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An Overview of Nrf2 Signaling Pathway and Its Role in Inflammation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225474. [PMID: 33238435 PMCID: PMC7700122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key driver in many pathological conditions such as allergy, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and many others, and the current state of available drugs prompted researchers to explore new therapeutic targets. In this context, accumulating evidence indicates that the transcription factor Nrf2 plays a pivotal role controlling the expression of antioxidant genes that ultimately exert anti-inflammatory functions. Nrf2 and its principal negative regulator, the E3 ligase adaptor Kelch-like ECH- associated protein 1 (Keap1), play a central role in the maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis and regulation of inflammation. Interestingly, Nrf2 is proved to contribute to the regulation of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) axis, which is a potent anti-inflammatory target. Recent studies showed a connection between the Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) system and the expression of inflammatory mediators, NF-κB pathway and macrophage metabolism. This suggests a new strategy for designing chemical agents as modulators of Nrf2 dependent pathways to target the immune response. Therefore, the present review will examine the relationship between Nrf2 signaling and the inflammation as well as possible approaches for the therapeutic modulation of this pathway.
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Bose C, Alves I, Singh P, Palade PT, Carvalho E, Børsheim E, Jun S, Cheema A, Boerma M, Awasthi S, Singh SP. Sulforaphane prevents age-associated cardiac and muscular dysfunction through Nrf2 signaling. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13261. [PMID: 33067900 PMCID: PMC7681049 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage are primary causes for multiple health problems including sarcopenia and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Though the role of Nrf2, a transcription factor that regulates cytoprotective gene expression, in myopathy remains poorly defined, it has shown beneficial properties in both sarcopenia and CVD. Sulforaphane (SFN), a natural compound Nrf2-related activator of cytoprotective genes, provides protection in several disease states including CVD and is in various stages of clinical trials, from cancer prevention to reducing insulin resistance. This study aimed to determine whether SFN may prevent age-related loss of function in the heart and skeletal muscle. Cohorts of 2-month-old and 21- to 22-month-old mice were administered regular rodent diet or diet supplemented with SFN for 12 weeks. At the completion of the study, skeletal muscle and heart function, mitochondrial function, and Nrf2 activity were measured. Our studies revealed a significant drop in Nrf2 activity and mitochondrial functions, together with a loss of skeletal muscle and cardiac function in the old control mice compared to the younger age group. In the old mice, SFN restored Nrf2 activity, mitochondrial function, cardiac function, exercise capacity, glucose tolerance, and activation/differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cells. Our results suggest that the age-associated decline in Nrf2 signaling activity and the associated mitochondrial dysfunction might be implicated in the development of age-related disease processes. Therefore, the restoration of Nrf2 activity and endogenous cytoprotective mechanisms by SFN may be a safe and effective strategy to protect against muscle and heart dysfunction due to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhanda Bose
- Division of Hematology & Oncology Department of Internal Medicine Texas Tech University Medical Sciences Center Lubbock TX USA
| | - Ines Alves
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute Little Rock AR USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Preeti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
| | - Philip T. Palade
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
| | - Eugenia Carvalho
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute Little Rock AR USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
| | - Elisabet Børsheim
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute Little Rock AR USA
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center Department of Pediatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
| | - Se‐Ran Jun
- Department of Biomedical Informatics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
| | - Amrita Cheema
- Departments of Oncology and Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC USA
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Division of Radiation Health Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
| | - Sanjay Awasthi
- Division of Hematology & Oncology Department of Internal Medicine Texas Tech University Medical Sciences Center Lubbock TX USA
| | - Sharda P. Singh
- Division of Hematology & Oncology Department of Internal Medicine Texas Tech University Medical Sciences Center Lubbock TX USA
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Kaarniranta K, Uusitalo H, Blasiak J, Felszeghy S, Kannan R, Kauppinen A, Salminen A, Sinha D, Ferrington D. Mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and their impact on age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 79:100858. [PMID: 32298788 PMCID: PMC7650008 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is considered to be a key factor in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathology. RPE cells are constantly exposed to oxidative stress that may lead to the accumulation of damaged cellular proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and cellular organelles, including mitochondria. The ubiquitin-proteasome and the lysosomal/autophagy pathways are the two major proteolytic systems to remove damaged proteins and organelles. There is increasing evidence that proteostasis is disturbed in RPE as evidenced by lysosomal lipofuscin and extracellular drusen accumulation in AMD. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NFE2L2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) are master transcription factors in the regulation of antioxidant enzymes, clearance systems, and biogenesis of mitochondria. The precise cause of RPE degeneration and the onset and progression of AMD are not fully understood. However, mitochondria dysfunction, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage are observed together with increased protein aggregation and inflammation in AMD. In contrast, functional mitochondria prevent RPE cells damage and suppress inflammation. Here, we will discuss the role of mitochondria in RPE degeneration and AMD pathology focused on mtDNA damage and repair, autophagy/mitophagy signaling, and regulation of inflammation. Mitochondria are putative therapeutic targets to prevent or treat AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hannu Uusitalo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland and Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, P.O.Box 2000, 33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Szabolcs Felszeghy
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ram Kannan
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, 1355 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Glia Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, PA 15224, USA; Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room M035 Robert and Clarice Smith Bldg, 400 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Deborah Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, 2001 6th St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Lee KH, Cha M, Lee BH. Neuroprotective Effect of Antioxidants in the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197152. [PMID: 32998277 PMCID: PMC7582347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is vulnerable to excessive oxidative insults because of its abundant lipid content, high energy requirements, and weak antioxidant capacity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase susceptibility to neuronal damage and functional deficits, via oxidative changes in the brain in neurodegenerative diseases. Overabundance and abnormal levels of ROS and/or overload of metals are regulated by cellular defense mechanisms, intracellular signaling, and physiological functions of antioxidants in the brain. Single and/or complex antioxidant compounds targeting oxidative stress, redox metals, and neuronal cell death have been evaluated in multiple preclinical and clinical trials as a complementary therapeutic strategy for combating oxidative stress associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we present a general analysis and overview of various antioxidants and suggest potential courses of antioxidant treatments for the neuroprotection of the brain from oxidative injury. This review focuses on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms in the brain and examines the relative advantages and methodological concerns when assessing antioxidant compounds for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hee Lee
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Division of Health Science, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Korea;
| | - Myeounghoon Cha
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Bae Hwan Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2228-1711
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55
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Shemarova IV, Korotkov SM, Nesterov VP. Ca2+-Dependent
Mitochondrial Mechanisms of Cardioprotection. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209302004002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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56
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Fattah A, Amiri F, Mohammadian M, Alipourfard I, Valilo M, Taheraghdam A, Hemmati-Dinarvand M. Dysregulation of body antioxidant content is related to initiation and progression of Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2020; 736:135297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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57
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Villarreal CF, Santos DS, Lauria PSS, Gama KB, Espírito-Santo RF, Juiz PJL, Alves CQ, David JM, Soares MBP. Bergenin Reduces Experimental Painful Diabetic Neuropathy by Restoring Redox and Immune Homeostasis in the Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144850. [PMID: 32659952 PMCID: PMC7420298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy is a frequent complication of diabetes. Symptoms include neuropathic pain and sensory alterations—no effective treatments are currently available. This work characterized the therapeutic effect of bergenin in a mouse (C57/BL6) model of streptozotocin-induced painful diabetic neuropathy. Nociceptive thresholds were assessed by the von Frey test. Cytokines, antioxidant genes, and oxidative stress markers were measured in nervous tissues by ELISA, RT-qPCR, and biochemical analyses. Single (3.125–25 mg/kg) or multiple (25 mg/kg; twice a day for 14 days) treatments with bergenin reduced the behavioral signs of diabetic neuropathy in mice. Bergenin reduced both nitric oxide (NO) production in vitro and malondialdehyde (MDA)/nitrite amounts in vivo. These antioxidant properties can be attributed to the modulation of gene expression by the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and upregulation of glutathione peroxidase and Nrf2 in the nervous system. Bergenin also modulated the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines production in neuropathic mice. The long-lasting antinociceptive effect induced by bergenin in neuropathic mice, was associated with a shift of the cytokine balance toward anti-inflammatory predominance and upregulation of antioxidant pathways, favoring the reestablishment of redox and immune homeostasis in the nervous system. These results point to the therapeutic potential of bergenin in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane F. Villarreal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, CEP 40.170-115 Salvador, Brazil; (D.S.S.); (P.S.S.L.); (R.F.E.-S.)
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, CEP 40.296-710 Salvador, Brazil; (K.B.G.); (M.B.P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(71)3283-6933
| | - Dourivaldo S. Santos
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, CEP 40.170-115 Salvador, Brazil; (D.S.S.); (P.S.S.L.); (R.F.E.-S.)
| | - Pedro S. S. Lauria
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, CEP 40.170-115 Salvador, Brazil; (D.S.S.); (P.S.S.L.); (R.F.E.-S.)
| | - Kelly B. Gama
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, CEP 40.296-710 Salvador, Brazil; (K.B.G.); (M.B.P.S.)
| | - Renan F. Espírito-Santo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, CEP 40.170-115 Salvador, Brazil; (D.S.S.); (P.S.S.L.); (R.F.E.-S.)
