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Jiang Y, Yau MK, Kok WM, Lim J, Wu KC, Liu L, Hill TA, Suen JY, Fairlie DP. Biased Signaling by Agonists of Protease Activated Receptor 2. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1217-1226. [PMID: 28169521 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is associated with metabolism, obesity, inflammatory, respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders, pain, cancer, and other diseases. The extracellular N-terminus of PAR2 is a common target for multiple proteases, which cleave it at different sites to generate different N-termini that activate different PAR2-mediated intracellular signaling pathways. There are no synthetic PAR2 ligands that reproduce the same signaling profiles and potencies as proteases. Structure-activity relationships here for 26 compounds spanned a signaling bias over 3 log units, culminating in three small ligands as biased agonist tools for interrogating PAR2 functions. DF253 (2f-LAAAAI-NH2) triggered PAR2-mediated calcium release (EC50 2 μM) but not ERK1/2 phosphorylation (EC50 > 100 μM) in CHO cells transfected with hPAR2. AY77 (Isox-Cha-Chg-NH2) was a more potent calcium-biased agonist (EC50 40 nM, Ca2+; EC50 2 μM, ERK1/2), while its analogue AY254 (Isox-Cha-Chg-A-R-NH2) was an ERK-biased agonist (EC50 2 nM, ERK1/2; EC50 80 nM, Ca2+). Signaling bias led to different functional responses in human colorectal carcinoma cells (HT29). AY254, but not AY77 or DF253, attenuated cytokine-induced caspase 3/8 activation, promoted scratch-wound healing, and induced IL-8 secretion, all via PAR2-ERK1/2 signaling. Different ligand components were responsible for different PAR2 signaling and functions, clues that can potentially lead to drugs that modulate different pathway-selective cellular and physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mei-Kwan Yau
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - W. Mei Kok
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kai-Chen Wu
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy A. Hill
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jacky Y. Suen
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Kurahashi K, Inoue S, Yoshida S, Ikeda Y, Morimoto K, Uemoto R, Ishikawa K, Kondo T, Yuasa T, Endo I, Miyake M, Oyadomari S, Matsumoto T, Abe M, Sakaue H, Aihara KI. The Role of Heparin Cofactor Ⅱ in the Regulation of Insulin Sensitivity and Maintenance of Glucose Homeostasis in Humans and Mice. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 24:1215-1230. [PMID: 28502917 PMCID: PMC5742367 DOI: 10.5551/jat.37739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Accelerated thrombin action is associated with insulin resistance. It is known that upon activation by binding to dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, heparin cofactor II (HCII) inactivates thrombin in tissues. Because HCII may be involved in glucose metabolism, we investigated the relationship between plasma HCII activity and insulin resistance. Methods and Results: In a clinical study, statistical analysis was performed to examine the relationships between plasma HCII activity, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in elderly Japanese individuals with lifestyle-related diseases. Multiple regression analysis showed significant inverse relationships between plasma HCII activity and HbA1c (p = 0.014), FPG (p = 0.007), and HOMA-IR (p = 0.041) in elderly Japanese subjects. In an animal study, HCII+/+ mice and HCII+/− mice were fed with a normal diet or high-fat diet (HFD) until 25 weeks of age. HFD-fed HCII+/− mice exhibited larger adipocyte size, higher FPG level, hyperinsulinemia, compared to HFD-fed HCII+/+ mice. In addition, HFD-fed HCII+/− mice exhibited augmented expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor, and impaired phosphorylation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt and AMP-activated protein kinase in adipose tissue compared to HFD-fed HCII+/+ mice. The expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase was also enhanced in the hepatic tissues of HFD-fed HCII+/− mice. Conclusions: The present studies provide evidence to support the idea that HCII plays an important role in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis by regulating insulin sensitivity in both humans and mice. Stimulators of HCII production may serve as novel therapeutic tools for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoe Kurahashi
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Seika Inoue
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Sumiko Yoshida
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Yasumasa Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Kana Morimoto
- Department of Community Medicine for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Ryoko Uemoto
- Department of Community Medicine for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Kazue Ishikawa
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tomoyuki Yuasa
- Department of Community Medicine for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Itsuro Endo
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Masato Miyake
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Genome Research, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Seiichi Oyadomari
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Genome Research, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Toshio Matsumoto
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Masahiro Abe
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Hiroshi Sakaue
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Ken-Ichi Aihara
- Department of Community Medicine for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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53
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Suen J, Adams M, Lim J, Madala P, Xu W, Cotterell A, He Y, Yau M, Hooper J, Fairlie D. Mapping transmembrane residues of proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR 2 ) that influence ligand-modulated calcium signaling. Pharmacol Res 2017; 117:328-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Indrakusuma I, Romacho T, Eckel J. Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Promotes Pro-Atherogenic Effects through Transactivation of the VEGF Receptor 2 in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 7:497. [PMID: 28101054 PMCID: PMC5209375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity is associated with impaired vascular function. In the cardiovascular system, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) exerts multiple functions such as the control of the vascular tone. In pathological conditions, PAR2 is related to vascular inflammation. However, little is known about the impact of obesity on PAR2 in the vasculature. Therefore, we explored the role of PAR2 as a potential link between obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were fed with either a chow or a 60% high fat diet for 24 weeks prior to isolation of aortas. Furthermore, human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) and human coronary smooth muscle cells (HCSMC) were treated with conditioned medium obtained from in vitro differentiated primary human adipocytes. To investigate receptor interaction vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) was blocked by