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Bellamkonda K, Sime W, Sjölander A. The impact of inflammatory lipid mediators on colon cancer-initiating cells. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:1315-27. [PMID: 25154976 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The role of inflammatory lipid-mediators in tumor progression is well recognized in colorectal cancer; however, if this includes promotion of cancer-initiating cells remains unclear. We show that the inflammatory lipid-mediators leukotriene D4 and prostaglandin E2 increased the Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH(+) ) population, the colony formation capacity, and tumor growth in a xenograft model of colon cancer. The ALDH(+) cells showed significant resistance to irradiation and 5-fluorouracil treatment that could be further augmented by these lipid-mediators, occurring in parallel with increased target gene expression. Our data emphasize a role for tumor microenvironment derived inflammatory lipid-mediators to favor cancer stem cells-like characteristics and thus promote tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishan Bellamkonda
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Wondossen Sime
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anita Sjölander
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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Hawkins KE, DeMars KM, Singh J, Yang C, Cho HS, Frankowski JC, Doré S, Candelario-Jalil E. Neurovascular protection by post-ischemic intravenous injections of the lipoxin A4 receptor agonist, BML-111, in a rat model of ischemic stroke. J Neurochem 2013; 129:130-42. [PMID: 24225006 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation is an emerging new strategy to reduce damage following ischemic stroke. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4 ) is an anti-inflammatory, pro-resolution lipid mediator with high affinity binding to ALX, the lipoxin A4 receptor. Since LXA4 is rapidly inactivated, potent analogs have been created, including the ALX agonist BML-111. We hypothesized that post-ischemic intravenous administration of BML-111 would provide protection to the neurovascular unit and reduce neuroinflammation in a rat stroke model. Animals were subjected to 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and BML-111 was injected 100 min and 24 h after stroke onset and animals euthanized at 48 h. Post-ischemic treatment with BML-111 significantly reduced infarct size, decreased vasogenic edema, protected against blood-brain barrier disruption, and reduced hemorrhagic transformation. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and matrix metalloproteinase-3 were significantly reduced following BML-111 treatment. Administration of BML-111 dramatically decreased microglial activation, as seen with CD68, and neutrophil infiltration and recruitment, as assessed by levels of myeloperoxidase and intracellular adhesion molecule-1. The tight junction protein zona occludens-1 was protected from degradation following treatment with BML-111. These results indicate that post-ischemic activation of ALX has pro-resolution effects that limit the inflammatory damage in the cerebral cortex and helps maintain blood-brain barrier integrity after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly E Hawkins
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Aspirin-triggered lipoxin A4 attenuates lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory response in primary astrocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 18:85-9. [PMID: 24269179 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The activation of astrocytes contributes to inflammatory responses underlying brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Lipoxins have emerged as mediators of endogenous anti-inflammatory events. However, the involvement of aspirin-triggered-lipoxin A4 (ATL) in astrocyte-induced neuroinflammatory responses has not been investigated. Here, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of ATL in the central nervous system using rat astrocyte cultures stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that pretreatment with ATL exerted potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. ATL also reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA and protein. Furthermore, ATL suppressed the LPS-induced translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit to the nucleus and prevented LPS-induced IκBα phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that ATL attenuates neuroinflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB signal transducer pathway in cultured cortical astrocytes.
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54
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Hirata K, Wada K, Murata Y, Nakajima A, Yamashiro T, Kamisaki Y. Critical role of leukotriene B4 receptor signaling in mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:122. [PMID: 23937951 PMCID: PMC3751075 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various inflammatory mediators related to obesity might be closely related to insulin resistance. Leukotrienes (LTs) are involved in inflammatory reactions. However, there are few reports regarding the role of LTs in adipocyte differentiation. Therefore, we investigated the role of leukotriene B4 (LTB4)-leukotriene receptor (BLT) signaling in mouse 3T3-L1 fibroblastic preadipocyte differentiation to mature adipocytes. Methods Mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated with lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors, BLT antagonist, and small interfering RNA (siRNA) for BLT1 and BLT2 to block the LTB4-BLT signaling pathway, then the adipocyte differentiation such as lipid accumulation and the increase in triglyceride was evaluated. Results Blockade of BLT signaling by treatment with a LOX inhibitor or a BLT antagonist suppressed preadipocyte differentiation into mature adipocytes. In addition, knockdown of BLT1 and BLT2 by siRNAs dramatically inhibited differentiation. These results indicate the LTB4-BLT signaling pathway may positively regulate preadipocyte differentiation and be a rate-limiting system to control adipocyte differentiation. Conclusions The LTB4-BLT signaling pathway provides a potent regulatory signal that accelerates the differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Further investigations are necessary to confirm the exact role of LTB4 and BLTs signaling pathways in preadipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Hirata
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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55
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McFarland AJ, Grant GD, Perkins AV, Flegg C, Davey AK, Allsopp TJ, Renshaw G, Kavanagh J, McDermott CM, Anoopkumar-Dukie S. Paradoxical Role of 3-Methyladenine in Pyocyanin-Induced Toxicity in 1321N1 Astrocytoma and SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. Int J Toxicol 2013; 32:209-18. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581813482146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of autophagy in pyocyanin (PCN)-induced toxicity in the central nervous system (CNS) remains unclear, with only evidence from our group identifying it as a mechanism underlying toxicity in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further examine the role of autophagy in PCN-induced toxicity in the CNS. To achieve this, we exposed 1321N1 astrocytoma and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to PCN (0-100 μmol/L) and tested the contribution of autophagy by measuring the impact of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) using a series of biochemical and molecular markers. Pretreatment of 1321N1 astrocytoma cells with 3-MA (5 mmol/L) decreased the PCN-induced acidic vesicular organelle and autophagosome formation as measured using acridine orange and green fluorescent protein-LC3 -LC3 fluorescence, respectively. Furthermore, 3-MA (5 mmol/L) significantly protected 1321N1 astrocytoma cells against PCN-induced toxicity. In contrast pretreatment with 3-MA (5 mmol/L) increased PCN-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Given the influence of autophagy in inflammatory responses, we investigated whether the observed effects in this study involved inflammatory mediators. The PCN (100 μmol/L) significantly increased the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in both cell lines. Consistent with its paradoxical role in modulating PCN-induced toxicity, 3-MA (5 mmol/L) significantly reduced the PCN-induced production of IL-8, PGE2, and LTB4 in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells but augmented their production in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. In conclusion, we show here for the first time the paradoxical role of autophagy in mediating PCN-induced toxicity in 1321N1 astrocytoma and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and provide novel evidence that these actions may be mediated by effects on IL-8, PGE2, and LTB4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J. McFarland
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gary D. Grant
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony V. Perkins
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cameron Flegg
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew K. Davey
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tristan J. Allsopp