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, CEP 40.296-710 Salvador, Brazil; (K.B.G.); (M.B.P.S.)
| | - Paulo J. L. Juiz
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, CEP 44.042-280 Feira de Santana, Brazil;
| | - Clayton Q. Alves
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, CEP 44.036-336 Feira de Santana, Brazil;
| | - Jorge M. David
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, CEP 40.170-280 Salvador, Brazil;
| | - Milena B. P. Soares
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, CEP 40.296-710 Salvador, Brazil; (K.B.G.); (M.B.P.S.)
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Li B, Nasser M, Masood M, Adlat S, Huang Y, Yang B, Luo C, Jiang N. Efficiency of Traditional Chinese medicine targeting the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110074. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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Trehalose for Ocular Surface Health. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050809. [PMID: 32466265 PMCID: PMC7277924 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a natural disaccharide synthesized in various life forms, but not found in vertebrates. An increasing body of evidence demonstrates exceptional bioprotective characteristics of trehalose. This review discusses the scientific findings on potential functions of trehalose in oxidative stress, protein clearance, and inflammation, with an emphasis on animal models and clinical trials in ophthalmology. The main objective is to help understand the beneficial effects of trehalose in clinical trials and practice, especially in patients suffering from ocular surface disease. The discussion is supplemented with an overview of patents for the use of trehalose in dry eye and with prospects for the 2020s.
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60
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Wang G, Xie X, Yuan L, Qiu J, Duan W, Xu B, Chen X. Resveratrol ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis via activation of SIRT1-Nrf2 signaling pathway. Biofactors 2020; 46:441-453. [PMID: 31883358 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to explore the biological role of resveratrol (RES) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the underlying mechanism. The adjuvant-induced arthritic rats were administered RES on the 12th day after model establishment, and then arthritis assessment, oxidative stress measurement, histological examination, and immunohistochemical staining were performed. The primary rat fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were isolated and treated with RES in vitro and then cell proliferation and apoptosis assay were examined. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, luciferase reporter assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination, western blot, and quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were performed to investigate the mechanisms. RES administration decreased arthritis scores and serum levels of antioxidant enzymes, attenuated paw swelling, synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cartilage degradation, as well as inhibited synoviocyte proliferation in synovial tissues. Further investigation indicated that RES inhibited ROS production and FLS proliferation through activating the silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. NF-κB was confirmed to negatively regulate miR-29a-3p and miR-23a-3p expression by directly binding to its promoter. Mechanistic analyses further revealed that Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology (ECH)-associated protein 1 (Keap1), a negative regulator of Nrf2, was a downstream target of miR-29a-3p, while miR-23a-3p directly targeted cullin3 (cul3), a master regulator of ubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2. Together, the present study provided evidence that RES ameliorated RA through activation of Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway via SIRT1/NF-κB/miR-29a-3p/Keap1 and SIRT1/NF-κB/miR-23a-3p/cul3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinxin Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lingli Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Endoscopy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenchao Duan
- Endoscopy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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61
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Smith RE. The Effects of Dietary Supplements that Overactivate the Nrf2/ARE System. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2077-2094. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190517113533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Inflammation is one of the most misunderstood aspects of human
health. People have been encouraged to eat foods that have a high antioxidant capacity, and in
vitro tests for total antioxidant capacity emerged. They were based on measuring the destruction
of oxidized test compounds in direct reactions with the antioxidants in foods. Many dietary
supplements arrived in the market. They contained purified antioxidants, such as resveratrol
and EGCG that were and still are widely assumed by many to be quite healthy at any
dose.
Methods:
The literature on inflammation and the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant system was searched
systematically. Articles from prestigious, peer-reviewed journals were obtained and read. The
information obtained from them was used to write this review article.
Results:
Over 150 articles and books were read. The information obtained from them showed
that very few dietary antioxidants exert their effects by reacting directly with Reactive Oxygen
and Nitrogen Species (RONS). Instead, most of the effective antioxidants activate the endogenous
Nrf2/ARE antioxidant system. This helps prevent smoldering inflammation and the
diseases that it can cause. However, when overactivated or activated constitutively, the
Nrf2/ARE antioxidant system can cause some of these diseases, including many types of
multidrug resistant cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.
Conclusion:
Even though green tea, as well as many fruits, vegetables and spices are quite
healthy, dietary supplements that deliver much higher doses of antioxidants may not be. People
who are diagnosed with cancer and plan to start chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy should
probably avoid such supplements. This is because multidrug resistant tumors can hijack and
overactivate the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant system.
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Jang JW, Lee JW, Yoon YD, Kang JS, Moon EY. Bisphenol A and its substitutes regulate human B cell survival via Nrf2 expression. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113907. [PMID: 32023790 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
B cells contribute to produce inflammatory cytokines and antibodies, to present autoantigens, and to interact with T cells, which lead to body defense and disease control. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2(Nrf2) is responsible for gene expression of antioxidant enzymes to protect cells from oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species(ROS) production. Bisphenol A(BPA) may not be safe due to the effect on body's physiological functions. The chemicals that substitute for BPA may still have similar effects in the body. Tritan™ copolyester is a novel plastic form using BPA substitutes, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol(CHDM), dimethyl terephthalate(DMT), and 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol(TMCD). Isosorbide(ISO) was also used as a substitute for TMCD and DMT. Here, we investigated whether B cell viability is influenced by BPA and its substitutes via Nrf2 induction using WiL2-NS human B lymphoblast cells. When cytotoxicity was measured by using assays with MTT, CellTiter-Glo, trypan blue and propidium iodide, cytotoxicity by BPA was higher than that by substitutes. BPA and its substitutes showed significant cytotoxicity and ROS production, which were attenuated by the treatment with N-acetylcysteine(NAC), a ROS scavenger. In addition, BPA treatment enhanced gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, heme oxygenase(HO)-1, catalase, superoxide dismutase(SOD) 1 and 2. As H2O2 treatment induced cell death and Nrf2 amount in WiL2-NS cells, BPA treatment increased Nrf2. Cell death by H2O2 was increased in doxycycline-inducible Nrf2-knockdown(KD) cells. In Cytotoxicity by the treatment with BPA or its substitutes was also enhanced in Nrf2-KD cells but that was reduced by Nrf2 overexpression compared to control cells. Taken together, these results implicate that B cell cytotoxicity by substitutes should be lower than BPA and Nrf2 can prevent B cells from BPA- or BPA substitutes-induced cytotoxicity via ROS production. Data suggest that the comprehensive studies or evaluation could be necessary to replace BPA in manufacture by other substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Won Jang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Dae Yoon
- Bio-evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soon Kang
- Bio-evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
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63
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Fang W, Tang L, Wang G, Lin J, Liao W, Pan W, Xu J. Molecular Hydrogen Protects Human Melanocytes from Oxidative Stress by Activating Nrf2 Signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2230-2241.e9. [PMID: 32234461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.03.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is proven to be critical for the initiation and progression of vitiligo. Molecular hydrogen (H2) possesses potent antioxidant activity and has been shown to protect against various oxidative stress-related diseases. In this study, we first investigated the effects and mechanisms of H2 in human melanocytes damaged by hydrogen peroxide. We initially found that H2 reduced intracellular ROS accumulation and malondialdehyde levels in both vitiligo specimens and hydrogen peroxide-treated melanocytes in vitro in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, concomitant with the enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activity. Correspondingly, H2 reversed hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis and dysfunction in both normal and vitiligo melanocytes. H2 protected mitochondrial morphology and function in melanocytes under stress and promoted the activation of Nrf2 signaling, whereas Nrf2 deficiency abolished the protective effect of H2 against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage. Furthermore, H2 positively modulated β-catenin in hydrogen peroxide-treated melanocytes, and the β-catenin pathway was implicated in H2-induced Nrf2 activation. Collectively, our results indicate that H2 could be a promising therapeutic agent for vitiligo treatment via attenuating oxidative damage, and its beneficial effect in human melanocytes might involve Wnt/β-catenin-mediated activation of Nrf2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; The Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Luyan Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; The Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guizhen Wang
- Emergency room, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinran Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqing Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; The Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China.