exposure to calcium dobesilate and a VEGFR2 neutralization antibody, before treatment with PAR2 activating peptide. Student's t-test or one-way were used to determine statistical significance. Results: Both, high fat diet and exposure to conditioned medium increased PAR2 expression in aortas and human vascular cells, respectively. In HCSMC, conditioned medium elicited proliferation as well as cyclooxygenase 2 induction, which was suppressed by the PAR2 antagonist GB83. Specific activation of PAR2 by the PAR2 activating peptide induced proliferation and cyclooxygenase 2 expression which were abolished by blocking the VEGFR2. Additionally, treatment of HCSMC with the PAR2 activating peptide triggered VEGFR2 phosphorylation. Conclusion: Under obesogenic conditions, where circulating levels of pro-inflammatory adipokines are elevated, PAR2 arises as an important player linking obesity-related adipose tissue inflammation to atherogenesis. We show for the first time that the underlying mechanisms of these pro-atherogenic effects involve a potential transactivation of the VEGFR2 by PAR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Indrakusuma
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tania Romacho
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eckel
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes CenterDüsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.)Düsseldorf, Germany
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55
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Yau MK, Liu L, Suen JY, Lim J, Lohman RJ, Jiang Y, Cotterell AJ, Barry GD, Mak JYW, Vesey DA, Reid RC, Fairlie DP. PAR2 Modulators Derived from GB88. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:1179-1184. [PMID: 27994760 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PAR2 antagonists have potential for treating inflammatory, respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological, and metabolic disorders, but few antagonists are known. Derivatives of GB88 (3) suggest that all four of its components bind at distinct PAR2 sites with the isoxazole, cyclohexylalanine, and isoleucine determining affinity and selectivity, while the C-terminal substituent determines agonist/antagonist function. Here we report structurally similar PAR2 ligands with opposing functions (agonist vs antagonist) upon binding to PAR2. A biased ligand AY117 (65) was found to antagonize calcium release induced by PAR2 agonists trypsin and hexapeptide 2f-LIGRLO-NH2 (IC50 2.2 and 0.7 μM, HT29 cells), but it was a selective PAR2 agonist in inhibiting cAMP stimulation and activating ERK1/2 phosphorylation. It showed anti-inflammatory properties both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kwan Yau
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jacky Y. Suen
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Rink-Jan Lohman
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yuhong Jiang
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Adam J. Cotterell
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Grant D. Barry
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y. W. Mak
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David A. Vesey
- Centre
for Kidney Research, Department of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Robert C. Reid
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division
of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Disease
Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging,
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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56
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Yau MK, Lim J, Liu L, Fairlie DP. Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) modulators: a patent review (2010-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:471-83. [PMID: 26936077 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1154540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a self-activated G protein-coupled receptor that has been implicated in several diseases, including inflammatory, gastrointestinal, respiratory, metabolic diseases, cancers and others, making it an important prospective drug target. No known endogenous ligands are available for PAR2, so having potent exogenous agonists and antagonists can be helpful for studying physiological functions of PAR2. AREAS COVERED This review covers agonist-, antagonist-, antibody- and pepducin-based modulators of PAR2 reported in patent applications between 2010-2015, along with their available structure-activity relationships, biological activities and potential uses for studying PAR2. EXPERT OPINION In the last six years, substantial efforts were made towards developing PAR2 modulators, but most lack potency or selectivity or have poor pharmacokinetic profiles. Many PAR2 modulators were assessed by measuring Gαq protein-mediated calcium release in cells. This may be insufficient to fully characterize ligand function, since different ligands signal through PAR2 via multiple signaling pathways. It may be feasible to develop biased ligands as drugs that can selectively modulate one or more specific signaling pathways linking PAR2 to a specific diseased state. Accordingly, potent, orally bioavailable, pathway- and receptor-selective PAR2 modulators may be an achievable goal to realizing effective drugs that can treat PAR2-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kwan Yau
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
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57
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Maruyama K, McGuire JJ, Shinozuka K, Kagota S. [Role/function of protease-activated receptor 2 on vascular endothelium in metabolic syndrome]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 147:135-138. [PMID: 26960771 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.147.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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58
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Morla L, Edwards A, Crambert G. New insights into sodium transport regulation in the distal nephron: Role of G-protein coupled receptors. World J Biol Chem 2016; 7:44-63. [PMID: 26981195 PMCID: PMC4768124 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The renal handling of Na+ balance is a major determinant of the blood pressure (BP) level. The inability of the kidney to excrete the daily load of Na+ represents the primary cause of chronic hypertension. Among the different segments that constitute the nephron, those present in the distal part (i.e., the cortical thick ascending limb, the distal convoluted tubule, the connecting and collecting tubules) play a central role in the fine-tuning of renal Na+ excretion and are the target of many different regulatory processes that modulate Na+ retention more or less efficiently. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are crucially involved in this regulation and could represent efficient pharmacological targets to control BP levels. In this review, we describe both classical and novel GPCR-dependent regulatory systems that have been shown to modulate renal Na+ absorption in the distal nephron. In addition to the multiplicity of the GPCR that regulate Na+ excretion, this review also highlights the complexity of these different pathways, and the connections between them.
