the only concentration of biostimulant effective in increasing the specific leaf area (SLA) and photosynthetic efficiency. Compared to FL, the growth under FS and RB light regimes significantly enhanced the beneficial effect of 0.05% on SLA and photosynthesis. This concentration led to leaf thickness increase and shoot/root ratio reduction. Our findings demonstrated that seed pre-treatment with proper biostimulant concentration in combination with specific light regimes during plant development may represent a useful means to modify the bioactive compound amount and leaf structural and photosynthetic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermenegilda Vitale
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.V.); (I.F.); (T.C.)
| | - Violeta Velikova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (V.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Tsonko Tsonev
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Ida Ferrandino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.V.); (I.F.); (T.C.)
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Teresa Capriello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.V.); (I.F.); (T.C.)
| | - Carmen Arena
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.V.); (I.F.); (T.C.)
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.V.); (C.A.)
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Claypool NB, Lieth JH. Green Light Improves Photosystem Stoichiometry in Cucumber Seedlings ( Cucumis sativus) Compared to Monochromatic Red Light. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10050824. [PMID: 33919086 PMCID: PMC8143185 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that monochromatic red and blue light influence photosynthesis and morphology in cucumber. It is less clear how green light impacts photosynthetic performance or morphology, either alone or in concert with other wavelengths. In this study, cucumber (Cucumis sativus) was grown under monochromatic blue, green, and red light, dichromatic blue-green, red-blue, and red-green light, as well as light containing red, green, and blue wavelengths, with or without supplemental far-red light. Photosynthetic data collected under treatment spectra at light-limiting conditions showed that both red and green light enhance photosynthesis. However, photosynthetic data collected with a 90% red, 10% blue, 1000 µmol photons m-2 s-1, saturating light show significantly lower photosynthesis in the green, red, and red-green treatments, indicating a blue light enhancement due to photosystem stoichiometric differences. The red-green and green light treatments show improved photosynthetic capacity relative to red light, indicating partial remediation by green light. Despite a lower quantum efficiency and the lowest ambient photosynthesis levels, the monochromatic blue treatment produced among the tallest, most massive plants with the greatest leaf area and thickest stems.
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Palmitessa OD, Prinzenberg AE, Kaiser E, Heuvelink E. LED and HPS Supplementary Light Differentially Affect Gas Exchange in Tomato Leaves. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040810. [PMID: 33924106 PMCID: PMC8074298 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Using light emitting diodes (LED) instead of conventionally used high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps as a supplemental light source in greenhouses results in a higher efficacy (µmol light per J electricity) and makes it possible to customize the light spectrum. To explore the effects of LED and HPS on gas exchange, thermal relations, photosynthesis, and water status of young tomato plants, seven genotypes were grown in a greenhouse under LED (95% red, 5% blue) or HPS lamps in four experiments differing in the fraction of lamp light over natural light. HPS lights emit a broader spectrum of red (40%), green–yellow (50%), blue (5%), and far-red (5%) and a substantial amount of infrared radiation (heat). Young tomato plants grown under LED showed lower leaf temperature and higher stomatal density, stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (E) than plants grown under HPS; this may be due to the different supplemental light spectrum. The young plants grown under LED tended to have increased photosynthetic capacity. Furthermore, the water stress indices CWSI and IG, which were obtained using thermal imaging, were positively correlated with gas exchange-derived gs and E, putting forward the use of thermal imaging for the phenotyping of transpiration. Under LED light, photosynthetic gas exchange was generally increased, which agreed with the water stress indices. The extent of this increase was genotype-dependent. All differences between LED and HPS were smaller in the experiments where the fraction of lamp light over natural light was smaller.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onofrio Davide Palmitessa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.E.P.); (E.K.); (E.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aina E. Prinzenberg
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.E.P.); (E.K.); (E.H.)
- Plant Breeding Laboratory, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elias Kaiser
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.E.P.); (E.K.); (E.H.)
| | - Ep Heuvelink
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.E.P.); (E.K.); (E.H.)