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Wang X, Li L, Zhang G. Quercetin protects the buffalo rat liver (BRL-3A) cells from aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity via activation of Nrf2-ARE pathway. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic mycotoxin widely presented in agricultural products, and the protective effect of quercetin (QUE), a natural antioxidant, against AFB1-induced cytotoxicity to the buffalo rat liver (BRL-3A) cells was investigated. With an IC50 of 23 μM, AFB1 induced a significant oxidative stress to BRL-3A cells evidenced by a dose-dependent reduction of mitochondria membrane potential (MMP), ATP content, and activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes along with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation biomarker of malondialdehyde (MDA). The activity of CYP1A2, the key enzyme to convert AFB1 to reactive AFB1 exo-8,9- epoxide, was also increased, which, probably in together with ROS, led to cell apoptosis with DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation and increased lactate dehydrogenase release. After the BRL cells were pre-treated by low level QUE (2.5 and/or 5 μM) for 24 h and then exposed to AFB1, the activities of antioxidant enzymes including haeme oxygenase-1, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and the ratio of reduced to oxidised glutathione were significantly increased whereas the levels of intracellular ROS and MDA were reduced. The QUE pre-treatment also increased the levels of MMP, ATP and DNA integrity, and reduced the expression of apoptosis related genes of Bax and Caspase-3. The Western blotting study revealed increased content of phosphorylated Akt and nuclear NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), indicating an activation of Nrf2-ARE pathway in counteracting oxidative stress and cytotoxicity of AFB1. Thus, the QUE pre-treatment enhanced the anti-stress capacity of the cells through the activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway, and QUE-based measures could be developed to ameliorate the toxicity caused by AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu, China P.R
| | - L. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu, China P.R
| | - G. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu, China P.R
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Transcriptional activation of antioxidant gene expression by Nrf2 protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death associated with acute and chronic neurodegeneration. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113247. [PMID: 32061629 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are both a primary source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a sensitive target of oxidative stress; damage to mitochondria can result in bioenergetic dysfunction and both necrotic and apoptotic cell death. These relationships between mitochondria and cell death are particularly strong in both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. ROS levels are affected by both the production of superoxide and its toxic metabolites and by antioxidant defense mechanisms. Mitochondrial antioxidant activities include superoxide dismutase 2, glutathione peroxidase and reductase, and intramitochondrial glutathione. When intracellular conditions disrupt the homeostatic balance between ROS production and detoxification, a net increase in ROS and an oxidized shift in cellular redox state ensues. Cells respond to this imbalance by increasing the expression of genes that code for proteins that protect against oxidative stress and inhibit cytotoxic oxidation of proteins, DNA, and lipids. If, however, the genomic response to mitochondrial oxidative stress is insufficient to maintain homeostasis, mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction and release of pro-apoptotic mitochondrial proteins into the cytosol initiate a variety of cell death pathways, ultimately resulting in potentially lethal damage to vital organs, including the brain. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a translational activating protein that enters the nucleus in response to oxidative stress, resulting in increased expression of numerous cytoprotective genes, including genes coding for mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial antioxidant proteins. Many experimental and some FDA-approved drugs promote this process. Since mitochondria are targets of ROS, it follows that protection against mitochondrial oxidative stress by the Nrf2 pathway of gene expression contributes to neuroprotection by these drugs. This document reviews the evidence that Nrf2 activation increases mitochondrial antioxidants, thereby protecting mitochondria from dysfunction and protecting neural cells from damage and death. New experimental results are provided demonstrating that post-ischemic administration of the Nrf2 activator sulforaphane protects against hippocampal neuronal death and neurologic injury in a clinically-relevant animal model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation.
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Badamjav R, Sonom D, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Kou J, Yu B, Li F. The protective effects of Thalictrum minus L. on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112355. [PMID: 31669667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Thalictrum minus L., a Mongolian folk medicinal plant, was applied for the treatment of bacterial and fungal infection, tuberculosis and lung inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY The present work aims to elucidate the protective effects of Thalictrum minus L.(TML) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS The mice model of acute lung injury was induced by LPS via endotracheal drip, and TML (10, 20, 40 mg/kg) were administered orally 1 h prior to LPS. The efficacy and molecular mechanisms in the presence or absence of TML were investigated. RESULTS We demonstrated that treatment with TML aqueous extract protected the mice from acute lung injury induced by LPS administration. TML significantly inhibited weight loss in mice, decreased the lung wet to dry weight (W/D) ratios and attenuated lung histopathological changes, such as infiltration of inflammatory cells and coagulation, pulmonary edema. Furthermore, we found that TML markedly reduced the LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), decreased nitric oxide (NO), and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and effectively ameliorated LPS-induced increased total protein, leukocyte and macrophages in BALF. In addition, TML pronouncedly suppressed the activation of the MAPKs p38-NLRP3/caspase-1 and COX2, increased the expression of p-AMPK-Nrf2, and suppressed the expression of KEAP, apoptotic-related protein as well as autophagy. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that TML ameliorated LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokines and reducing oxidative damage associated with the MAPKs p38-NLRP3/caspase-1 and COX2 signaling pathways, AMPK-Nrf2/KEAP signaling pathways, as well as apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rentsen Badamjav
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
| | - Dolgor Sonom
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
| | - Yunhao Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
| | - Junping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
| | - Boyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
| | - Fang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
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Morris G, Puri BK, Carvalho A, Maes M, Berk M, Ruusunen A, Olive L. Induced Ketosis as a Treatment for Neuroprogressive Disorders: Food for Thought? Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 23:366-384. [PMID: 32034911 PMCID: PMC7311648 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced ketosis (or ketone body ingestion) can ameliorate several changes associated with neuroprogressive disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Thus, the effects of glucose hypometabolism can be bypassed through the entry of beta-hydroxybutyrate, providing an alternative source of energy to glucose. The weight of evidence suggests that induced ketosis reduces levels of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation-core features of the above disorders. There are also data to suggest that induced ketosis may be able to target other molecules and signaling pathways whose levels and/or activity are also known to be abnormal in at least some patients suffering from these illnesses such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, increased activity of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Sirtuin-1 nuclear factor-κB p65, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). This review explains the mechanisms by which induced ketosis might reduce mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress in neuropsychiatric disorders and ameliorate abnormal levels of molecules and signaling pathways that also appear to contribute to the pathophysiology of these illnesses. This review also examines safety data relating to induced ketosis over the long term and discusses the design of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Basant K Puri
- C.A.R., Cambridge, United Kingdom,Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Carvalho
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael Berk
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Australia,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia,Correspondence: Michael Berk, PO Box 281 Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia ()
| | - Anu Ruusunen
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Lisa Olive
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Australia
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Aplak E, von Montfort C, Haasler L, Stucki D, Steckel B, Reichert AS, Stahl W, Brenneisen P. CNP mediated selective toxicity on melanoma cells is accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227926. [PMID: 31951630 PMCID: PMC6968876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerium (Ce) oxide nanoparticles (CNP; nanoceria) are reported to have cytotoxic effects on certain cancerous cell lines, while at the same concentration they show no cytotoxicity on normal (healthy) cells. Redox-active CNP exhibit both selective prooxidative as well as antioxidative properties. The former is proposed to be responsible for impairment of tumor growth and invasion and the latter for rescuing normal cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage. Here we address possible underlying mechanisms of prooxidative effects of CNP in a metastatic human melanoma cell line. Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, and once it becomes metastatic the prognosis is very poor. We have shown earlier that CNP selectively kill A375 melanoma cells by increasing intracellular ROS levels, whose basic amount is significantly higher than in the normal (healthy) counterpart, the melanocytes. Here we show that CNP initiate a mitochondrial increase of ROS levels accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial thiol oxidation. Furthermore, we observed CNP-induced changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics, dynamics, and cristae morphology demonstrating mitochondrial dysfunction which finally led to tumor cell death. CNP-induced cell death is abolished by administration of PEG-conjugated catalase. Overall, we propose that cerium oxide nanoparticles mediate cell death via hydrogen peroxide production linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Aplak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claudia von Montfort
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Lisa Haasler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Stucki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bodo Steckel
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas S. Reichert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Stahl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Brenneisen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Luo M, Ma W, Sand Z, Finlayson J, Wang T, Brinton RD, Willis WT, Mandarino LJ. Von Willebrand factor A domain-containing protein 8 (VWA8) localizes to the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:158-163. [PMID: 31630795 PMCID: PMC6928414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
VWA8 is a poorly characterized mitochondrial AAA + ATPase protein. The specific submitochondrial localization of VWA8 remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the specific submitochondrial compartment within which VWA8 resides in order to provide more insight into the function of this protein. Bioinformatics analysis showed that VWA8 has a 34 amino acid N-terminal Matrix-Targeting Signal (MTS) that is similar to those in proteins known to localize to the mitochondrial matrix. Experiments in C2C12 mouse myoblasts using confocal microscopy showed that deletion of the VWA8 MTS (vMTS) resulted in cytosolic, rather than mitochondrial, localization of VWA8. Biochemical analysis using differential sub-fractionation of mitochondria isolated from rat liver showed that VWA8 localizes to the matrix side of inner mitochondrial membrane, similar to the inner mitochondrial membrane protein Electron Transfer Flavoprotein-ubiquinone Oxidoreductase (ETFDH). The results of these experiments show that the vMTS is essential for localization to the mitochondrial matrix and that once there, VWA8 localizes to the matrix side of inner mitochondrial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moulun Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wuqiong Ma
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Zoe Sand
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jean Finlayson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wayne T Willis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lawrence J Mandarino
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Oxidative Stress and Microvascular Alterations in Diabetic Retinopathy: Future Therapies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4940825. [PMID: 31814880 PMCID: PMC6878793 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4940825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a disease that can be treated with oral antidiabetic agents and/or insulin. However, patients' metabolic control is inadequate in a high percentage of them and a major cause of chronic diseases like diabetic retinopathy. Approximately 15% of patients have some degree of diabetic retinopathy when diabetes is first diagnosed, and most will have developed this microvascular complication after 20 years. Early diagnosis of the disease is the best tool to prevent or delay vision loss and reduce the involved costs. However, diabetic retinopathy is an asymptomatic disease and its development to advanced stages reduces the effectiveness of treatments. Today, the recommended treatment for severe nonproliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy is photocoagulation with an argon laser and intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF associated with, or not, focal laser for diabetic macular oedema. The use of these therapeutic approaches is severely limited, such as uncomfortable administration for patients, long-term side effects, the costs they incur, and the therapeutic effectiveness of the employed management protocols. Hence, diabetic retinopathy is the widespread diabetic eye disease and a leading cause of blindness in adults in developed countries. The growing interest in using polyphenols, e.g., resveratrol, in treatments related to oxidative stress diseases has spread to diabetic retinopathy. This review focuses on analysing the sources and effects of oxidative stress and inflammation on vascular alterations and diabetic retinopathy development. Furthermore, current and antioxidant therapies, together with new molecular targets, are postulated for diabetic retinopathy treatment.
