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Li P, Sun J, Xie X, Li Z, Huang B, Zhang G, Li J, Xiao Z. Stress response and tolerance to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124213. [PMID: 33086182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive understanding of stress response and tolerance to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in plants at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels is scarce. Here, lettuce was cultivated in hydroponic media, to investigate the cross-talk among reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxidative damage, antioxidative defense and metabolic regulation in different parts of plants. Under exposure to 5 and 50 μg/L PFOS for 10 days, 8.8 and 82.5 ng/g dry weight (dw) PFOS were accumulated in leaves, respectively, and 150.9 and 1445.6 ng/g dw in roots, respectively·H2O2 was the dominant ROS in roots, while H2O2 and •O2- were detected in leaves. Impaired permeability of plasma membrane (58.7-88.7%, p < 0.05) and reduction in chlorophyll a (41.4-55.6%, p < 0.01) and b (38.4-41.3%, p < 0.01) were observed in leaves. The concentration of soluble proteins was elevated by 93.2-127.4% in roots (p < 0.05). Non-enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione, phenolics and carotenoids) were regulated to scavenge ROS in leaves, beside additional enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) were activated in roots. Metabolomics revealed that some metabolites in primary (amino acids and carbohydrates) and secondary ((poly)phenols, terpenoids and benzylisoquinolines) metabolism were regulated, in accordance with the ROS scavenging process in plants. Our results demonstrated stress response and tolerance to PFOS were different in lettuce leaves and roots, and multiple defensive mechanisms in roots rendered high tolerance to PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyang Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China
| | - Jiang Sun
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China; Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Xiaocan Xie
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baoyong Huang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China; Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Guoguang Zhang
- Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Jiuyi Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Zhiyong Xiao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China; Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China.
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Zhang Y, Bian S, Liu X, Fang N, Wang C, Liu Y, Du Y, Timko MP, Zhang Z, Zhang H. Synthesis of cembratriene-ol and cembratriene-diol in yeast via the MVA pathway. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:29. [PMID: 33530990 PMCID: PMC7852193 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cembranoids are one kind of diterpenoids with multiple biological activities. The tobacco cembratriene-ol (CBT-ol) and cembratriene-diol (CBT-diol) have high anti-insect and anti-fungal activities, which is attracting great attentions for their potential usage in sustainable agriculture. Cembranoids were supposed to be formed through the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, yet the involvement of mevalonate (MVA) pathway in their synthesis remains unclear. Exploring the roles of MVA pathway in cembranoid synthesis could contribute not only to the technical approach but also to the molecular mechanism for cembranoid biosynthesis. Results We constructed vectors to express cembratriene-ol synthase (CBTS1) and its fusion protein (AD-CBTS1) containing an N-terminal GAL4 AD domain as a translation leader in yeast. Eventually, the modified enzyme AD-CBTS1 was successfully expressed, which further resulted in the production of CBT-ol in the yeast strain BY-T20 with enhanced MVA pathway for geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) production but not in other yeast strains with low GGPP supply. Subsequently, CBT-diol was also synthesized by co-expression of the modified enzyme AD-CBTS1 and BD-CYP450 in the yeast strain BY-T20. Conclusions We demonstrated that yeast is insensitive to the tobacco anti-fungal compound CBT-ol or CBT-diol and could be applied to their biosynthesis. This study further established a feasibility for cembranoid production via the MVA pathway and provided an alternative bio-approach for cembranoid biosynthesis in microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- TRI of CAAS-UVA Joint Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Shiquan Bian
- TRI of CAAS-UVA Joint Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- TRI of CAAS-UVA Joint Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Ning Fang
- TRI of CAAS-UVA Joint Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Chunkai Wang
- TRI of CAAS-UVA Joint Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- TRI of CAAS-UVA Joint Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yongmei Du
- TRI of CAAS-UVA Joint Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Michael P Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Zhongfeng Zhang
- TRI of CAAS-UVA Joint Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- TRI of CAAS-UVA Joint Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
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Tang M, Zhao W, Xing M, Zhao J, Jiang Z, You J, Ni B, Ni Y, Liu C, Li J, Chen X. Resource allocation strategies among vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction and defense during growing season of Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:957-977. [PMID: 33180340 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural plants must actively allocate their limited resources for survival and reproduction. Although vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction and defense are all basic processes in the life cycle of plants, the strategies used to allocate resources between these processes are poorly understood. These processes are conspicuous in naturally grown Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb., which makes it a suitable study subject. Here, the morphology, dry matter, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and aconitum alkaloid levels of shoot, principal root (PR) and lateral roots were measured throughout the growing season. Then, transcriptome and metabolite content analyses were performed. We found that vegetative growth began first. After vegetative growth ceased, sexual development began. Flower organ development was accompanied by increased photosynthesis and the PR consumed temporarily stored resources after flower formation. Asexual propagule development initiated earlier than sexual reproduction and kept accumulating resources after that. Development was slow before flower formation, mainly manifesting as increasing length; then, after flower formation it accelerated via enhanced material transport and accumulation. Defense compounds were maintained at low levels before flowering. In particular, the turnover of defense compounds was enhanced before and after flower bud emergence, providing resources for other processes. After flower formation, defense compounds were accumulated. The pattern found herein provides a vivid example for further studies on resource allocation strategies. The exciting finding that the PR, as a more direct storage site for photosynthate, is a buffer unit for resources, and that defense compounds can be reused for other processes, suggests a need to explore potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze Tang
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130012, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130012, China
| | - Ming Xing
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130012, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhao
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130012, China
| | - Zhang Jiang
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130012, China
| | - Jian You
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130012, China
| | - Biao Ni
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130012, China
| | - Yuanbo Ni
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130012, China
| | - Chengbai Liu
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130012, China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130012, China
| | - Xia Chen
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130012, China
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Liu H, Liu Y, Cheng N, Zhang Y. De novo transcriptome assembly of transgenic tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum NC89) with early senescence characteristic. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:237-249. [PMID: 33707866 PMCID: PMC7907299 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The enzyme, α-farnesene synthase (AFS), which synthesizes α-farnesene, is the final enzyme in α-farnesene synthesis pathway. We overexpressed the α-farnesene synthase gene (previously cloned in our lab from apple peel) and ectopically expressed it in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum NC89). Then, the transgenic plants showed an accelerated developmental process and bloomed about 7 weeks earlier than the control plants. We anticipate that de novo transcriptomic analyses of N. tabacum may provide useful information on isoprenoid biosynthesis, growth, and development. We generated 318,925,338 bp sequencing data using Illumina paired-end sequencing from the cDNA library of the apical buds of transgenic line and the wild-type line. We annotated and functionally classified the unigenes in a nucleotide and protein database. Differentially expressed unigenes may be involved in carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, transporter activity, hormone signal transduction, antioxidant systems and transcription regulator activity particularly related to senescence. Moreover, we analyzed eight genes related to terpenoid biosynthesis using qRT-PCR to study the changes in growth and development patterns in the transgenic plants. Our study shows that transgenic plants show premature senescence. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00953-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Dai Zong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Nini Cheng
- Linyi University, Linyi, 276005 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Dai Zong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
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Degradome sequencing-based identification of phasiRNAs biogenesis pathways in Oryza sativa. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:93. [PMID: 33516199 PMCID: PMC7847607 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microRNAs(miRNA)-derived secondary phased small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs) participate in post-transcriptional gene silencing and play important roles in various bio-processes in plants. In rice, two miRNAs, miR2118 and miR2275, were mainly responsible for triggering of 21-nt and 24-nt phasiRNAs biogenesis, respectively. However, relative fewer phasiRNA biogenesis pathways have been discovered in rice compared to other plant species, which limits the comprehensive understanding of phasiRNA biogenesis and the miRNA-derived regulatory network. RESULTS In this study, we performed a systematical searching for phasiRNA biogenesis pathways in rice. As a result, five novel 21-nt phasiRNA biogenesis pathways and five novel 24-nt phasiRNA biogenesis pathways were identified. Further investigation of their regulatory function revealed that eleven novel phasiRNAs in 21-nt length recognized forty-one target genes. Most of these genes were involved in the growth and development of rice. In addition, five novel 24-nt phasiRNAs targeted to the promoter of an OsCKI1 gene and thereafter resulted in higher level of methylation in panicle, which implied their regulatory function in transcription of OsCKI1,which acted as a regulator of rice development. CONCLUSIONS These results substantially extended the information of phasiRNA biogenesis pathways and their regulatory function in rice.
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Gani U, Vishwakarma RA, Misra P. Membrane transporters: the key drivers of transport of secondary metabolites in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1-18. [PMID: 32959124 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent updates in the area of transporters of plant secondary metabolites, including their applied aspects in metabolic engineering of economically important secondary metabolites. Plants have evolved biosynthetic pathways to produce structurally diverse secondary metabolites, which serve distinct functions, including defense against pathogens and herbivory, thereby playing a pivotal role in plant ecological interactions. These compounds often display interesting bioactivities and, therefore, have been used as repositories of natural drugs and phytoceuticals for humans. At an elevated level, plant secondary metabolites could be cytotoxic to the plant cell itself; therefore, plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to sequester these compounds to prevent cytotoxicity. Many of these valuable natural compounds and their precursors are biosynthesized and accumulated at diverse subcellular locations, and few are even transported to sink organs via long-distance transport, implying the involvement of compartmentalization via intra- and intercellular transport mechanisms. The transporter proteins belonging to different families of transporters, especially ATP binding cassette (ABC) and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) have been implicated in membrane-mediated transport of certain plant secondary metabolites. Despite increasing reports on the characterization of transporter proteins and their genes, our knowledge about the transporters of several medicinally and economically important plant secondary metabolites is still enigmatic. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the whole route of secondary metabolite transportome, in addition to the biosynthetic pathways, will aid in systematic and targeted metabolic engineering of high-value secondary metabolites. The present review embodies a comprehensive update on the progress made in the elucidation of transporters of secondary metabolites in view of basic and applied aspects of their transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Gani
- Plant Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Plant Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Prashant Misra
- Plant Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu, 180001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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You MK, Lee YJ, Yu JS, Ha SH. The Predicted Functional Compartmentation of Rice Terpenoid Metabolism by Trans-Prenyltransferase Structural Analysis, Expression and Localization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8927. [PMID: 33255547 PMCID: PMC7728057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most terpenoids are derived from the basic terpene skeletons of geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP, C10), farnesyl-PP (FPP, C15) and geranylgeranyl-PP (GGPP, C20). The trans-prenyltransferases (PTs) mediate the sequential head-to-tail condensation of an isopentenyl-PP (C5) with allylic substrates. The in silico structural comparative analyses of rice trans-PTs with 136 plant trans-PT genes allowed twelve rice PTs to be identified as GGPS_LSU (OsGGPS1), homomeric G(G)PS (OsGPS) and GGPS_SSU-II (OsGRP) in Group I; two solanesyl-PP synthase (OsSPS2 and 3) and two polyprenyl-PP synthases (OsSPS1 and 4) in Group II; and five FPSs (OsFPS1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) in Group III. Additionally, several residues in "three floors" for the chain length and several essential domains for enzymatic activities specifically varied in rice, potentiating evolutionarily rice-specific biochemical functions of twelve trans-PTs. Moreover, expression profiling and localization patterns revealed their functional compartmentation in rice. Taken together, we propose the predicted topology-based working model of rice PTs with corresponding terpene metabolites: GPP/GGPPs mainly in plastoglobuli, SPPs in stroma, PPPs in cytosol, mitochondria and chloroplast and FPPs in cytosol. Our findings could be suitably applied to metabolic engineering for producing functional terpene metabolites in rice systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyoung You
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.J.L.); (J.S.Y.)
| | | | | | - Sun-Hwa Ha
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.J.L.); (J.S.Y.)