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Characterization and Functions of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in Obesity, Diabetes, and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3130496. [PMID: 27006943 PMCID: PMC4781943 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3130496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a cell surface receptor activated by serine proteinases or specific synthetic compounds. Interest in PAR2 as a pharmaceutical target for various diseases is increasing. Here we asked two questions relevant to endothelial dysfunction and diabetes: How is PAR2 function affected in blood vessels? What role does PAR2 have in promoting obesity, diabetes, and/or metabolic syndrome, specifically via the endothelium and adipose tissues? We conducted a systematic review of the published literature in PubMed and Scopus (July 2015; search terms: par2, par-2, f2lr1, adipose, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome). Seven studies focused on PAR2 and vascular function. The obesity, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome animal models differed amongst studies, but each reported that PAR2-mediated vasodilator actions were preserved in the face of endothelial dysfunction. The remaining studies focused on nonvascular functions and provided evidence supporting the concept that PAR2 activation promoted obesity. Key studies showed that PAR2 activation regulated cellular metabolism, and PAR2 antagonists inhibited adipose gain and metabolic dysfunction in rats. We conclude that PAR2 antagonists for treatment of obesity indeed show early promise as a therapeutic strategy; however, endothelial-specific PAR2 functions, which may offset mechanisms that produce vascular dysfunction in diabetes, warrant additional study.
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60
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Maruyama K, Kagota S, McGuire JJ, Wakuda H, Yoshikawa N, Nakamura K, Shinozuka K. Enhanced Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation via Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Is Involved in the Preserved Vasodilation in Aortas from Metabolic Syndrome Rats. J Vasc Res 2016; 52:232-43. [DOI: 10.1159/000442415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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61
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Yau MK, Suen JY, Xu W, Lim J, Liu L, Adams MN, He Y, Hooper JD, Reid RC, Fairlie DP. Potent Small Agonists of Protease Activated Receptor 2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:105-10. [PMID: 26819675 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many proteases cut the PAR2 N-terminus resulting in conformational changes that activate cells. Synthetic peptides corresponding to newly exposed N-terminal sequences of PAR2 also activate the receptor at micromolar concentrations. PAR2-selective small molecules reported here induce PAR2-mediated intracellular calcium signaling at nanomolar concentrations (EC50 = 15-100 nM, iCa(2+), CHO-hPAR2 cells). These are the most potent and efficient small molecule ligands to activate PAR2-mediated calcium release and chemotaxis, including for human breast and prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kwan Yau
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Jacky Y. Suen
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Mark N. Adams
- Translational
Research Institute, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Yaowu He
- Translational
Research Institute, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - John D. Hooper
- Translational
Research Institute, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Robert C. Reid
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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Abstract
Low-grade inflammation in the obese AT (AT) and the liver is a critical player in the development of obesity-related metabolic dysregulation, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Myeloid as well as lymphoid cells infiltrate the AT and the liver and expand within these metabolic organs as a result of excessive nutrient intake, thereby exacerbating tissue inflammation. Macrophages are the paramount cell population in the field of metabolism-related inflammation; as obesity progresses, a switch takes place within the AT environment from an M2-alternatively activated macrophage state to an M1-inflammatory macrophage-dominated milieu. M1-polarized macrophages secrete inflammatory cytokines like TNF in the obese AT; such cytokines contribute to insulin resistance in adipocytes. Besides macrophages, also CD8+ T cells promote inflammation in the AT and the liver and thereby the deterioration of the metabolic balance in adipocytes and hepatocytes. Other cells of the innate immunity, such as neutrophils or mast cells, interfere with metabolic homeostasis as well. On the other hand, eosinophils or T-regulatory cells, the number of which in the AT decreases in the course of obesity, function to maintain metabolic balance by ameliorating inflammatory processes. In addition, eosinophils and M2-polarized macrophages may contribute to "beige" adipogenesis under lean conditions; beige adipocytes are located predominantly in the subcutaneous AT and have thermogenic and optimal energy-dispensing properties like brown adipocytes. This chapter will summarize the different aspects of the regulation of homeostasis of metabolic tissues by immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research, Dresden, Germany
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Yamaguchi R, Yamamoto T, Sakamoto A, Ishimaru Y, Narahara S, Sugiuchi H, Yamaguchi Y. Chemokine profiles of human visceral adipocytes from cryopreserved preadipocytes: Neutrophil activation and induction of nuclear factor-kappa B repressing factor. Life Sci 2015; 143:225-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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64