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gillian Renshaw
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin Kavanagh
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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Luo CL, Li QQ, Chen XP, Zhang XM, Li LL, Li BX, Zhao ZQ, Tao LY. Lipoxin A4 attenuates brain damage and downregulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2013; 1502:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Altavilla D, Minutoli L, Polito F, Irrera N, Arena S, Magno C, Rinaldi M, Burnett BP, Squadrito F, Bitto A. Effects of flavocoxid, a dual inhibitor of COX and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes, on benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:95-108. [PMID: 22471974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inflammation plays a key role in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Eicosanoids derived from the COX and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathways are elevated in the enlarging prostate. Flavocoxid is a novel flavonoid-based 'dual inhibitor' of the COX and 5-LOX enzymes. This study evaluated the effects of flavocoxid in experimental BPH. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were treated daily with testosterone propionate (3 mg·kg(-1) s.c.) or its vehicle for 14 days to induce BPH. Animals receiving testosterone were randomized to receive vehicle (1 mL·kg(-1) , i.p.) or flavocoxid (20 mg·kg(-1) , i.p.) for 14 days. Histological changes, eicosanoid content and mRNA and protein levels for apoptosis-related proteins and growth factors were assayed in prostate tissue. The effects of flavocoxid were also tested on human prostate carcinoma PC3 cells. KEY RESULTS Flavocoxid reduced prostate weight and hyperplasia, blunted inducible expression of COX-2 and 5-LOX as well as the increased production of PGE(2) and leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4) ), enhanced pro-apoptotic Bax and caspase-9 and decreased the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 mRNA. Flavocoxid also reduced EGF and VEGF expression. In PC3 cells, flavocoxid stimulated apoptosis and inhibited growth factor expression. Flavocoxid-mediated induction of apoptosis was inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK, in PC3 cells, suggesting an essential role of caspases in flavocoxid-mediated apoptosis during prostatic growth. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results show that a 'dual inhibitor' of the COX and 5-LOX enzymes, such as flavocoxid, might represent a rational approach to reduce BPH through modulation of eicosanoid production and a caspase-induced apoptotic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Altavilla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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58
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Hirata K, Katayama K, Nakajima A, Takada K, Kamisaki Y, Wada K. Role of leukotriene B₄ receptor signaling in human preadipocyte differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 429:197-203. [PMID: 23137534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4))-leukotriene receptor (BLT) signaling in preadipocyte differentiation into mature adipocytes. Blockade of BLT signaling by treatment with lipoxygenase inhibitors, a BLT antagonist, and small interfering RNAs for BLTs in human and mouse preadipocytes isolated from adipose tissues showed acceleration of differentiation into mature adipocytes. DNA microarray analysis revealed regulation of transforming growth factor, beta-induced 68 kDa (TGFBI) expression through the BLT signaling pathway during adipocyte differentiation. Knockdown of TGFBI also showed acceleration of preadipocyte differentiation. The LTB(4)-BLT signaling pathway may negatively regulate preadipocyte differentiation via induction of TGFBI expression as a rate-limiting system to control adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Camara-Lemarroy CR, Gonzalez-Moreno EI, Guzman-de la Garza FJ, Fernandez-Garza NE. Arachidonic acid derivatives and their role in peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:168953. [PMID: 22997489 PMCID: PMC3446639 DOI: 10.1100/2012/168953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
After peripheral nerve injury, a process of axonal degradation, debris clearance, and subsequent regeneration is initiated by complex local signaling, called Wallerian degeneration (WD). This process is in part mediated by neuroglia as well as infiltrating inflammatory cells and regulated by inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and the activation of transcription factors also related to the inflammatory response. Part of this neuroimmune signaling is mediated by the innate immune system, including arachidonic acid (AA) derivatives such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The enzymes responsible for their production, cyclooxygenases and lipooxygenases, also participate in nerve degeneration and regeneration. The interactions between signals for nerve regeneration and neuroinflammation go all the way down to the molecular level. In this paper, we discuss the role that AA derivatives might play during WD and nerve regeneration, and the therapeutic possibilities that arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodrigo Camara-Lemarroy
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, School of Medicine, Colonia Mitras Centro, 64460 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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LipoxinA(4) induced antinociception and decreased expression of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines after chronic dorsal root ganglia compression in rats. Eur J Pain 2012; 16:18-27. [PMID: 21658981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory and immune responses following nerve injury have been shown to play an important role in neuropathic pain. Lipoxins are endogenous lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids performing protective roles in a range of pathophysiologic processes. Here, we examined the effects of intrathecal lipoxinA4 (LXA4) on NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) expression in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) following chronic compression of DRG (CCD), a model of neuropathic pain. Daily intrathecal injection of vehicle or LXA4 (10 ng or 100 ng) was performed for three successive days post-CCD. CCD induced both mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, and increased the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and NF-κB. Intrathecal injection of LXA4 prevented the development of neuropathic pain and inhibited NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine upregulation in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, we have shown the strong protective effect of intrathecal LXA4 on the development of nociceptive behaviors induced by CCD and that these effects might be associated with its anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution properties.
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Aspirin-Triggered Lipoxin A4 Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intracellular ROS in BV2 Microglia Cells by Inhibiting the Function of NADPH Oxidase. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1690-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0776-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Das UN. Essential fatty acids and their metabolites as modulators of stem cell biology with reference to inflammation, cancer, and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012; 30:311-24. [PMID: 22005953 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are pluripotent and expected to be of benefit in the management of coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease in which pro-inflammatory cytokines are increased. Identifying endogenous bioactive molecules that have a regulatory role in stem cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation may aid in the use of stem cells in various diseases including cancer. Essential fatty acids form precursors to both pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules have been shown to regulate gene expression, enzyme activity, modulate inflammation and immune response, gluconeogenesis via direct and indirect pathways, function directly as agonists of a number of G protein-coupled receptors, activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases, and stimulate cell proliferation via Ca(2+), phospholipase C/protein kinase, events that are also necessary for stem cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Hence, it is likely that bioactive lipids play a significant role in various diseases by modulating the proliferation and differentiation of embryonic stem cells in addition to their capacity to suppress inflammation. Ephrin Bs and reelin, adhesion molecules, and microRNAs regulate neuronal migration and cancer cell metastasis. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their products seem to modulate the expression of ephrin Bs and reelin and several adhesion molecules and microRNAs suggesting that bioactive lipids participate in neuronal regeneration and stem cell proliferation, migration, and cancer cell metastasis. Thus, there appears to be a close interaction among essential fatty acids, their bioactive products, and inflammation and cancer growth and its metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada 533 003, India.