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Li Y, Wei H, Yang J, Du K, Li J, Zhang Y, Qiu T, Liu Z, Ren Y, Song L, Kang X. High-quality de novo assembly of the Eucommia ulmoides haploid genome provides new insights into evolution and rubber biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:183. [PMID: 33328448 PMCID: PMC7603500 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00406-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the acquisition of a high-quality haploid chromosome-scale genome assembly for the first time in a tree species, Eucommia ulmoides, which is known for its rubber biosynthesis and medicinal applications. The assembly was obtained by applying PacBio and Hi-C technologies to a haploid that we specifically generated. Compared to the initial genome release, this one has significantly improved assembly quality. The scaffold N50 (53.15 MB) increased 28-fold, and the repetitive sequence content (520 Mb) increased by 158.24 Mb, whereas the number of gaps decreased from 104,772 to 128. A total of 92.87% of the 26,001 predicted protein-coding genes identified with multiple strategies were anchored to the 17 chromosomes. A new whole-genome duplication event was superimposed on the earlier γ paleohexaploidization event, and the expansion of long terminal repeats contributed greatly to the evolution of the genome. The more primitive rubber biosynthesis of this species, as opposed to that in Hevea brasiliensis, relies on the methylerythritol-phosphate pathway rather than the mevalonate pathway to synthesize isoprenyl diphosphate, as the MEP pathway operates predominantly in trans-polyisoprene-containing leaves and central peels. Chlorogenic acid biosynthesis pathway enzymes were preferentially expressed in leaves rather than in bark. This assembly with higher sequence contiguity can foster not only studies on genome structure and evolution, gene mapping, epigenetic analysis and functional genomics but also efforts to improve E. ulmoides for industrial and medical uses through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairong Wei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental, Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Du
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Qiu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyu Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianjun Song
- Hebei Huayang Fine Seeds and Seedlings Co., Ltd., 054700, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Kang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Sahraei SE, Cleary M, Stenlid J, Brandström Durling M, Elfstrand M. Transcriptional responses in developing lesions of European common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) reveal genes responding to infection by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:455. [PMID: 33023496 PMCID: PMC7541206 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the expanding ash dieback epidemic that has spread across the European continent, an improved functional understanding of the disease development in afflicted hosts is needed. The study investigated whether differences in necrosis extension between common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees with different levels of susceptibility to the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus are associated with, and can be explained by, the differences in gene expression patterns. We inoculated seemingly healthy branches of each of two resistant and susceptible ash genotypes with H. fraxineus grown in a common garden. RESULTS Ten months after the inoculation, the length of necrosis on the resistant genotypes were shorter than on the susceptible genotypes. RNA sequencing of bark samples collected at the border of necrotic lesions and from healthy tissues distal to the lesion revealed relatively limited differences in gene expression patterns between susceptible and resistant genotypes. At the necrosis front, only 138 transcripts were differentially expressed between the genotype categories while 1082 were differentially expressed in distal, non-symptomatic tissues. Among these differentially expressed genes, several genes in the mevalonate (MVA) and iridoid pathways were found to be co-regulated, possibly indicating increased fluxes through these pathways in response to H. fraxineus. Comparison of transcriptional responses of symptomatic and non-symptomatic ash in a controlled greenhouse experiment revealed a relatively small set of genes that were differentially and concordantly expressed in both studies. This gene-set included the rate-limiting enzyme in the MVA pathway and a number of transcription factors. Furthermore, several of the concordantly expressed candidate genes show significant similarity to genes encoding players in the abscisic acid- or Jasmonate-signalling pathways. CONCLUSIONS A set of candidate genes, concordantly expressed between field and greenhouse experiments, was identified. The candidates are associated with hormone signalling and specialized metabolite biosynthesis pathways indicating the involvement of these pathways in the response of the host to infection by H. fraxineus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Eshghi Sahraei
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michelle Cleary
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Jan Stenlid
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Brandström Durling
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Elfstrand
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ali F, Qanmber G, Wei Z, Yu D, Li YH, Gan L, Li F, Wang Z. Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase genes in cotton (Gossypium spp.) in plant development and abiotic stresses. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:561. [PMID: 32799801 PMCID: PMC7430837 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GGPP (geranylgeranyl diphosphate) is produced in the isoprenoid pathway and mediates the function of various plant metabolites, which is synthesized by GGPPS (GGPP synthases) in plants. GGPPS characterization has not been performed in any plant species except Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we performed a complete computational and bioinformatics analysis of GGPPS and detected their transcription expression pattern in Gossypium hirsutum for the first time so that to explore their evolutionary relationship and potential functions. Finally, we unravelled evolutionary relationship, conserved sequence logos, gene duplication and potential involvement in plant development and abiotic stresses tolerance of GGPPS genes in G. hirsutum and other plant species. Results A total of 159 GGPPS genes from 18 plant species were identified and evolutionary analysis divided these GGPPS genes into five groups to indicate their divergence from a common ancestor. Further, GGPPS family genes were conserved during evolution and underwent segmental duplication. The identified 25 GhGGPPS genes showed diverse expression pattern particularly in ovule and fiber development indicating their vital and divers roles in the fiber development. Additionally, GhGGPPS genes exhibited wide range of responses when subjected to abiotic (heat, cold, NaCl and PEG) stresses and hormonal (BL, GA, IAA, SA and MeJA) treatments, indicating their potential roles in various biotic and abiotic stresses tolerance. Conclusions The GGPPS genes are evolutionary conserved and might be involve in different developmental stages and stress response. Some potential key genes (e.g. GhGGPP4, GhGGPP9, and GhGGPP15) were suggested for further study and provided valuable source for cotton breeding to improve fiber quality and resistant to various stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Ghulam Qanmber
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Daoqian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yong Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Lei Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China. .,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China. .,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Lange I, Lange BM, Navarre DA. Altering potato isoprenoid metabolism increases biomass and induces early flowering. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4109-4124. [PMID: 32296842 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids constitute the largest class of plant natural products and have diverse biological functions including in plant growth and development. In potato (Solanum tuberosum), the regulatory mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of isoprenoids through the mevalonate pathway is unclear. We assessed the role of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) homologs in potato development and in the metabolic regulation of isoprenoid biosynthesis by generating transgenic lines with down-regulated expression (RNAi-hmgr) or overexpression (OE) of one (StHMGR1 or StHMGR3) or two genes, HMGR and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS; StHMGR1/StFPS1 or StHMGR3/StFPS1). Levels of sterols, steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs), and plastidial isoprenoids were elevated in the OE-HMGR1, OE-HMGR1/FPS1, and OE-HMGR3/FPS1 lines, and these plants exhibited early flowering, increased stem height, increased biomass, and increased total tuber weight. However, OE-HMGR3 lines showed dwarfism and had the highest sterol amounts, but without an increase in SGA levels, supporting a rate-limiting role for HMGR3 in the accumulation of sterols. Potato RNAi-hmgr lines showed inhibited growth and reduced cytosolic isoprenoid levels. We also determined the relative importance of transcriptional control at regulatory points of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis by assessing gene-metabolite correlations. These findings provide novel insights into specific end-products of the sterol pathway and could be important for crop yield and bioenergy crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Duroy A Navarre
- Washington State University/IAREC, Prosser, WA, USA
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Prosser, WA, USA
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Lee SB, Kim JE, Kim HT, Lee GM, Kim BS, Lee JM. Genetic mapping of the c1 locus by GBS-based BSA-seq revealed Pseudo-Response Regulator 2 as a candidate gene controlling pepper fruit color. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:1897-1910. [PMID: 32088729 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Pseudo-Response Regulator 2 gene was identified in the c1 locus, representing a genetic factor regulating fruit color in pepper using GBS-based BSA-seq. The loci c1, c2, and y have been widely reported as genetic determinants of various ripe fruit colors in pepper. However, c1, which may impact reduced pigmentation in red, orange, and yellow fruits, is not well understood. Two cultivars showing peach or orange fruit in Capsicum chinense 'Habanero' were found to have c2 mutation and were hypothesized to segregate c1 locus in the F2 population. Habanero peach (HP) showed a reduced level of chlorophylls, carotenoids and total soluble solids in immature and ripe fruits. A microscopic examination of the fruit pericarps revealed smaller plastids and less stacked thylakoid grana in HP. The expression of many genes related to chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways were reduced in HP. To identify the genomic region of the c1 locus, bulked segregant analysis combined with genotyping-by-sequencing was employed on an F2 population derived from a cross between Habanero orange and HP. One SNP at chromosome 1 was strongly associated with the peach fruit color. Pepper Pseudo-Response Regulator 2 (PRR2) was located close to the SNP and cosegregated with the peach fruit color. A 41 bp deletion at the third exon-intron junction region of CcPRR2 in HP resulted in a premature termination codon. A nonsense mutation of CaPRR2 was found in C. annuum 'IT158782' which had white ripe fruit coupled with null mutations of capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (y) and phytoene synthase 1 (c2). These results will be useful for the genetic improvement in fruit color and nutritional quality in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Bin Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science (BK21 Plus Program), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science (BK21 Plus Program), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Hyoung Tae Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science (BK21 Plus Program), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Gyu-Myung Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science (BK21 Plus Program), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Byung-Soo Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science (BK21 Plus Program), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Je Min Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science (BK21 Plus Program), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
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Zhang T, Guo Y, Shi X, Yang Y, Chen J, Zhang Q, Sun M. Overexpression of LiTPS2 from a cultivar of lily (Lilium 'Siberia') enhances the monoterpenoids content in tobacco flowers. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:391-399. [PMID: 32278293 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lily, a famous cut flower with highly fragrance, has high ornamental and economic values. Monoterpenes are the main components contributing to its fragrance, and terpene synthase (TPS) genes play critical roles in the biosynthesis of monoterpenoids. To understand the function of TPS and to explore the molecular mechanism of floral scent in cultivar Lilium 'Siberia', transcriptomes of petal at different flowering stages and leaf were obtained by RNA sequencing and three unigenes related to TPS genes were selected for further validation. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the expression level of LiTPS2 was greater than that of the other two TPS genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that LiTPS2 belonged to the TPSb subfamily, which was responsible for monoterpenes synthesis. Subcellular localization demonstrated that LiTPS2 was located in the chloroplasts. Furthermore, functional characterization showed that LiTPS2 utilized both geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) and farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to produce monoterpenoids such as linalool and sesquiterpenes like trans-nerolidol, respectively. Ectopic expression in transgenic tobacco plants suggested that the amount of linalool from the flowers of transgenic plants was 2-3 fold higher than that of wild-type plants. And the emissions of myrcene and (E)-β-ocimene were also accumulated from the flowers of LiTPS2 transgenic lines. Surprisingly, these three compounds were the main fragrance components of oriental lily hybrids. Our results indicated that LiTPS2 contributed to the production of monoterpenes and could effectively regulate the aroma of Lilium cultivars, laying the foundation for biotechnological modification of floral scent profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengxun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjuan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Juntong Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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Transcriptome profiling of spike provides expression features of genes related to terpene biosynthesis in lavender. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6933. [PMID: 32332830 PMCID: PMC7181790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) is an important economic plant because of the value of its essential oil (EO). The Yili Valley in Xinjiang has become the largest lavender planting base in China. However, there is a lack of research on the gene expression regulation of EO biosynthesis and metabolism in local varieties. Here, de novo transcriptome analysis of inflorescence of three development stages from initial flower bud to flowering stage 50% from two lavender cultivars with contrasting EO production revealed the dynamics of 100,177 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in various stages of spike development within and across the cultivars. The lavender transcriptome contained 77 DETs with annotations related to terpenoid biosynthesis. The expression profiles of the 27 genes involved in the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, 22 genes in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, 28 genes related to monoterpene and sesquiterpene biosynthesis during inflorescence development were comprehensively characterized, and possible links between the expression changes of genes and contents of EO constituents were explored. The upregulated genes were mainly concentrated in the MEP pathway, while most genes in the MVA pathway were downregulated during flower development, and cultivars with a higher EO content presented higher expression of genes in the MEP pathway, indicating that EOs were chiefly produced through the MEP pathway. Additionally, MYB transcription factors constituted the largest number of transcripts in all samples, suggesting their potential roles in regulating EO biosynthesis. The sequences and transcriptional patterns of the transcripts will be helpful for understanding the molecular basis of lavender terpene biosynthesis.