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Tsushima M, Liu J, Hirao W, Yamazaki H, Tomita H, Itoh K. Emerging evidence for crosstalk between Nrf2 and mitochondria in physiological homeostasis and in heart disease. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 43:286-296. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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The Role of Nrf2 Activity in Cancer Development and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111755. [PMID: 31717324 PMCID: PMC6896028 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nrf2 is a transcription factor that stimulates the expression of genes which have antioxidant response element-like sequences in their promoter. Nrf2 is a cellular protector, and this principle applies to both normal cells and malignant cells. While healthy cells are protected from DNA damage induced by reactive oxygen species, malignant cells are defended against chemo- or radiotherapy. Through our literature search, we found that Nrf2 activates several oncogenes unrelated to the antioxidant activity, such as Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), B-cell lymphoma-extra large (BCL-xL), Tumour Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α), and Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). We also did a brief analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data of lung adenocarcinoma concerning the effects of radiation therapy and found that the therapy-induced Nrf2 activation is not universal. For instance, in the case of recurrent disease and radiotherapy, we observed that, for the majority of Nrf2-targeted genes, there is no change in expression level. This proves that the universal, axiomatic rationale that Nrf2 is activated as a response to chemo- and radiation therapy is wrong, and that each scenario should be carefully evaluated with the help of Nrf2-targeted genes. Moreover, there were nine genes involved in lipid peroxidation, which showed underexpression in the case of new radiation therapy: ADH1A, ALDH3A1, ALDH3A2, ADH1B, GPX2, ADH1C, ALDH6A1, AKR1C3, and NQO1. This may relate to the fact that, while some studies reported the co-activation of Nrf2 and other oncogenic signaling pathways such as Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Notch1, other reported the inverse correlation between Nrf2 and the tumor-promoter Transcription Factor (TF), Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Lastly, Nrf2 establishes its activity through interactions at multiple levels with various microRNAs. MiR-155, miR-144, miR-28, miR-365-1, miR-93, miR-153, miR-27a, miR-142, miR-29-b1, miR-340, and miR-34a, either through direct repression of Nrf2 messenger RNA (mRNA) in a Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-independent manner or by enhancing the Keap1 cellular level, inhibit the Nrf2 activity. Keap1–Nrf2 interaction leads to the repression of miR-181c, which is involved in the Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Nrf2’s role in cancer prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy is still in its infancy, and the future strategic planning of Nrf2-based oncological approaches should also consider the complex interaction between Nrf2 and its various activators and inhibitors.
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Cho HY, Kleeberger SR. Mitochondrial biology in airway pathogenesis and the role of NRF2. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 43:297-320. [PMID: 31486024 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A constant improvement in understanding of mitochondrial biology has provided new insights into mitochondrial dysfunction in human disease pathogenesis. Impaired mitochondrial dynamics caused by various stressors are characterized by structural abnormalities and leakage, compromised turnover, and reactive oxygen species overproduction in mitochondria as well as increased mitochondrial DNA mutation frequency, which leads to modified energy production and mitochondria-derived cell signaling. The mitochondrial dysfunction in airway epithelial, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells has been implicated in diseases including chronic obstructive lung diseases and acute lung injury. Increasing evidence indicates that the NRF2-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway not only enhances redox defense but also facilitates mitochondrial homeostasis and bioenergetics. Identification of functional or potential AREs further supports the role for Nrf2 in mitochondrial dysfunction-associated airway disorders. While clinical reports indicate mixed efficacy, NRF2 agonists acting on respiratory mitochondrial dynamics are potentially beneficial. In lung cancer, growth advantage provided by sustained NRF2 activation is suggested to be through increased cellular antioxidant defense as well as mitochondria reinforcement and metabolic reprogramming to the preferred pathways to meet the increased energy demands of uncontrolled cell proliferation. Further studies are warranted to better understand NRF2 regulation of mitochondrial functions as therapeutic targets in airway disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Youn Cho
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Steven R Kleeberger
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Barrera-Sandoval AM, Osorio E, Cardona-Gómez GP. Microglial-targeting induced by intranasal linalool during neurological protection postischemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 857:172420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sivandzade F, Bhalerao A, Cucullo L. Cerebrovascular and Neurological Disorders: Protective Role of NRF2. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143433. [PMID: 31336872 PMCID: PMC6678730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular defense mechanisms, intracellular signaling, and physiological functions are regulated by electrophiles and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent works strongly considered imbalanced ROS and electrophile overabundance as the leading cause of cellular and tissue damage, whereas oxidative stress (OS) plays a crucial role for the onset and progression of major cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathologies. These include Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington’s disease (HD), stroke, and aging. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NRF2) is the major modulator of the xenobiotic-activated receptor (XAR) and is accountable for activating the antioxidative response elements (ARE)-pathway modulating the detoxification and antioxidative responses of the cells. NRF2 activity, however, is also implicated in carcinogenesis protection, stem cells regulation, anti-inflammation, anti-aging, and so forth. Herein, we briefly describe the NRF2–ARE pathway and provide a review analysis of its functioning and system integration as well as its role in major CNS disorders. We also discuss NRF2-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Aditya Bhalerao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
- Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of Glia Maturation Factor Regulates Mitochondrial Dynamics by Attenuation of the NRF2/HO-1 Dependent Ferritin Activation in Glial Cells. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:537-550. [PMID: 30810907 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09833-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells are brain specific professional phagocytic immune cells that play a crucial role in the inflammation- mediated neurodegeneration especially in Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease. Glia maturation factor (GMF) is a neuroinflammatory protein abundantly expressed in the brain. We have previously shown that GMF expression is significantly upregulated in the substantia nigra (SN) of PD brains. However, its possible role in PD progression is still not fully understood. The Clustered-Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR Associated (Cas) protein9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system is a simple, rapid and often extremely efficient gene editing tool at desired loci, enabling complete gene knockout or homology directed repair. In this study, we examined the effect of GMF editing by using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique in BV2 microglial cells (hereafter referred to as BV2-G) on oxidative stress and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/Hemeoxygenase1 (HO-1)-dependent ferritin activation after treatment with (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) MPP+. Knockout of GMF in BV2-G cells significantly attenuated oxidative stress via reduced ROS production and calcium flux. Furthermore, deficiency of GMF significantly reduced nuclear translocation of NRF2, which modulates HO-1 and ferritin activation, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) expression in BV2 microglial cells. Lack of GMF significantly improved CD11b and CD68 positive microglial cells as compared with untreated cells. Our results also suggest that pharmacological and genetic intervention targeting GMF may represent a promising and a novel therapeutic strategy in controlling Parkinsonism by regulating microglial functions. Targeted regulation of GMF possibly mediates protein aggregation in microglial homeostasis associated with PD progression through regulation of iron metabolism by modulating NRF2-HO1 and ferritin expression.