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Ungefroren H, Gieseler F, Fliedner S, Lehnert H. Obesity and cancer. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 21:5-15. [PMID: 25719336 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity in the Western world has increased dramatically during the recent decades. Epidemiological data suggest that obesity is associated with an increased risk of several but not all types of cancers, with clear sex-specific differences. The underlying mechanisms are still a matter of debate. In this review, we discuss the potential factors linking obesity to cancer, with a focus on hormone-dependent cancer types. Current experimental evidence suggests that insulin resistance and a chronic, subclinical inflammation in the visceral fat are the major metabolic events, causing alterations in the levels of insulin, glucose, free fatty acids, insulin-like growth factor-1 and -2, adipose tissue-derived proinflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1, -6, -12, and -23), and other bioactive molecules such as adipokines (adiponectin and leptin), vascular endothelial growth factor, sex hormones, gut microbiota, and secondary bile acids. All these factors may act directly or indirectly on the tumor microenvironment to drive tumor progression via the stimulation of cell survival/antiapoptosis, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion/metastasis of cancer cells. Therapeutic strategies (including bariatric surgery) that target dysfunctional or inflamed fat have been shown to benefit patients, whereas other cell- or hormone-directed interventions (such as the conversion of visceral fat macrophages to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype or the pharmacological modulation of serum adipokine levels) are still theoretical and need to be clinically evaluated for their ability to successfully treat or prevent obesity-related cancers.
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65
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Edén D, Siegbahn A, Mokhtari D. Tissue factor/factor VIIa signalling promotes cytokine-induced beta cell death and impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from human pancreatic islets. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2563-72. [PMID: 26271343 PMCID: PMC4589554 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Patients diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes have elevated levels of coagulation factor VIIa (FVIIa) and its receptor tissue factor (TF) in their bloodstream. This may affect the fate of the beta cells. We aimed to study the effects of TF/FVIIa signalling on cytokine-induced beta cell death and islet function in vitro. METHODS Human pancreatic islets and MIN-6 beta cells were used to study TF mRNA and protein expression using real-time PCR, immunoblotting and flow cytometry. The effects of TF/FVIIa on cytokine-induced beta cell death were studied in MIN-6 cells and human pancreatic islets using cell-death ELISA and propidium iodide and cleaved caspase-3 staining. Effects of TF/FVIIa on the phosphorylation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were investigated by immunoblotting. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from human islets was measured with an insulin ELISA. RESULTS A combination of the cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ induced TF expression in human pancreatic islets and in beta cells. TF/FVIIa did not affect basal beta cell death but, independently of downstream coagulation activity, augmented beta cell death in response to cytokines. The effect of TF/FVIIa on cytokine-induced beta cell death was found to be dependent on the stress kinase JNK, since FVIIa addition potentiated cytokine-induced JNK activation and JNK inhibition abolished the effect of TF/FVIIa on cytokine-induced beta cell death. Moreover, TF/FVIIa signalling resulted in inhibition of GSIS from human pancreatic islets. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results indicate that TF/FVIIa signalling has a negative effect on beta cell function and promotes beta cell death in response to cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée Edén
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Entr. 61 3rd floor, S-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agneta Siegbahn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Entr. 61 3rd floor, S-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dariush Mokhtari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Entr. 61 3rd floor, S-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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66
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Brown L, Poudyal H, Panchal SK. Functional foods as potential therapeutic options for metabolic syndrome. Obes Rev 2015; 16:914-41. [PMID: 26345360 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity as part of metabolic syndrome is a major lifestyle disorder throughout the world. Current drug treatments for obesity produce small and usually unsustainable decreases in body weight with the risk of major adverse effects. Surgery has been the only treatment producing successful long-term weight loss. As a different but complementary approach, lifestyle modification including the use of functional foods could produce a reliable decrease in obesity with decreased comorbidities. Functional foods may include fruits such as berries, vegetables, fibre-enriched grains and beverages such as tea and coffee. Although health improvements continue to be reported for these functional foods in rodent studies, further evidence showing the translation of these results into humans is required. Thus, the concept that these fruits and vegetables will act as functional foods in humans to reduce obesity and thereby improve health remains intuitive and possible rather than proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brown
- Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia.,School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - H Poudyal
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, The Hakubi Centre for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - S K Panchal
- Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
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67
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Xu W, Lim J, Goh CY, Suen JY, Jiang Y, Yau MK, Wu KC, Liu L, Fairlie DP. Repurposing Registered Drugs as Antagonists for Protease-Activated Receptor 2. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:2079-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Xu