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Solbach JA, Fricke A, Stützel H. Seasonal Efficiency of Supplemental LED Lighting on Growth and Photomorphogenesis of Sweet Basil. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:609975. [PMID: 33889161 PMCID: PMC8056084 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.609975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For decisions on supplemental lighting a quantitative knowledge of the plants' responses to light under varying conditions is fundamental. In this study, we developed light dose-response curves of growth and morphological traits for Ocimum basilicum L. and examined the effects of light color (blue, red, and white plus far-red) and natural environment (season) on these curves. Four greenhouse experiments were conducted throughout the year to determine the efficiencies of the light regimes on growth and their effects on plant morphology. A special aspect was the photosynthetic efficiency of far-red light. Linear and monomolecular relationships were found for the relationships between plant traits and supplemental light dose. Traits related to biomass productivity increased linearly with light dose whereas some morphological characters showed a saturation behavior. Red light and white plus far-red light were more efficient in plant dry weight production than blue light, and the plants adapted differently to the light qualities: higher biomass under red light was related to a plant architecture more favorable for light capture, i.e., taller plants and bigger leaves. White plus far-red light, on the other hand, increased leaf mass per area (LMA) and light use efficiency (LUE). Blue light resulted in lowest plant light interception and LUE. Considering photosynthetic effects of near-infrared light (PPFD800, 400-800 nm) instead of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD700, 400-700 nm) led to strongly reduced efficiencies. Traits related to photosynthesis such as dry weight, LMA and LUE were particularly affected by PPFD800. There were no interactions between the efficiencies of the different light colors and the seasons. Efficiencies of all light regimes were significantly lower during summer compared to spring and winter. Higher dry weight production during summer compared to winter and spring were a consequence of increased light interception rather than changes in LUE. The observed differences in seasonal efficiencies were directly linked to the amount of natural light present as indicated by changes in the ratio of supplemental to natural light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Andreas Solbach
- Vegetable Systems Modelling Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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80
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Landi M, Agati G, Fini A, Guidi L, Sebastiani F, Tattini M. Unveiling the shade nature of cyanic leaves: A view from the "blue absorbing side" of anthocyanins. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1119-1129. [PMID: 32515010 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins have long been suggested as having great potential in offering photoprotection to plants facing high light irradiance. Nonetheless, their effective ability in protecting the photosynthetic apparatus from supernumerary photons has been questioned by some authors, based upon the inexact belief that anthocyanins almost exclusively absorb green photons, which are poorly absorbed by chlorophylls. Here we focus on the blue light absorbing features of anthocyanins, a neglected issue in anthocyanin research. Anthocyanins effectively absorb blue photons: the absorbance of blue relative to green photons increases from tri- to mono-hydroxy B-ring substituted structures, reaching up to 50% of green photons absorption. We offer a comprehensive picture of the molecular events activated by low blue-light availability, extending our previous analysis in purple and green basil, which we suggest to be responsible for the "shade syndrome" displayed by cyanic leaves. While purple leaves display overexpression of genes promoting chlorophyll biosynthesis and light harvesting, in green leaves it is the genes involved in the stability/repair of photosystems that are largely overexpressed. As a corollary, this adds further support to the view of an effective photoprotective role of anthocyanins. We discuss the profound morpho-anatomical adjustments imposed by the epidermal anthocyanin shield, which reflect adjustments in light harvesting capacity under imposed shade and make complex the analysis of the photosynthetic performance of cyanic versus acyanic leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Agati
- Institute of Applied Physics 'Nello Carrara', Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Fini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Sebastiani
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Florence, Italy
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81
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Kusuma P, Swan B, Bugbee B. Does Green Really Mean Go? Increasing the Fraction of Green Photons Promotes Growth of Tomato but Not Lettuce or Cucumber. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10040637. [PMID: 33801682 PMCID: PMC8066606 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The photon flux in the green wavelength region is relatively enriched in shade and the photon flux in the blue region is selectively filtered. In sole source lighting environments, increasing the fraction of blue typically decreases stem elongation and leaf expansion, and smaller leaves reduce photon capture and yield. Photons in the green region reverse these blue reductions through the photoreceptor cryptochrome in Arabidopsis thaliana, but studies in other species have not consistently shown the benefits of photons in the green region on leaf expansion and growth. Spectral effects can interact with total photon flux. Here, we report the effect of the fraction of photons in the blue (10 to 30%) and green (0 to 50%) regions at photosynthetic photon flux densities of 200 and 500 µmol m-2 s-1 in lettuce, cucumber and tomato. As expected, increasing the fraction of photons in the blue region consistently decreased leaf area and dry mass. By contrast, large changes in the fraction of photons in the green region had minimal effects on leaf area and dry mass in lettuce and cucumber. Photons in the green region were more potent at a lower fraction of photons in the blue region. Photons in the green region increased stem and petiole length in cucumber and tomato, which is a classic shade avoidance response. These results suggest that high-light crop species might respond to the fraction of photons in the green region with either shade tolerance (leaf expansion) or shade avoidance (stem elongation).