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Lin CY, Eudes A. Strategies for the production of biochemicals in bioenergy crops. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:71. [PMID: 32318116 PMCID: PMC7158082 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Industrial crops are grown to produce goods for manufacturing. Rather than food and feed, they supply raw materials for making biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and specialty chemicals, as well as feedstocks for fabricating fiber, biopolymer, and construction materials. Therefore, such crops offer the potential to reduce our dependency on petrochemicals that currently serve as building blocks for manufacturing the majority of our industrial and consumer products. In this review, we are providing examples of metabolites synthesized in plants that can be used as bio-based platform chemicals for partial replacement of their petroleum-derived counterparts. Plant metabolic engineering approaches aiming at increasing the content of these metabolites in biomass are presented. In particular, we emphasize on recent advances in the manipulation of the shikimate and isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways, both of which being the source of multiple valuable compounds. Implementing and optimizing engineered metabolic pathways for accumulation of coproducts in bioenergy crops may represent a valuable option for enhancing the commercial value of biomass and attaining sustainable lignocellulosic biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yuan Lin
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Aymerick Eudes
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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De La Torre AR, Piot A, Liu B, Wilhite B, Weiss M, Porth I. Functional and morphological evolution in gymnosperms: A portrait of implicated gene families. Evol Appl 2020; 13:210-227. [PMID: 31892953 PMCID: PMC6935586 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnosperms diverged from their sister plant clade of flowering plants 300 Mya. Morphological and functional divergence between the two major seed plant clades involved significant changes in their reproductive biology, water-conducting systems, secondary metabolism, stress defense mechanisms, and small RNA-mediated epigenetic silencing. The relatively recent sequencing of several gymnosperm genomes and the development of new genomic resources have enabled whole-genome comparisons within gymnosperms, and between angiosperms and gymnosperms. In this paper, we aim to understand how genes and gene families have contributed to the major functional and morphological differences in gymnosperms, and how this information can be used for applied breeding and biotechnology. In addition, we have analyzed the angiosperm versus gymnosperm evolution of the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) gene family with a wide range of functionalities in plants' interaction with their environment including defense mechanisms. Some of the genes reviewed here are newly studied members of gene families that hold potential for biotechnological applications related to commercial and pharmacological value. Some members of conifer gene families can also be exploited for their potential in phytoremediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Piot
- Department of Wood and Forest SciencesLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute for System and Integrated Biology (IBIS)Laval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre for Forest Research (CEF)Laval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Bobin Liu
- School of ForestryNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffAZUSA
- College of ForestryFujian Agricultural and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | | | - Matthew Weiss
- School of ForestryNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffAZUSA
| | - Ilga Porth
- Department of Wood and Forest SciencesLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute for System and Integrated Biology (IBIS)Laval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre for Forest Research (CEF)Laval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
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Teixeira A, Martins V, Frusciante S, Cruz T, Noronha H, Diretto G, Gerós H. Flavescence Dorée-Derived Leaf Yellowing in Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) Is Associated to a General Repression of Isoprenoid Biosynthetic Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:896. [PMID: 32625230 PMCID: PMC7311760 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée (FD), caused by the phytoplasma Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis, is a major threat to vineyard survival in different European grape-growing areas. It has been recorded in French vineyards since the mid-1950s, and rapidly spread to other countries. In Portugal, the phytoplasma was first detected in the DOC region of 'Vinhos Verdes' in 2006, and reached the central region of the country in 2009. The infection causes strong accumulation of carbohydrates and phenolics in the mesophyll cells and a simultaneous decrease of chlorophylls, events accompanied by a down regulation of genes and proteins involved in the dark and light-dependent reactions and stabilization of the photosystem II (PSII). In the present study, to better elucidate the basis of the leaf chlorosis in infected grapevine cv. Loureiro, we studied the isoprenoid transcript-metabolite correlation in leaves from healthy and FD-infected vines. Specifically, targeted metabolome revealed that twenty-one compounds (out of thirty-two), including chlorophylls, carotenoids, quinones and tocopherols, were reduced in response to FD-infection. Thereafter, and consistently with the biochemical data, qPCR analysis highlighted a severe FD-mediated repression in key genes involved in isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways. A more diverse set of changes, on the contrary, was observed in the case of ABA metabolism. Principal component analysis (PCA) of all identified metabolites clearly separated healthy from FD-infected vines, therefore confirming that the infection strongly alters the biosynthesis of grapevine isoprenoids; additionally, forty-four genes and metabolites were identified as the components mostly explaining the variance between healthy and infected samples. Finally, transcript-metabolite network correlation analyses were exploited to display the main hubs of the infection process, which highlighted a strong role of VvCHLG, VvVTE and VvZEP genes and the chlorophylls intermediates aminolevulunic acid and porphobilinogen in response to FD infection. Overall, results indicated that the FD infection impairs the synthesis of isoprenoids, through the repression of key genes involved in the biosynthesis of chlorophylls, carotenoids, quinones and tocopherols.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Teixeira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- *Correspondence: António Teixeira,
| | - Viviana Martins
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sarah Frusciante
- Casaccia Research Center, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Telmo Cruz
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Henrique Noronha
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Casaccia Research Center, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Guo Q, Liu H, Zhang X, Zhang T, Li C, Xiang X, Cui W, Fang P, Wan H, Cao C, Zhao D. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the carotenoid metabolic pathway genes in pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1824618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qinwei Guo
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Huiqin Liu
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Xinhui Zhang
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Chaosen Li
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Xiang
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Wenhao Cui
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Pingping Fang
- Lab of Plant Quality and Safety Biology, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongjian Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
- China-Australia Research Centre for Crop Improvement, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Chunxin Cao
- Laboratory of Pepper Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetables, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, PR China
| | - Dongfeng Zhao
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
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Jin X, Baysal C, Gao L, Medina V, Drapal M, Ni X, Sheng Y, Shi L, Capell T, Fraser PD, Christou P, Zhu C. The subcellular localization of two isopentenyl diphosphate isomerases in rice suggests a role for the endoplasmic reticulum in isoprenoid biosynthesis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:119-133. [PMID: 31679061 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Both OsIPPI1 and OsIPPI2 enzymes are found in the endoplasmic reticulum, providing novel important insights into the role of this compartment in the synthesis of MVA pathway isoprenoids. Isoprenoids are synthesized from the precursor's isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphosphate (DMAPP), which are interconverted by the enzyme isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IPPI). Many plants express multiple isoforms of IPPI, the only enzyme shared by the mevalonate (MVA) and non-mevalonate (MEP) pathways, but little is known about their specific roles. Rice (Oryza sativa) has two IPPI isoforms (OsIPPI1 and OsIPPI2). We, therefore, carried out a comprehensive comparison of IPPI gene expression, protein localization, and isoprenoid biosynthesis in this species. We found that OsIPPI1 mRNA was more abundant than OsIPPI2 mRNA in all tissues, and its expression in de-etiolated leaves mirrored the accumulation of phytosterols, suggesting a key role in the synthesis of MVA pathway isoprenoids. We investigated the subcellular localization of both isoforms by constitutively expressing them as fusions with synthetic green fluorescent protein. Both proteins localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as well as peroxisomes and mitochondria, whereas only OsIPPI2 was detected in plastids, due to an N-terminal transit peptide which is not present in OsIPPI1. Despite the plastidial location of OsIPPI2, the expression of OsIPPI2 mRNA did not mirror the accumulation of chlorophylls or carotenoids, indicating that OsIPPI2 may be a redundant component of the MEP pathway. The detection of both OsIPPI isoforms in the ER indicates that DMAPP can be synthesized de novo in this compartment. Our work shows that the ER plays an as yet unknown role in the synthesis of MVA-derived isoprenoids, with important implications for the metabolic engineering of isoprenoid biosynthesis in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Can Baysal
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Lihong Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Vicente Medina
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Margit Drapal
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Xiuzhen Ni
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Yanmin Sheng
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Lianxuan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- ICREA, Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China.