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63
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Haeggström JZ, Funk CD. Lipoxygenase and leukotriene pathways: biochemistry, biology, and roles in disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5866-98. [PMID: 21936577 DOI: 10.1021/cr200246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wu Y, Wang YP, Guo P, Ye XH, Wang J, Yuan SY, Yao SL, Shang Y. A lipoxin A4 analog ameliorates blood-brain barrier dysfunction and reduces MMP-9 expression in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 46:483-91. [PMID: 21845429 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
LXA(4) methyl ester (LXA(4)ME), a lipoxin A(4) analog, reduces ischemic insult in the rat models of transient or permanent cerebral ischemic injury. We investigated whether LXA(4)ME could ameliorate blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction after stroke by reducing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression. Adult male rats were subjected to 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24-h reperfusion. Brain infarctions were detected by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. BBB dysfunction was determined by examining brain edema and Evans Blue extravasation. Temporal expression of MMP-9 was determined by zymography and Western blot. The presence of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) was also determined by Western blot in tissue protein sample. Brain edema and Evans Blue leakage were significantly reduced after stroke in the LXA(4)ME group and were associated with reduced brain infarct volumes. MMP-9 activity and expression were inhibited by LXA(4)ME after stroke. In addition, LXA(4)ME significantly increased TIMP-1 protein levels. Our results indicate that LXA(4)ME reduces brain injury by improving BBB function in a rat model of MCAO, and that a relationship exists between BBB permeability and MMP-9 expression following ischemic insult. Furthermore, these results suggest that LXA(4)ME-mediated reduction of MMP-9 following stroke are attributed to increased TIMP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Aspirin-triggered lipoxin A4 attenuates LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses by inhibiting activation of NF-κB and MAPKs in BV-2 microglial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:95. [PMID: 21831303 PMCID: PMC3162900 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglial activation plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases through production of nitric oxide (NO) and several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Lipoxins (LXs) and aspirin-triggered LXs (ATLs) are considered to act as 'braking signals' in inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the effect of aspirin-triggered LXA4 (ATL) on infiammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in murine microglial BV-2 cells. Methods BV-2 cells were treated with ATL prior to LPS exposure, and the effects of such treatment production of nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were analysed by Griess reaction, ELISA, western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR. Moreover, we investigated the effects of ATL on LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation. Results ATL inhibited LPS-induced production of NO, IL-1β and TNF-α in a concentration-dependent manner. mRNA expressions for iNOS, IL-1β and TNF-α in response to LPS were also decreased by ATL. These effects were inhibited by Boc-2 (a LXA4 receptor antagonist). ATL significantly reduced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, degradation of the inhibitor IκB-α, and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 MAPK in BV-2 cells activated with LPS. Furthermore, the DNA binding activity of NF-κB and AP-1 was blocked by ATL. Conclusions This study indicates that ATL inhibits NO and pro-inflammatory cytokine production at least in part via NF-κB, ERK, p38 MAPK and AP-1 signaling pathways in LPS-activated microglia. Therefore, ATL may have therapeutic potential for various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Bäck M, Dahlén SE, Drazen JM, Evans JF, Serhan CN, Shimizu T, Yokomizo T, Rovati GE. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIV: Leukotriene Receptor Nomenclature, Distribution, and Pathophysiological Functions. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:539-84. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Morales-Garcia JA, Luna-Medina R, Alfaro-Cervello C, Cortes-Canteli M, Santos A, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Perez-Castillo A. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligands regulate neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Glia 2011; 59:293-307. [PMID: 21125653 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) belongs to a family of ligand-activated nuclear receptors and its ligands are known to control many physiological and pathological situations. Its role in the central nervous system has been under intense analysis during the last years. Here we show a novel function for PPARγ in controlling stem cell expansion in the adult mammalian brain. Adult rats treated with pioglitazone, a specific ligand of PPARγ, had elevated numbers of proliferating progenitor cells in the subventricular zone and the rostral migratory stream. Electron microscopy analysis also showed important changes in the subventricular zone ultrastructure of pioglitazone-treated animals including an increased number of migratory cell chains. These results were further confirmed in vitro. Neurosphere assays revealed significant increases in the number of neurosphere forming cells from pioglitazone- and rosiglitazone (two specific ligands of PPARγ receptor)-treated cultures that exhibited enhanced capacity for cell migration and differentiation. The effects of pioglitazone were blocked by the PPARγ receptor antagonists GW9662 and T0070907, suggesting that its effects are mediated by a mechanism dependent on PPARγ activation. These results indicate for the first time that activation of PPARγ receptor directly regulates proliferation, differentiation, and migration of neural stem cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Morales-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
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Manev H, Chen H, Dzitoyeva S, Manev R. Cyclooxygenases and 5-lipoxygenase in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:315-9. [PMID: 20691748 PMCID: PMC3033490 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Typically, cyclooxygenases (COXs) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), enzymes that generate biologically active lipid molecules termed eicosanoids, are considered inflammatory. Hence, their putative role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been explored in the framework of possible inflammatory mechanisms of AD pathobiology. More recent data indicate that these enzymes and the biologically active lipid molecules they generate could influence the functioning of the central nervous system and the pathobiology of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD via mechanisms different from classical inflammation. These mechanisms include the cell-specific localization of COXs and 5-LOX in the brain, the type of lipid molecules generated by the activity of these enzymes, the type and the localization of receptors selective for a type of lipid molecule, and the putative interactions of the COXs and 5-LOX pathways with intracellular components relevant for AD such as the gamma-secretase complex. Considering the importance of these multiple and not necessarily inflammatory mechanisms may help us delineate the exact nature of the involvement of the brain COXs and 5-LOX in AD and would reinvigorate the search for novel targets for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Manev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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69
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Kim MH, Lee YJ, Kim MO, Kim JS, Han HJ. Effect of leukotriene D4 on mouse embryonic stem cell migration and proliferation: involvement of PI3K/Akt as well as GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathways. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:686-98. [PMID: 20589831 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The actual leukotriene D(4) (LTD(4)) signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation have not been elucidated thoroughly although fatty acid and its metabolites play a key role in regulations of embryonic functions. Thus, this study investigated the response of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells exposed to LTD(4) and elucidated the signaling pathways as well. LTD(4) increased DNA synthesis in concentration-dependent (≥10(-7) M) and time-dependent (≥12 h) manners, as determined by [(3)H] thymidine incorporation and increased cell number. LTD(4) induced the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) and the increase of intracellular Ca(2+) levels via cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) 1 and 2 receptors. LTD(4) increased Akt activation and calcineurin expression, which were blocked by STAT3 inhibitor and calcium chelators. LTD(4)-induced glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β phosphorylation was decreased by LY294002, Akt inhibitor, and cyclosporine A. LTD(4) inhibited the phosphorylation of β-catenin. In addition, LTD(4)-stimulated migration through increased activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin which were blocked by Akt inhibitor and cyclosporine A. LTD(4)-induced increases in protooncogene and cell cycle regulatory proteins were blocked by cyclosporine A, FAK siRNA, and β-catenin siRNA. In conclusion, LTD(4)-stimulated mouse ES cell proliferation and migration via STAT3, phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/Akt, Ca(2+)-calcineurin, and GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hee Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Rehabilitation Science, Daegu University, Daegu, South Korea