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82
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Liu J, van Iersel MW. Photosynthetic Physiology of Blue, Green, and Red Light: Light Intensity Effects and Underlying Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:619987. [PMID: 33747002 PMCID: PMC7977723 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.619987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Red and blue light are traditionally believed to have a higher quantum yield of CO2 assimilation (QY, moles of CO2 assimilated per mole of photons) than green light, because green light is absorbed less efficiently. However, because of its lower absorptance, green light can penetrate deeper and excite chlorophyll deeper in leaves. We hypothesized that, at high photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), green light may achieve higher QY and net CO2 assimilation rate (A n) than red or blue light, because of its more uniform absorption throughtout leaves. To test the interactive effects of PPFD and light spectrum on photosynthesis, we measured leaf A n of "Green Tower" lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under red, blue, and green light, and combinations of those at PPFDs from 30 to 1,300 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1. The electron transport rates (J) and the maximum Rubisco carboxylation rate (V c,max) at low (200 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1) and high PPFD (1,000 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1) were estimated from photosynthetic CO2 response curves. Both QY m,inc (maximum QY on incident PPFD basis) and J at low PPFD were higher under red light than under blue and green light. Factoring in light absorption, QY m,abs (the maximum QY on absorbed PPFD basis) under green and red light were both higher than under blue light, indicating that the low QY m,inc under green light was due to lower absorptance, while absorbed blue photons were used inherently least efficiently. At high PPFD, the QY inc [gross CO2 assimilation (A g)/incident PPFD] and J under red and green light were similar, and higher than under blue light, confirming our hypothesis. V c,max may not limit photosynthesis at a PPFD of 200 μmol m-2 s-1 and was largely unaffected by light spectrum at 1,000 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1. A g and J under different spectra were positively correlated, suggesting that the interactive effect between light spectrum and PPFD on photosynthesis was due to effects on J. No interaction between the three colors of light was detected. In summary, at low PPFD, green light had the lowest photosynthetic efficiency because of its low absorptance. Contrary, at high PPFD, QY inc under green light was among the highest, likely resulting from more uniform distribution of green light in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Horticultural Physiology Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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83
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Bantis F, Dangitsis C, Koukounaras A. Influence of Light Spectra from LEDs and Scion × Rootstock Genotype Combinations on the Quality of Grafted Watermelon Seedlings. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020353. [PMID: 33673386 PMCID: PMC7918498 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is the main means of propagation for watermelon crops. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether light quality during graft healing variably affects different scion × rootstock genotype combinations. Two watermelon hybrid scions (Sunny Florida F1 and Celine F1) and two interspecific squash rootstocks (Radik and TZ-148) were used, and four scion × rootstock genotype combinations derived. After grafting, we tested seven light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which provided narrow-band red (R) and blue (B); R-B with 36% (36B), 24% (24B), and 12% (12B) blue; 12B with additional far-red (12B+FR); and white (W), in a healing chamber. In three genotype combinations, shoot length, leaf area, and shoot biomass were mainly enhanced under red-blue LEDs, while stem diameter was greater under R. In contrast, dry weight of roots, Dickson’s quality index, and ratio of shoot dry weight/length were variably affected in each genotype combination. From the results, it is concluded that light treatments differentially affected each genotype combination, but some parameters involving biomass production show genotypic dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Bantis
- Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310-994123
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84
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Zhou Y, Ding M, Gao S, Yu-Strzelczyk J, Krischke M, Duan X, Leide J, Riederer M, Mueller MJ, Hedrich R, Konrad KR, Nagel G. Optogenetic control of plant growth by a microbial rhodopsin. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:144-151. [PMID: 33594268 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00853-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While rhodopsin-based optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience1,2, poor expression of opsins and the absence of the essential cofactor all-trans-retinal has complicated the application of rhodopsins in plants. Here, we demonstrate retinal production in plants and improved rhodopsin targeting for green light manipulation of plant cells using the Guillardia theta light-gated anion channelrhodopsin GtACR13. Green light induces a massive increase in anion permeability and pronounced membrane potential changes when GtACR1 is expressed, enabling non-invasive manipulation of plant growth and leaf development. Using light-driven anion loss, we could mimic drought conditions and bring about leaf wilting despite sufficient water supply. Expressed in pollen tubes, global GtACR1 activation triggers membrane potential depolarizations due to large anion currents. While global illumination was associated with a reversible growth arrest, local GtACR1 activation at the flanks of the apical dome steers growth direction away from the side with increased anion conductance. These results suggest a crucial role of anion permeability for the guidance of pollen tube tip growth. This plant optogenetic approach could be expanded to create an entire pallet of rhodopsin-based tools4, greatly facilitating dissection of plant ion-signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Physiological Institute, Department of Neurophysiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Meiqi Ding