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77
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Sivandzade F, Prasad S, Bhalerao A, Cucullo L. NRF2 and NF-қB interplay in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders: Molecular mechanisms and possible therapeutic approaches. Redox Biol 2019; 21:101059. [PMID: 30576920 PMCID: PMC6302038 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophiles and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in modulating cellular defense mechanisms as well as physiological functions, and intracellular signaling. However, excessive ROS generation (endogenous and exogenous) can create a state of redox imbalance leading to cellular and tissue damage (Ma and He, 2012) [1]. A growing body of research data strongly suggests that imbalanced ROS and electrophile overproduction are among the major prodromal factors in the onset and progression of several cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and aging (Ma and He, 2012; Ramsey et al., 2017; Salminen et al., 2012; Sandberg et al., 2014; Sarlette et al., 2008; Tanji et al., 2013) [1-6]. Cells offset oxidative stress by the action of housekeeping antioxidative enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) as well direct and indirect antioxidants (Dinkova-Kostova and Talalay, 2010) [7]. The DNA sequence responsible for modulating the antioxidative and cytoprotective responses of the cells has been identified as the antioxidant response element (ARE), while the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NRF2) is the major regulator of the xenobiotic-activated receptor (XAR) responsible for activating the ARE-pathway, thus defined as the NRF2-ARE system (Ma and He, 2012) [1]. In addition, the interplay between the NRF2-ARE system and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB, a protein complex that controls cytokine production and cell survival), has been further investigated in relation to neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders. On these premises, we provide a review analysis of current understanding of the NRF2-NF-ĸB interplay, their specific role in major CNS disorders, and consequent therapeutic implication for the treatment of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Shikha Prasad
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Aditya Bhalerao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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78
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Cho HY, Miller-DeGraff L, Blankenship-Paris T, Wang X, Bell DA, Lih F, Deterding L, Panduri V, Morgan DL, Yamamoto M, Reddy AJ, Talalay P, Kleeberger SR. Sulforaphane enriched transcriptome of lung mitochondrial energy metabolism and provided pulmonary injury protection via Nrf2 in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 364:29-44. [PMID: 30529165 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nrf2 is essential to antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated host defense. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a phytochemical antioxidant known to affect multiple cellular targets including Nrf2-ARE pathway in chemoprevention. However, the role of SFN in non-malignant airway disorders remain unclear. To test if pre-activation of Nrf2-ARE signaling protects lungs from oxidant-induced acute injury, wild-type (Nrf2+/+) and Nrf2-deficient (Nrf2-/-) mice were given SFN orally or as standardized broccoli sprout extract diet (SBE) before hyperoxia or air exposure. Hyperoxia-induced pulmonary injury and oxidation indices were significantly reduced by SFN or SBE in Nrf2+/+ mice but not in Nrf2-/- mice. SFN upregulated a large cluster of basal lung genes that are involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, energy metabolism, and cardiovascular protection only in Nrf2+/+ mice. Bioinformatic analysis elucidated ARE-like motifs on these genes. Transcript abundance of the mitochondrial machinery genes remained significantly higher after hyperoxia exposure in SFN-treated Nrf2+/+ mice than in SFN-treated Nrf2-/- mice. Nuclear factor-κB was suggested to be a central molecule in transcriptome networks affected by SFN. Minor improvement of hyperoxia-caused lung histopathology and neutrophilia by SFN in Nrf2-/- mice implies Nrf2-independent or alternate effector mechanisms. In conclusion, SFN is suggested to be as a preventive intervention in a preclinical model of acute lung injury by linking mitochondria and Nrf2. Administration of SFN alleviated acute lung injury-like pathogenesis in a Nrf2-dependent manner. Potential AREs in the SFN-inducible transcriptome for mitochondria bioenergetics provided a new insight into the downstream mechanisms of Nrf2-mediated pulmonary protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Youn Cho
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Laura Miller-DeGraff
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Terry Blankenship-Paris
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Xuting Wang
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Douglas A Bell
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Fred Lih
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Leesa Deterding
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Vijayalakshmi Panduri
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Daniel L Morgan
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Anita J Reddy
- Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Paul Talalay
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD 21205, USA
| | - Steven R Kleeberger
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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79
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Fu SC, Yeung MY, Rolf CG, Yung PSH, Chan KM, Hung LK. Hydrogen peroxide induced tendinopathic changes in a rat model of patellar tendon injury. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:3268-3274. [PMID: 30066401 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tendinopathy includes cases with chronic tendon pain and spontaneous tendon ruptures, which is putatively resulted from failed tendon healing. Overuse is a major risk factor of tendinopathy, which can impose mechanical and oxidative stress to tendons. Previous studies investigated the influences of mechanical stress, but the direct impact of oxidative stress on tendon healing remains unclear. We hypothesized that imposed oxidative stress can impair tendon healing and lead to tendinopathic changes. Thirty-nine rats were operated for patellar tendon window injury. From weeks 3-5 post-operation, the rats received three weekly subcutaneous injections of saline, 50 or 500 μM H2 O2 (n = 13) over patellar tendon. Gait analysis for pain assessment and 3D ultrasound imaging for detection of tendinopathic changes were performed at pre-injury and 6-week post-operation. At week 6, knee specimens were harvested for histology or tensile mechanical test. Elastic modulus of the healing patellar tendons was significantly lower in 50 μM but not 500 μM H2 O2 group, while ultimate mechanical stress was not significantly different across groups. Similarly, only the 50 μM H2 O2 group exhibited pain-associated gait asymmetry. Significant tendon swelling with increased tendon volume was observed in the 50 μM H2 O2 group. There were hypoechogenic changes in the tendon wound, but there was no significant difference in percentage vascularity. H2 O2 impaired tendon healing and elicited tendinopathic changes, with respect to pain and structural abnormalities. Oxidative stress plays a role in the failed tendon healing of tendinopathies, and H2 O2 -induced failed tendon healing may serve as a good animal model to study tendinopathy. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:3268-3274, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Chuen Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man-Yi Yeung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Christer G Rolf
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Huddinge University Hospital, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Shu-Hang Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai-Ming Chan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leung-Kim Hung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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80
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Dhupal M, Oh JM, Tripathy DR, Kim SK, Koh SB, Park KS. Immunotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles via simultaneous induction of apoptosis and multiple toll-like receptors signaling through ROS-dependent SAPK/JNK and p38 MAPK activation. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6735-6750. [PMID: 30425486 PMCID: PMC6204851 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s176087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) represent a scientific breakthrough in the areas of biological and medicinal applications. Interaction of TiO2 NPs with components of innate immune system remains elusive. AIM This study explored in vitro immunotoxicity of murine macrophage RAW 264.7 to TiO2 NPs (20 nm, negative charge) and its underlying molecular mechanism by way of immunoredox profiling. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, chemically synthesized BSA-functionalized TiO2 NPs (20 nm, negative charge) were characterized and immunotoxicity was investigated on RAW 264.7 cells. RESULTS We found that reactive oxygen species levels significantly increased with increasing nitric oxide production, whereas depleting endogenous antioxidant super oxide dismutase as well as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein levels. Furthermore, NPs exposure increased the expression of apoptotic factors such as BAX, BIM, and PUMA with disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) that lead to decrease in immunocytes. Molecular immune profiling revealed the activation of multiple toll-like receptors (TLRs) 4/9/12/13 simultaneously with the phosphorylation of p-p38MAPK and p-SAPK/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) compared to untreated control. CONCLUSION Collectively, this study shows that the molecular nature of TiO2 SA20(-) NP-induced immunotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophage is simultaneous induction of immunocyte apoptosis and multiple TLRs signaling through oxidative stress-dependent SAPK/JNK and p38 mitogen-associated protein kinase activation. This is the first study to address newer molecular mechanism of TiO2 SA20(-) NP-induced immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusmita Dhupal
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea,
| | - Jae-Min Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea,
| | - Sang Baek Koh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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81
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Murray D, Mirzayans R, McBride WH. Defenses against Pro-oxidant Forces - Maintenance of Cellular and Genomic Integrity and Longevity. Radiat Res 2018; 190:331-349. [PMID: 30040046 PMCID: PMC6203329 DOI: 10.1667/rr15101.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There has been enormous recent progress in understanding how human cells respond to oxidative stress, such as that caused by exposure to ionizing radiation. We have witnessed a significant deciphering of the events that underlie how antioxidant responses counter pro-oxidant damage to key biological targets in all cellular compartments, including the genome and mitochondria. These cytoprotective responses include: 1. The basal cellular repertoire of antioxidant capabilities and its supporting cast of facilitator enzymes; and 2. The inducible phase of the antioxidant response, notably that mediated by the Nrf2 transcription factor. There has also been frenetic progress in defining how reactive electrophilic species swamp existing protective mechanisms to augment DNA damage, events that are embodied in the cellular "DNA-damage response", including cell cycle checkpoint activation and DNA repair, which occur on a time scale of hours to days, as well as the implementation of cellular responses such as apoptosis, autophagy, senescence and reprograming that extend the time period of damage sensing and response into weeks, months and years. It has become apparent that, in addition to the initial oxidative insult, cells typically undergo further waves of secondary reactive oxygen/nitrogen species generation, DNA damage and signaling and that these may reemerge long after the initial events have subsided, probably being driven, at least in part, by persisting DNA damage. These reactive oxygen/nitrogen species are an integral part of the pathological consequences of radiation exposure and may persist across multiple cell divisions. Because of the pervasive nature of oxidative stress, a cell will manifest different responses in different subcellular compartments and to different levels of stress injury. Aspects of these compartmentalized responses can involve the same proteins (such as ATM, p53 and p21) but in different functional guises, e.g., in cytoplasmic versus nuclear responses or in early- versus late-phase events. Many of these responses involve gene activation and new protein synthesis as well as a plethora of post-translational modifications of both basal and induced response proteins. It is these responses that we focus on in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Murray
- Department of Oncology, Division of Experimental Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Razmik Mirzayans
- Department of Oncology, Division of Experimental Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
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82
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Park S, Jang JW, Moon EY. Spleen tyrosine kinase-dependent Nrf2 activation regulates oxidative stress-induced cell death in WiL2-NS human B lymphoblasts. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:977-987. [PMID: 30203714 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1505044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune rheumatic lesions are often characterised by the immune cell recruitment including B lymphocytes and the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which increase antioxidant gene transcription via nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) has a major role in the signal transmission of all haematopoietic lineage cells including B/T cells, mast cells, and macrophages. In this study, we investigated whether B cell survival is regulated by Nrf2 via ROS-mediated Syk activation in WiL2-NS human B lymphoblast cells. When WiL2-NS cells were incubated with 1% foetal bovine serum (FBS), the survival rate and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were reduced. In addition, 1% FBS increased caspase 3 activity, cytochrome C release, nuclear localisation of Nrf2, and ROS production. N-acetylcysteine attenuated ROS production and nuclear translocation of Nrf2. It also inhibited cell death, caspase 3 activation, MMP collapse, and cytochrome C release. Results from the 1% FBS treatment were consistent with those of H2O2 treatment. Syk phosphorylation at tyrosine 525/526 was increased by incubation with 1% FBS or treatment with 100 µM H2O2. Nuclear translocation of Nrf2 by H2O2 was inhibited by treatment with BAY61-3606, a Syk inhibitor. BAY61-3606 also promoted MMP collapse, cytochrome C release, caspase 3 activation, and cell death. Taken together, these results implicate that Syk controls oxidative stress-induced human B cell death via nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and MMP collapse. These results suggest that Syk is a novel regulator of Nrf2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojin Park