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70
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Basselin M, Ramadan E, Chen M, Rapoport SI. Anti-inflammatory effects of chronic aspirin on brain arachidonic acid metabolites. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:139-45. [PMID: 20981485 PMCID: PMC3011042 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid (AA) modulate peripheral inflammation and its resolution. Aspirin (ASA) is a unique non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which switches AA metabolism from prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and thromboxane B₂ (TXB₂) to lipoxin A₄ (LXA₄) and 15-epi-LXA₄. However, it is unknown whether chronic therapeutic doses of ASA are anti-inflammatory in the brain. We hypothesized that ASA would dampen increases in brain concentrations of AA metabolites in a rat model of neuroinflammation, produced by a 6-day intracerebroventricular infusion of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In rats infused with LPS (0.5 ng/h) and given ASA-free water to drink, concentrations in high-energy microwaved brain of PGE₂, TXB₂ and leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄) were elevated. In rats infused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid, 6 weeks of treatment with a low (10 mg/kg/day) or high (100 mg/kg/day) ASA dose in drinking water decreased brain PGE₂, but increased LTB₄, LXA₄ and 15-epi-LXA₄ concentrations. Both doses attenuated the LPS effects on PGE₂, and TXB₂. The increments in LXA₄ and 15-epi-LXA₄ caused by high-dose ASA were significantly greater in LPS-infused rats. The ability of ASA to increase anti-inflammatory LXA₄ and 15-epi-LXA₄ and reduce pro-inflammatory PGE₂ and TXB₂ suggests considering aspirin further for treating clinical neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Basselin
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 9, Room 1S126, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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71
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Steinhilber D, Fischer AS, Metzner J, Steinbrink SD, Roos J, Ruthardt M, Maier TJ. 5-lipoxygenase: underappreciated role of a pro-inflammatory enzyme in tumorigenesis. Front Pharmacol 2010; 1:143. [PMID: 21833182 PMCID: PMC3153017 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2010.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes constitute a group of bioactive lipids generated by the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway. An increasing body of evidence supports an acute role for 5-LO products already during the earliest stages of pancreatic, prostate, and colorectal carcinogenesis. Several pieces of experimental data form the basis for this hypothesis and suggest a correlation between 5-LO expression and tumor cell viability. First, several independent studies documented an overexpression of 5-LO in primary tumor cells as well as in established cancer cell lines. Second, addition of 5-LO products to cultured tumor cells also led to increased cell proliferation and activation of anti-apoptotic signaling pathways. 5-LO antisense technology approaches demonstrated impaired tumor cell growth due to reduction of 5-LO expression. Lastly, pharmacological inhibition of 5-LO potently suppressed tumor cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and triggering cell death via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. However, the documented strong cytotoxic off-target effects of 5-LO inhibitors, in combination with the relatively high concentrations of 5-LO products needed to achieve mitogenic effects in cell culture assays, raise concern over the assignment of the cause, and question the relationship between 5-LO products and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany
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72
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Fischer AS, Metzner J, Steinbrink SD, Ulrich S, Angioni C, Geisslinger G, Steinhilber D, Maier TJ. 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors induce potent anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects in human tumour cells independently of suppression of 5-lipoxygenase activity. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 161:936-49. [PMID: 20860670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Certain 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors exhibit anti-carcinogenic activities against 5-LO overexpressing tumour types and cultured tumour cells. It has been proposed therefore that 5-LO products significantly contribute to tumour cell proliferation. To date, the relationship between the inhibitory mechanisms of 5-LO inhibitors, which vary widely, and tumour cell viability has not been evaluated. This study addresses the anti-proliferative and cytotoxic potency of a number of 5-LO inhibitors with different inhibitory mechanisms in 5-LO-positive and 5-LO-negative tumour cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell viability was measured by the WST-1 assay; cell proliferation was assessed using the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay. Cell death was analysed by annexin V staining, Western blot analysis of PARP (poly ADP-ribose polymerase) cleavage and a cytotoxicity assay. 5-LO product formation was quantified by a 5-LO activity assay. KEY RESULTS The common 5-LO inhibitors AA-861, Rev-5901 and MK-886 induced cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects in 5-LO-positive Capan-2 pancreatic cancer cells; BWA4C and CJ-13,610 only caused anti-proliferative effects, while zileuton failed to impair cell viability. Moreover, the concentrations of the 5-LO inhibitors required to induce anti-proliferation and cytotoxicity highly exceeded those for suppression of 5-LO. Supplementation with mitogenic 5-LO products failed to protect Capan-2 cells from the effects of 5-LO inhibitors. Finally, the cytotoxic and anti-proliferative 5-LO inhibitors also potently reduced the viability of 5-LO-deficient tumour cell lines (HeLa, Panc-1 and U937). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Certain 5-LO inhibitors cause cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects independently of suppression of 5-LO activity. Thus, the role of 5-LO overexpression in tumour cell viability remains unclear and requires further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Fischer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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73
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Wada K, Kamisaki Y. Molecular dissection of Porphyromonas gingivalis-related arteriosclerosis: a novel mechanism of vascular disease. Periodontol 2000 2010; 54:222-34. [PMID: 20712642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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74
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Cattaneo F, Guerra G, Ammendola R. Expression and signaling of formyl-peptide receptors in the brain. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:2018-26. [PMID: 21042851 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The human formyl-peptide receptor (FPR) and its variants FPRL1 and FPRL2 belong to the G-protein coupled seven transmembrane receptor (GPCR) family sensitive to pertussis toxin. FPR and FPRL1 were first detected in phagocytic leukocytes, and FPRL2 was found in monocytes and in dendritic cells. The three receptors were subsequently identified in other cell types or tissues, including neuronal cells and brain, where FPR and FPRL1 play a key role in angiogenesis, cell proliferation, protection against and cell death, as well as in neuroendocrine functions. Binding of different agonists to FPRs triggers several signaling pathways, activates NFkB and STAT3 transcriptional factors and induces the accumulation of the CDK inhibitors p21(waf1/cip1), p16(INK4) and p27(kip1). Signaling molecules, such as ERKs, JNK, PKC, p38MAPK, PLC and PLD are involved in these intracellular cascades. In this article we briefly review FPRs expression and signaling in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Cattaneo
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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75
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Chen H, Manev H. Effects of minocycline on cocaine sensitization and phosphorylation of GluR1 receptors in 5-lipoxygenase deficient mice. Neuropharmacology 2010; 60:1058-63. [PMID: 20868701 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In wild-type (WT) mice, the antibiotic minocycline inhibits development of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Some of the actions of minocycline may involve the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway. We used the model of 5-LOX-deficient mice to investigate whether 5-LOX participates in minocycline's influence on the effects of cocaine. Locomotor sensitization was induced by 4 daily cocaine injections and the phosphorylation status of GluR1 glutamate receptors was assayed in brain samples. Minocycline failed to affect cocaine sensitization in 5-LOX-deficient mice. In these mice, neither cocaine nor minocycline 4-day treatment altered GluR1 phosphorylation. In WT mice in which minocycline inhibited development of cocaine sensitization, a 4-day cocaine treatment increased GluR1 phosphorylation at both Ser831 and Ser845 sites in the frontal cortex but not the striatum; further, this effect was prevented by minocycline. Under basal conditions and in response to a single cocaine injection the levels of GluR1, GluR2, and GluR3 AMPA receptor subunits did not differ between WT and 5-LOX-deficient mice, but the response of GluR1 phosphorylation to a single cocaine injection was greater under the 5-LOX deficiency. Hence, in WT mice GluR1 phosphorylation increased only in the frontal cortex and only at the Ser831 site. In 5-LOX-deficient mice, acute cocaine injection increased both Ser831 and Ser845 phosphorylation both in the frontal cortex and in the striatum. We suggest that in studying minocycline's action on cocaine's effects and/or addiction in humans, it would be important to consider the characterization of the subjects' 5-LOX system. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Trends in neuropharmacology: in memory of Erminio Costa'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Chen
