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Elia E, Montecucco F, Portincasa P, Sahebkar A, Mollazadeh H, Carbone F. Update on pathological platelet activation in coronary thrombosis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2121-2133. [PMID: 30317596 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although coronary thrombosis (CT) is integral to cardiovascular outcomes, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. CT may occur in case of atherosclerotic plaque erosion/rupture, or even after stenting implantation. Platelets (PLT) activation is the keystone of atherothrombosis and depends on many dysregulated elements, including endothelial dysfunction, oxidized lipoproteins, and immune response. Besides the classical view of PLT as an effector of hemostatic response, a new repertoire of PLT activities is emerging. PLT lipidome oxidation is a self-maintaining process which promotes PLT reactivity, coagulation cascade, and inflammatory cell activation. PLT-innate immune cell interaction is also sustained by neutrophil extracellular traps and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. Other noteworthy emerging mechanisms are implicated in the crosstalk between PLT and surrounding cells. Especially, microvesicles (MVs) released from PLT may extend their signaling network far beyond the classical cell-cell interactions. Moreover, the recognition of noncoding RNA in PLT MVs introduce another layer of complexity in terms of intercellular signaling by a direct regulation of messenger RNA profile and gene expression in the recipient cells. The aim of this narrative review is to update the recent advance in CT and intracoronary stent thrombosis, including causal factors and potential translation of experimental evidence into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Elia
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 10 Largo Benzi, Genoa, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinica Medica "A. Murri," University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Mollazadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Federico Carbone
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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52
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Xiaoyan L, Li C, Liu T, Ke H, Gong X, Wang Q, Zhang J, Fan X. Chemical analysis, pharmacological activity and process optimization of the proportion of bilobalide and ginkgolides in Ginkgo biloba extract. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:46-54. [PMID: 30071391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Variations on the efficacy of commercial Ginkgo biloba preparations have been reported, although all the products follow the same standards. Terpene trilactones (TTLs), including bilobalide (BB) and ginkgolides, are one of the main active components in G. biloba extract and have been received the most attention due to their chemical uniqueness and their importance for quality control. A plenty of studies demonstrated that BB and ginkgolides display differential activities on various biological processes. However, the influence of different ratios of BB and ginkgolides on the efficacy of TTLs has not been detected yet. The aims of this study were: (1) to test whether different ratios of BB and ginkgolides existed in commercial G. biloba preparations; (2) to detect the influence of different ratios of BB and ginkgolides on the in vivo efficacy of TTLs; and (3) to optimize the extraction process of G. biloba to approach the better BB and ginkgolides ratio with the maximum in vivo effects. First, the content and proportion of BB and ginkgolides in various G. biloba preparations were quantified by HPLC-MS analysis. As the results, an obvious fluctuation in the proportion of BB and ginkgolides was observed in the preparations from different commercial suppliers. The ratio was ranged from 0.3 to 0.8. Second, a zebrafish thrombosis model was used to evaluate the antithrombotic effects of different ratios of BB and ginkgolides. The result showed that the proportion of BB and ginkgolides at 1:2 produced the maximum antithrombotic effects. Third, the extraction process of G. biloba was optimized using a design space technique aiming to approach the best BB and ginkgolides ratio obtained from zebrafish experiment. The extraction process was modeled based on the results of Box-Behnken designed experiments. Design space was then calculated using a probability-based method. Within this design space, G. biloba extraction process can be guaranteed to achieve the better BB and ginkgolides ratio with high assurance. Normal operation space for G. biloba extraction process was recommended as ethanol concentration of 50% to 70%, liquid-to-solid ratio of 5.6 mL/g to 7.3 mL/g, and extraction time of 2.2 h to 3.0 h. This work not only suggest that the proportion of BB and ginkgolides should be used as a quality control index in ginkgo preparations besides the content of TTLs, but also provide a way to approach it with the extraction process parameters controlled in the normal operation ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xiaoyan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chen Li
- Zhejiang University - WanBangDe Pharmaceutical Group Co.,Ltd. Joint Research Center for Chinese Medicine Modernization, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Han Ke
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingchu Gong
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Zhejiang University - WanBangDe Pharmaceutical Group Co.,Ltd. Joint Research Center for Chinese Medicine Modernization, China
| | - Jianbing Zhang
- Zhejiang University - WanBangDe Pharmaceutical Group Co.,Ltd. Joint Research Center for Chinese Medicine Modernization, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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53
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Levi M, Sivapalaratnam S. Disseminated intravascular coagulation: an update on pathogenesis and diagnosis. Expert Rev Hematol 2018; 11:663-672. [PMID: 29999440 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2018.1500173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activation of the hemostatic system can occur in many clinical conditions. However, a systemic and strong activation of coagulation complicating clinical settings such as sepsis, trauma or malignant disease may result in the occurrence disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Areas covered: This article reviews the clinical manifestation and relevance of DIC, the various conditions that may precipitate DIC and the pathogenetic pathways underlying the derangement of the hemostatic system, based on clinical and experimental studies. In addition, the (differential) diagnostic approach to DIC is discussed. Expert commentary: In recent years a lot of precise insights in the pathophysiology of DIC have been uncovered, leading to a better understanding of pathways leading to the hemostatic derangement and providing points of impact for better adjunctive treatment strategies. In addition, simple diagnostic algorithms have been developed and validated to establish a diagnosis of DIC in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Levi
- a Department of Medicine , University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , London , United Kingdom.,b Cardiometabolic Programme-NIHR UCLH/UCL BRC , London , United Kingdom
| | - Suthesh Sivapalaratnam
- c Department of Immunobiology , Queen Mary University of London , London , United Kingdom.,d Department of Haematology , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
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54
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Met117 oxidation leads to enhanced flexibility of cardiovascular biomarker- lipoprotein- associated phospholipase A2 and reduced substrate binding affinity with platelet-activating factor. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:831-840. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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55
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Fragopoulou E, Choleva M, Antonopoulou S, Demopoulos CA. Wine and its metabolic effects. A comprehensive review of clinical trials. Metabolism 2018; 83:102-119. [PMID: 29408458 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of the term "French Paradox" motivated an extensive and in-depth research into health benefits of moderate wine consumption. The superiority of wine is thought to be attributed to its micro-constituents and consequent effort was made to isolate and identify these bioactive compounds as well as to elucidate the mechanisms of their action. Controlled trials offer more concrete answers to several raised questions than observational studies. Under this perspective, clinical trials have been implemented, mainly in healthy volunteers and rarely in patients, in order to investigate the acute or chronic effect of wine consumption on metabolism and physio-pathological systems, which are mainly associated with cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this review is to update the knowledge about the acute and long term effect of wine consumption on lipid and glucose/insulin metabolism as well as on the inflammatory and haemostatic systems, based on the reported data of controlled clinical trials. In conclusion, the most repeated result of wine consumption is on lipid metabolism, attributed mainly to ethanol, while wine micro-constituents seem to have an important role mainly in haemostatic and inflammatory/endothelial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fragopoulou
- Department of Nutrition -Dietetics, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Street, 17671 Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria Choleva
- Department of Nutrition -Dietetics, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Street, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Smaragdi Antonopoulou
- Department of Nutrition -Dietetics, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Street, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos A Demopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15771 Athens, Greece
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56