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Physiological Institute, Department of Neurophysiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Jing Yu-Strzelczyk
- Physiological Institute, Department of Neurophysiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Krischke
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Xiaodong Duan
- Physiological Institute, Department of Neurophysiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Jana Leide
- Department of Botany II - Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Riederer
- Department of Botany II - Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kai R Konrad
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Georg Nagel
- Physiological Institute, Department of Neurophysiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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85
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Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Mandić AI, Bantis F, Böhm V, Borge GIA, Brnčić M, Bysted A, Cano MP, Dias MG, Elgersma A, Fikselová M, García-Alonso J, Giuffrida D, Gonçalves VSS, Hornero-Méndez D, Kljak K, Lavelli V, Manganaris GA, Mapelli-Brahm P, Marounek M, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Periago-Castón MJ, Pintea A, Sheehan JJ, Tumbas Šaponjac V, Valšíková-Frey M, Meulebroek LV, O'Brien N. A comprehensive review on carotenoids in foods and feeds: status quo, applications, patents, and research needs. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:1999-2049. [PMID: 33399015 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1867959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoids widely distributed in foods that have been always part of the diet of humans. Unlike the other so-called food bioactives, some carotenoids can be converted into retinoids exhibiting vitamin A activity, which is essential for humans. Furthermore, they are much more versatile as they are relevant in foods not only as sources of vitamin A, but also as natural pigments, antioxidants, and health-promoting compounds. Lately, they are also attracting interest in the context of nutricosmetics, as they have been shown to provide cosmetic benefits when ingested in appropriate amounts. In this work, resulting from the collaborative work of participants of the COST Action European network to advance carotenoid research and applications in agro-food and health (EUROCAROTEN, www.eurocaroten.eu, https://www.cost.eu/actions/CA15136/#tabs|Name:overview) research on carotenoids in foods and feeds is thoroughly reviewed covering aspects such as analysis, carotenoid food sources, carotenoid databases, effect of processing and storage conditions, new trends in carotenoid extraction, daily intakes, use as human, and feed additives are addressed. Furthermore, classical and recent patents regarding the obtaining and formulation of carotenoids for several purposes are pinpointed and briefly discussed. Lastly, emerging research lines as well as research needs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Meléndez-Martínez
- Nutrition and Food Science, Toxicology and Legal Medicine Department, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anamarija I Mandić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Filippos Bantis
- Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Volker Böhm
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Grethe Iren A Borge
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Nofima-Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Mladen Brnčić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anette Bysted
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M Pilar Cano
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Graça Dias
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Martina Fikselová
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristina Kljak
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vera Lavelli
- DeFENS-Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - George A Manganaris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Paula Mapelli-Brahm
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | | | | | - Adela Pintea
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | | | | | - Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nora O'Brien
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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86
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Li L, Tong YX, Lu JL, Li YM, Liu X, Cheng RF. Morphology, Photosynthetic Traits, and Nutritional Quality of Lettuce Plants as Affected by Green Light Substituting Proportion of Blue and Red Light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:627311. [PMID: 34305958 PMCID: PMC8294060 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.627311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Green light, as part of the photosynthetically active radiation, has been proven to have high photosynthetic efficiency once absorbed by plant leaves and can regulate plant physiological activities. However, few studies have investigated the appropriate and efficient way of using the green light for plant production. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate a moderate amount of green light, partially replacing red and blue light, for plant growth and development. In this experiment, four treatments were set up by adjusting the relative amount of green light as 0 (RB), 30 (G30), 60 (G60), and 90 (G90) μmol m-2 s-1, respectively, with a total photosynthetic photon flux density of 200 μmol m-2 s-1 and a fixed red-to-blue ratio of 4:1. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. 'Tiberius') plant growth and morphology, stomatal characteristics, light absorptance and transmittance, photosynthetic characteristics, and nutritional quality were investigated. The results showed that: (1) shoot dry weight increased by 16.3 and 24.5% and leaf area increased by 11.9 and 16.2% under G30 and G60, respectively, compared with those under RB. Plant stem length increased linearly with increasing green-to-blue light ratio; (2) light transmittance of lettuce leaf under treatments employing green light was higher than that under RB, especially in the green region; (3) stomatal density increased, whereas stomatal aperture area decreased with the increase in the relative amount of green light; and (4) carbohydrate accumulation increased under G60 and G90. Soluble sugar contents under G60 and G90 increased by 39.4 and 19.4%, respectively. Nitrate contents under G30, G60, and G90 decreased by 26.2, 40.3, and 43.4%, respectively. The above results indicated that 15-30% green light replacing red and blue light effectively increased the yield and nutritional quality of lettuce plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lie Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-xin Tong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yu-xin Tong