- a Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Sejong University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Won Jang
- a Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Sejong University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- a Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Sejong University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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83
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Marasco MR, Conteh AM, Reissaus CA, Cupit JE, Appleman EM, Mirmira RG, Linnemann AK. Interleukin-6 Reduces β-Cell Oxidative Stress by Linking Autophagy With the Antioxidant Response. Diabetes 2018; 67:1576-1588. [PMID: 29784660 PMCID: PMC6054440 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a key instigator of β-cell dysfunction in diabetes. The pleiotropic cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) has previously been linked to β-cell autophagy but has not been studied in the context of β-cell antioxidant response. We used a combination of animal models of diabetes and analysis of cultured human islets and rodent β-cells to study how IL-6 influences antioxidant response. We show that IL-6 couples autophagy to antioxidant response and thereby reduces ROS in β-cells and human islets. β-Cell-specific loss of IL-6 signaling in vivo renders mice more susceptible to oxidative damage and cell death through the selective β-cell toxins streptozotocin and alloxan. IL-6-driven ROS reduction is associated with an increase in the master antioxidant factor NRF2, which rapidly translocates to the mitochondria to decrease mitochondrial activity and stimulate mitophagy. IL-6 also initiates a robust transient decrease in cellular cAMP levels, likely contributing to the stimulation of mitophagy to mitigate ROS. Our findings suggest that coupling autophagy to antioxidant response in β-cells leads to stress adaptation that can reduce cellular apoptosis. These findings have implications for β-cell survival under diabetogenic conditions and present novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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MESH Headings
- Alloxan/toxicity
- Animals
- Autophagy/drug effects
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Humans
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Reactive Oxygen Species/antagonists & inhibitors
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/agonists
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Streptozocin/toxicity
- Tissue Banks
- Tissue Culture Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Marasco
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Abass M Conteh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - John E Cupit
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Evan M Appleman
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Amelia K Linnemann
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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84
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Ma S, Paiboonrungruan C, Yan T, Williams KP, Major MB, Chen XL. Targeted therapy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: the NRF2 signaling pathway as target. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1434:164-172. [PMID: 29752726 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a deadly disease that requires extensive research. Here, we review the current understanding of the functions of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (NRF2) signaling pathway in the esophagus. Genomic data suggest that gene mutations and several other mechanisms result in NRF2 hyperactivation in human ESCC. As a consequence, NRF2high ESCC is more resistant to chemoradiotherapy and associated with poorer survival than NRF2low ESCC. Mechanistically, we believe NRF2, functioning as a transcription factor, causes an esophageal phenotype through regulation of gene transcription. We discuss metabolism, mitochondria, proteasomes, and several signaling pathways as downstream players that may contribute to an esophageal phenotype due to NRF2 hyperactivation. Finally, strategies are proposed to target the NRF2 signaling pathway for therapy of NRF2high ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chorlada Paiboonrungruan
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tiansheng Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kevin P Williams
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - M Ben Major
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xiaoxin Luke Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina.,Center for Esophageal Disease and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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85
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Mitochondrial Complex I activity signals antioxidant response through ERK5. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7420. [PMID: 29743487 PMCID: PMC5943249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) generates ROS as a byproduct of mitochondrial complex I activity. ROS-detoxifying enzymes are made available through the activation of their antioxidant response elements (ARE) in their gene promoters. NRF2 binds to AREs and induces this anti-oxidant response. We show that cells from multiple origins performing OXPHOS induced NRF2 expression and its transcriptional activity. The NRF2 promoter contains MEF2 binding sites and the MAPK ERK5 induced MEF2-dependent NRF2 expression. Blocking OXPHOS in a mouse model decreased Erk5 and Nrf2 expression. Furthermore, fibroblasts derived from patients with mitochondrial disorders also showed low expression of ERK5 and NRF2 mRNAs. Notably, in cells lacking functional mitochondrial complex I activity OXPHOS did not induce ERK5 expression and failed to generate this anti-oxidant response. Complex I activity induces ERK5 expression through fumarate accumulation. Eukaryotic cells have evolved a genetic program to prevent oxidative stress directly linked to OXPHOS and not requiring ROS.
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86
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Gholinejad M, Jafari Anarkooli I, Taromchi A, Abdanipour A. Adenosine decreases oxidative stress and protects H 2O 2-treated neural stem cells against apoptosis through decreasing Mst1 expression. Biomed Rep 2018; 8:439-446. [PMID: 29732147 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overproduction of free radicals during oxidative stress induces damage to key biomolecules and activates programed cell death pathways. Neuronal cell death in the nervous system leads to a number of neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of adenosine on inhibition of apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in bone marrow-derived neural stem cells (B-dNSCs), with focus on its regulatory effect on the expression of mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1 (Mst1), as a novel proapoptotic kinase. B-dNSCs were exposed to adenosine at different doses (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 µM) for 48 h followed by 125 µM H2O2 for 30 min. Using MTT, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays, the effects of adenosine on cell survival, apoptosis and Mst1, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 and B-cell lymphoma 2 and adenosine A1 receptor expression were evaluated in pretreated B-dNSCs compared with controls (cells treated with H2O2 only). Firstly, results of the MTT assay indicated 6 µM adenosine to be the most protective dose in terms of promotion of cell viability. Subsequent assays using this dosage indicated that apoptosis rate and Mst1 expression in B-dNSCs pretreated with 6 µM adenosine were significantly decreased compared with the control group. These findings suggest that adenosine protects B-dNSCs against oxidative stress-induced cell death, and therefore, that it may be used to promote the survival rate of B-dNSCs and as a candidate for the treatment of oxidative stress-mediated neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Gholinejad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 45139-56184, Iran
| | - Iraj Jafari Anarkooli
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 45139-56184, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Taromchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 45139-56184, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdanipour
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 45139-56184, Iran
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87
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Bose C, Awasthi S, Sharma R, Beneš H, Hauer-Jensen M, Boerma M, Singh SP. Sulforaphane potentiates anticancer effects of doxorubicin and attenuates its cardiotoxicity in a breast cancer model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193918. [PMID: 29518137 PMCID: PMC5843244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women of the Western world. Doxorubicin (DOX) continues to be used extensively to treat early-stage or node-positive breast cancer, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer, and metastatic disease. We have previously demonstrated in a mouse model that sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate isolated from cruciferous vegetables, protects the heart from DOX-induced toxicity and damage. However, the effects of SFN on the chemotherapeutic efficacy of DOX in breast cancer are not known. Present studies were designed to investigate whether SFN alters the effects of DOX on breast cancer regression while also acting as a cardioprotective agent. Studies on rat neonatal cardiomyocytes and multiple rat and human breast cancer cell lines revealed that SFN protects cardiac cells but not cancer cells from DOX toxicity. Results of studies in a rat orthotopic breast cancer model indicated that SFN enhanced the efficacy of DOX in regression of tumor growth, and that the DOX dosage required to treat the tumor could be reduced when SFN was administered concomitantly. Additionally, SFN enhanced mitochondrial respiration in the hearts of DOX-treated rats and reduced cardiac oxidative stress caused by DOX, as evidenced by the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, the activation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and associated antioxidant enzymes. These studies indicate that SFN not only acts synergistically with DOX in cancer regression, but also protects the heart from DOX toxicity through Nrf2 activation and protection of mitochondrial integrity and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhanda Bose
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Awasthi
- Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rajendra Sharma
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Helen Beneš
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Marjan Boerma
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Sharda P. Singh
- Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
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88
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Kowluru RA, Mishra M. Therapeutic targets for altering mitochondrial dysfunction associated with diabetic retinopathy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:233-245. [PMID: 29436254 PMCID: PMC6088375 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1439921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinopathy remains as one of the most feared blinding complications of diabetes, and with the prevalence of this life-long disease escalating at an alarming rate, the incidence of retinopathy is also climbing. Although the cutting edge research has identified many molecular mechanisms associated with its development, the exact mechanism how diabetes damages the retina remains obscure, limiting therapeutic options for this devastating disease. Areas covered: This review focuses on the central role of mitochondrial dysfunction/damage in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, and how damaged mitochondria initiates a self-perpetuating vicious cycles of free radicals. We have also reviewed how mitochondria could serve as a therapeutic target, and the challenges associated with the complex double mitochondrial membranes and a well-defined blood-retinal barrier for optimal pharmacologic/molecular approach to improve mitochondrial function. Expert opinion: Mitochondrial dysfunction provides many therapeutic targets for ameliorating the development of diabetic retinopathy including their biogenesis, DNA damage and epigenetic modifications. New technology to enhance pharmaceuticals uptake inside the mitochondria, nanotechnology to deliver drugs to the retina, and maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis via lifestyle changes and novel therapeutics to prevent epigenetic modifications, could serve as some of the welcoming avenues for a diabetic patient to target this sight-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu A Kowluru
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Manish Mishra
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA
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Nrf2-Keap1 signaling in oxidative and reductive stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:721-733. [PMID: 29499228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1028] [Impact Index Per Article: 171.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nrf2 and its endogenous inhibitor, Keap1, function as a ubiquitous, evolutionarily conserved intracellular defense mechanism to counteract oxidative stress. Sequestered by cytoplasmic Keap1 and targeted to proteasomal degradation in basal conditions, in case of oxidative stress Nrf2 detaches from Keap1 and translocates to the nucleus, where it heterodimerizes with one of the small Maf proteins. The heterodimers recognize the AREs, that are enhancer sequences present in the regulatory regions of Nrf2 target genes, essential for the recruitment of key factors for transcription. In the present review we briefly introduce the Nrf2-Keap1 system and describe Nrf2 functions, illustrate the Nrf2-NF-κB cross-talk, and highlight the effects of the Nrf2-Keap1 system in the physiology and pathophysiology of striated muscle tissue taking into account its role(s) in oxidative stress and reductive stress.