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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76
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Chen H, Dzitoyeva S, Manev H. 5-Lipoxygenase in mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells. Neuroscience 2010; 171:383-9. [PMID: 20851170 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the enzymatic pathway of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) influences brain functioning and pathobiology. The mRNAs for both the enzyme 5-LOX and its activating protein FLAP have been found in the cerebellum. In this work, we investigated the cellular expression of 5-LOX in the adult mouse cerebellar cortex. We used the in situ mRNA hybridization assay, immunocytochemistry, laser capture microdissection, and our previously developed method for assaying the DNA methylation status of a putative mouse 5-LOX promoter. Since both 5-LOX mRNA in situ hybridization signal and FLAP immunoreactivity co-localize with calbindin 28 kD immunoreactivity (a Purkinje cell marker) but not with S-100β immunoreactivity (a Bergmann glia marker), the suggestion is that the 5-LOX pathway is expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. We found that methylation in the sites targeted by methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases AciI and HinP1I but not BstUI and HpaII was greater in DNA samples obtained from a high-5-LOX-expressing cerebellar region (Purkinje cells) versus a low-5-LOX-expressing region (the molecular cell layer), suggesting a possible epigenetic contribution to the cell-specific 5-LOX expression in the cerebellum. We propose that Purkinje cell-localized 5-LOX and FLAP expression may be involved in the cerebellar synthesis of leukotrienes and/or could influence the Dicer-mediated microRNA formation and processes of neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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77
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Metabolic oxidation regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation. Nat Chem Biol 2010; 6:411-7. [PMID: 20436487 PMCID: PMC2873061 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites offer an important unexplored complement to understanding the pluripotency of stem cells. Using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, we show that embryonic stem cells are characterized by abundant metabolites with highly unsaturated structures whose levels decrease upon differentiation. By monitoring the reduced and oxidized glutathione ratio as well as ascorbic acid levels, we demonstrate that the stem cell redox status is regulated during differentiation. Based on the oxidative biochemistry of the unsaturated metabolites, we experimentally manipulated specific pathways in embryonic stem cells while monitoring the effects on differentiation. Inhibition of the eicosanoid signaling pathway promoted pluripotency and maintained levels of unsaturated fatty acids. In contrast, downstream oxidized metabolites (e.g., neuroprotectin D1) and substrates of pro-oxidative reactions (e.g., acyl-carnitines), promoted neuronal and cardiac differentiation. We postulate that the highly unsaturated metabolome sustained by stem cells makes them particularly attuned to differentiate in response to in vivo oxidative processes such as inflammation.
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78
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Neuroprotective effect of lipoxin A4 methyl ester in a rat model of permanent focal cerebral ischemia. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 42:226-34. [PMID: 20401639 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotective effect of lipoxin A(4) methyl ester (LXA(4) ME) was tested in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. LXA(4) ME was administrated through intracerebroventricular injection immediately after middle cerebral artery was occluded. Administration of LXA(4) ME ameliorated neurological deficit, reduced infarct volume, attenuated histological damage, and decreased number of apoptotic neuron induced by ischemic insult. These neuroprotective effects of LXA(4) ME were associated with inhibition of neutrophil infiltration, lipid peroxidation, and astrocyte activation. In addition, LXA(4) ME also attenuated proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1beta) production. These data suggest that LXA(4) ME protects neuron against permanent cerebral ischemia by inhibiting inflammatory responses.
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79
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Ye XH, Wu Y, Guo PP, Wang J, Yuan SY, Shang Y, Yao SL. Lipoxin A4 analogue protects brain and reduces inflammation in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Brain Res 2010; 1323:174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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80
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Saiwai H, Ohkawa Y, Yamada H, Kumamaru H, Harada A, Okano H, Yokomizo T, Iwamoto Y, Okada S. The LTB4-BLT1 axis mediates neutrophil infiltration and secondary injury in experimental spinal cord injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:2352-66. [PMID: 20304963 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic injury in the central nervous system induces inflammation; however, the role of this inflammation is controversial. Precise analysis of the inflammatory cells is important to gain a better understanding of the inflammatory machinery in response to neural injury. Here, we demonstrated that leukotriene B4 plays a significant role in mediating leukocyte infiltration after spinal cord injury. Using flow cytometry, we revealed that neutrophil and monocyte/macrophage infiltration peaked 12 hours after injury and was significantly suppressed in leukotriene B4 receptor 1 knockout mice. Similar findings were observed in mice treated with a leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist. Further, by isolating each inflammatory cell subset with a cell sorter, and performing quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, we demonstrated the individual contributions of more highly expressed subsets, ie, interleukins 6 and 1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and FasL, to the inflammatory reaction and neural apoptosis. Inhibition of leukotriene B4 suppressed leukocyte infiltration after injury, thereby attenuating the inflammatory reaction, sparing the white matter, and reducing neural apoptosis, as well as inducing better functional recovery. These findings are the first to demonstrate that leukotriene B4 is involved in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury through the amplification of leukocyte infiltration, and provide a potential therapeutic strategy for traumatic spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Saiwai
- Department of Research Superstar Program Stem Cell Unit, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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81
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Abstract
Eicosanoids, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, are biologically active lipids that have been implicated in various pathological processes, such as inflammation and cancer. This Review highlights our understanding of the intricate roles of eicosanoids in epithelial-derived tumours and their microenvironment. The knowledge of how these lipids orchestrate the complex interactions between transformed epithelial cells and the surrounding stromal cells is crucial for understanding tumour evolution, progression and metastasis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids in cancer progression will help to develop more effective cancer chemopreventive and/or therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhi Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
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82
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5-Lipoxygenase DNA methylation and mRNA content in the brain and heart of young and old mice. Neural Plast 2009; 2009:209596. [PMID: 20052386 PMCID: PMC2801004 DOI: 10.1155/2009/209596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is affected by aging and regulated by epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation. We used methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases (AciI, BstUI, HpaII, and HinP1I) to assess 5-LOX DNA methylation in brain and heart tissue samples from young (2 months) and old (22 months) mice. We also measured mRNA content for 5-LOX and the DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3a. In young mice, the 5-LOX mRNA content was significantly greater in the heart compared to the brain; 5-LOX DNA methylation was lower, except in the AciI assay in which it was higher in the heart. Aging decreased 5-LOX mRNA content in the heart and increased it in the brain. Aging also increased 5-LOX DNA methylation and this effect was site- (i.e., enzyme) and tissue-specific. Generally, DNMT1 and DNMT3a mRNA content was lower in the brain regions compared to the heart; the only effect of aging was observed in the mRNA content of DNMT3a, which was decreased in the heart of old mice. These results indicate a complex tissue-specific and aging-dependent interplay between the DNA methylation system and 5-LOX mRNA content. Interpretation of this data must take into account that the tissue samples contained a mixture of various cell types.