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Peppers BP, Vatsayan A, Dalal J, Bonfield T, Tcheurekdjian H, Hostoffer R. A case series: Association of anaphylaxis with a significant decrease in platelet levels and possible secondary risk of thrombosis. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2018; 6:377-381. [PMID: 29701015 PMCID: PMC6113765 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Anaphylaxis is a life threatening systemic inflammatory process that share mediators involved in the coagulation cascade. Platelet activating factor, known to increase platelet aggregation, has also been implicated as an important mediator of anaphylaxis. Although other inflammatory reactions are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis, anaphylaxis is currently not reported as one of them. Furthermore the role platelets may have in the perianaphylaxis period is not well understood. We here in present a retrospective case series of three patients that had platelet aberrations suggestive of PAF involvement and clinically significant thrombosis in close relationship with anaphylaxis. Objective To investigate platelet response before and after anaphylaxis and indirect observation evidence of platelet activating factors involvement with possible increased risk of thrombosis. Methods A retrospective investigation into medical records including medication administrations times, laboratory, and radiology results. Platelet levels pre‐ and post‐ anaphylaxis were statistically analyzed. Results Case 1, a 44 year old man had an anaphylactic reaction shortly after envenomation and subsequently suffered an acute infarction with thrombus in a cerebral artery. Case 2 is a 49 year old man with idiopathic anaphylaxis who developed a deep vein thrombosis after a protracted anaphylaxis event. Case 3 involved an 18 year old female with acute myeloid leukemia was found to have a thrombus in the celiac trunk following anaphylaxis. A paired two‐tailed Wilcoxon test on the subjects pre and post anaphylactic platelet levels resulted in a overall P < 0.0001. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance These three cases illustrate the potential role platelets may have in anaphylaxis and possible increased secondary risk for the development of thrombosis. Larger studies are required to determine incidence and risk factors for blood clots following anaphylaxis in order to provide management or screening recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Peppers
- Adult and Pediatric ACGME Osteopathic Recognized Allergy and Immunology Fellowship, University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Anant Vatsayan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant Fellowship Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jignesh Dalal
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant Fellowship Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Tracey Bonfield
- Department of Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Haig Tcheurekdjian
- Adult and Pediatric ACGME Osteopathic Recognized Allergy and Immunology Fellowship, University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.,Allergy/Immunology Associates, Inc, Mayfield Heights, Ohio
| | - Robert Hostoffer
- Adult and Pediatric ACGME Osteopathic Recognized Allergy and Immunology Fellowship, University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.,Allergy/Immunology Associates, Inc, Mayfield Heights, Ohio
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57
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Pruritus: Progress toward Pathogenesis and Treatment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9625936. [PMID: 29850592 PMCID: PMC5925168 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9625936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pruritus, the most common cutaneous symptom, is widely seen in many skin complaints. It is an uncomfortable feeling on the skin and sometimes impairs patients' quality of life. At present, the specific mechanism of pruritus still remains unclear. Antihistamines, which are usually used to relieve pruritus, ineffectively work in some patients with itching. Recent evidence has suggested that, apart from histamine, many mediators and signaling pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of pruritus. Various therapeutic options for itching correspondingly have been developed. In this review, we summarize the updated pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies for pruritus.
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58
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Higgins SJ, De Ceunynck K, Kellum JA, Chen X, Gu X, Chaudhry SA, Schulman S, Libermann TA, Lu S, Shapiro NI, Christiani DC, Flaumenhaft R, Parikh SM. Tie2 protects the vasculature against thrombus formation in systemic inflammation. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1471-1484. [PMID: 29360642 DOI: 10.1172/jci97488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Disordered coagulation contributes to death in sepsis and lacks effective treatments. Existing markers of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) reflect its sequelae rather than its causes, delaying diagnosis and treatment. Here we show that disruption of the endothelial Tie2 axis is a sentinel event in septic DIC. Proteomics in septic DIC patients revealed a network involving inflammation and coagulation with the Tie2 antagonist, angiopoietin-2 (Angpt-2), occupying a central node. Angpt-2 was strongly associated with traditional DIC markers including platelet counts, yet more accurately predicted mortality in 2 large independent cohorts (combined N = 1,077). In endotoxemic mice, reduced Tie2 signaling preceded signs of overt DIC. During this early phase, intravital imaging of microvascular injury revealed excessive fibrin accumulation, a pattern remarkably mimicked by Tie2 deficiency even without inflammation. Conversely, Tie2 activation normalized prothrombotic responses by inhibiting endothelial tissue factor and phosphatidylserine exposure. Critically, Tie2 activation had no adverse effects on bleeding. These results mechanistically implicate Tie2 signaling as a central regulator of microvascular thrombus formation in septic DIC and indicate that circulating markers of the Tie2 axis could facilitate earlier diagnosis. Finally, interventions targeting Tie2 may normalize coagulation in inflammatory states while averting the bleeding risks of current DIC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Higgins
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine.,Center for Vascular Biology Research, and
| | - Karen De Ceunynck
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John A Kellum
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiuying Chen
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine.,Center for Vascular Biology Research, and
| | - Xuesong Gu
- Bioinformatics, and Systems Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, and
| | - Sharjeel A Chaudhry
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sol Schulman
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Towia A Libermann
- Bioinformatics, and Systems Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, and
| | - Shulin Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan I Shapiro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David C Christiani
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School and the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samir M Parikh
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine.,Center for Vascular Biology Research, and
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59
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Garrido D, Chanteloup NK, Trotereau A, Lion A, Bailleul G, Esnault E, Trapp S, Quéré P, Schouler C, Guabiraba R. Characterization of the Phospholipid Platelet-Activating Factor As a Mediator of Inflammation in Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:226. [PMID: 29326957 PMCID: PMC5741692 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid mediators are known to play important roles in the onset and resolution phases of the inflammatory response in mammals. The phospholipid platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a pro-inflammatory lipid mediator which participates in vascular- and innate immunity-associated processes by increasing vascular permeability, by facilitating leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium, and by contributing to phagocyte activation. PAF exerts its function upon binding to its specific receptor, PAF receptor (PAFR), which is abundantly expressed in leukocytes and endothelial cells (ECs). In chickens, lipid mediators and their functions are still poorly characterized, and the role of PAF as an inflammatory mediator has not yet been investigated. In the present study we demonstrate that primary chicken macrophages express PAFR and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 (LPCAT2), the latter being essential to PAF biosynthesis during inflammation. Also, exogenous PAF treatment induces intracellular calcium increase, reactive oxygen species release, and increased phagocytosis by primary chicken macrophages in a PAFR-dependent manner. We also show that PAF contributes to the Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory response and boosts the macrophage response to E. coli LPS via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt- and calmodulin kinase II-mediated intracellular signaling pathways. Exogenous PAF treatment also increases avian pathogenic E. coli intracellular killing by chicken macrophages, and PAFR and LPCAT2 are upregulated in chicken lungs and liver during experimental pulmonary colibacillosis. Finally, exogenous PAF treatment increases cell permeability and upregulates the expression of genes coding for proteins involved in leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium in primary chicken endothelial cells (chAEC). In addition to these vascular phenomena, PAF boosts the chAEC inflammatory response to bacteria-associated molecular patterns in a PAFR-dependent manner. In conclusion, we identified PAF as an inflammation amplifier in chicken macrophages and ECs, which suggests that PAF could play important roles in the endothelium-innate immunity interface in birds during major bacterial infectious diseases such as colibacillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Garrido
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Adrien Lion
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Evelyne Esnault
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sascha Trapp
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Quéré
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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60