| | - Jun-ling Lu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-mei Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-feng Cheng
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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87
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Loi M, Villani A, Paciolla F, Mulè G, Paciolla C. Challenges and Opportunities of Light-Emitting Diode (LED) as Key to Modulate Antioxidant Compounds in Plants. A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010042. [PMID: 33396461 PMCID: PMC7824119 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant antioxidants are important compounds involved in plant defense, signaling, growth, and development. The quantity and quality of such compounds is genetically driven; nonetheless, light is one of the factors that strongly influence their synthesis and accumulation in plant tissues. Indeed, light quality affects the fitness of the plant, modulating its antioxidative profile, a key element to counteract the biotic and abiotic stresses. With this regard, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are emerging as a powerful technology which allows the selection of specific wavelengths and intensities, and therefore the targeted accumulation of plant antioxidant compounds. Despite the unique advantages of such technology, LED application in the horticultural field is still at its early days and several aspects still need to be investigated. This review focused on the most recent outcomes of LED application to modulate the antioxidant compounds of plants, with particular regard to vitamin C, phenols, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and glucosinolates. Additionally, future challenges and opportunities in the use of LED technology in the growth and postharvest storage of fruits and vegetables were also addressed to give a comprehensive overview of the future applications and trends of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Loi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Villani
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Paciolla
- Automation Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mulè
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Costantino Paciolla
- Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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88
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Colours for a new year. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:1391. [PMID: 33299152 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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89
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The role of mixed vibronic Q y-Q x states in green light absorption of light-harvesting complex II. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6011. [PMID: 33243997 PMCID: PMC7691517 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of green light for driving natural photosynthesis has long been underappreciated, however, under the presence of strong illumination, green light actually drives photosynthesis more efficiently than red light. This green light is absorbed by mixed vibronic Qy-Qx states, arising from chlorophyll (Chl)-Chl interactions, although almost nothing is known about these states. Here, we employ polarization-dependent two-dimensional electronic-vibrational spectroscopy to study the origin and dynamics of the mixed vibronic Qy-Qx states of light-harvesting complex II. We show the states in this region dominantly arise from Chl b and demonstrate how it is possible to distinguish between the degree of vibronic Qy versus Qx character. We find that the dynamics for states of predominately Chl b Qy versus Chl b Qx character are markedly different, as excitation persists for significantly longer in the Qx states and there is an oscillatory component to the Qx dynamics, which is discussed. Our findings demonstrate the central role of electronic-nuclear mixing in efficient light-harvesting and the different functionalities of Chl a and Chl b. The green component of the solar spectrum can efficiently drive natural photosynthesis, but the process has been little investigated due to the complexity of the excited states involved. Here the authors utilize polarization-dependent two-dimensional electronic-vibrational spectroscopy to define the origin and dynamics of these states in light-harvesting complex II.
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90
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Photoconversion Fluoropolymer Films for the Cultivation of Agricultural Plants Under Conditions of Insufficient Insolation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10228025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants are capable of using mainly the quanta of the red and blue parts of a spectrum for the reception of energy during photosynthesis. However, for many crops grown indoors in high latitudes or under conditions of insufficient insolation, the average daily intensity of the red and blue parts of the spectrum is usually sufficient only on clear summer days. A technology has been proposed to produce a photoconversion fluoropolymer film for greenhouses, which is based on the modification of fluoropolymer by nanoparticles with fluorescence in the blue or red part of the spectrum (quantum dots). The films are capable of converting UV and violet radiation into the blue and red region of the visible spectrum, the most important for plants. It has been shown that the use of photoconversion fluoropolymer films promotes biomass growth. The area of cucumber leaves grown under photoconversion films increases by 20%, pumpkins by 25%, pepper by 30%, and tomatoes by 55%. The use of photoconversion fluoropolymer films for greenhouses also allows obtaining 15% more fruit biomass from one bush. In general, the use of photoconversion fluoropolymer films may be in great demand for greenhouses lying in high latitudes and located in areas with insufficient insolation.