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83
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Hokamura K, Inaba H, Nakano K, Nomura R, Yoshioka H, Taniguchi K, Ooshima T, Wada K, Amano A, Umemura K. Molecular analysis of aortic intimal hyperplasia caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in mice with endothelial damage. J Periodontal Res 2009; 45:337-44. [PMID: 19909399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Porphyromonas gingivalis infection is thought to be a significant etiological factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases. However, scant definitive evidence has been presented concerning the pathological molecular mechanisms of these disorders. In the present study, we performed a molecular analysis of the developmental mechanisms of aortic intimal hyperplasia induced by P. gingivalis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The effects of P. gingivalis-induced bacteremia on intimal hyperplasia were evaluated using a mouse model of aortic hyperplasia created by photochemical-induced endothelial cell injury. Alterations of gene expression profiles in injured blood vessels of the mice were extensively analyzed using DNA microarray assays to identify the key molecules involved in P. gingivalis-induced hyperplasia. In addition, human aneurismal specimens from patients with or without P. gingivalis infection were analyzed histochemically. RESULTS Intravenous administration of P. gingivalis dramatically induced intimal hyperplasia in the mouse model. Concomitantly, S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) and embryonic isoform of myosin heavy chain (SMemb), a proliferative phenotypic marker of smooth muscle cells, were significantly overexpressed on the surfaces of smooth muscle cells present in the injured blood vessels. Similarly, increased expressions of S100A9 and SMemb proteins were observed in aneurismal specimens obtained from P. gingivalis-infected patients. CONCLUSION We found that bacteremia induced by P. gingivalis leads to intimal hyperplasia associated with overexpressions of S100A9 and SMemb. Our results strongly suggest that oral-hematogenous spreading of P. gingivalis is a causative event in the development of aortic hyperplasia in periodontitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hokamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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84
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Imbesi M, Dzitoyeva S, Ng LW, Manev H. 5-Lipoxygenase and epigenetic DNA methylation in aging cultures of cerebellar granule cells. Neuroscience 2009; 164:1531-7. [PMID: 19778587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox), an enzyme involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid participates in the modulation of the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells and cerebellar granule cell (CGC) precursors. Since epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation regulate 5-LOX expression and have been suggested as possible modulators of stem cell differentiation and aging, using primary cultures of mouse CGC (1, 5, 10, 14, 30 days in vitro; DIV), we studied DNA methylation patterns of the 5-LOX promoter and 5-LOX mRNA levels. We also measured the mRNA and protein content of the DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3a. 5-LOX, DNMT1, and DNMT3a mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR. We observed that 5-LOX expression and the expression of maintenance DNMT1 is maximal at 1 DIV (proliferating neuronal precursors), whereas the expression of the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3a mRNA increased in aging cultures. We analyzed the methylation status of the 5-LOX promoter using the methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases AciI, BstUI, HpaII, and HinP1I, which digest unmethylated CpGs while leaving methylated CpGs intact. The 5-LOX DNA methylation increased with the age of the cells. Taken together, our data show that as cultured CGC mature and age in vitro, a decrease in 5-LOX mRNA content is accompanied by an increase in the methylation of the gene DNA. In addition, an increase in DNMT3a but not DNMT1 expression accompanies an increase of 5-LOX methylation during in vitro maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Imbesi
- Department of Psychiatry, The Psychiatric Institute,University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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85
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Sun R, Ba X, Cui L, Xue Y, Zeng X. Leukotriene B4 regulates proliferation and differentiation of cultured rat myoblasts via the BLT1 pathway. Mol Cells 2009; 27:403-8. [PMID: 19390820 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 12/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is a highly orchestrated process initiated by activation of adult muscle satellite cells. Upon muscle injury, the inflammatory process is always accompanied by muscle regeneration. Leukotriene B(4) is one of the essential inflammatory mediators. We isolated and cultured primary satellite cells. RT-PCR showed that myoblasts expressed mRNA for LTB(4) receptors BLT1 and BLT2, and LTB4 promoted myoblast proliferation and fusion. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblotting showed that LTB(4) treatment expedited the expression process of differentiation markers MyoD and M-cadherin. U-75302, a specific BLT1 inhibitor, but not LY2552833, a specific BLT2 inhibitor, blocked proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts induced by LTB(4), which implies the involvement of the BLT1 pathway. Overall, the data suggest that LTB(4) contributes to muscle regeneration by accelerating proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Sun
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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86
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Inaba H, Hokamura K, Nakano K, Nomura R, Katayama K, Nakajima A, Yoshioka H, Taniguchi K, Kamisaki Y, Ooshima T, Umemura K, Murad F, Wada K, Amano A. Upregulation of S100 calcium-binding protein A9 is required for induction of smooth muscle cell proliferation by a periodontal pathogen. FEBS Lett 2008; 583:128-34. [PMID: 19059406 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 11/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of a periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, on human aortic smooth muscle cell (hAOSMC) proliferation as mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Cultured hAOSMCs exposed to the supernatant of plasma incubated with P. gingivalis showed a marked transformation from a contractile to proliferative phenotype, resulting in enhancement of cell growth. DNA microarray analysis revealed a P. gingivalis-dependent upregulation of S100A9 in hAOSMCs. Small interference-RNA for S100A9 dramatically attenuated the effect of P. gingivalis on transformation and proliferation of hAOSMCs. Our data suggested that upregulation of S100A9 mediated by P. gingivalis is an important event in the development of aortic intimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Inaba
- Department of Oral Frontier Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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87
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Li YS, Wu P, Zhou XY, Chen JG, Cai L, Wang F, Xu LM, Zhang XL, Chen Y, Liu SJ, Huang YP, Ye DY. Formyl-peptide receptor like 1: A potent mediator of the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ current ICRAC. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 478:110-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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88
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Host biomarkers and biological pathways that are associated with the expression of experimental cerebral malaria in mice. Infect Immun 2008; 76:4518-29. [PMID: 18644885 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00525-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a primary cause of malaria-associated deaths among young African children. Yet no diagnostic tools are available that could be used to predict which of the children infected with Plasmodium falciparum malaria will progress to CM. We used the Plasmodium berghei ANKA murine model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) and high-density oligonucleotide microarray analyses to identify host molecules that are strongly associated with the clinical symptoms of ECM. Comparative expression analyses were performed with C57BL/6 mice, which have an ECM-susceptible phenotype, and with mice that have ECM-resistant phenotypes: CD8 knockout and perforin knockout mice on the C57BL/6 background and BALB/c mice. These analyses allowed the identification of more than 200 host molecules (a majority of which had not been identified previously) with altered expression patterns in the brain that are strongly associated with the manifestation of ECM. Among these host molecules, brain samples from mice with ECM expressed significantly higher levels of p21, metallothionein, and hemoglobin alpha1 proteins by Western blot analysis than mice unaffected by ECM, suggesting the possible utility of these molecules as prognostic biomarkers of CM in humans. We suggest that the higher expression of hemoglobin alpha1 in the brain may be associated with ECM and could be a source of excess heme, a molecule that is considered to trigger the pathogenesis of CM. Our studies greatly enhance the repertoire of host molecules for use as diagnostics and novel therapeutics in CM.