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González Mera IF, González Falconí DE, Morera Córdova V. Secondary metabolites in plants: main classes, phytochemical analysis and pharmacological activities. BIONATURA 2019. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2019.04.04.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are an essential source of chemical compounds with different biological properties that man can use to his advantage. These substances are mainly produced as a result of chemical conversions of secondary metabolism. This article reviews the main classes of secondary metabolites that synthesize plants as well as their characteristics and their biological functions. Examples are provided for each of the classes. Emphasis is placed on the methods of extracting secondary metabolites and phytochemical screening, as well as on the main pharmacological activities described for the MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Francesca González Mera
- Yachay Experimental Technology Research University. School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering. San Miguel de Urcuquí. Hacienda San José s/n. Imbabura, Ecuador
| | - Daniela Estefanía González Falconí
- Yachay Experimental Technology Research University. School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering. San Miguel de Urcuquí. Hacienda San José s/n. Imbabura, Ecuador
| | - Vivian Morera Córdova
- Yachay Experimental Technology Research University. School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering. San Miguel de Urcuquí. Hacienda San José s/n. Imbabura, Ecuador
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Borella R, Forti L, Gibellini L, De Gaetano A, De Biasi S, Nasi M, Cossarizza A, Pinti M. Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of CDDO and CDDO-Me, Two Derivatives of Natural Triterpenoids. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224097. [PMID: 31766211 PMCID: PMC6891335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids are natural compounds synthesized by plants through cyclization of squalene, known for their weak anti-inflammatory activity. 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), and its C28 modified derivative, methyl-ester (CDDO-Me, also known as bardoxolone methyl), are two synthetic derivatives of oleanolic acid, synthesized more than 20 years ago, in an attempt to enhance the anti-inflammatory behavior of the natural compound. These molecules have been extensively investigated for their strong ability to exert antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic activities, and to induce apoptosis and differentiation in cancer cells. Here, we discuss the chemical properties of natural triterpenoids, the pathways of synthesis and the biological effects of CDDO and its derivative CDDO-Me. At nanomolar doses, CDDO and CDDO-Me have been shown to protect cells and tissues from oxidative stress by increasing the transcriptional activity of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). At doses higher than 100 nM, CDDO and CDDO-Me are able to modulate the differentiation of a variety of cell types, both tumor cell lines or primary culture cell, while at micromolar doses these compounds exert an anticancer effect in multiple manners; by inducing extrinsic or intrinsic apoptotic pathways, or autophagic cell death, by inhibiting telomerase activity, by disrupting mitochondrial functions through Lon protease inhibition, and by blocking the deubiquitylating enzyme USP7. CDDO-Me demonstrated its efficacy as anticancer drugs in different mouse models, and versus several types of cancer. Several clinical trials have been started in humans for evaluating CDDO-Me efficacy as anticancer and anti-inflammatory drug; despite promising results, significant increase in heart failure events represented an obstacle for the clinical use of CDDO-Me.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Borella
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.B.); (L.F.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Luca Forti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.B.); (L.F.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.G.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Anna De Gaetano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.B.); (L.F.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.G.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.B.); (L.F.); (A.D.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39 059 205 5386; Fax: +39 059 205 5426
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Pérez-Llorca M, Casadesús A, Munné-Bosch S, Müller M. Contrasting patterns of hormonal and photoprotective isoprenoids in response to stress in Cistus albidus during a Mediterranean winter. PLANTA 2019; 250:1409-1422. [PMID: 31286198 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal accumulation of hormonal and photoprotective isoprenoids, particularly α-tocopherol, carotenoids and abscisic acid, indicate their important role in protecting Cistus albidus plants from environmental stress during a Mediterranean winter. The high diurnal amounts of α-tocopherol and xanthophylls 3 h before maximum light intensity suggest a photoprotective response against the prevailing diurnal changes. The timing to modulate acclimatory/defense responses under changing environmental conditions is one of the most critical points for plant fitness and stress tolerance. Here, we report seasonal and diurnal changes in the contents of isoprenoids originated from the methylerythritol phosphate pathway, including chlorophylls, carotenoids, tocochromanols, and phytohormones (abscisic acid, cytokinins, and gibberellins) in C. albidus during a Mediterranean winter. Plants were subjected not only to typically low winter temperatures but also to drought, as shown by a mean plant water status of 54% during the experimental period. The maximum PSII efficiency, however, remained consistently high (Fv/Fm > 0.8), proving that C. albidus had efficient mechanisms to tolerate combined stress conditions during winter. While seasonal α-tocopherol contents remained high (200-300 µg/g DW) during the experimental period, carotenoid contents increased during winter attaining maximum levels in February (minimum air temperature ≤ 5 °C for 13 days). Following the initial transient increases of bioactive trans-zeatin (about fivefold) during winter, the increased abscisic acid contents proved its important role during abiotic stress tolerance. Diurnal amounts of α-tocopherol and xanthophylls, particularly lutein, zeaxanthin and neoxanthin including the de-epoxidation state, reached maximum levels as early as 2 h after dawn, when solar intensity was 68% lower than the maximum solar radiation at noon. It is concluded that (1) given their proven antioxidant properties, both α-tocopherol and carotenoids seem to play a crucial role protecting the photosynthetic apparatus under severe stress conditions; (2) high seasonal amounts of abscisic acid indicate its important role in abiotic stress tolerance within plant hormones, although under specific environmental conditions, accumulation of bioactive cytokinins appears to be involved to enhance stress tolerance; (3) the concerted diurnal adjustment of α-tocopherol and xanthophylls as early as 3 h before maximum light intensity suggests that plants anticipated the predictable diurnal changes in the environment to protect the photosynthetic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pérez-Llorca
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Casadesús
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maren Müller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Verdaguer IB, Zafra CA, Crispim M, Sussmann RA, Kimura EA, Katzin AM. Prenylquinones in Human Parasitic Protozoa: Biosynthesis, Physiological Functions, and Potential as Chemotherapeutic Targets. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203721. [PMID: 31623105 PMCID: PMC6832408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parasitic protozoa cause a large number of diseases worldwide and, for some of these diseases, there are no effective treatments to date, and drug resistance has been observed. For these reasons, the discovery of new etiological treatments is necessary. In this sense, parasitic metabolic pathways that are absent in vertebrate hosts would be interesting research candidates for the identification of new drug targets. Most likely due to the protozoa variability, uncertain phylogenetic origin, endosymbiotic events, and evolutionary pressure for adaptation to adverse environments, a surprising variety of prenylquinones can be found within these organisms. These compounds are involved in essential metabolic reactions in organisms, for example, prevention of lipoperoxidation, participation in the mitochondrial respiratory chain or as enzymatic cofactors. This review will describe several prenylquinones that have been previously characterized in human pathogenic protozoa. Among all existing prenylquinones, this review is focused on ubiquinone, menaquinone, tocopherols, chlorobiumquinone, and thermoplasmaquinone. This review will also discuss the biosynthesis of prenylquinones, starting from the isoprenic side chains to the aromatic head group precursors. The isoprenic side chain biosynthesis maybe come from mevalonate or non-mevalonate pathways as well as leucine dependent pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis. Finally, the isoprenic chains elongation and prenylquinone aromatic precursors origins from amino acid degradation or the shikimate pathway is reviewed. The phylogenetic distribution and what is known about the biological functions of these compounds among species will be described, as will the therapeutic strategies associated with prenylquinone metabolism in protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi B. Verdaguer
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Camila A. Zafra
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Marcell Crispim
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Rodrigo A.C. Sussmann
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Porto Seguro 45810-000 Bahia, Brazil
| | - Emília A. Kimura
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Alejandro M. Katzin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-7330; Fax: +5511-3091-7417
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The Therapeutic Potential of the Labdane Diterpenoid Forskolin. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9194089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Forskolin is mainly found in the root of a plant called Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) Briq., which has been used in the traditional medicine of Indian Ayurvedic and Southeast Asia since ancient times. Forskolin is responsible for the pharmacological activity of this species. Forskolin is a labdane diterpenoid with a wide biological effect. Several studies suggested a positive role of forskolin on heart complications, respiratory disorders, high blood pressure, obesity, and asthma. There are numerous clinical and pre-clinical studies representing the effect of forskolin on the above-mentioned disorders but more clinical studies need to be performed to support its efficacy.
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Fu J, Liu G, Yang M, Wang X, Chen X, Chen F, Yang Y. Isolation and functional analysis of squalene synthase gene in tea plant Camellia sinensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:53-58. [PMID: 31272035 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tea contains high quantities and diverse types of triterpenoids, particularly in the form of saponins. However, little is yet known about the molecular basis of triterpenoid biosynthesis in tea plant. Here we report on isolation and functional analysis of squalene synthase (SQS) gene from tea plant (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis), which controls the biosynthesis of triterpenoids precursor. First, a full-length cDNA of squalene synthase, designated CsSQS, was isolated from tea plant. The protein is highly homologous to SQSs from other plants. Using CsSQS-reporter assays, CsSQS was demonstrated to be endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound. The coding region of CsSQS excluding transmemberane sequence was expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant CsSQS catalyzed the formation of squalene using farnesyl-pyrophosphate (FPP) as substrate with NADPH and Mg2+. In tea plant leaves, CsSQS expression was significantly induced by both herbivore and mechanical damages. Consistent with the stronger induction of CsSQS expression by mechanical damage than herbivory, tea plants injured mechanically released squalene as a volatile compound, which however was not detected from herbivore-damaged tea plants. Furthermore, it was found that the flowers of another tea plant cultivar Camellia sinensis var. assamica contain higher concentrations of squalene than the cultivar sinensis, indicating variations among tea plant varieties. With the identification and molecular characterization of squalene synthase in tea plant, next, we can ask the questions about the roles of squalene as a volatile product as well as a precursor for triterpenoids, which may promote product development from diverse tea materials and mining of excellent tea germplasm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Fu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Guanhua Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinchao Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Xinlu Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Yajun Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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Athanasakoglou A, Kampranis SC. Diatom isoprenoids: Advances and biotechnological potential. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107417. [PMID: 31326522 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diatoms are among the most productive and ecologically important groups of microalgae in contemporary oceans. Due to their distinctive metabolic and physiological features, they offer exciting opportunities for a broad range of commercial and industrial applications. One such feature is their ability to synthesize a wide diversity of isoprenoid compounds. However, limited understanding of how these molecules are synthesized have until recently hindered their exploitation. Following comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic analysis of various diatom species, the biosynthetic mechanisms and regulation of the different branches of the pathway are now beginning to be elucidated. In this review, we provide a summary of the recent advances in understanding diatom isoprenoid synthesis and discuss the exploitation potential of diatoms as chassis for high-value isoprenoid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Athanasakoglou
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sotirios C Kampranis