- Division
of Chemistry and
Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Division
of Chemistry and
Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Chai-Yeen Goh
- Division
of Chemistry and
Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jacky Y. Suen
- Division
of Chemistry and
Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yuhong Jiang
- Division
of Chemistry and
Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mei-Kwan Yau
- Division
of Chemistry and
Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kai-Chen Wu
- Division
of Chemistry and
Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division
of Chemistry and
Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division
of Chemistry and
Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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68
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LI MENGMENG, YANG XIAOMING, ZHANG YADONG, CHEN LIANG, LU HANYU, LI XIAOBO, YIN LIANHUA, ZHI XIULING. Activation of protease-activated receptor-2 is associated with increased expression of inflammatory factors in the adipose tissues of obese mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6227-34. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Abstract
Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a glycoprotein of 110 kDa, which is ubiquitously expressed on the surface of a variety of cells. This exopeptidase selectively cleaves N-terminal dipeptides from a variety of substrates, including cytokines, growth factors, neuropeptides, and the incretin hormones. Expression of DPP4 is substantially dysregulated in a variety of disease states including inflammation, cancer, obesity, and diabetes. Since the incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are major regulators of post-prandial insulin secretion, inhibition of DPP4 by the gliptin family of drugs has gained considerable interest for the therapy of type 2 diabetic patients. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the DPP4–incretin axis and evaluate most recent findings on DPP4 inhibitors. Furthermore, DPP4 as a type II transmembrane protein is also known to be cleaved from the cell membrane involving different metalloproteases in a cell-type-specific manner. Circulating, soluble DPP4 has been identified as a new adipokine, which exerts both para- and endocrine effects. Recently, a novel receptor for soluble DPP4 has been identified, and data are accumulating that the adipokine-related effects of DPP4 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Importantly, circulating DPP4 is augmented in obese and type 2 diabetic subjects, and it may represent a molecular link between obesity and vascular dysfunction. A critical evaluation of the impact of circulating DPP4 is presented, and the potential role of DPP4 inhibition at this level is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Röhrborn
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Nina Wronkowitz
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Juergen Eckel
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center , Düsseldorf , Germany
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70
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Iyer A, Brown L, Whitehead JP, Prins JB, Fairlie DP. Nutrient and immune sensing are obligate pathways in metabolism, immunity, and disease. FASEB J 2015; 29:3612-25. [PMID: 26065858 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The growth and survival of multicellular organisms depend upon their abilities to acquire and metabolize nutrients, efficiently store and harness energy, and sense and fight infection. Systems for sensing and using nutrients have consequently coevolved alongside systems for sensing and responding to danger signals, including pathogens, and share many of the same cell signaling proteins and networks. Diets rich in carbohydrates and fats can overload these systems, leading to obesity, metabolic dysfunction, impaired immunity, and cardiovascular disease. Excessive nutrient intake promotes adiposity, typically altering adipocyte function and immune cell distribution, both of which trigger metabolic dysfunction. Here, we discuss novel mechanistic links between metabolism and immunity that underlie metabolic dysfunction in obesity. We aim to stimulate debate about how the endocrine and immune systems are connected through autocrine, paracrine, and neuroendocrine signaling in sophisticated networks that are only now beginning to be resolved. Understanding the expression and action of signaling proteins, together with modulating their receptors or pattern recognition using agonists or antagonists, will enable rational intervention in immunometabolism that may lead to novel treatments for obesity and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Iyer
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lindsay Brown
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Whitehead
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johannes B Prins
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
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Shih DM, Yu JM, Vergnes L, Dali-Youcef N, Champion MD, Devarajan A, Zhang P, Castellani LW, Brindley DN, Jamey C, Auwerx J, Reddy ST, Ford DA, Reue K, Lusis AJ. PON3 knockout mice are susceptible to obesity, gallstone formation, and atherosclerosis. FASEB J 2015; 29:1185-97. [PMID: 25477283 PMCID: PMC4396607 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-260570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the engineering and characterization of paraoxonase-3 knockout mice (Pon3KO). The mice were generally healthy but exhibited quantitative alterations in bile acid metabolism and a 37% increased body weight compared to the wild-type mice on a high fat diet. PON3 was enriched in the mitochondria-associated membrane fraction of hepatocytes. PON3 deficiency resulted in impaired mitochondrial respiration, increased mitochondrial superoxide levels, and increased hepatic expression of inflammatory genes. PON3 deficiency did not influence atherosclerosis development on an apolipoprotein E null hyperlipidemic background, but it did lead to a significant 60% increase in atherosclerotic lesion size in Pon3KO mice on the C57BL/6J background when fed a cholate-cholesterol diet. On the diet, the Pon3KO had significantly increased plasma intermediate-density lipoprotein/LDL cholesterol and bile acid levels. They also exhibited significantly elevated levels of hepatotoxicity markers in circulation, a 58% increase in gallstone weight, a 40% increase in hepatic cholesterol level, and increased mortality. Furthermore, Pon3KO mice exhibited decreased hepatic bile acid synthesis and decreased bile acid levels in the small intestine compared with wild-type mice. Our study suggests a role for PON3 in the metabolism of lipid and bile acid as well as protection against atherosclerosis, gallstone disease, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Shih