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90
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Abstract
The NFE2L2 gene encodes the transcription factor Nrf2 best known for regulating the expression of antioxidant and detoxification genes. Gene knockout approaches have demonstrated its universal cytoprotective features. While Nrf2 has been the topic of intensive research in cancer biology since its discovery in 1994, understanding the role of Nrf2 in cardiovascular disease has just begun. The literature concerning Nrf2 in experimental models of atherosclerosis, ischemia, reperfusion, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and diabetes supports its cardiac protective character. In addition to antioxidant and detoxification genes, Nrf2 has been found to regulate genes participating in cell signaling, transcription, anabolic metabolism, autophagy, cell proliferation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and organ development, suggesting that Nrf2 governs damage resistance as well as wound repair and tissue remodeling. A long list of small molecules, most derived from natural products, have been characterized as Nrf2 inducers. These compounds disrupt Keap1-mediated Nrf2 ubquitination, thereby prohibiting proteasomal degradation and allowing Nrf2 protein to accumulate and translocate to the nucleus, where Nrf2 interacts with sMaf to bind to ARE in the promoter of genes. Recently alternative mechanisms driving Nrf2 protein increase have been revealed, including removal of Keap1 by autophagy due to p62/SQSTM1 binding, inhibition of βTrCP or Synoviolin/Hrd1-mediated ubiquitination of Nrf2, and de novo Nrf2 protein translation. We review here a large volume of literature reporting historical and recent discoveries about the function and regulation of Nrf2 gene. Multiple lines of evidence presented here support the potential of dialing up the Nrf2 pathway for cardiac protection in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin M Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Anthony J Maltagliati
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
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91
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Zou R, Shi W, Tao J, Li H, Lin X, Yang S, Hua P. SIRT5 and post-translational protein modifications: A potential therapeutic target for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury with regard to mitochondrial dynamics and oxidative metabolism. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 818:410-418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Thorwald M, Rodriguez R, Lee A, Martinez B, Peti-Peterdi J, Nakano D, Nishiyama A, Ortiz RM. Angiotensin receptor blockade improves cardiac mitochondrial activity in response to an acute glucose load in obese insulin resistant rats. Redox Biol 2017; 14:371-378. [PMID: 29049981 PMCID: PMC5647524 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia increases the risk of oxidant overproduction in the heart through activation of a multitude of pathways. Oxidation of mitochondrial enzymes may impair their function resulting in accumulation of intermediates and reverse electron transfer, contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) becomes inappropriately activated during metabolic syndrome, increasing oxidant production. To combat excess oxidant production, the transcription factor, nuclear factor erythriod-2- related factor 2 (Nrf2), induces expression of many antioxidant genes. We hypothesized that angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) blockade improves mitochondrial function in response to an acute glucose load via upregulation of Nrf2. To address this hypothesis, an oral glucose challenge was performed in three groups prior to dissection (n = 5–8 animals/group/time point) of adult male rats: 1) Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO; lean strain-control), 2) insulin resistant, obese Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF), and 3) OLETF + angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB; 10 mg olmesartan/kg/d × 6 weeks). Hearts were collected at T0, T60, and T120 minutes post-glucose infusion. ARB increased Nrf2 binding 32% compared to OLETF at T60. Total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were increased 45% and 66% respectively in ARB treated animals compared to OLETF. Mitochondrial enzyme activities of aconitase, complex I, and complex II increased by 135%, 33% and 66%, respectively in ARB compared to OLETF. These data demonstrate the protective effects of AT1 blockade on mitochondrial function during the manifestation of insulin resistance suggesting that the inappropriate activation of AT1 during insulin resistance may impair Nrf2 translocation and subsequent antioxidant activities and mitochondrial function. ARB increases cardiac mitochondrial enzyme activity in insulin resistant rats. Nrf2 binding activity increases when AT1 receptor activation is blocked. Glucose suppresses total cardiac GPx and CAT activities during insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Thorwald
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA.
| | - Ruben Rodriguez
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Andrew Lee
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Bridget Martinez
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daisuke Nakano
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University Medical School, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University Medical School, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Rudy M Ortiz
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA
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93
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Rottenberg H, Hoek JB. The path from mitochondrial ROS to aging runs through the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Aging Cell 2017; 16:943-955. [PMID: 28758328 PMCID: PMC5595682 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) is strongly associated with mitochondrial and cellular oxidative damage, aging, and degenerative diseases. However, mROS also induces pathways of protection of mitochondria that slow aging, inhibit cell death, and increase lifespan. Recent studies show that the activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), which is triggered by mROS and mitochondrial calcium overloading, is enhanced in aged animals and humans and in aging-related degenerative diseases. mPTP opening initiates further production and release of mROS that damage both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, proteins, and phospholipids, and also releases matrix NAD that is hydrolyzed in the intermembrane space, thus contributing to the depletion of cellular NAD that accelerates aging. Oxidative damage to calcium transporters leads to calcium overload and more frequent opening of mPTP. Because aging enhances the opening of the mPTP and mPTP opening accelerates aging, we suggest that mPTP opening drives the progression of aging. Activation of the mPTP is regulated, directly and indirectly, not only by the mitochondrial protection pathways that are induced by mROS, but also by pro-apoptotic signals that are induced by DNA damage. We suggest that the integration of these contrasting signals by the mPTP largely determines the rate of cell aging and the initiation of cell death, and thus animal lifespan. The suggestion that the control of mPTP activation is critical for the progression of aging can explain the conflicting and confusing evidence regarding the beneficial and deleterious effects of mROS on health and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Rottenberg
- New Hope Biomedical R&D; 23 W. Bridge Street New Hope PA 18038 USA
| | - Jan B. Hoek
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Cell Biology; MitoCare Center; Thomas Jefferson University; Philadelphia PA 19107 USA
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94
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Weng TY, Tsai SYA, Su TP. Roles of sigma-1 receptors on mitochondrial functions relevant to neurodegenerative diseases. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:74. [PMID: 28917260 PMCID: PMC5603014 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) is a chaperone that resides mainly at the mitochondrion-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (called the MAMs) and acts as a dynamic pluripotent modulator in living systems. At the MAM, the Sig-1R is known to play a role in regulating the Ca2+ signaling between ER and mitochondria and in maintaining the structural integrity of the MAM. The MAM serves as bridges between ER and mitochondria regulating multiple functions such as Ca2+ transfer, energy exchange, lipid synthesis and transports, and protein folding that are pivotal to cell survival and defense. Recently, emerging evidences indicate that the MAM is critical in maintaining neuronal homeostasis. Thus, given the specific localization of the Sig-1R at the MAM, we highlight and propose that the direct or indirect regulations of the Sig-1R on mitochondrial functions may relate to neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In addition, the promising use of Sig-1R ligands to rescue mitochondrial dysfunction-induced neurodegeneration is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yu Weng
- Cellular Pathobiology Section, Integrative Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, IRP, NIDA/NIH, Triad Bldg. suite 3512, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yi Anne Tsai
- Cellular Pathobiology Section, Integrative Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, IRP, NIDA/NIH, Triad Bldg. suite 3512, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Tsung-Ping Su
- Cellular Pathobiology Section, Integrative Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, IRP, NIDA/NIH, Triad Bldg. suite 3512, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
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95
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Kowluru RA. Diabetic retinopathy, metabolic memory and epigenetic modifications. Vision Res 2017; 139:30-38. [PMID: 28700951 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinopathy, a sight-threatening disease, remains one of the most feared complications of diabetes. Although hyperglycemia is the main initiator, progression of diabetic retinopathy continues even after re-institution of normal glycemic control in diabetic patients, and the deleterious effects of prior hyperglycemic insult depend on the duration and the severity of this insult, suggesting a 'metabolic memory' phenomenon. Metabolic memory phenomenon is successfully duplicated in the experimental models of diabetic retinopathy. Hyperglycemia, in addition to initiating many other biochemical and functional abnormalities and altering expression of genes associated with them, also increases oxidative stress. Increased production of cytosolic reactive oxygen species dysfunctions the mitochondria, and a compromised antioxidant defense system becomes overwhelmed to neutralize free radicals. With the duration of diabetes extending, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is also damaged, and transcription of mtDNA-encoded genes, important for function of the electron transport chain, is compromised. This fuels into a 'self-propagating' vicious cycle of free radicals, and retinopathy continues to progress. Hyperglycemic insult also affects the enzymatic machinery responsible for epigenetic modifications; these modifications alter gene expression without affecting the DNA sequence. Histones and/or DNA modifications of many enzymes, important in mitochondrial homeostasis, affect their activities and disturb mitochondrial homeostasis. Experimental models have shown that these epigenetic modifications have potential to halt only if normal glycemia is maintained from the day of induction of diabetes (streptozotocin) in rats, but if hyperglycemia is allowed to proceed even for couple months before initiation of normal glycemia, these epigenetic modification resist reversal. Supplementation of a therapy targeted to prevent increased oxidative stress or epigenetic modifications, during the normal glucose phase, which has followed high glucose insult, however, helps ameliorate these abnormalities and prevents the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Thus, without undermining the importance of tight glycemic control for a diabetic patient, supplementation of their 'best possible' glycemic control with such targeted therapies has potential to retard further progression of this blinding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu A Kowluru