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Rather GA, Sharma A, Jeelani SM, Misra P, Kaul V, Lattoo SK. Metabolic and transcriptional analyses in response to potent inhibitors establish MEP pathway as major route for camptothecin biosynthesis in Nothapodytes nimmoniana (Graham) Mabb. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:301. [PMID: 31291885 PMCID: PMC6617690 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1912-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nothapodytes nimmoniana, a plant of pivotal medicinal significance is a source of potent anticancer monoterpene indole alkaloid (MIA) camptothecin (CPT). This compound owes its potency due to topoisomerase-I inhibitory activity. However, biosynthetic and regulatory aspects of CPT biosynthesis so far remain elusive. Production of CPT is also constrained due to unavailability of suitable in vitro experimental system. Contextually, there are two routes for the biosynthesis of MIAs: the mevalonate (MVA) pathway operating in cytosol and the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastids. Determination of relative precursor flux through either of these pathways may provide a new vista for manipulating the enhanced CPT production. RESULTS In present study, specific enzyme inhibitors of MVA (lovastatin) and MEP pathways (fosmidomycin) were used to perturb the metabolic flux in N. nimmoniana. Interaction of both these pathways was investigated at transcriptional level by using qRT-PCR and at metabolite level by evaluating secologanin, tryptamine and CPT contents. In fosmidomycin treated plants, highly significant reduction was observed in both secologanin and CPT accumulation in the range 40-57% and 64-71.5% respectively, while 4.61-7.69% increase was observed in tryptamine content as compared to control. Lovastatin treatment showed reduction in CPT (7-11%) and secologanin (7.5%) accumulation while tryptamine registered slight increase (3.84%) in comparison to control. These inhibitor mediated changes were reflected at transcriptional level via altering expression levels of deoxy-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG). Further, mRNA expression of four more genes downstream to DXR and HMG of MEP and MVA pathways respectively were also investigated. Expression analysis also included secologanin synthase (SLS) and strictosidine synthase (STR) of seco-iridoid pathway. Present investigation also entailed development of an efficient in vitro multiplication system as a precursor to pathway flux studies. Further, a robust Agrobacterium-mediated transformed hairy root protocol was also developed for its amenability for up-scaling as a future prospect. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic and transcriptional changes reveal differential efficacy of cytosolic and plastidial inhibitors in context to pathway flux perturbations on seco-iridoid end-product camptothecin. MEP pathway plausibly is the major precursor contributor towards CPT production. These empirical findings allude towards developing suitable biotechnological interventions for enhanced CPT production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzar A. Rather
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001 India
| | - Arti Sharma
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001 India
| | - Syed Mudassir Jeelani
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001 India
| | - Prashant Misra
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001 India
| | - Veenu Kaul
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu Tawi, 180006 India
| | - Surrinder K. Lattoo
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001 India
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Identification and Characterization of trans-Isopentenyl Diphosphate Synthases Involved in Herbivory-Induced Volatile Terpene Formation in Populus trichocarpa. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132408. [PMID: 31261889 PMCID: PMC6651613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to insect herbivory, poplar releases a blend of volatiles that plays important roles in plant defense. Although the volatile bouquet is highly complex and comprises several classes of compounds, it is dominated by mono- and sesquiterpenes. The most common precursors for mono- and sesquiterpenes, geranyl diphosphate (GPP) and (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), respectively, are in general produced by homodimeric or heterodimeric trans-isopentenyl diphosphate synthases (trans-IDSs) that belong to the family of prenyltransferases. To understand the molecular basis of herbivory-induced terpene formation in poplar, we investigated the trans-IDS gene family in the western balsam poplar Populus trichocarpa. Sequence comparisons suggested that this species possesses a single FPP synthase gene (PtFPPS1) and four genes encoding two large subunits (PtGPPS1.LSU and PtGPPS2.LSU) and two small subunits (PtGPPS.SSU1 and PtGPPS.SSU2) of GPP synthases. Transcript accumulation of PtGPPS1.LSU and PtGPPS.SSU1 was significantly upregulated upon leaf herbivory, while the expression of PtFPPS1, PtGPPS2.LSU, and PtGPPS.SSU2 was not influenced by the herbivore treatment. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of recombinant PtFPPS1, PtGPPS1.LSU, and PtGPPS2.LSU confirmed their respective IDS activities. Recombinant PtGPPS.SSU1 and PtGPPS.SSU2, however, had no enzymatic activity on their own, but PtGPPS.SSU1 enhanced the GPP synthase activities of PtGPPS1.LSU and PtGPPS2.LSU in vitro. Altogether, our data suggest that PtGPPS1.LSU and PtGPPS2.LSU in combination with PtGPPS.SSU1 may provide the substrate for herbivory-induced monoterpene formation in P. trichocarpa. The sole FPP synthase PtFPPS1 likely produces FPP for both primary and specialized metabolism in this plant species.
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Pott DM, Osorio S, Vallarino JG. From Central to Specialized Metabolism: An Overview of Some Secondary Compounds Derived From the Primary Metabolism for Their Role in Conferring Nutritional and Organoleptic Characteristics to Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:835. [PMID: 31316537 PMCID: PMC6609884 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fruit flavor and nutritional characteristics are key quality traits and ones of the main factors influencing consumer preference. Central carbon metabolism, also known as primary metabolism, contributes to the synthesis of intermediate compounds that act as precursors for plant secondary metabolism. Specific and specialized metabolic pathways that evolved from primary metabolism play a key role in the plant's interaction with its environment. In particular, secondary metabolites present in the fruit serve to increase its attractiveness to seed dispersers and to protect it against biotic and abiotic stresses. As a consequence, several important organoleptic characteristics, such as aroma, color, and fruit nutritional value, rely upon secondary metabolite content. Phenolic and terpenoid compounds are large and diverse classes of secondary metabolites that contribute to fruit quality and have their origin in primary metabolic pathways, while the delicate aroma of ripe fruits is formed by a unique combination of hundreds of volatiles that are derived from primary metabolites. In this review, we show that the manipulation of primary metabolism is a powerful tool to engineer quality traits in fruits, such as the phenolic, terpenoid, and volatile content. The enzymatic reactions responsible for the accumulation of primary precursors are bottlenecks in the transfer of metabolic flux from central to specialized metabolism and should be taken into account to increase the yield of the final products of the biosynthetic pathways. In addition, understanding the connection and regulation of the carbon flow between primary and secondary metabolism is a key factor for the development of fruit cultivars with enhanced organoleptic and nutritional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| | - José G. Vallarino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
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Yang LT, Zhou YF, Wang YY, Wu YM, Ye X, Guo JX, Chen LS. Magnesium Deficiency Induced Global Transcriptome Change in Citrus sinensis Leaves Revealed by RNA-Seq. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133129. [PMID: 31248059 PMCID: PMC6651023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is one of the major constraining factors that limit the yield and quality of agricultural products. Uniform seedlings of the Citrus sinensis were irrigated with Mg deficient (0 mM MgSO4) and Mg sufficient (1 mM MgSO4) nutrient solutions for 16 weeks. CO2 assimilation, starch, soluble carbohydrates, TBARS content and H2O2 production were measured. Transcriptomic analysis of C. sinensis leaves was performed by Illumina sequencing. Our results showed that Mg deficiency decreased CO2 assimilation, but increased starch, sucrose, TBARS content and H2O2 production in C. sinensis leaves. A total of 4864 genes showed differential expression in response to Mg deficiency revealed by RNA-Seq and the transcriptomic data were further validated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicated that the mechanisms underlying Mg deficiency tolerance in C. sinensis may be attributed to the following aspects: (a) enhanced microtubule-based movement and cell cycle regulation; (b) elevated signal transduction in response to biotic and abiotic stimuli; (c) alteration of biological processes by tightly controlling phosphorylation especially protein phosphorylation; (d) down-regulation of light harvesting and photosynthesis due to the accumulation of carbohydrates; (e) up-regulation of cell wall remodeling and antioxidant system. Our results provide a comprehensive insight into the transcriptomic profile of key components involved in the Mg deficiency tolerance in C. sinensis and enrich our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which plants adapted to a Mg deficient condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Tong Yang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yang-Fei Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yan-Yu Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yan-Mei Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xin Ye
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jiu-Xin Guo
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Li-Song Chen
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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81
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Gong XX, Yan BY, Tan YR, Gao X, Wang D, Zhang H, Wang P, Li SJ, Wang Y, Zhou LY, Liu JP. Identification of cis-regulatory regions responsible for developmental and hormonal regulation of HbHMGS1 in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:1077-1091. [PMID: 31236789 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase (HMGS) is an important enzyme in mevalonate (MVA) pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, which regulates the rubber biosynthetic pathway in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) in coordination with HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR). However, little information is available about the regulation of HMGS gene expression. To understand the mechanism controlling the HbHMGS1 gene expression, we characterized the HbHMGS1 promoter sequence in transgenic plants with the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. RESULTS GUS activity analysis of the transgenic plants showed that the HbHMGS1 promoter is active in all organs of the transgenic Arabidopsis plants during various developmental stages (from 6 to 45-day-old). Deletion of different portions of the upstream HbHMGS1 promoter identified sequences responsible for either positive or negative regulation of the GUS expression. Particularly, the - 454 bp HbHMGS1 promoter resulted in a 2.19-fold increase in promoter activity compared with the CaMV 35S promoter, suggesting that the - 454 bp HbHMGS1 promoter is a super-strong near-constitutive promoter. In addition, a number of promoter regions important for the responsiveness to ethylene, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and gibberellic acid (GA) were identified. CONCLUSION The - 454 bp HbHMGS1 promoter has great application potential in plant transformation studies as an alternative to the CaMV 35S promoter. The HbHMGS1 promoter may play important roles in regulating ethylene-, MeJA- and GA-mediated gene expression. The functional complexity of cis-elements revealed by this study remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Gong
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Yu Yan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Rong Tan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Gao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Jiang Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Yao Zhou
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ping Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
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82
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Lukowski AL, Narayan ARH. Natural Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Ligands: Biosynthesis and Biology. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1231-1241. [PMID: 30605564 PMCID: PMC6579537 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural product biosynthetic pathways are composed of enzymes that use powerful chemistry to assemble complex molecules. Small molecule neurotoxins are examples of natural products with intricate scaffolds which often have high affinities for their biological targets. The focus of this Minireview is small molecule neurotoxins targeting voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and the state of knowledge on their associated biosynthetic pathways. There are three small molecule neurotoxin receptor sites on VGSCs associated with three different classes of molecules: guanidinium toxins, alkaloid toxins, and ladder polyethers. Each of these types of toxins have unique structural features which are assembled by biosynthetic enzymes and the extent of information known about these enzymes varies among each class. The biosynthetic enzymes involved in the formation of these toxins have the potential to become useful tools in the efficient synthesis of VGSC probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- April L Lukowski
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alison R H Narayan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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83
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Athanasakoglou A, Grypioti E, Michailidou S, Ignea C, Makris AM, Kalantidis K, Massé G, Argiriou A, Verret F, Kampranis SC. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in the diatom Haslea ostrearia. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:230-243. [PMID: 30394540 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are eukaryotic, unicellular algae that are responsible for c. 20% of the Earth's primary production. Their dominance and success in contemporary oceans have prompted investigations on their distinctive metabolism and physiology. One metabolic pathway that remains largely unexplored in diatoms is isoprenoid biosynthesis, which is responsible for the production of numerous molecules with unique features. We selected the diatom species Haslea ostrearia because of its characteristic isoprenoid content and carried out a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis and functional characterization of the genes identified. We functionally characterized one farnesyl diphosphate synthase, two geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases, one short-chain polyprenyl synthase, one bifunctional isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase - squalene synthase, and one phytoene synthase. We inferred the phylogenetic origin of these genes and used a combination of functional analysis and subcellular localization predictions to propose their physiological roles. Our results provide insight into isoprenoid biosynthesis in H. ostrearia and propose a model of the central steps of the pathway. This model will facilitate the study of metabolic pathways of important isoprenoids in diatoms, including carotenoids, sterols and highly branched isoprenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Athanasakoglou
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Emilia Grypioti
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Sofia Michailidou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences - Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (INAB-CERTH), 6th km. Charilaou - Thermi Road, PO Box 60361, Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
| | - Codruta Ignea
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Antonios M Makris
- Institute of Applied Biosciences - Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (INAB-CERTH), 6th km. Charilaou - Thermi Road, PO Box 60361, Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
| | - Kriton Kalantidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology - Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira 100, Heraklion, Crete, GR-70013, Greece
| | - Guillaume Massé
- UMI 3376 TAKUVIK, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Anagnostis Argiriou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences - Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (INAB-CERTH), 6th km. Charilaou - Thermi Road, PO Box 60361, Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