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89
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Sveinbjörnsson B, Rasmuson A, Baryawno N, Wan M, Pettersen I, Ponthan F, Orrego A, Haeggström JZ, Johnsen JI, Kogner P. Expression of enzymes and receptors of the leukotriene pathway in human neuroblastoma promotes tumor survival and provides a target for therapy. FASEB J 2008; 22:3525-36. [PMID: 18591367 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-103457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of arachidonic acid by the cyclooxygenase (COX) or lipoxygenase (LO) pathways generates eicosanoids that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including cancer. In this study, we examined the expression and significance of components within the 5-LO pathway in human neuroblastoma, an embryonal tumor of the sympathetic nervous system. High expression of 5-LO, 5-LO-activating protein (FLAP), leukotriene A(4) hydrolase, leukotriene C(4) synthase, and leukotriene receptors was detected in a majority of primary neuroblastoma tumors and all cell lines investigated. Expression of 5-LO and FLAP was evident in tumor cells but not in nonmalignant adrenal medulla where neuroblastomas typically arise. Moreover, neuroblastoma cells produce leukotrienes, and stimulation of neuroblastoma cells with leukotrienes increased neuroblastoma cell viability. Inhibitors of 5-LO (AA-861), FLAP (MK-886), or the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast inhibited neuroblastoma cell growth by induction of G(1)-cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Similarly, specific 5-LO and leukotriene receptor silencing by small interfering RNA decreased neuroblastoma cell growth. These findings provide new insights into the pathobiology of neuroblastoma, and the use of leukotriene pathway inhibitors as a novel adjuvant therapy for children with neuroblastoma warrants further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baldur Sveinbjörnsson
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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90
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Poulsen RC, Gotlinger KH, Serhan CN, Kruger MC. Identification of inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediators in bone marrow and their lipidomic profiles with ovariectomy and omega-3 intake. Am J Hematol 2008; 83:437-45. [PMID: 18429055 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Newly described lipoxygenase (LOX)-generated lipid mediators, that is, resolvins and protectins as well as lipoxins, are both anti-inflammatory and proresolving. We aimed to determine whether these lipid mediators are present in bone marrow and whether their lipidomic profiles are altered following ovariectomy or dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ethyl esters. Female rats were ovariectomised or sham-operated. Shams and one ovariectomised group received a diet devoid of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The remaining ovariectomised rats received either 0.5 g EPA or DHA ethyl ester/kg body weight/day for 4 months. Bone marrow was analyzed using both GC to determine fatty acid composition and mediator lipidomics by LC/MS/MS profiling for the presence of LOX-pathway lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid (AA), EPA, and DHA. LOX-derived products including lipoxins, resolvin D1, resolvin E1, and protectin D1 were identified in bone marrow by the presence of diagnostic ions in their corresponding MS-MS spectra. The proportion of AA relative to DHA and of AA-derived relative to DHA-derived mediators in bone marrow was higher in ovariectomised compared to sham-operated rats. DHA or EPA ethyl ester supplementation increased the percentage of DHA and EPA in bone marrow and increased the proportion of LOX mediators biosynthesized from DHA or EPA, respectively. Given the potent bioactivities of the lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins, the presence and changes in profile postovariectomy and with EPA and DHA ethyl ester supplementation may be of interest in bone marrow function and as a potential source of these mediators in vivo.
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91
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92
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Quaye IK. Haptoglobin, inflammation and disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102:735-42. [PMID: 18486167 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Haptoglobin is an acute phase protein that scavenges haemoglobin in the event of intravascular or extravascular haemolysis. The protein exists in humans as three main phenotypes, Hp1-1, Hp2-2 and Hp2-1. Accumulated data on the protein's function has established its strong association with diseases that have inflammatory causes. These include parasitic (malaria), infectious (HIV, tuberculosis) and non-infectious diseases (diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity) among others. Phenotype-dependent poor disease outcomes have been linked with the Hp2-2 phenotype. The present review brings this association into perspective by looking at the functions of the protein and how defects in these functions associated with the Hp2 allele affect disease outcome. A model is provided to explain the mechanism, which appears to be largely immunomodulatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac K Quaye
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu-Accra, Ghana.
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93
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Serhan CN, Chiang N, Van Dyke TE. Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:349-61. [PMID: 18437155 PMCID: PMC2744593 DOI: 10.1038/nri2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2078] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Active resolution of acute inflammation is a previously unrecognized interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Once thought to be a passive process, the resolution of inflammation is now shown to involve active biochemical programmes that enable inflamed tissues to return to homeostasis. This Review presents new cellular and molecular mechanisms for the resolution of inflammation, revealing key roles for eicosanoids, such as lipoxins, and recently discovered families of endogenous chemical mediators, termed resolvins and protectins. These mediators have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution properties, thereby protecting organs from collateral damage, stimulating the clearance of inflammatory debris and promoting mucosal antimicrobial defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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94
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Poulsen RC, Moughan PJ, Kruger MC. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the regulation of bone metabolism. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 232:1275-88. [PMID: 17959840 DOI: 10.3181/0704-mr-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the regulation of bone remodeling is well established. There is increasing evidence that various long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), as well as nonprostanoid LCPUFA metabolites, also have critical roles in regulating bone metabolism and may have therapeutic potential in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Although only the 18-carbon precursors for the n-3 and n-6 LCPUFAs are deemed "dietary essential," the ability of the body to convert these precursor fatty acids into the more highly unsaturated 20- and 22-carbon LCPUFAs decreases with aging, menopause, and various lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking). Increasing dietary LCPUFA intake increases tissue and blood LCPUFA concentrations, as well as the concentrations of their metabolites. Modification of dietary LCPUFA content, particularly increasing the intake of n-3 LCPUFAs, has been shown to minimize the decline in bone mass caused by menopause in women and ovariectomy in animal models. This review summarizes findings from both in vivo and in vitro studies and outlines the effects of LCPUFAs and their metabolites on calcium balance, osteoblastogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and osteoblast and osteoclast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raewyn C Poulsen
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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95