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91
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Gudkov SV, Simakin AV, Bunkin NF, Shafeev GA, Astashev ME, Glinushkin AP, Grinberg MA, Vodeneev VA. Development and application of photoconversion fluoropolymer films for greenhouses located at high or polar latitudes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 213:112056. [PMID: 33142218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To convert and store energy in the process of photosynthesis, plants primarily use quanta of the red and blue parts of the spectrum. At high latitudes, the average daily intensity of red and blue parts of the spectrum is not very high; for many crops cultivated under greenhouse conditions, it reaches the sufficient level only on clear summer days. The problem of insufficient illumination in greenhouses is usually solved with artificial light sources. This article describes a technology for the manufacture of photoconversion fluoropolymer films for greenhouses. The fluoropolymer films described in the paper make use of original gold nanoparticles and nanoparticles with fluorescence in the blue or red region of the spectrum. In the polymer film, nanoparticles aggregate in the form of "beads", which enhances the field of the optical wave. The film photoconverts UV and violet light into blue and red light. Gold nanoparticles also partially convert energy in the green region of the spectrum (not used by plants) into heat, which is also important for agriculture at high latitudes. In addition, impregnation of gold nanoparticles into fluoropolymer significantly increases the lifetime of the film. The films described in the paper can significantly increase the productivity of greenhouses located at high latitudes. Plants cultivated under the films have more chlorophyll and a higher intensity of photosynthesis - although their system of distance stress signals is, to a certain degree, suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilova St, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Simakin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilova St, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay F Bunkin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilova St, Moscow 119991, Russia; Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2-nd Baumanskaya str. 5, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - Georgy A Shafeev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilova St, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Maxim E Astashev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilova St, Moscow 119991, Russia; Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya St., Pushchino, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey P Glinushkin
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopatology, ul. Institut 5, Bolshie Vyazemy, Moscow 143050, Russia
| | - Marina A Grinberg
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Vodeneev
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
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92
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Battle MW, Vegliani F, Jones MA. Shades of green: untying the knots of green photoperception. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5764-5770. [PMID: 32619226 PMCID: PMC7541914 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of economical LED technology has enabled the application of different light qualities and quantities to control plant growth. Although we have a comprehensive understanding of plants' perception of red and blue light, the lack of a dedicated green light sensor has frustrated our utilization of intermediate wavelengths, with many contradictory reports in the literature. We discuss the contribution of red and blue photoreceptors to green light perception and highlight how green light can be used to improve crop quality. Importantly, our meta-analysis demonstrates that green light perception should instead be considered as a combination of distinct 'green' and 'yellow' light-induced responses. This distinction will enable clearer interpretation of plants' behaviour in response to green light as we seek to optimize plant growth and nutritional quality in horticultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Battle
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Franco Vegliani
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Matthew A Jones
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Correspondence:
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93
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Miros FN, Murch SJ, Shipley PR. Exploring feature selection of St John's wort grown under different light spectra using 1 H-NMR spectroscopy. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2020; 31:670-680. [PMID: 32314473 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical analysis can provide tools to help detect differences in plant chemistry when grown under varying conditions. Hypericum perforatum, or Saint John's wort, plants are a suitable model to explore methods of discrimination between early stage plants grown in different conditions. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this work was to develop a method for identifying differences in chemical profiles between young Hypericum perforatum plants grown under different lighting conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cuttings were grown for 3 weeks under different light conditions. Plant extracts were prepared in MeOD-d4 and analysed by 1 H-NMR. A multivariate analysis method of the NMR data was developed in an effort to determine variations in chemical profiles. RESULTS The method identified specific metabolites as drivers of difference between the plants grown under different light conditions. STOCSY (statistical total correlation spectroscopy) and quantification of highlighted metabolites supported the findings of the multivariate analysis. Glutamine, sucrose and fructose were found to be chemical markers of light quality in this study. CONCLUSION NMR metabolomics using a medium field instrument could find differences in plant chemistry when grown in different conditions. This method could easily be extended to benchtop instruments and be used for crop monitoring and growth condition optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- François N Miros
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Susan J Murch
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Paul R Shipley
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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94
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Yeow LC, Chew BL, Sreeramanan S. Elevation of secondary metabolites production through light-emitting diodes (LEDs) illumination in protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of Dendrobium hybrid orchid rich in phytochemicals with therapeutic effects. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 27:e00497. [PMID: 32695616 PMCID: PMC7365977 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds with anticancer properties in protocorm-like-body (PLB) cultures of a Dendrobium hybrid orchid (Dendrobium Enopi x Dendrobium Pink Lady). Pre-illumination of red fluorescent light lessened the stimulating effects of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on secondary metabolites production among in vitro PLB cultures, possibly due to habituation. The highest flavonoid content of 16.79 μmol/ g of fresh weight (FW) was achieved under blue-red (1:1) LED for PLBs pre-treated with white LED for more than 3 subculture cycles. Phenolics content significantly reduced as PLBs pre-cultured under red fluorescent light for 2 subculture cycles were exposed to LED illuminations, where far red LED resulted in the lowest total phenolic content (18.85 μmol/ g FW). High intensity green LED (16.9 μmol/s) enhanced the accumulation of phenolics while amino acids such as L-leucine, glycine and proline exhibited no significant stimulating effect for secondary metabolites production.