| | - Frederic Verret
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Sotirios C Kampranis
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
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84
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Gan L, Chao Y, Su H, Ren Y, Yin S, Han L. Altered Promoter and G-Box Binding Factor for 1-Deoxy-d-Xylulose-5-Phosphate Synthase Gene Grown from Poa pratensis Seeds after Spaceflight. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061398. [PMID: 30901811 PMCID: PMC6471272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In plant cells, the nucleus DNA is considered the primary site of injury by the space environment, which could generate genetic alteration. As the part of genomic mutation, genetic variation in the promoter region could regulate gene expression. In the study, it is observed that there is a deletion in the upstream regulatory region of the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase 1 gene (PpDXS1) of Poa pratensis dwarf mutant and the PpDXS1 transcript abundance is lower in the dwarf mutant. It is indicated that the deletion in the promoter region between wild type and dwarf mutant could be responsible for the regulation of PpDXS1 gene expression. The PpDXS1 promoter of dwarf mutant shows a lower activity as determined by dual luciferase assay in Poa pratensis protoplast, as well as the GUS activity is lower in transgenic Poa pratensis plant. To further investigate the effect of the deletion in the promoter region on PpDXS1 transcript accumulation, the transient assay and yeast one-hybrid experiment demonstrate that the deletion comprises a motif which is a target of G-box binding factor (GBF1), and the motif correlates with an increase in transactivation by GBF1 protein. Taken together, these results indicate that the deletion in the promoter of PpDXS1 isolated from dwarf mutant is sufficient to account for the decrease in PpDXS1 transcript level and GBF1 can regulate the PpDXS1 gene expression, and subsequently affect accumulation of various isoprenoids throughout the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yuehui Chao
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Haotian Su
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yujing Ren
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shuxia Yin
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Liebao Han
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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85
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Meng H, Yang Y, Gao ZH, Wei JH. Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Studies by RT-PCR in Dalbergia odorifera. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3341. [PMID: 30833587 PMCID: PMC6399326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Perennial tree Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen could form the precious heartwood used to produce chinese traditional medicine, rosewood furniture and fragrances. However the formation of heartwood is time-consuming and low efficient, leading to the severe destruction of its wild resources. Thus, it is urgent to study the molecular mechanism of heartwood formation in D. odorifera. But till now, there is no report about the reference gene selection in this species. In this study, the expression stability of nine candidate reference genes were evaluated across different tissues and stems treated by wound and chemical stimulators. Four algorithms were applied to obtain the robust genes. The results support HIS2, GAPDH, and CYP to be the most stable reference genes in samples under different wound treatments while DNAj was the least stable. In different tissues, HIS2, UBQ, and RPL were the most stable reference genes while DNAj was the least stable. The selected reference genes were validated through the normalization of the qRT-PCR data of six heartwood related genes in terpene biosynthesis pathway and ethylene signal pathway. The results showed that their expression levels were accurate when they were normalized by the most stable reference gene HIS2, or by the combination of the two or three most stable reference genes. These results demonstrated that these selected reference genes are reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Meng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.,Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.,Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jian-He Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China. .,Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, China.
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86
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Testone G, Mele G, di Giacomo E, Tenore GC, Gonnella M, Nicolodi C, Frugis G, Iannelli MA, Arnesi G, Schiappa A, Biancari T, Giannino D. Transcriptome driven characterization of curly- and smooth-leafed endives reveals molecular differences in the sesquiterpenoid pathway. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:1. [PMID: 30603088 PMCID: PMC6312536 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Endives (Cichorium endivia L.) are popular vegetables, diversified into curly/frisée- and smooth/broad-leafed (escaroles) cultivar types (cultigroups), and consumed as fresh and bagged salads. They are rich in sesquiterpene lactones (STL) that exert proven function on bitter taste and human health. The assembly of a reference transcriptome of 77,022 unigenes and RNA-sequencing experiments were carried out to characterize the differences between endives and escaroles at the gene structural and expression levels. A set of 3177 SNPs distinguished smooth from curly cultivars, and an SNP-supported phylogenetic tree separated the cultigroups into two distinct clades, consistently with the botanical varieties of origin (crispum and latifolium, respectively). A pool of 699 genes maintained differential expression pattern (core-DEGs) in pairwise comparisons between curly vs smooth cultivars grown in the same environment. Accurate annotation allowed the identification of 26 genes in the sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis pathway, which included several g ermacrene A s ynthase, g ermacrene A o xidase and co stunolide s ynthase members (GAS/GAO/COS module), required for the synthesis of costunolide, a key precursor of lactucopicrin- and lactucin-like sesquiterpene lactones. The core-DEGs contained a GAS gene (contig83192) that was positively correlated with STL levels and recurrently more expressed in curly than smooth endives, suggesting a cultigroup-specific behavior. The significant positive correlation of GAS/GAO/COS transcription and STL abundance (2.4-fold higher in frisée endives) suggested that sesquiterpenoid pathway control occurs at the transcriptional level. Based on correlation analyses, five transcription factors (MYB, MYB-related and WRKY) were inferred to act on contig83192/GAS and specific STL, suggesting the occurrence of two distinct routes in STL biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Testone
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Unit of Rome, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mele
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Unit of Rome, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta di Giacomo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Unit of Rome, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, NA Italy
| | - Maria Gonnella
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Nicolodi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Unit of Rome, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Frugis
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Unit of Rome, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Adelaide Iannelli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Unit of Rome, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Donato Giannino
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Unit of Rome, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
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87
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Adal AM, Sarker LS, Malli RPN, Liang P, Mahmoud SS. RNA-Seq in the discovery of a sparsely expressed scent-determining monoterpene synthase in lavender (Lavandula). PLANTA 2019; 249:271-290. [PMID: 29948128 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Using RNA-Seq, we cloned and characterized a unique monoterpene synthase responsible for the formation of a scent-determining S-linalool constituent of lavender oils from Lavandula × intermedia. Several species of Lavandula produce essential oils (EOs) consisting mainly of monoterpenes including linalool, one of the most abundant and scent-determining oil constituents. Although R-linalool dominates the EOs of lavenders, varying amounts (depending on the species) of the S-linalool enantiomer can also be found in these plants. Despite its relatively low abundance, S-linalool contributes a sweet, pleasant scent and is an important constituent of lavender EOs. While several terpene synthase genes including R-linalool synthase have been cloned from lavenders many important terpene synthases including S-linalool synthase have not been described from these plants. In this study, we employed RNA-Seq and other complementary sequencing data to clone and functionally characterize the sparsely expressed S-linalool synthase cDNA (LiS-LINS) from Lavandula × intermedia. Recombinant LiS-LINS catalyzed the conversion of the universal monoterpene precursor geranyl diphosphate to S-linalool as the sole product. Intriguingly, LiS-LINS exhibited very low (~ 30%) sequence similarity to other Lavandula terpene synthases, including R-linalool synthase. However, the predicted 3D structure of this protein, including the composition and arrangement of amino acids at the active site, is highly homologous to known terpene synthase proteins. LiS-LINS transcripts were detected in flowers, but were much less abundant than those corresponding to LiR-LINS, paralleling enantiomeric composition of linalool in L. × intermedia oils. These data indicate that production of S-linalool is at least partially controlled at the level of transcription from LiS-LINS. The cloned LiS-LINS cDNA may be used to enhance oil composition in lavenders and other plants through metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelign M Adal
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Lukman S Sarker
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Radesh P N Malli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Soheil S Mahmoud
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
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88
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Delatte TL, Scaiola G, Molenaar J, de Sousa Farias K, Alves Gomes Albertti L, Busscher J, Verstappen F, Carollo C, Bouwmeester H, Beekwilder J. Engineering storage capacity for volatile sesquiterpenes in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1997-2006. [PMID: 29682901 PMCID: PMC6230952 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants store volatile compounds in specialized organs. The properties of these storage organs prevent precarious evaporation and protect neighbouring tissues from cytotoxicity. Metabolic engineering of plants is often carried out in tissues such as leaf mesophyll cells, which are abundant and easily accessible by engineering tools. However, these tissues are not suitable for the storage of volatile and hydrophobic compound such as sesquiterpenes and engineered volatiles are often lost into the headspace. In this study, we show that the seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana, which naturally contain lipid bodies, accumulate sesquiterpenes upon engineered expression. Subsequently, storage of volatile sesquiterpenes was achieved in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue, by introducing oleosin-coated lipid bodies through metabolic engineering. Hereto, different combinations of genes encoding diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs), transcription factors (WRINKL1) and oleosins (OLE1), from the oil seed-producing species castor bean (Ricinus communis) and Arabidopsis, were assessed for their suitability to promote lipid body formation. Co-expression of α-bisabolol synthase with Arabidopsis DGAT1 and WRINKL1 and OLE1 from castor bean promoted storage of α-bisabolol in N. benthamiana mesophyll tissue more than 17-fold. A clear correlation was found between neutral lipids and storage of sesquiterpenes, using synthases for α-bisabolol, (E)-β-caryophyllene and α-barbatene. The co-localization of neutral lipids and α-bisabolol was shown using microscopy. This work demonstrates that lipid bodies can be used as intracellular storage compartment for hydrophobic sesquiterpenes, also in the vegetative parts of plants, creating the possibility to improve yields of metabolic engineering strategies in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Scaiola
- Lab Plant PhysiolWageningen Univ & ResWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jamil Molenaar
- Lab Plant PhysiolWageningen Univ & ResWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Carollo
- Lab Prod Nat & Espectrometria MassasUniv Fed Mato Grosso do SulCampo GrandeMSBrazil
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Lab Plant PhysiolWageningen Univ & ResWageningenThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Wageningen Univ & ResWageningen Plant ResBiosciWageningenThe Netherlands
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89
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Ng SM, Lee XW, Mat-Isa MN, Aizat-Juhari MA, Adam JH, Mohamed R, Wan KL, Firdaus-Raih M. Comparative analysis of nucleus-encoded plastid-targeting proteins in Rafflesia cantleyi against photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic representatives reveals orthologous systems with potentially divergent functions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17258. [PMID: 30467394 PMCID: PMC6250676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic plants are known to discard photosynthesis thus leading to the deletion or loss of the plastid genes. Despite plastid genome reduction in non-photosynthetic plants, some nucleus-encoded proteins are transported back to the plastid to carry out specific functions. In this work, we study such proteins in Rafflesia cantleyi, a member of the holoparasitic genus well-known for producing the largest single flower in the world. Our analyses of three transcriptome datasets, two holoparasites (R. cantleyi and Phelipanche aegyptiaca) and one photosynthetic plant (Arabidopsis thaliana), suggest that holoparasites, such as R. cantleyi, retain some common plastid associated processes such as biosynthesis of amino acids and lipids, but are missing photosynthesis components that can be extensions of these pathways. The reconstruction of two selected biosynthetic pathways involving plastids correlates the trend of plastid retention to pathway complexity - transcriptome evidence for R. cantleyi suggests alternate mechanisms in regulating the plastidial heme and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathways. The evolution to holoparasitism from autotrophy trends towards devolving the plastid genes to the nuclear genome despite the functional sites remaining in the plastid, or maintaining non-photosynthetic processes in the plastid, before the eventual loss of the plastid and any site dependent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siuk-Mun Ng
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Codon Genomics SB, No 26, Jalan Dutamas 7, Taman Dutamas Balakong, 43200, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Xin-Wei Lee
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd-Noor Mat-Isa
- Malaysia Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Afiq Aizat-Juhari
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jumaat Haji Adam
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rahmah Mohamed
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kiew-Lian Wan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Firdaus-Raih