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Osterloh A. Immune response against rickettsiae: lessons from murine infection models. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:403-417. [PMID: 28770333 PMCID: PMC5664416 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rickettsiae are small intracellular bacteria that can cause life-threatening febrile diseases. Rickettsioses occur worldwide with increasing incidence. Therefore, a vaccine is highly desired. A prerequisite for the development of a vaccine is the knowledge of the immune response against these bacteria, in particular protective immunity. In recent years murine models of rickettsial infections have been established, and the study of immune response against rickettsiae in mice provided many new insights into protective and pathological immune reactions. This review summarizes the current knowledge about immune mechanisms in protection and pathology in rickettsial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Osterloh
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
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61
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Acetylsalicylic Acid Produces Different Effects on the Production of Active Oxygen Species by Activated Platelets in Different Inflammatory Diseases. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 164:36-40. [PMID: 29124532 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3921-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of acetylsalicylic acid on ROS generation by platelets in patients after surgical interventions and in patients with bronchial asthma was studied. Platelets stimulated with platelet-activating factor are characterized by weak luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence in healthy people and patients after operations with laparoscopic incisions. Addition of platelet activation factor to platelet samples from patients after open abdominal surgery caused intensive chemiluminescence that was suppressed after platelet incubation with acetylsalicylic acid. At the same time, platelets of patients with aspirin-sensitive asthma did not respond to addition of platelet activating factor, but after incubation with acetylsalicylic acid, an intensive burst of chemiluminescence was detected with a maximum in 5-10 sec after the addition of a platelet-activating factor. In patients with bronchial asthma tolerant to aspirin, platelet activation factor did not induce chemiluminescence irrespective of incubation with acetylsalicylic acid.
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62
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Raymond SL, Holden DC, Mira JC, Stortz JA, Loftus TJ, Mohr AM, Moldawer LL, Moore FA, Larson SD, Efron PA. Microbial recognition and danger signals in sepsis and trauma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2564-2573. [PMID: 28115287 PMCID: PMC5519458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Early host recognition of microbial invasion or damaged host tissues provides an effective warning system by which protective immune and inflammatory processes are initiated. Host tissues responsible for continuous sampling of their local environment employ cell surface and cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that provide redundant and overlapping identification of both microbial and host alarmins. Microbial products containing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), as well as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) serve as principle ligands for recognition by these PRRs. It is this interaction which plays both an essential survival role in response to infection and injury, as well as the pathologic role in tissue and organ injury associated with severe sepsis and trauma. Elucidating the interaction between ligands and their respective PRRs can provide both a better understanding of the host response, as well as a rational basis for therapeutic intervention. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Immune and Metabolic Alterations in Trauma and Sepsis edited by Dr. Raghavan Raju.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Raymond
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David C Holden
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Juan C Mira
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Julie A Stortz
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Tyler J Loftus
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alicia M Mohr
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lyle L Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Frederick A Moore
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shawn D Larson
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Philip A Efron
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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63
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Islam MT. Andrographolide, a New Hope in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:571. [PMID: 28878680 PMCID: PMC5572404 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the use of plant-derived medicines is increasing interest in the prevention and treatment of a variety of disorders including metabolic syndromes. Metabolic syndrome is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and incidence of mortality worldwide. Scientific evidence suggests that Andrographis paniculata and its derived components, especially andrographolide (AGL) and its analogs/derivatives have a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review aims to sketch the activity of AGL and its analogs/derivatives against the components of metabolic syndromes such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and obesity. Additionally, AGL activity against CVDs is also summarized. The finding suggests that AGL and its analogs/derivatives have a potential role in the management of metabolic syndrome; however, more studies should be conducted to evaluate their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad T Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern University BangladeshChittagong, Bangladesh.,Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of PiauíTeresina, Brazil
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64
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Rodrigues RS, Bozza FA, Hanrahan CJ, Wang LM, Wu Q, Hoffman JM, Zimmerman GA, Morton KA. 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose PET informs neutrophil accumulation and activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 48:52-62. [PMID: 28237630 PMCID: PMC5380510 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Molecular imaging of the earliest events related to the development of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) could facilitate therapeutic development and patient management. We previously reported that 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET identifies ALI/ARDS prior to radiographic abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to establish the time courses of 18F-FDG uptake, edema and neutrophil recruitment in an endotoxin-induced acute lung injury model and to examine molecular events required for 14C-2DG uptake in activated neutrophils. METHODS Lung uptake of 18F-FDG was measured by PET in control male Sprague Dawley rats and at 2, 6 and 24h following the intraperitoneal injection of 10mg/kg LPS. Lung edema (attenuation) was measured by microCT. Neutrophil influx into the lungs was measured by myeloperoxidase assay. Control and activated human donor neutrophils were compared for uptake of 14C-2DG, transcription and content of hexokinase and GLUT isoforms and for hexokinase (HK) activity. RESULTS Significant uptake of 18F-FDG occurred by 2h following LPS, and progressively increased to 24h. Lung uptake of 18F-FDG preceded increased CT attenuation (lung edema). Myeloperoxidase activity in the lungs, supporting neutrophil influx, paralleled 18F-FDG uptake. Activation of isolated human neutrophils resulted in increased uptake of 14C-2DG, expression of GLUT 3 and GLUT 4 and expression and increased HK1 activity. CONCLUSION Systemic endotoxin-induced ALI results in very early and progressive uptake of 18F-FDG, parallels neutrophil accumulation and occurs earlier than lung injury edema. Activated neutrophils show increased uptake of 14C-2DG, expression of specific GLUT3, GLUT4 and HK1 protein and HK activity. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE: 18F-FDG pulmonary uptake is an early biomarker of neutrophil recruitment in ALI and is associated with specific molecular events that mediate 14C-2DG uptake in activated neutrophils. 18F-FDG PET may provide a potential mechanism for early diagnosis and therapeutic assessment of ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana S Rodrigues
- Department of Radiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- National Institute of Infectious Disease Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christopher J Hanrahan
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Li-Ming Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John M Hoffman
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Guy A Zimmerman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kathryn A Morton
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Liu H, Fu Y, Wang K. Asthma and risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 118:689-695. [PMID: 28433577 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in patients with asthma, and their results remain inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To conduct a meta-analysis to determine whether asthma increases the risk of CHD. METHODS A systematic literature search of the PubMed and Embase databases from inception to August 2016, complemented with references screening of relevant articles and reviews, was performed to identify eligible studies. Only longitudinal cohort studies were included in our meta-analysis. RESULTS The retrieval process yielded 7 studies (12 asthma cohorts) with 495,024 patients. Data pooling across the cohorts revealed that asthma was associated with an increased risk of CHD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30-1.57; P < .001), without significant heterogeneity across the studies (I2 = 26%, P = .19). This epidemiologic association was more pronounced in female than in male patients (female: HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.41-1.59; male: HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.16-1.47; P for interaction = .046). In addition, subgroup and sensitivity analyses supported the positive correlation between asthma and incident CHD. CONCLUSION Asthma is related to an increased incidence of CHD, particularly in women. Clinicians should be aware of this association when faced with a patient with asthma. Further investigations are required to examine how this excess risk should be managed in routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jingmen No. 2 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei, China.