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Key Words
- Bioactive compounds
- DDMP, 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl
- GCMS, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- GSH, Reduced glutathione
- Habituation
- LED, Light-emitting diode
- Light-emitting diodes
- NF-KB, Nuclear factor kappa B
- PAL, Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
- PLB, Protocorm-like bodies
- Phenolics
- Protocorm-like-body
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
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Affiliation(s)
- Lit Chow Yeow
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11700 Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Bee Lynn Chew
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11700 Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Subramaniam Sreeramanan
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11700 Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
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95
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SharathKumar M, Heuvelink E, Marcelis LFM. Vertical Farming: Moving from Genetic to Environmental Modification. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:724-727. [PMID: 32565021 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Vertical farming (VF) is a novel plant production system that allows local production of high-quality fruits and vegetables for rapidly growing cities. VF offers a myriad of opportunities to move from genetic to environmental modification and to produce crops of guaranteed quality and quantity independent of weather, soil conditions, or climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malleshaiah SharathKumar
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ep Heuvelink
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo F M Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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96
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McAusland L, Lim MT, Morris DE, Smith-Herman HL, Mohammed U, Hayes-Gill BR, Crowe JA, Fisk ID, Murchie EH. Growth Spectrum Complexity Dictates Aromatic Intensity in Coriander ( Coriandrum sativum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:462. [PMID: 32499791 PMCID: PMC7242725 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in availability and specificity of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have facilitated trait modification of high-value edible herbs and vegetables through the fine manipulation of spectra. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a culinary herb, known for its fresh, citrusy aroma, and high economic value. Studies into the impact of light intensity and spectrum on C. sativum physiology, morphology, and aroma are limited. Using a nasal impact frequency panel, a selection of key compounds associated with the characteristic aroma of coriander was identified. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the concentration of these aromatics between plants grown in a controlled environment chamber under the same photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) but custom spectra: red (100%), blue (100%), red + blue (RB, 50% equal contribution), or red + green + blue (RGB, 35.8% red: 26.4% green: 37.8% blue) wavelengths. In general, the concentration of aromatics increased with increasing numbers of wavelengths emitted alongside selective changes, e.g., the greatest increase in coriander-defining E-(2)-decenal occurred under the RGB spectrum. This change in aroma profile was accompanied by significant differences (P < 0.05) in light saturated photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, water-use efficiency (Wi), and morphology. While plants grown under red wavelengths achieved the greatest leaf area, RB spectrum plants were shortest and had the highest leaf:shoot ratio. Therefore, this work evidences a trade-off between sellable commercial morphologies with a weaker, less desirable aroma or a less desirable morphology with more intense coriander-like aromas. When supplemental trichromatic LEDs were used in a commercial glasshouse, the majority of compounds, with the exception of linalool, also increased showing that even as a supplement additional wavelength can modify the aromatic profile increasing its complexity. Lower levels of linalool suggest these plants may be more susceptible to biotic stress such as herbivory. Finally, the concentration of coriander-defining aromatics E-(2)-decenal and E-(2)-hexenal was significantly higher in supermarket pre-packaged coriander leaves implying that concentrations of aromatics increase after excision. In summary, spectra can be used to co-manipulate aroma profile and plant form with increasing spectral complexity leading to greater aromatic complexity and intensity. We suggest that increasing spectral complexity progressively stimulates signaling pathways giving rise to valuable economic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna McAusland
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mui-Ting Lim
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Morris
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley L. Smith-Herman
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Umar Mohammed
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Barrie R. Hayes-Gill
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Crowe
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D. Fisk
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Erik H. Murchie
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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97
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Zhang X, Bian Z, Yuan X, Chen X, Lu C. A review on the effects of light-emitting diode (LED) light on the nutrients of sprouts and microgreens. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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98
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Viršilė A, Brazaitytė A, Vaštakaitė-Kairienė V, Miliauskienė J, Jankauskienė J, Novičkovas A, Laužikė K, Samuolienė G. The distinct impact of multi-color LED light on nitrate, amino acid, soluble sugar and organic acid contents in red and green leaf lettuce cultivated in controlled environment. Food Chem 2020; 310:125799. [PMID: 31711809 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study we explore the effects of multi-colour LED lighting spectrum on nutritive primary metabolites in green ('Lobjoits green cos') and red ('Red cos') leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cultivated in controlled environment. The basal lighting, consisting of blue 455 nm, red 627 and 660 nm and far red 735 nm LEDs, was supplemented with UV-A 380 nm, green 510 nm, yellow 595 nm or orange 622 nm LED wavelengths at total photosynthetic photon flux density of 300 μmol m-2 s-1. Supplemental lighting colours did not affect lettuce growth; however had distinct impact on nitrite, amino acid, organic acid, and soluble sugar contents. Orange, green and UV-A light had differential effects on red and green leaf lettuce metabolism and interplay with nutritional value and safety of lettuce production. The metabolic response was cultivar specific; however green light had reasonable impact on the contents of nutritive primary metabolites in red and green leaf lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akvilė Viršilė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, Babtai, Kaunas distr., 54333, Lithuania.