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Janet M Yu
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nassim Dali-Youcef
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew D Champion
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Asokan Devarajan
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peixiang Zhang
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lawrence W Castellani
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David N Brindley
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carole Jamey
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Srinivasa T Reddy
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David A Ford
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karen Reue
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
The incidence of obesity in the western world has increased dramatically during recent decades. Epidemiological data suggest that obesity is associated with an increased risk of several but not all types of cancers, with clear sex-specific differences. The underlying mechanisms are still a matter of debate. This review focuses on the potential factors linking obesity to cancer. Current experimental evidence suggests that insulin resistance and a chronic, subclinical inflammation in the visceral fat are the major metabolic events causing alterations in the levels of insulin, glucose, free fatty acids, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and 2, adipose tissue-derived proinflammatory cytokines and other bioactive molecules, such as adipokines (e.g. leptin and adiponectin), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), sex hormones, gut microbiota and secondary bile acids. All these factors may act directly or indirectly on the tumor microenvironment to drive tumor progression via stimulation of cell survival/antiapoptosis, cell proliferation, angiogenesis and invasion/metastasis of the cancer cells. Therapeutic strategies that target dysfunctional or inflamed fat and have been shown to benefit patients include bariatric surgery, while other cell or hormone-directed interventions, such as conversion of visceral fat macrophages to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype or the pharmacological modulation of serum adipokine levels are still theoretical and need to be clinically evaluated for their ability to successfully treat or prevent obesity-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ungefroren
- Abteilung Hämatologie/Onkologie, Medizinische Klinik I -ZK,UKSH Campus Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Deutschland,
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73
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Mahajan R, Lau DH, Sanders P. Impact of obesity on cardiac metabolism, fibrosis, and function. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2015; 25:119-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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74
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Ruf W, Samad F. Tissue factor pathways linking obesity and inflammation. Hamostaseologie 2015; 35:279-83. [PMID: 25623940 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-11-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major cause for a spectrum of metabolic syndrome-related diseases that include insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and steatosis of the liver. Inflammation elicited by macrophages and other immune cells contributes to the metabolic abnormalities in obesity. In addition, coagulation activation following tissue factor (TF) upregulation in adipose tissue is frequently found in obese patients and particularly associated with diabetic complications. Genetic and pharmacological evidence indicates that TF makes significant contributions to the development of the metabolic syndrome by signaling through G protein-coupled protease activated receptors (PARs). Adipocyte TF-PAR2 signaling contributes to diet-induced obesity by decreasing metabolism and energy expenditure, whereas hematopoietic TF-PAR2 signaling is a major cause for adipose tissue inflammation, hepatic steatosis and inflammation, as well as insulin resistance. In the liver of mice on a high fat diet, PAR2 signaling increases transcripts of key regulators of gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis and inflammatory cytokines. Increased markers of hepatic gluconeogenesis correlate with decreased activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a known regulator of these pathways and a target for PAR2 signaling. Clinical markers of a TF-induced prothrombotic state may thus indicate a risk in obese patient for developing complications of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ruf
- Wolfram Ruf, M.D., Professor, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, Mail stop: SP258, Tel. 858/784-2748, Fax -8480, E-mail: ,
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75
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Kagota S, Maruyama K, Wakuda H, McGuire JJ, Yoshikawa N, Nakamura K, Shinozuka K. Disturbance of vasodilation via protease-activated receptor 2 in SHRSP.Z-Leprfa/IzmDmcr rats with metabolic syndrome. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 63:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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76