| | - Ying Fu
- Medical School of Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, Hubei, China
| | - Kunpeng Wang
- Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
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Lipid Mediators of Allergic Disease: Pathways, Treatments, and Emerging Therapeutic Targets. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 16:48. [PMID: 27333777 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive lipids are critical regulators of inflammation. Over the last 75 years, these diverse compounds have emerged as clinically-relevant mediators of allergic disease pathophysiology. Animal and human studies have demonstrated the importance of lipid mediators in the development of asthma, allergic rhinitis, urticaria, anaphylaxis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy. Lipids are critical participants in cell signaling events which influence key physiologic (bronchoconstriction) and immune phenomena (degranulation, chemotaxis, sensitization). Lipid-mediated cellular mechanisms including: (1) formation of structural support platforms (lipid rafts) for receptor signaling complexes, (2) activation of a diverse family of G-protein coupled receptors, and (3) mediating intracellular signaling cascades by acting as second messengers. Here, we review four classes of bioactive lipids (platelet activating factor, the leukotrienes, the prostanoids, and the sphingolipids) with special emphasis on lipid synthesis pathways and signaling, atopic disease pathology, and the ongoing development of atopy treatments targeting lipid mediator pathways.
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Trainor PJ, Hill BG, Carlisle SM, Rouchka EC, Rai SN, Bhatnagar A, DeFilippis AP. Systems characterization of differential plasma metabolome perturbations following thrombotic and non-thrombotic myocardial infarction. J Proteomics 2017; 160:38-46. [PMID: 28341595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is an acute event characterized by myocardial necrosis. Thrombotic MI is caused by spontaneous atherosclerotic plaque disruption that results in a coronary thrombus; non-thrombotic MI occurs secondary to oxygen supply-demand mismatch. We sought to characterize the differential metabolic perturbations associated with these subtypes utilizing a systems approach. Subjects presenting with thrombotic MI, non-thrombotic MI and stable coronary artery disease (CAD) were included. Whole blood was collected at two acute time-points and at a time-point representing the quiescent stable disease state. Plasma metabolites were analyzed by untargeted UPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS. A weighted network was constructed, and modules were determined from the resulting topology. To determine perturbed modules, an enrichment analysis for metabolites that demonstrated between-group differences in temporal change across the disease state transition was then conducted. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE We report evidence of metabolic perturbations of acute MI and determine perturbations specific to thrombotic MI. Specifically, a module characterized by elevated glucocorticoid steroid metabolites following acute MI showed greatest perturbation following thrombotic MI. Modules characterized by elevated pregnenolone metabolites, monoacylglycerols, and acylcarnitines were perturbed following acute MI. A module characterized by a decrease in plasma amino acids following thrombotic MI was differentially perturbed between MI subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Trainor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States
| | - Bradford G Hill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States
| | - Samantha M Carlisle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, United States
| | - Eric C Rouchka
- Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science, University of Louisville, United States
| | - Shesh N Rai
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, United States
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States
| | - Andrew P DeFilippis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States; KentuckyOne/Jewish Hospital, United States; Johns Hopkins University, United States.
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Postprandial effects of wine consumption on Platelet Activating Factor metabolic enzymes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 130:23-29. [PMID: 28323197 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelet Activating factor (PAF) is a potent inflammatory mediator that is involved in the initiation and the prolongation of atherosclerosis. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of wine consumption on the activity of PAF metabolic enzymes and on IL-6 levels as a cytokine inflammatory marker. Healthy men participated in 4 daily trials and consumed a standardized meal along with Robola wine (trial R), or Cabernet Sauvignon (trial CS), or ethanol solution (trial E), or water (trial W). A significant trial effect was found in the activity of lyso-PAF acetyltransferase (Lyso-PAF AT) (ptrial=0.01). In specific, R trial decreased enzyme activity compared to E trial (p=0.03) while a trend for differentiation was observed between CS trial and E one (p=0.06) as well as between R trial and W one (p=0.07). Concerning PAF-cholinephosphotransferase (PAF-CPT) activity, a significant trial effect was found (ptrial<0.00). Specifically, both R (p=0.002) and CS (p=0.001) trials decreased enzyme activity compared to E trial. Concerning lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (LpPLA2) no time either trial effect was observed. Concerning IL-6 levels a significant time effect was found (ptime<0.00) while no trial effect was revealed. In conclusion, the protective effect of wine consumption could partly be explained through the modulation of PAF metabolism by wine micro-constituents that lead to lower PAF levels.