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Serhan CN, Chiang N. Endogenous pro-resolving and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators: a new pharmacologic genus. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153 Suppl 1:S200-15. [PMID: 17965751 PMCID: PMC2268040 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete resolution of an acute inflammatory response and its return to homeostasis are essential for healthy tissues. Here, we overview ongoing efforts to characterize cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern the resolution of self-limited inflammation. Systematic temporal analyses of evolving inflammatory exudates using mediator lipidomics-informatics, proteomics, and cellular trafficking with murine resolving exudates demonstrate novel endogenous pathways of local-acting mediators that share both anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties. In murine systems, resolving-exudate leukocytes switch their phenotype to actively generate new families of mediators from major omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA termed resolvins and protectins. Recent advances on their biosynthesis and actions are reviewed with a focus on the E-series resolvins (RvE1, RvE2), D series resolvins (RvD1, RvD2) and the protectins including neuroprotectin D1/protectin D1 (NPD1/PD1) as well as their aspirin-triggered epimeric forms. Members of each new family demonstrate potent stereo-specific actions, joining the lipoxins as endogenous local signals that govern resolution and endogenous anti-inflammation mechanisms. In addition to their origins and roles in resolution biology in the immune system, recent findings indicate that these new mediator families also display potent protective actions in lung, kidney, and eye as well as enhance microbial clearance. Thus, these endogenous agonists of resolution pathways constitute a novel genus of chemical mediators that possess pro-resolving, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic as well as host-directed antimicrobial actions. These may be useful in the design of new therapeutics and treatments for diseases with the underlying trait of uncontrolled inflammation and redox organ stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Serhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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96
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Abstract
The popular view that all lipid mediators are pro-inflammatory arises largely from the finding that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs block the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. The resolution of inflammation was widely held as a passive event until recently, with the characterization of novel biochemical pathways and lipid-derived mediators that are actively turned on in resolution and that possess potent anti-inflammatory and proresolving actions. A lipid-mediator informatics approach was employed to systematically identify new families of endogenous local-acting mediators from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) in resolving exudates, which also contain lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipoxins generated from arachidonic acid. Given their potent bioactions, these new chemical mediator families were termed resolvins and protectins. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the biosynthesis and stereospecific actions of these new proresolving mediators, which have also proven to be organ protective and antifibrotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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97
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Hasturk H, Kantarci A, Goguet-Surmenian E, Blackwood A, Andry C, Serhan CN, Van Dyke TE. Resolvin E1 regulates inflammation at the cellular and tissue level and restores tissue homeostasis in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:7021-9. [PMID: 17982093 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.7021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Resolvin E1 (RvE1) is a potent proresolving mediator of inflammation derived from omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid that acts locally to stop leukocyte recruitment and promote resolution. RvE1 displays potent counter-regulatory and tissue-protective actions in vitro and in vivo. Periodontal disease is a local inflammatory disease initiated by bacteria characterized by neutrophil-mediated tissue injury followed by development of a chronic immune lesion. In this study, we report the treatment of established periodontitis using RvE1 as a monotherapy in rabbits compared with structurally related lipids PGE(2) and leukotriene B(4). PGE(2) and leukotriene B(4) each enhanced development of periodontitis and worsened the severity of disease. Promotion of resolution of inflammation as a therapeutic target with RvE1 resulted in complete restoration of the local lesion, and reduction in the systemic inflammatory markers C-reactive protein and IL-1beta. This report is the first to show that resolution of inflammation by a naturally occurring endogenous lipid mediator results in complete regeneration of pathologically lost tissues, including bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Hasturk
- Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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98
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Genovese T, Rossi A, Mazzon E, Di Paola R, Muià C, Caminiti R, Bramanti P, Sautebin L, Cuzzocrea S. Effects of zileuton and montelukast in mouse experimental spinal cord injury. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153:568-82. [PMID: 18059327 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) is the key enzyme in leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis from arachidonic acid (AA). Here, we examined the role of the 5-LO-product, cysteinyl-LT (Cys-LT), with a 5-LO inhibitor (zileuton) and a Cys-LT, receptor antagonist (montelukast), in the inflammatory response and tissue injury associated with spinal cord injury (SCI). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH SCI was induced in mice by the application of vascular clips to the dura via a two-level T6 to T7 laminectomy for 1 min. Cord inflammation was assessed histologically and by measuring inflammatory mediators (ELISA) and apoptosis by annexin V, TUNEL, Fas ligand staining and Bax and Bcl-2 expression (immunohistochemistry and western blots). Motor function in hindlimbs was assessed by a locomotor rating scale, for 10 days after cord injury. KEY RESULTS SCI in mice resulted in tissue damage, oedema, neutrophil infiltration, apoptosis, tumour necrosis-alpha (TNF-alpha) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) production, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation in injured tissue. Treatment of the mice with zileuton or montelukast reduced the spinal cord inflammation and tissue injury, neutrophil infiltration, TNF-alpha, COX-2 and pERK1/2 expression, PGE(2) and LTB(4) production, and apoptosis. In separate experiments, zileuton or montelukast significantly improved the recovery of limb function over 10 days. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Zileuton and montelukast produced a substantial reduction of inflammatory events associated with experimental SCI. Our data underline the important role of 5-LO and Cys-LT in neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Genovese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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99
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Abstract
Regenerative medicine aims to restore homeostasis of diseased tissues and organs. With time, engineered replacement tissue constructs will play an increasingly important role in achieving this goal. Equally important, however, will be the ability to resolve disease-associated inflammation and to optimize tissue regenerative capacity by specifically patterning the host tissue microenvironment. The tools of bioengineering are uniquely suited to meet these challenges. Here, the candidate molecular and cellular targets for manipulating the host's inflammatory environment and tissue regenerative capacity are briefly discussed within the context of current and emerging bioengineering strategies. The objective is to draw the attention of basic scientists and engineers to the importance of regulating inflammation in achieving the goals of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya L Lumelsky
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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100
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Li J, Cui Z, Zhao S, Sidman RL. Unique glycerophospholipid signature in retinal stem cells correlates with enzymatic functions of diverse long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2864-73. [PMID: 17690180 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipidomics is an emerging research field that comprehensively characterizes lipid molecular species and their metabolic regulation and biological roles. We performed the first lipidomics study on glycerophospholipids (GPLs) in adult mammalian retinal stem cells (RSCs) and non-RSC control cells. A unique GPL signature identified by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry showed new prominent peaks of 16:0 (sn-1)-18:0 (sn-2) or 16:0-16:0 saturated fatty acids, instead of 18:0-20:4 or 18:0-22:6 polyunsaturated essential fatty acids, at 720 m/z of phosphatidylethanolamine, 764 m/z of phosphatidylserine, and 809 m/z of phosphatidylinositol in RSCs (sphere colony RSCs and enriched RSCs), but not in non-RSCs (retinal cells, ciliary cells, sphere colony-derived retinal cells, and nonretinal cells). To seek whether the GPL signature was associated with long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (LACS), a potential modulator of fatty acid profiles in de novo GPL synthesis, we analyzed gene expression, catabolic activity, substrate selectivity, and inhibitor sensitivity of diverse LACSs. LACSs in RSCs mediated less utilization by GPLs of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (20:4 [n-6], a second messenger in cell signaling), which was accompanied by lower plasma membrane fluidity in proliferating RSCs compared with differentiated non-RSCs. These novel findings suggest that LACS-associated GPL signature and cell membrane fluidity may participate in regulating proliferation versus differentiation in RSCs and, perhaps, other types of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxue Li
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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