| | - Aušra Brazaitytė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, Babtai, Kaunas distr., 54333, Lithuania
| | - Viktorija Vaštakaitė-Kairienė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, Babtai, Kaunas distr., 54333, Lithuania
| | - Jurga Miliauskienė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, Babtai, Kaunas distr., 54333, Lithuania
| | - Julė Jankauskienė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, Babtai, Kaunas distr., 54333, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Novičkovas
- Vilnius University, Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius 10222, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Laužikė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, Babtai, Kaunas distr., 54333, Lithuania
| | - Giedrė Samuolienė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, Babtai, Kaunas distr., 54333, Lithuania
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99
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Matthews JSA, Vialet-Chabrand S, Lawson T. Role of blue and red light in stomatal dynamic behaviour. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2253-2269. [PMID: 31872212 PMCID: PMC7134916 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants experience changes in light intensity and quality due to variations in solar angle and shading from clouds and overlapping leaves. Stomatal opening to increasing irradiance is often an order of magnitude slower than photosynthetic responses, which can result in CO2 diffusional limitations on leaf photosynthesis, as well as unnecessary water loss when stomata continue to open after photosynthesis has reached saturation. Stomatal opening to light is driven by two distinct pathways; the 'red' or photosynthetic response that occurs at high fluence rates and saturates with photosynthesis, and is thought to be the main mechanism that coordinates stomatal behaviour with photosynthesis; and the guard cell-specific 'blue' light response that saturates at low fluence rates, and is often considered independent of photosynthesis, and important for early morning stomatal opening. Here we review the literature on these complicated signal transduction pathways and osmoregulatory processes in guard cells that are influenced by the light environment. We discuss the possibility of tuning the sensitivity and magnitude of stomatal response to blue light which potentially represents a novel target to develop ideotypes with the 'ideal' balance between carbon gain, evaporative cooling, and maintenance of hydraulic status that is crucial for maximizing crop performance and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S A Matthews
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
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Wang F, Robson TM, Casal JJ, Shapiguzov A, Aphalo PJ. Contributions of cryptochromes and phototropins to stomatal opening through the day. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:226-238. [PMID: 32045561 DOI: 10.1071/fp19053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The UV-A/blue photoreceptors phototropins and cryptochromes are both known to contribute to stomatal opening (Δgs) in blue light. However, their relative contributions to the maintenance of gs in blue light through the whole photoperiod remain unknown. To elucidate this question, Arabidopsis phot1 phot2 and cry1 cry2 mutants (MTs) and their respective wild types (WTs) were irradiated with 200 μmolm-2s-1 of blue-, green- or red-light (BL, GL or RL) throughout a 11-h photoperiod. Stomatal conductance (gs) was higher under BL than under RL or GL. Under RL, gs was not affected by either of the photoreceptor mutations, but under GL gs was slightly lower in cry1 cry2 than its WT. Under BL, the presence of phototropins was essential for rapid stomatal opening at the beginning of the photoperiod, and maximal stomatal opening beyond 3 h of irradiation required both phototropins and cryptochromes. Time courses of whole-plant net carbon assimilation rate (Anet) and the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII) were consistent with an Anet-independent contribution of BL on gs both in phot1 phot2 and cry1 cry2 mutants. The changing roles of phototropins and cryptochromes through the day may allow more flexible coordination between gs and Anet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - T Matthew Robson
- Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Jorge J Casal
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Av. San Martín 4453,1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-CONICET,1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexey Shapiguzov
- Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland; and Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street, 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pedro J Aphalo
- Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland; and Corresponding author.
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