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Kim M, Yoo HJ, Kim M, Ahn HY, Park J, Lee SH, Lee JH. Associations among oxidative stress, Lp-PLA 2 activity and arterial stiffness according to blood pressure status at a 3.5-year follow-up in subjects with prehypertension. Atherosclerosis 2017; 257:179-185. [PMID: 28142077 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We aimed to determine changes in oxidative stress, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity and arterial stiffness in subjects with persistent prehypertensive symptoms during a 3.5-year follow-up period. METHODS We divided 254 subjects with prehypertension according to their blood pressure (BP) status at 3.5 years of follow-up into three groups: reversed normotensive, persistent prehypertensive and developed hypertensive group. BP, serum lipid profile, oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), Lp-PLA2 activity and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) were measured at baseline and the 3.5-year follow-up. RESULTS The reversed normotensive group showed a significant reduction in average BP (14.7/10.1 mmHg), whereas the developed hypertensive group showed a significant increase in average BP (15.2/11.5 mmHg). The persistent prehypertensive group showed increases in serum lipid profiles, circulating levels of Lp-PLA2 activity, ox-LDL and arterial stiffness as measured by ba-PWV at 3.5 years. The persistent prehypertensive and developed hypertensive groups showed greater increases in ox-LDL than the reversed normotensive group. The developed hypertensive group showed greater increases in Lp-PLA2, 8-epi-PGF2α, and ba-PWV than those observed in the reversed normotensive and persistent prehypertensive groups. In all subjects, changes (Δ) in systolic blood pressure (SBP) positively correlated with Δ Lp-PLA2, Δ ox-LDL, Δ urinary 8-epi-PGF2α and Δ ba-PWV. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that in persistent prehypertension, increased ox-LDL hydrolysis by Lp-PLA2 enhances arterial stiffness without an age-related increase in BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kim
- Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yoo
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minjoo Kim
- Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Yeong Ahn
- Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyeong Park
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Lee
- Department of Family Practice, National Health Insurance Corporation, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Palur Ramakrishnan AVK, Varghese TP, Vanapalli S, Nair NK, Mingate MD. Platelet activating factor: A potential biomarker in acute coronary syndrome? Cardiovasc Ther 2016; 35:64-70. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Treesa P. Varghese
- Department of Pharmacy Practice; JSS College of Pharmacy (Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore); Udhagamandalam Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sreedevi Vanapalli
- Department of Pharmacy Practice; JSS College of Pharmacy (Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore); Udhagamandalam Tamil Nadu India
| | - Narayanan K. Nair
- Department of Pharmacy Practice; JSS College of Pharmacy (Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore); Udhagamandalam Tamil Nadu India
| | - Menge Denis Mingate
- Department of Pharmacy Practice; JSS College of Pharmacy (Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore); Udhagamandalam Tamil Nadu India
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Abstract
Severe sepsis is almost invariably associated with systemic activation of coagulation. There is ample evidence that demonstrates a wide-ranging cross-talk between hemostasis and inflammation, which is probably implicated in the pathogenesis of organ dysfunction in patients with sepsis. Inflammation not only leads to initiation and propagation of coagulation activity, but coagulation also markedly influences inflammation. Molecular mechanisms that play a role in inflammation-induced effects on coagulation have been recognized in much detail. Pro-inflammatory cells and cyto- and chemokines can activate the coagulation system and downregulate crucial physiological anticoagulant mechanisms. Initiation of coagulation activation and consequent thrombin generation is caused by expression of tissue factor on activated monocytes and endothelial cells and is ineffectually offset by tissue factor pathway inhibitor. At the same time, endothelial-associated anticoagulant pathways, in particular the protein C system, is impaired by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Also, fibrin removal is severely obstructed by inactivation of the endogenous fibrinolytic system, mainly as a result of upregulation of its principal inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1). Increased fibrin generation and impaired break down lead to deposition of (micro)vascular clots, which may contribute to tissue ischemia and ensuing organ dysfunction. The foundation of the management of coagulation in sepsis is the explicit and thorough treatment of the underlying disorder by antibiotic treatment and source control measures. Adjunctive strategies focused at the impairment of coagulation, including anticoagulants and restoration of physiological anticoagulant mechanisms, may supposedly be indicated and have been found advantageous in experimental and initial clinical trials.
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Tambaki AP, Rizos E, Tsimihodimos V, Tselepis AD, Elisaf M. Effects of Antihypertensive and Hypolipidemic Drugs on Plasma and High-Density Lipoprotein-Associated Platelet Activating Factor-Acetylhydrolase Activity. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2016; 9:91-5. [PMID: 15309245 DOI: 10.1177/107424840400900204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Human plasma platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) is a phospholipase A2 primarily associated with low-density lipoprotein (LDL). PAF-AH activity has also been found on high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Most of the clinical studies that have investigated the plasma levels of PAF-AH activity in cardiovascular disease have involved patients who were under treatment with various drugs, such as antihypertensive or hypolipidemic agents. However, the influence of these drugs on the enzyme activity has not been adequately studied. Material and Methods: We evaluated the effects of representative antihypertensive and hypolipidemic drugs on the total plasma, as well as on the HDL-associated PAF-AH activity, in 121 patients with essential hypertension and in 90 patients with dyslipidemias of type IIA or type IIB. Serum lipids and enzymatic activities were determined at baseline and after 3 months of treatment. Results: The administration of lacidipine (4 mg, n = 21), valsartan (80 mg, n = 26), indapamide (2.5 mg, n = 20), benazepril (20 mg, n = 20), or atenolol (50 mg, n = 34) did not affect either the total plasma- or the HDL-associated PAF-AH activity. In contrast, treatment with fluvastatin (40 mg, n = 50) or ciprofibrate (100 mg, n = 40) reduced by 25% plasma PAF-AH activity ( P < .001) associated with a decrease in serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol ( P < .001). Furthermore, ciprofibrate induced an increase by 26% in HDL-associated PAF-AH activity ( P = .004) along with an increase in serum HDL-cholesterol levels ( P = .02). Conclusions: Among all types of drugs studied, only those that significantly affect lipid metabolism, such as statins and fibrates, significantly influence PAF-AH activity in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi P Tambaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece
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Abstract
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an acquired syndrome characterized by widespread intravascular activation of coagulation that can be caused by infectious insults (such as sepsis) and non-infectious insults (such as trauma). The main pathophysiological mechanisms of DIC are inflammatory cytokine-initiated activation of tissue factor-dependent coagulation, insufficient control of anticoagulant pathways and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1-mediated suppression of fibrinolysis. Together, these changes give rise to endothelial dysfunction and microvascular thrombosis, which can cause organ dysfunction and seriously affect patient prognosis. Recent observations have pointed to an important role for extracellular DNA and DNA-binding proteins, such as histones, in the pathogenesis of DIC. The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) established a DIC diagnostic scoring system consisting of global haemostatic test parameters. This scoring system has now been well validated in diverse clinical settings. The theoretical cornerstone of DIC management is the specific and vigorous treatment of the underlying conditions, and DIC should be simultaneously managed to improve patient outcomes. The ISTH guidance for the treatment of DIC recommends treatment strategies that are based on current evidence. In this Primer, we provide an updated overview of the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of DIC and discuss the future directions of basic and clinical research in this field.