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Spinas E, Saggini A, Kritas S, Cerulli G, Caraffa A, Antinolfi P, Pantalone A, Frydas A, Tei M, Speziali A, Saggini R, Conti P. Obesity, Inflammation and Neurological Alterations. EUR J INFLAMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1401200302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, neurodegeneration, imbalance of neurotransmitter systems, oxidative stress and depression are all risk factors for obesity. There is evidence regarding the cross-talk between adipose tissue and the immune system and obese patients may show an alteration of immune functions with major depression, including immune suppression with reduced T-cell and macrophage activity. Obesity is mediated by inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages and mast cells which release pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Obesity-induced leukocyte infiltrations in adipose tissue cause cytokine/chemokine release and inflammation. Here, we report the relationship between obesity, neurological alterations and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Spinas
- Department of Surgery and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - A. Saggini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - S.K. Kritas
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - G. Cerulli
- Nicola's Foundation, Onlus, Arezzo, Italy
| | - A. Caraffa
- Orthopedic Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - P. Antinolfi
- Orthopedic Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A. Pantalone
- Orthopedic Division, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - A. Frydas
- Aristotelian University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M. Tei
- Nicola's Foundation, Onlus, Arezzo, Italy
| | | | - R. Saggini
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - P. Conti
- Immunology Division, Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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77
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Suen JY, Cotterell A, Lohman RJ, Lim J, Han A, Yau MK, Liu L, Cooper MA, Vesey DA, Fairlie DP. Pathway-selective antagonism of proteinase activated receptor 2. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4112-24. [PMID: 24821440 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a GPCR associated with inflammation, metabolism and disease. Clues to understanding how to block PAR2 signalling associated with disease without inhibiting PAR2 activation in normal physiology could be provided by studies of biased signalling. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH PAR2 ligand GB88 was profiled for PAR2 agonist and antagonist properties by several functional assays associated with intracellular G-protein-coupled signalling in vitro in three cell types and with PAR2-induced rat paw oedema in vivo. KEY RESULTS In HT29 cells, GB88 was a PAR2 antagonist in terms of Ca(2+) mobilization and PKC phosphorylation, but a PAR2 agonist in attenuating forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation, increasing ERK1/2 phosphorylation, RhoA activation, myosin phosphatase phosphorylation and actin filament rearrangement. In CHO-hPAR2 cells, GB88 inhibited Ca(2+) release, but activated G(i/o) and increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In human kidney tubule cells, GB88 inhibited cytokine secretion (IL6, IL8, GM-CSF, TNF-α) mediated by PAR2. A rat paw oedema induced by PAR2 agonists was also inhibited by orally administered GB88 and compared with effects of locally administered inhibitors of G-protein coupled pathways. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS GB88 is a biased antagonist of PAR2 that selectively inhibits PAR2/G(q/11)/Ca(2+)/PKC signalling, leading to anti-inflammatory activity in vivo, while being an agonist in activating three other PAR2-activated pathways (cAMP, ERK, Rho) in human cells. These findings highlight opportunities to design drugs to block specific PAR2-linked signalling pathways in disease, without blocking beneficial PAR2 signalling in normal physiology, and to dissect PAR2-associated mechanisms of disease in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Suen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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78
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Role of protease-activated receptors for the innate immune response of the heart. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2014; 24:249-55. [PMID: 25066486 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of G-protein-coupled receptors with a unique activation mechanism via cleavage by the serine proteases of the coagulation cascade, immune cell-released proteases, and proteases from pathogens. Pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria, cause myocarditis and heart failure and PAR1 was shown to positively regulate the anti-viral innate immune response via interferon β during virus-induced myocarditis. In contrast, PAR2 negatively regulated the innate immune response and inhibited the interferon β expression. Thus, PARs play a central role for the innate immune response in the heart.
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79
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Evaluation on potential contributions of protease activated receptors related mediators in allergic inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:829068. [PMID: 24876677 PMCID: PMC4021743 DOI: 10.1155/2014/829068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) have been recognized as a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be cleaved by certain serine proteases. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the role of PARs in allergic inflammation, the fundamental pathologic changes of allergy, but the potential roles of PARs in allergy remain obscure. Since many of these proteases are produced and actively involved in the pathologic process of inflammation including exudation of plasma components, inflammatory cell infiltration, and tissue damage and repair, PARs appear to make important contribution to allergy. The aim of the present review is to summarize the expression of PARs in inflammatory and structural cells, the influence of agonists or antagonists of PARs on cell behavior, and the involvement of PARs in allergic disorders, which will help us to better understand the roles of serine proteases and PARs in allergy.