- Centre for Frontier Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology and Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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90
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Chen C, Zheng Y, Zhong Y, Wu Y, Li Z, Xu LA, Xu M. Transcriptome analysis and identification of genes related to terpenoid biosynthesis in Cinnamomum camphora. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:550. [PMID: 30041601 PMCID: PMC6057064 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4941-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamomum camphora has been cultivated as an economically important tree for its medicinal and aromatic properties. Selective breeding has produced Cinnamomum plants for special uses, including spice strains with characteristic flavors and aromas and high-potency medicinal cultivars. The molecular biology underlying terpenoid biosynthesis is still unexplored. RESULTS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the differences in contents and compositions of essential oil terpenoids in linalool- and borneol-type chemotypes of C. camphora. The data revealed that the essential oils consist primarily of monoterpenes with only very minor quantities of sesquiterpenes and diterpenes and that the essential oil differs in different chemotypes of C. camphora, with higher yields of (-)-borneol from the borneol-type than from the linalool-type. To study the terpenoid biosynthesis of signature compounds of the major monoterpenes, we performed RNA sequencing to profile the leaf transcriptomes of the two chemotypes of C. camphora. A total of 23.76 Gb clean data was generated from two chemotypes and assembled into 156,184 unigenes. The total length, average length, N50 and GC content of unigenes were 155,645,929 bp, 997 bp, 1430 bp, and 46.5%, respectively. Among them, 76,421 unigenes were annotated by publicly available databases, of which 67 candidate unigenes were identified to be involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in C. camphora. A total of 2863 unigenes were identified to be differentially expression between borneol-type and linalool-type, including 1714 up-regulated and 1149 down-regulated unigenes. Most genes encoding proteins involved in terpenoid precursor MVA and MEP pathways were expressed in similar levels in both chemotypes of C. camphora. In addition, 10 and 17 DEGs were significantly enriched in the terpene synthase activity and oxidoreductase activity terms of their directed acyclic graphs (DAG), respectively. Three monoterpene synthase genes, TPS14-like1, TPS14-like2 and TPS14-like3 were up-regulated in the borneol-type compared to the linalool-type, and their expression levels were further verified using quantitative real-time PCR. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a global overview of gene expression patterns related to terpenoid biosynthesis in C. camphora, and could contribute to a better understanding of the differential accumulation of terpenoids in different C. camphora chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihui Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yongjie Zheng
- Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center for State Forestry Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, 330032, China
| | - Yongda Zhong
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Science, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yangfang Wu
- Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center for State Forestry Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, 330032, China
| | - Zhiting Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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91
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Liu JP, Hu J, Liu YH, Yang CP, Zhuang YF, Guo XL, Li YJ, Zhang L. Transcriptome analysis of Hevea brasiliensis in response to exogenous methyl jasmonate provides novel insights into regulation of jasmonate-elicited rubber biosynthesis. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 24:349-358. [PMID: 29692543 PMCID: PMC5911270 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The phytohomorne methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is known to trigger extensive reprogramming of gene expression leading to transcriptional activation of many secondary metabolic pathways. However, natural rubber is a commercially important secondary metabolite and little is known about the genetic and genomic basis of jasmonate-elicited rubber biosynthesis in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of H. brasiliensis bark treated with 1 g lanolin paste containing 0.02% w/w MeJA for 24 h (M2) and 0.04% w/w MeJA for 24 h (M4) was performed. A total of 2950 and 2850 differentially expressed genes in M2 and M4 compared with control (C) were respectively detected. Key genes involved in 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate, rubber biosynthesis, glycolysis and carbon fixation (Calvin cycle) pathway were found to be up-regulated by MeJA treatment. Particularly, the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-metylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in MVA pathway was down-regulated by MeJA treatment, but the expression of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) and cis-prenyltransferase (CPT, or rubber transferase) in rubber biosynthesis pathway were up-regulated by MeJA treatment. Up-regulation of critical genes in JA biosynthesis in response to MeJA treatment exhibited the self-activation of JA biosynthesis. In addition, up-regulated genes of great regulatory importance in cross-talk between JA and other hormone signaling, and of transcriptional regulation were identified. The increased expression levels of FPS and CPT in rubber biosynthesis pathway possibly resulted in an increased latex production in rubber tree treated with MeJA. The present results provide insights into the mechanism by which MeJA activates the rubber biosynthesis and the transcriptome data can also serve as the foundation for future research into the molecular basis for MeJA regulation of other cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Tropical Agriculture and Forestry Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan Province China
| | - Jin Hu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Tropical Agriculture and Forestry Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan Province China
| | - Yan-Hui Liu
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Cui-Ping Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Tropical Agriculture and Forestry Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan Province China
| | - Yu-Fen Zhuang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Tropical Agriculture and Forestry Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan Province China
| | - Xiu-Li Guo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Tropical Agriculture and Forestry Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan Province China
| | - Yi-Jian Li
- Service Center of Science and Technology, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan Province China
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
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Agarwal AV, Singh D, Dhar YV, Michael R, Gupta P, Chandra D, Trivedi PK. Virus-Induced Silencing of Key Genes Leads to Differential Impact on Withanolide Biosynthesis in the Medicinal Plant, Withania somnifera. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:262-274. [PMID: 29165715 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Withanolides are a collection of naturally occurring, pharmacologically active, secondary metabolites synthesized in the medicinally important plant, Withania somnifera. These bioactive molecules are C28-steroidal lactone triterpenoids and their synthesis is proposed to take place via the mevalonate (MVA) and 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathways through the sterol pathway using 24-methylene cholesterol as substrate flux. Although the phytochemical profiles as well as pharmaceutical activities of Withania extracts have been well studied, limited genomic information and difficult genetic transformation have been a major bottleneck towards understanding the participation of specific genes in withanolide biosynthesis. In this study, we used the Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) approach to study the participation of key genes from MVA, MEP and triterpenoid biosynthesis for their involvement in withanolide biosynthesis. TRV-infected W. somnifera plants displayed unique phenotypic characteristics and differential accumulation of total Chl as well as carotenoid content for each silenced gene suggesting a reduction in overall isoprenoid synthesis. Comprehensive expression analysis of putative genes of withanolide biosynthesis revealed transcriptional modulations conferring the presence of complex regulatory mechanisms leading to withanolide biosynthesis. In addition, silencing of genes exhibited modulated total and specific withanolide accumulation at different levels as compared with control plants. Comparative analysis also suggests a major role for the MVA pathway as compared with the MEP pathway in providing substrate flux for withanolide biosynthesis. These results demonstrate that transcriptional regulation of selected Withania genes of the triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway critically affects withanolide biosynthesis, providing new horizons to explore this process further, in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Vikram Agarwal
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Deeksha Singh
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Yogeshwar Vikram Dhar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Rahul Michael
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Parul Gupta
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Deepak Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Prabodh Kumar Trivedi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110001, India
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Dalla Costa L, Emanuelli F, Trenti M, Moreno-Sanz P, Lorenzi S, Coller E, Moser S, Slaghenaufi D, Cestaro A, Larcher R, Gribaudo I, Costantini L, Malnoy M, Grando MS. Induction of Terpene Biosynthesis in Berries of Microvine Transformed with VvDXS1 Alleles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2244. [PMID: 29387072 PMCID: PMC5776104 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids, especially monoterpenes, are major aroma-impact compounds in grape and wine. Previous studies highlighted a key regulatory role for grapevine 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase 1 (VvDXS1), the first enzyme of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway for isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. Here, the parallel analysis of VvDXS1 genotype and terpene concentration in a germplasm collection demonstrated that VvDXS1 sequence has a very high predictive value for the accumulation of monoterpenes and also has an influence on sesquiterpene levels. A metabolic engineering approach was applied by expressing distinct VvDXS1 alleles in the grapevine model system "microvine" and assessing the effects on downstream pathways at transcriptional and metabolic level in different organs and fruit developmental stages. The underlying goal was to investigate two potential perturbation mechanisms, the former based on a significant over-expression of the wild-type (neutral) VvDXS1 allele and the latter on the ex-novo expression of an enzyme with increased catalytic efficiency from the mutated (muscat) VvDXS1 allele. The integration of the two VvDXS1 alleles in distinct microvine lines was found to alter the expression of several terpenoid biosynthetic genes, as assayed through an ad hoc developed TaqMan array based on cDNA libraries of four aromatic cultivars. In particular, enhanced transcription of monoterpene, sesquiterpene and carotenoid pathway genes was observed. The accumulation of monoterpenes in ripe berries was higher in the transformed microvines compared to control plants. This effect is predominantly attributed to the improved activity of the VvDXS1 enzyme coded by the muscat allele, whereas the up-regulation of VvDXS1 plays a secondary role in the increase of monoterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Dalla Costa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Francesco Emanuelli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Trenti
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Paula Moreno-Sanz
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Silvia Lorenzi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Emanuela Coller
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Computational Biology Platform, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Sergio Moser
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Experiment and Technological Services Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Davide Slaghenaufi
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Experiment and Technological Services Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cestaro
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Computational Biology Platform, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Roberto Larcher
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Experiment and Technological Services Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Ivana Gribaudo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection—CNR, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Laura Costantini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - M. Stella Grando
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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94
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Vangelisti A, Natali L, Bernardi R, Sbrana C, Turrini A, Hassani-Pak K, Hughes D, Cavallini A, Giovannetti M, Giordani T. Transcriptome changes induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) roots. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4. [PMID: 29311719 PMCID: PMC5758643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are essential elements of soil fertility, plant nutrition and productivity, facilitating soil mineral nutrient uptake. Helianthus annuus is a non-model, widely cultivated species. Here we used an RNA-seq approach for evaluating gene expression variation at early and late stages of mycorrhizal establishment in sunflower roots colonized by the arbuscular fungus Rhizoglomus irregulare. mRNA was isolated from roots of plantlets at 4 and 16 days after inoculation with the fungus. cDNA libraries were built and sequenced with Illumina technology. Differential expression analysis was performed between control and inoculated plants. Overall 726 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between inoculated and control plants were retrieved. The number of up-regulated DEGs greatly exceeded the number of down-regulated DEGs and this difference increased in later stages of colonization. Several DEGs were specifically involved in known mycorrhizal processes, such as membrane transport, cell wall shaping, and other. We also found previously unidentified mycorrhizal-induced transcripts. The most important DEGs were carefully described in order to hypothesize their roles in AM symbiosis. Our data add a valuable contribution for deciphering biological processes related to beneficial fungi and plant symbiosis, adding an Asteraceae, non-model species for future comparative functional genomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vangelisti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Natali
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Bernardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristiana Sbrana
- CNR, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology UOS Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Turrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - David Hughes
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Andrea Cavallini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuela Giovannetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Giordani
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy.