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Ji W, Chen J, Mi Y, Wang G, Xu X, Wang W. Platelet-activating factor receptor activation promotes prostate cancer cell growth, invasion and metastasis via ERK1/2 pathway. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:181-8. [PMID: 27176648 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) and its receptor (PAFR), have been reported to participate in many cellular processes of cancer. However, little is known about their function in prostate cancer. In the present study, we found that PAFR was overexpressed in prostate cancer cells. PAF stimulation dose-dependently promoted the invasion, migration and growth of prostate cancer cells in vitro, while knockdown of PAFR inhibited the effect of PAF on prostate cancer cells. We further found that PAFR promoted prostate cancer cell growth and metastasis in vivo. Moreover, we found that PAFR activation increased MMP-3 expression and decreased E-cadherin expression of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we found that PAFR time-dependently induced activation of ERK1/2, and ERK1/2 pathway contributed to PAFR-mediated prostate cancer cell invasion, migration and growth. Together, our findings demonstrate that PAFR can activate ERK1/2 pathway, and subsequently increase MMP-3 expression and decrease E-cadherin expression, which finally promote prostate cancer cell growth, invasion and metastasis. Thus, PAFR may act as a potential target for therapeutic use of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Ji
- Department of Radiology, Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Radiology, Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Yucheng Mi
- Department of Radiology, Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Guanliang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Xinjian Xu
- Department of Radiology, Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Weizhen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
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Bang DW, Wi CI, Kim EN, Hagan J, Roger V, Manemann S, Lahr B, Ryu E, Juhn YJ. Asthma Status and Risk of Incident Myocardial Infarction: A Population-Based Case-Control Study. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2016; 4:917-23. [PMID: 27157653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of asthma status and characteristics of asthma in the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We determined whether asthma and its characteristics are associated with risk of MI. METHODS The study was designed as a population-based retrospective case-control study, which included all eligible incident MI cases between November 1, 2002, and May 31, 2006, and their matched controls. Asthma was ascertained using predetermined criteria. Active (current) asthma was defined as the occurrence of asthma-related episodes (asthma symptoms, use of asthma medications, unscheduled medical or emergency department visit, or hospitalization for asthma) within 1 year before MI index date. RESULTS There were 543 eligible incident MI cases during the study period. Of the 543 MI cases, 81 (15%) had a history of asthma before index date of MI, whereas 52 of 543 controls (10%) had such a history (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.06-2.66) adjusting for risk factors for MI and comorbid conditions (excluding chronic obstructive lung disease). Although inactive asthma did not increase the risk of MI, individuals with active asthma had a higher odds of MI, compared with those without asthma (adjusted OR: 3.18; 95% CI: 1.57-6.44) without controlling for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). After adjusting for COPD, although asthma overall was no longer statistically significant (adjusted OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 0.84-2.15), active asthma still was associated (adjusted OR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.12-4.82). CONCLUSION Active asthma is an unrecognized risk factor for MI. Further studies are needed to assess the role of asthma control and medications in the risk of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk Won Bang
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chung-Il Wi
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Eun Na Kim
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - John Hagan
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Veronique Roger
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Sheila Manemann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Brian Lahr
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Euijung Ryu
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Young J Juhn
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
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Kim M, Kim M, Lee YJ, Lee SP, Kim TS, Yang HJ, Kwon DY, Lee SH, Lee JH. Effects of α-linolenic acid supplementation in perilla oil on collagen-epinephrine closure time, activated partial thromboplastin time and Lp-PLA 2 activity in non-diabetic and hypercholesterolaemic subjects. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Wine consumption reduced postprandial platelet sensitivity against platelet activating factor in healthy men. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1485-1492. [PMID: 26936842 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a potent inflammatory and thrombotic mediator that participates in the initiation and prolongation of atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential effect of wine consumption on platelet aggregation against PAF. METHODS The study had cross-over design. Ten healthy men participated in four daily trials on separate days: They consumed a standardized meal along with white wine, Robola variety (trial R), or red wine, Cabernet Sauvignon variety (trial CS), or an ethanol solution (trial E), or water (trial W). Blood samples were collected before and after meal consumption and at several time points during the next 6 h. Platelet aggregation against PAF (EC50 values) and several blood biomarkers were measured, and incremental areas under the curve (iAUC) were calculated. RESULTS A significant trial effect was found in platelet sensitivity against PAF (p trial = 0.01). Moreover, the iAUC-PAF EC50 of CS trial was higher compared to both iAUC-PAF EC50 of E and W trials (P = 0.04, P = 0.02). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 iAUC was higher in all alcoholic beverages compare with the one of W trial (P E = 0.05, P R = 0.01, P CS = 0.01). Triacylglycerol iAUC increased significantly only in E compared to W trial (P = 0.04) and were significantly lower at 60-120 min in wine trials compared to the one of E (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Wine consumption improved platelet sensitivity independently of alcohol, kept triacylglycerols at lower levels during their postprandial elevation, and did not affect plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels more adversely than ethanol per se.
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Park JH, Kim JN, Jang BC, Im SS, Song DK, Bae JH. Glucosamine suppresses platelet-activating factor-induced activation of microglia through inhibition of store-operated calcium influx. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 42:1-8. [PMID: 26745504 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microglia activation and subsequent release of inflammatory mediators are implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent lipid mediator synthesized by microglia, is known to stimulate microglia functional responses. In this study, we determined that endogenous PAF exert autocrine effects on microglia activation, as well as the underlying mechanism involved. We also investigated the effect of D-glucosamine (GlcN) on PAF-induced cellular activation in human HMO6 microglial cells. PAF induced sustained intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) increase through store-operated Ca(2+) channels (SOC) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. PAF also induced pro-inflammatory markers through NFκB/COX-2 signaling. GlcN significantly inhibited PAF-induced Ca(2+) influx and ROS generation without significant cytotoxicity. GlcN downregulated excessive expression of pro-inflammatory markers and promoted filopodia formation through NFκB/COX-2 inhibition in PAF-stimulated HMO6 cells. Taken together, these data suggest that GlcN may offer substantial therapeutic potential for treating inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases accompanied by microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyung Park
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Nam Kim
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Churl Jang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seung-Soon Im
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dae-Kyu Song
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Bae
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea.
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Hammond JW, Lu SM, Gelbard HA. Platelet Activating Factor Enhances Synaptic Vesicle Exocytosis Via PKC, Elevated Intracellular Calcium, and Modulation of Synapsin 1 Dynamics and Phosphorylation. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 9:505. [PMID: 26778968 PMCID: PMC4705275 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet activating factor (PAF) is an inflammatory phospholipid signaling molecule implicated in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory and neurotoxicity during neuroinflammation. However, little is known about the intracellular mechanisms mediating PAF’s physiological or pathological effects on synaptic facilitation. We show here that PAF receptors are localized at the synapse. Using fluorescent reporters of presynaptic activity we show that a non-hydrolysable analog of PAF (cPAF) enhances synaptic vesicle release from individual presynaptic boutons by increasing the size or release of the readily releasable pool and the exocytosis rate of the total recycling pool. cPAF also activates previously silent boutons resulting in vesicle release from a larger number of terminals. The underlying mechanism involves elevated calcium within presynaptic boutons and protein kinase C activation. Furthermore, cPAF increases synapsin I phosphorylation at sites 1 and 3, and increases dispersion of synapsin I from the presynaptic compartment during stimulation, freeing synaptic vesicles for subsequent release. These findings provide a conceptual framework for how PAF, regardless of its cellular origin, can modulate synapses during normal and pathologic synaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennetta W Hammond
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shao-Ming Lu
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Harris A Gelbard
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, USA
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Abstract
Fracture healing is a unique multifaceted process requiring the presence of cells, molecular mediators, and angiogenic factors. The state of inflammation dominates the initial phase, but the ideal magnitude and duration of the process for an optimal outcome remains obscure. Biological response modifiers, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) preparations, have been used to reconstitute the desirable early inflammatory state, but the results obtained remain inconclusive. Ongoing research to characterize and quantify the inflammatory response after bone fracture is essential in order to better understand the molecular insights of this localized reaction and to expand our armamentarium in the management of patients with an impaired fracture healing response. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs frequently administered for analgesia after trauma procedures continue to be a cause of concern for a successful bone repair response.