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80
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Janecka IP. Sensing risk, fearing uncertainty: systems science approach to change. Front Comput Neurosci 2014; 8:30. [PMID: 24744723 PMCID: PMC3978314 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2014.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Medicine devotes its primary focus to understanding change, from cells to network relationships; observations of non-linearity are inescapable. Recent events provide extraordinary examples of major non-linear surprises within the societal system: human genome-from anticipated 100,000+ genes to only 20,000+; junk DNA-initially ignored but now proven to control genetic processes; economic reversals-bursting of bubbles in technology, housing, finance; foreign wars; relentless rise in obesity, neurodegenerative diseases. There are two attributes of systems science that are especially relevant to this research: One—it offers a method for creating a structural context with a guiding path to pragmatic knowledge; and, two—it gives pre-eminence to sensory input capable to register, evaluate, and react to change. Materials/Methods: Public domain records of change, during the last 50 years, have been studied in the context of systems science, the dynamic systems model, and various cycles. Results/Conclusions:Change is dynamic, ever-present, never isolated, and of variable impact; it reflects innumerable relationships among contextual systems; change can be perceived as risk or uncertainty depending upon how the assessment is made; risk is quantifiable by sensory input and generates a degree of rational optimism; uncertainty is not quantifiable and evokes fear; trust is key to sharing risk; the measurable financial credit can be a proxy for societal trust; expanding credit dilutes trust; when a credit bubble bursts, so will trust; absence of trust paralyzes systems' relationships leading to disorganized complexity which prevents value creation and heightens the probability of random events; disappearance of value, accompanied by chaos, threatens all systems. From personal health to economic sustainability and collective rationality, most examined components of the societal system were found not to be optimized and trust was not in evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo P Janecka
- Foundation for Systems Research and Education New York, NY, USA
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81
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Ji P, Drackley JK, Khan MJ, Loor JJ. Inflammation- and lipid metabolism-related gene network expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose depots of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3441-8. [PMID: 24704230 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of energy overfeeding on gene expression in mesenteric (MAT), omental (OAT), and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue (AT) from nonpregnant and nonlactating Holstein cows. Eighteen cows were randomly assigned to either a controlled energy [LE, net energy for lactation (NE(L)) = 1.35 Mcal/kg of dry matter (DM)] or moderate energy-overfed group (HE, NE(L) = 1.62 Mcal/kg of DM) for 8 wk. Cows were then euthanized and subsamples of MAT, OAT, and SAT were harvested for transcript profiling via quantitative PCR of 34 genes involved in lipogenesis, triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, lactate signaling, hepatokine signaling, lipolysis, transcription regulation, and inflammation. The interaction of dietary energy and adipose depot was not significant for any gene analyzed except LPL, which indicated a consistent response to diet. Expression of ACACA and FASN was greater in SAT than MAT, whereas expression of SCD and ADFP were greatest in SAT, intermediate in OAT, and lowest in MAT. However, the 2 visceral depots had greater expression of THRSP, ACLY, LPL, FABP4, GPAM, and LPIN1 compared with SAT. The transcription factor SREBF1 was more highly expressed in MAT and SAT than in OAT. The expression of PNPLA2 was greater in visceral AT sites than in SAT, but other lipolysis-related genes were not differentially expressed among AT depots. Visceral AT depots had greater expression of LEP, ADIPOQ, and SAA3 compared with SAT. Moreover, MAT had greater expression than SAT of proinflammatory cytokines (IL1B and IL6), IL6 receptor (IL6R), and chemokines (CCL2 and CCL5). However, TNF expression was greatest in SAT, lowest in OAT, and intermediate in MAT. Overall, results indicated that visceral AT might be more active in uptake of preformed long-chain fatty acids than SAT, whereas de novo fatty acid synthesis could make a greater contribution to the intracellular pool of fatty acids in SAT than in visceral AT. The visceral AT compared with SAT seem to have a greater capacity for expression (and potentially for secretion) of proinflammatory cytokines; thus, excessive accumulation of visceral lipid due to a long-term overfeeding energy may be detrimental to liver function and overall health of dairy cows, particularly during the transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ji
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - M J Khan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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82
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Gianfrancesco MA, Acuna B, Shen L, Briggs FBS, Quach H, Bellesis KH, Bernstein A, Hedstrom AK, Kockum I, Alfredsson L, Olsson T, Schaefer C, Barcellos LF. Obesity during childhood and adolescence increases susceptibility to multiple sclerosis after accounting for established genetic and environmental risk factors. Obes Res Clin Pract 2014; 8:e435-47. [PMID: 25263833 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between obesity and multiple sclerosis (MS) while accounting for established genetic and environmental risk factors. METHODS Participants included members of Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Plan, Northern California Region (KPNC) (1235 MS cases and 697 controls). Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Body mass index (BMI) or body size was the primary predictor of each model. Both incident and prevalent MS cases were studied. RESULTS In analyses stratified by gender, being overweight at ages 10 and 20 were associated with MS in females (p<0.01). Estimates trended in the same direction for males, but were not significant. BMI in 20s demonstrated a linear relationship with MS (p-trend=9.60×10(-4)), and a twofold risk of MS for females with a BMI≥30kg/m(2) was observed (OR=2.15, 95% CI 1.18, 3.92). Significant associations between BMI in 20s and MS in males were not observed. Multivariate modelling demonstrated that significant associations between BMI or body size with MS in females persisted after adjusting for history of infectious mononucleosis and genetic risk factors, including HLA-DRB1*15:01 and established non-HLA risk alleles. INTERPRETATION Results show that childhood and adolescence obesity confer increased risk of MS in females beyond established heritable and environmental risk factors. Strong evidence for a dose-effect of BMI in 20s and MS was observed. The magnitude of BMI association with MS is as large as other known MS risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena A Gianfrancesco
- Division of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Brigid Acuna
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Ling Shen
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Farren B S Briggs
- Division of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Hong Quach
- Division of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Anna K Hedstrom
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lisa F Barcellos
- Division of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States; Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA, United States.
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