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95
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Priya P, Yadav A, Chand J, Yadav G. Terzyme: a tool for identification and analysis of the plant terpenome. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:4. [PMID: 29339971 PMCID: PMC5761147 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terpenoid hydrocarbons represent the largest and most ancient group of phytochemicals, such that the entire chemical library of a plant is often referred to as its 'terpenome'. Besides having numerous pharmacological properties, terpenes contribute to the scent of the rose, the flavors of cinnamon and the yellow of sunflowers. Rapidly increasing -omics datasets provide an unprecedented opportunity for terpenome detection, paving the way for automated web resources dedicated to phytochemical predictions in genomic data. RESULTS We have developed Terzyme, a predictive algorithm for identification, classification and assignment of broad substrate unit to terpene synthase (TPS) and prenyl transferase (PT) enzymes, known to generate the enormous structural and functional diversity of terpenoid compounds across the plant kingdom. Terzyme uses sequence information, plant taxonomy and machine learning methods for predicting TPSs and PTs in genome and proteome datasets. We demonstrate a significant enrichment of the currently identified terpenome by running Terzyme on more than 40 plants. CONCLUSIONS Terzyme is the result of a rigorous analysis of evolutionary relationships between hundreds of characterized sequences of TPSs and PTs with known specificities, followed by analysis of genome-wide gene distribution patterns, ontology based clustering and optimization of various parameters for building accurate profile Hidden Markov Models. The predictive webserver and database is freely available at http://nipgr.res.in/terzyme.html and would serve as a useful tool for deciphering the species-specific phytochemical potential of plant genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Priya
- Computational Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Archana Yadav
- Computational Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Jyoti Chand
- Computational Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Gitanjali Yadav
- Computational Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EA UK
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97
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Shimizu T, Tanizawa Y, Mochizuki T, Nagasaki H, Yoshioka T, Toyoda A, Fujiyama A, Kaminuma E, Nakamura Y. Draft Sequencing of the Heterozygous Diploid Genome of Satsuma ( Citrus unshiu Marc.) Using a Hybrid Assembly Approach. Front Genet 2017; 8:180. [PMID: 29259619 PMCID: PMC5723288 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Satsuma (Citrus unshiu Marc.) is one of the most abundantly produced mandarin varieties of citrus, known for its seedless fruit production and as a breeding parent of citrus. De novo assembly of the heterozygous diploid genome of Satsuma ("Miyagawa Wase") was conducted by a hybrid assembly approach using short-read sequences, three mate-pair libraries, and a long-read sequence of PacBio by the PLATANUS assembler. The assembled sequence, with a total size of 359.7 Mb at the N50 length of 386,404 bp, consisted of 20,876 scaffolds. Pseudomolecules of Satsuma constructed by aligning the scaffolds to three genetic maps showed genome-wide synteny to the genomes of Clementine, pummelo, and sweet orange. Gene prediction by modeling with MAKER-P proposed 29,024 genes and 37,970 mRNA; additionally, gene prediction analysis found candidates for novel genes in several biosynthesis pathways for gibberellin and violaxanthin catabolism. BUSCO scores for the assembled scaffold and predicted transcripts, and another analysis by BAC end sequence mapping indicated the assembled genome consistency was close to those of the haploid Clementine, pummel, and sweet orange genomes. The number of repeat elements and long terminal repeat retrotransposon were comparable to those of the seven citrus genomes; this suggested no significant failure in the assembly at the repeat region. A resequencing application using the assembled sequence confirmed that both kunenbo-A and Satsuma are offsprings of Kishu, and Satsuma is a back-crossed offspring of Kishu. These results illustrated the performance of the hybrid assembly approach and its ability to construct an accurate heterozygous diploid genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokurou Shimizu
- Division of Citrus Research, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Shimizu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tanizawa
- Genome Informatics Laboratory, Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Takako Mochizuki
- Genome Informatics Laboratory, Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Hideki Nagasaki
- Genome Informatics Laboratory, Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Terutaka Yoshioka
- Division of Citrus Research, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Shimizu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Asao Fujiyama
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Eli Kaminuma
- Genome Informatics Laboratory, Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Nakamura
- Genome Informatics Laboratory, Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
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98
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De Novo RNA Sequencing and Expression Analysis of Aconitum carmichaelii to Analyze Key Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Diterpene Alkaloids. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122155. [PMID: 29206203 PMCID: PMC6150021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aconitum carmichaelii is an important medicinal herb used widely in China, Japan, India, Korea, and other Asian countries. While extensive research on the characterization of metabolic extracts of A. carmichaelii has shown accumulation of numerous bioactive metabolites including aconitine and aconitine-type diterpene alkaloids, its biosynthetic pathway remains largely unknown. Biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites is tightly controlled and mostly occurs in a tissue-specific manner; therefore, transcriptome analysis across multiple tissues is an attractive method to identify the molecular components involved for further functional characterization. In order to understand the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, Illumina-based deep transcriptome profiling and analysis was performed for four tissues (flower, bud, leaf, and root) of A. carmichaelii, resulting in 5.5 Gbps clean RNA-seq reads assembled into 128,183 unigenes. Unigenes annotated as possible rate-determining steps of an aconitine-type biosynthetic pathway were highly expressed in the root, in accordance with previous reports describing the root as the accumulation site for these metabolites. We also identified 21 unigenes annotated as cytochrome P450s and highly expressed in roots, which represent candidate unigenes involved in the diversification of secondary metabolites. Comparative transcriptome analysis of A. carmichaelii with A. heterophyllum identified 20,232 orthogroups, representing 30,633 unigenes of A. carmichaelii, gene ontology enrichment analysis of which revealed essential biological process together with a secondary metabolic process to be highly enriched. Unigenes identified in this study are strong candidates for aconitine-type diterpene alkaloid biosynthesis, and will serve as useful resources for further validation studies.
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Kumar A, Fogelman E, Weissberg M, Tanami Z, Veilleux RE, Ginzberg I. Lanosterol synthase-like is involved with differential accumulation of steroidal glycoalkaloids in potato. PLANTA 2017; 246:1189-1202. [PMID: 28828630 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterol homeostasis may be maintained in leaves through diversion of intermediates into glycoalkaloid biosynthesis, whereas in tuber flesh, excess intermediates are catalyzed by tuber-specific StLAS - like , resulting in low tuber glycoalkaloids. Lanosterol synthase (LAS) and cycloartenol synthase (CAS) are phylogenetically related enzymes. Cycloartenol is the accepted precursor leading to cholesterol and phytosterols, and in potato, to steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA) biosynthesis. LAS was also shown to synthesize some plant sterols, albeit at trace amounts, questioning its role in sterol homeostasis. Presently, a potato LAS-related gene (StLAS-like) was identified and its activity verified in a yeast complementation assay. A transgenic approach with targeted gene expression and metabolic profiling of sterols and SGAs was used. Analyses of StLAS-like transcript levels and StLAS-like-promoter::GUS reporter assays indicated specific expression in tuber flesh tissue. Overexpression of Arabidopsis AtLAS in leaves where the endogenic StLAS-like is not expressed, resulted with increased SGA level and reduced phytosterol level, while in the tuber flesh SGA level was reduced. StLAS-like expression only in tuber flesh may explain the differential accumulation of SGAs in commercial cultivars-low in tubers, high in leaves. In leaves, to maintain phytosterol homeostasis, an excess of intermediates may be diverted into SGA biosynthesis, whereas in tuber flesh these intermediates are catalyzed by tuber-specific StLAS-like instead, resulting in low levels of SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, P. O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZiyyon, Israel
| | - Edna Fogelman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, P. O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZiyyon, Israel
| | - Mira Weissberg
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, P. O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZiyyon, Israel
| | - Zachariah Tanami
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, P. O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZiyyon, Israel
| | | | - Idit Ginzberg
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, P. O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZiyyon, Israel.
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Abbas F, Ke Y, Yu R, Yue Y, Amanullah S, Jahangir MM, Fan Y. Volatile terpenoids: multiple functions, biosynthesis, modulation and manipulation by genetic engineering. PLANTA 2017; 246:803-816. [PMID: 28803364 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids play several physiological and ecological functions in plant life through direct and indirect plant defenses and also in human society because of their enormous applications in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries. Through the aid of genetic engineering its role can by magnified to broad spectrum by improving genetic ability of crop plants, enhancing the aroma quality of fruits and flowers and the production of pharmaceutical terpenoids contents in medicinal plants. Terpenoids are structurally diverse and the most abundant plant secondary metabolites, playing an important role in plant life through direct and indirect plant defenses, by attracting pollinators and through different interactions between the plants and their environment. Terpenoids are also significant because of their enormous applications in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries. Due to their broad distribution and functional versatility, efforts are being made to decode the biosynthetic pathways and comprehend the regulatory mechanisms of terpenoids. This review summarizes the recent advances in biosynthetic pathways, including the spatiotemporal, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss the multiple functions of the terpene synthase genes (TPS), their interaction with the surrounding environment and the use of genetic engineering for terpenoid production in model plants. Here, we also provide an overview of the significance of terpenoid metabolic engineering in crop protection, plant reproduction and plant metabolic engineering approaches for pharmaceutical terpenoids production and future scenarios in agriculture, which call for sustainable production platforms by improving different plant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Abbas
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yanguo Ke
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rangcai Yu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yuechong Yue
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Sikandar Amanullah
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | | | - Yanping Fan
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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