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Abstract
The structure of plasma PAF-AH was solved to a resolution of 1.5Å using X-ray crystallography. The enzyme has a classic α/β serine hydrolase fold containing a catalytic triad of Ser273, Asp296, and His351. A hydrophobic patch of the enzyme involving two α-helices (114-126 and 362-369) and neighboring residues have been shown to be essential for lipoprotein particle binding by mutagenesis and mass spectrometry hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments. An interface-bound model of the enzyme positions the active site above the hydrophobic-hydrophilic interface and is consistent with the known substrate specificity of the enzyme. Several ligand-bound structures of plasma PAF-AH have been solved with organophosphorus compounds and modeled with competitive inhibitors of high affinity and selectivity. This chapter presents an overview of the structure of plasma PAF-AH, molecular details of its functional role, and the interaction of the enzyme with lipoprotein particles.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sepsis, defined by the presence of infection and host inflammation, is a lethal clinical syndrome with an increasing mortality rate worldwide. In severe disease, the coagulation system becomes diffusely activated, with consumption of multiple clotting factors resulting in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). When present, DIC portends a higher mortality rate. Understanding the mechanisms that tie inflammation and diffuse thrombosis will allow therapeutic interventions to be developed. The coagulopathy of acute sepsis is a dynamic process that is time and disease burden specific. Whole-blood testing of coagulation may provide more clinically useful information than the classical tests. Natural anticoagulants that regulate thrombosis are downregulated in sepsis. Patients may benefit from the modulation of the coagulation system when systemic inflammation and hypercoagulopathy exist. Proper timing of anticoagulant therapy may ultimately lead to decreased incidence of multisystem organ dysfunction. RECENT FINDINGS The pathogenesis of coagulopathy in sepsis is driven by an upregulation of procoagulant mechanisms and simultaneous downregulation of natural anticoagulants. Inflammation caused by the invading organism is a natural host defense that cannot be eliminated during treatment. Successful strategies to prevent multisystem organ dysfunction center on stratifying patients at high risk for DIC and restoring the balance of inflammation and coagulation. SUMMARY The prevention of DIC in septic patients is a key therapeutic target in preventing death from multisystem organ failure. Stratifying patients for therapy using thromboelastometry, specific markers for DIC, and composite scoring systems is an area of growing research.
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Platelets in the immune response: Revisiting platelet-activating factor in anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1424-32. [PMID: 26051949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is an acute, severe, life-threatening multisystem allergic reaction resulting from the sudden systemic release of biochemical mediators and chemotactic substances. Release of both preformed granule-associated mediators and newly generated lipid-derived mediators contributes to the amplification and prolongation of anaphylaxis. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent phospholipid-derived mediator the central role of which has been well established in experimental models of both immune-mediated and non-immune mediated anaphylaxis. It is produced and secreted by several types of cells, including mast cells, monocytes, tissue macrophages, platelets, eosinophils, endothelial cells, and neutrophils. PAF is implicated in platelet aggregation and activation through release of vasoactive amines in the inflammatory response, resulting in increased vascular permeability, circulatory collapse, decreased cardiac output, and various other biological effects. PAF is rapidly hydrolyzed and degraded to an inactive metabolite, lysoPAF, by the enzyme PAF acetylhydrolase, the activity of which has shown to correlate inversely with PAF levels and predispose to severe anaphylaxis. In addition to its role in anaphylaxis, PAF has also been implicated as a mediator in both allergic and nonallergic inflammatory diseases, including allergic rhinitis, sepsis, atherosclerotic disease, and malignancy, in which PAF signaling has an established role. The therapeutic role of PAF antagonism has been investigated for several diseases, with variable results thus far. Further investigation of its role in pathology and therapeutic modulation is highly anticipated because of the pressing need for more selective and targeted therapy for the management of severe anaphylaxis.
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Plotkowski MC, Estato V, Santos SA, da Silva MCA, Miranda AS, de Miranda PE, Pinho V, Tibiriça E, Morandi V, Teixeira MM, Vianna A, Saliba AM. Contribution of the platelet activating factor signaling pathway to cerebral microcirculatory dysfunction during experimental sepsis by ExoU producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv046. [PMID: 26187894 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy was used to assess the involvement of ExoU, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytotoxin with phospholipase A2 activity, in dysfunction of cerebral microcirculation during experimental pneumosepsis. Cortical vessels from mice intratracheally infected with low density of the ExoU-producing PA103 P. aeruginosa strain exhibited increased leukocyte rolling and adhesion to venule endothelium, decreased capillar density and impaired arteriolar response to vasoactive acetylcholine. These phenomena were mediated by the platelet activating factor receptor (PAFR) pathway because they were reversed in mice treated with a PAFR antagonist prior to infection. Brains from PA103-infected animals exhibited a perivascular inflammatory infiltration that was not detected in animals infected with an exoU deficient mutant or in mice treated with the PAFR antagonist and infected with the wild type bacteria. No effect on brain capillary density was detected in mice infected with the PAO1 P. aeruginosa strain, which do not produce ExoU. Finally, after PA103 infection, mice with a targeted deletion of the PAFR gene exhibited higher brain capillary density and lower leukocyte adhesion to venule endothelium, as well as lower increase of systemic inflammatory cytokines, when compared to wild-type mice. Altogether, our results establish a role for PAFR in mediating ExoU-induced cerebral microvascular failure in a murine model of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Plotkowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20551-30 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Estato
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Alves Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20551-30 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Silva Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Pedro Elias de Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Tibiriça
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Verônica Morandi
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-013, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Albanita Vianna
- Department of Pathology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22551-030, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Mattos Saliba
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20551-30 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Watschinger K, Keller MA, McNeill E, Alam MT, Lai S, Sailer S, Rauch V, Patel J, Hermetter A, Golderer G, Geley S, Werner-Felmayer G, Plumb RS, Astarita G, Ralser M, Channon KM, Werner ER. Tetrahydrobiopterin and alkylglycerol monooxygenase substantially alter the murine macrophage lipidome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:2431-6. [PMID: 25675482 PMCID: PMC4345615 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414887112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin is a cofactor synthesized from GTP with well-known roles in enzymatic nitric oxide synthesis and aromatic amino acid hydroxylation. It is used to treat mild forms of phenylketonuria. Less is known about the role of tetrahydrobiopterin in lipid metabolism, although it is essential for irreversible ether lipid cleavage by alkylglycerol monooxygenase. Here we found intracellular alkylglycerol monooxygenase activity to be an important regulator of alkylglycerol metabolism in intact murine RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells. Alkylglycerol monooxygenase was expressed and active also in primary mouse bone marrow-derived monocytes and "alternatively activated" M2 macrophages obtained by interleukin 4 treatment, but almost missing in M1 macrophages obtained by IFN-γ and lipopolysaccharide treatment. The cellular lipidome of RAW264.7 was markedly changed in a parallel way by modulation of alkylglycerol monooxygenase expression and of tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis affecting not only various ether lipid species upstream of alkylglycerol monooxygenase but also other more complex lipids including glycosylated ceramides and cardiolipins, which have no direct connection to ether lipid pathways. Alkylglycerol monooxygenase activity manipulation modulated the IFN-γ/lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1β, and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist but not transforming growth factor β1, suggesting that alkylglycerol monooxygenase activity affects IFN-γ/lipopolysaccharide signaling. Our results demonstrate a central role of tetrahydrobiopterin and alkylglycerol monooxygenase in ether lipid metabolism of murine macrophages and reveal that alteration of alkylglycerol monooxygenase activity has a profound impact on the lipidome also beyond the class of ether lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Watschinger