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
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96
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Strom J, Chen QM. Loss of Nrf2 promotes rapid progression to heart failure following myocardial infarction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 327:52-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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97
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Wang L, Ma R, Guo Y, Sun J, Liu H, Zhu R, Liu C, Li J, Li L, Chen B, Sun L, Tang J, Zhao D, Mo F, Niu J, Jiang G, Fu M, Brömme D, Zhang D, Gao S. Antioxidant Effect of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi Aqueous Extract in Ovariectomized Rats Is Mediated through Nox4-ROS-NF-κB Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:266. [PMID: 28588482 PMCID: PMC5438993 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study is designed to explore whether Fructus ligustri lucidi (FLL) exhibits antioxidant effect in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, and to identify the signaling pathway involved in this process. Methods: OVX rats were treated with FLL aqueous extract (3.5 g/kg) for 12 weeks. Serum, uteri, and tibias were harvested from the rats and the levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-desoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined. Changes in the levels of NF-κB-p65, phosphorylation of NF-κB-p65 (NF-κB-pp65), NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα), phosphorylation of IκBα (p-IκBα), and NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) in uteri and tibias were determined by western blot, immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical analysis, respectively. In addition, the expression of cytochrome C (Cyto-C) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) were determined in the tibias of rats. Histopathological changes in the bones were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined in rat femurs by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Results: Treatment of OVX rats with FLL aqueous extract improved redox homeostasis by increasing the levels of TAC and NO as well as decreasing the levels of MDA and 8-OHdG in serum, tibias, and uteri. Further, FLL extract also downregulated the expression of Nox4, NF-κB-p65, NF-κB-pp65, and p-IκBα in the uteri and tibias. Furthermore, administration of FLL–OVX rats increased Bcl-2 expression and prevented cytoplasmic release of mitochondrial Cyto-C in the tibias. In addition, FLL treatment also improved bone microstructure and increased cortical bone thickness as well as increased BMD values in the femurs of OVX rats. Conclusions: FLL treatment may suppress oxidative stress response in OVX rats via regulating the Nox4/ROS/NF-κB signaling pathway. These results suggest the potential of using FLL as a natural antioxidant agent in preventing the development of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Cell and Biochemistry Lab, Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Rufeng Ma
- Cell and Biochemistry Lab, Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Yubo Guo
- Cell and Biochemistry Lab, Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Chinese Material Medica School, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Cell and Biochemistry Lab, Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Ruyuan Zhu
- Cell and Biochemistry Lab, Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Chenyue Liu
- Chinese Material Medica School, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for TCM, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Cell and Biochemistry Lab, Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Cell and Biochemistry Lab, Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Cell and Biochemistry Lab, Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Jinfa Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of He'nan TCM University, ZhengzhouHenan, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Fangfang Mo
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Jianzhao Niu
- Cell and Biochemistry Lab, Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Guangjian Jiang
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Min Fu
- The Research Institute of McGill University Health CenterMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dieter Brömme
- Oral Biological Medicinal Science, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Sihua Gao
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
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98
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Ma R, Li H, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Qiu X, Xie M, Yao B. The toxic effects and possible mechanisms of Brusatol on mouse oocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177844. [PMID: 28542354 PMCID: PMC5436816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brusatol is a natural quassinoid that shows a potential therapeutic use in cancer models by the inhibition of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and is capable of inducing a variety of biological effects. The effects of Brusatol on oocyte meiosis has not been addressed. In this study, we investigated the impact of Brusatol treatment on mouse oocyte maturation and its possible mechanism. Our data demonstrated that Brusatol treatment disrupted oocyte maturation and spindle/chromosome organization by modulating Nrf2-Cyclin B1 pathway, as the influence of Brusatol was compensated by the addition of Nrf2 activation plasmid, and the mRNA and protein levels of Cyclin B1 were severely reduced in oocytes following Nrf2 decline. In summary, our data support a model that Brusatol, through the inhibition of Nrf2, modulate Cyclin B1 levels, consequently disturbing proper spindle assembly and chromosome condensation in meiotic oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujun Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongru Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Lin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhua Qiu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xie
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Kowluru RA, Mishra M. Epigenetic regulation of redox signaling in diabetic retinopathy: Role of Nrf2. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 103:155-164. [PMID: 28012783 PMCID: PMC5258851 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a major vision threatening disease among working age adults, and increased oxidative stress is one of the prime causative factors in its pathogenesis. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cytosol damage mitochondria, and due to compromised antioxidant signaling system and dysfunctional mitochondria with damaged mitochondrial DNA, ROS continue to pile up, accelerating capillary cell loss. In addition to other cellular and enzymatic defense systems, the retina is also equipped with the nuclear erythroid-2-p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2) antioxidant response element signaling pathway, which controls the expression of genes important in detoxification and elimination of ROS. However, in diabetes, its transcriptional activity is impaired, further exacerbating and exposing the retina to elevated stress. Diabetic milieu also alters epigenetic factors responsible for chromatin modifications and gene regulation, and kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), important in regulating Nrf2-antioxidant signaling axis, is epigenetically modified, impeding nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and this inhibits the transcription of genes with Antioxidant Response Element. This review discusses antioxidant signaling, especially the role of Nrf2, in diabetic retinopathy, and possible involvement of epigenetic modifications in antioxidant signaling and Nrf2 transcriptional activity. Therapies targeting Nrf2 activation, including epigenetic modifications, have potentional to prevent mitochondrial damage and inhibit the development, and progression of this sight-threatening disease which most of the patients get after 20-25 years of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu A Kowluru
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
| | - Manish Mishra
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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Smith RE, Tran K, Smith CC, McDonald M, Shejwalkar P, Hara K. The Role of the Nrf2/ARE Antioxidant System in Preventing Cardiovascular Diseases. Diseases 2016; 4:diseases4040034. [PMID: 28933413 PMCID: PMC5456329 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely believed that consuming foods and beverages that have high concentrations of antioxidants can prevent cardiovascular diseases and many types of cancer. As a result, many articles have been published that give the total antioxidant capacities of foods in vitro. However, many antioxidants behave quite differently in vivo. Some of them, such as resveratrol (in red wine) and epigallocatechin gallate or EGCG (in green tea) can activate the nuclear erythroid-2 like factor-2 (Nrf2) transcription factor. It is a master regulator of endogenous cellular defense mechanisms. Nrf2 controls the expression of many antioxidant and detoxification genes, by binding to antioxidant response elements (AREs) that are commonly found in the promoter region of antioxidant (and other) genes, and that control expression of those genes. The mechanisms by which Nrf2 relieves oxidative stress and limits cardiac injury as well as the progression to heart failure are described. Also, the ability of statins to induce Nrf2 in the heart, brain, lung, and liver is mentioned. However, there is a negative side of Nrf2. When over-activated, it can cause (not prevent) cardiovascular diseases and multi-drug resistance cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Smith
- US Food & Drug Administration, 11510 W 80th Street, Lenexa, KS 66214, USA.
| | - Kevin Tran
- US Food & Drug Administration, 11510 W 80th Street, Lenexa, KS 66214, USA.
| | - Cynthia C Smith
- US Food & Drug Administration, 11510 W 80th Street, Lenexa, KS 66214, USA.
| | - Miranda McDonald
- US Food & Drug Administration, 11510 W 80th Street, Lenexa, KS 66214, USA.
| | - Pushkar Shejwalkar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakuramachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan.
| | - Kenji Hara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakuramachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan.
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