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Markus A Keller
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen McNeill
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad T Alam
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sabrina Sailer
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Rauch
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jyoti Patel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Albin Hermetter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Golderer
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Geley
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriele Werner-Felmayer
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert S Plumb
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Astarita
- Waters Corporation, Milford, MA 01757; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1468; and
| | - Markus Ralser
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Keith M Channon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Ernst R Werner
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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Platelet activating factor contributes to vascular leak in acute dengue infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003459. [PMID: 25646838 PMCID: PMC4315531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although plasma leakage is the hallmark of severe dengue
infections, the factors that cause increased vascular permeability have not been identified. As platelet activating factor (PAF) is associated with an increase in vascular permeability in other diseases, we set out to investigate its role in acute dengue infection. Materials and Methods PAF levels were initially assessed in 25 patients with acute dengue infection to determine if they were increased in acute dengue. For investigation of the kinetics of PAF, serial PAF values were assessed in 36 patients. The effect of dengue serum on tight junction protein ZO-1 was determined by using human endothelial cell lines (HUVECs). The effect of dengue serum on and trans-endothelial resistance (TEER) was also measured on HUVECs. Results PAF levels were significantly higher in patients with acute dengue (n = 25; p = 0.001) when compared to healthy individuals (n = 12). In further investigation of the kinetics of PAF in serial blood samples of patients (n = 36), PAF levels rose just before the onset of the critical phase. PAF levels were significantly higher in patients with evidence of vascular leak throughout the course of the illness when compared to those with milder disease. Serum from patients with dengue significantly down-regulated expression of tight junction protein, ZO-1 (p = 0.004), HUVECs. This was significantly inhibited (p = 0.004) by use of a PAF receptor (PAFR) blocker. Serum from dengue patients also significantly reduced TEER and this reduction was also significantly (p = 0.02) inhibited by prior incubation with the PAFR blocker. Conclusion Our results suggest the PAF is likely to be playing a significant role in inducing vascular leak in acute dengue infection which offers a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Although plasma leakage is the hallmark of severe dengue
infections, the factors that cause increased vascular permeability have not been identified. As platelet activating factor (PAF) is associated with an increase in vascular permeability in other diseases, we set out to investigate its role in acute dengue infection. In this study, we found that PAF was significantly increased in patients with DHF, and the PAF levels rose just before the onset of the critical phase of dengue, during which vascular leak is thought to occur. PAF in serum of dengue patients was associated with reduced expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1) and reduction in trans-endothelial resistance (TEER) of human endothelial cells. Use of PAFR blockers significantly reduced the down regulation of ZO-1 by serum of dengue patients and also the reduction of TEER, suggesting that PAF plays a significant role in inducing vascular leak in acute dengue infections.
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Amisten S, Neville M, Hawkes R, Persaud SJ, Karpe F, Salehi A. An atlas of G-protein coupled receptor expression and function in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 146:61-93. [PMID: 25242198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in the regulation of adipose tissue function, but the total number of GPCRs expressed by human subcutaneous adipose tissue, as well as their function and interactions with drugs, is poorly understood. We have constructed an atlas of all GPCRs expressed by human subcutaneous adipose tissue: the 'adipose tissue GPCRome', to support the exploration of novel control nodes in metabolic and endocrine functions. This atlas describes how adipose tissue GPCRs regulate lipolysis, insulin resistance and adiponectin and leptin secretion. We also discuss how adipose tissue GPCRs interact with their endogenous ligands and with GPCR-targeting drugs, with a focus on how drug/receptor interactions may affect lipolysis, and present a model predicting how GPCRs with unknown effects on lipolysis might modulate cAMP-regulated lipolysis. Subcutaneous adipose tissue expresses 163 GPCRs, a majority of which have unknown effects on lipolysis, insulin resistance and adiponectin and leptin secretion. These GPCRs are activated by 180 different endogenous ligands, and are the targets of a large number of clinically used drugs. We identified 119 drugs, acting on 23 GPCRs, that are predicted to stimulate lipolysis and 173 drugs, acting on 25 GPCRs, that are predicted to inhibit lipolysis. This atlas highlights knowledge gaps in the current understanding of adipose tissue GPCR function, and identifies GPCR/ligand/drug interactions that might affect lipolysis, which is important for understanding and predicting metabolic side effects of drugs. This approach may aid in the design of new, safer therapeutic agents, with fewer undesired effects on lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Amisten
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Matt Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Ross Hawkes
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Shanta J Persaud
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
| | - Albert Salehi
- Department of Clinical Science, UMAS, Clinical Research Center, University of Lund, Sweden
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Yamaguchi M, Matsui M, Higa R, Yamazaki Y, Ikari A, Miyake M, Miwa M, Ishii S, Sugatani J, Shimizu T. A platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor deficiency exacerbates diet-induced obesity but PAF/PAF receptor signaling does not contribute to the development of obesity-induced chronic inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 93:482-95. [PMID: 25577975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a well-known phospholipid that mediates acute inflammatory responses. In the present study, we investigated whether PAF/PAF receptor signaling contributed to chronic inflammation in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of PAF receptor-knockout (PAFR-KO) mice. Body and epididymal WAT weights were higher in PAFR-KO mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) than in wild-type (WT) mice. TNF-α mRNA expression levels in epididymal WAT and the infiltration of CD11c-positive macrophages into epididymal WAT, which led to chronic inflammation, were also elevated in HFD-fed PAFR-KO mice. HFD-fed PAFR-KO mice had higher levels of fasting serum glucose than HFD-fed WT mice as well as impaired glucose tolerance. Although PAF receptor signaling up-regulated the expression of TNF-α and lipopolysaccharide induced the expression of acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 (LPCAT2) mRNA in bone marrow-derived macrophages, no significant differences were observed in the expression of LPCAT2 mRNA and PAF levels in epididymal WAT between HFD-fed mice and normal diet-fed mice. In addition to our previous finding in which energy expenditure in PAF receptor (PAFR)-deficient mice was low due to impaired brown adipose tissue function, the present study demonstrated that PAF/PAF receptor signaling up-regulated the expression of Ucp1 mRNA, which is essential for cellular thermogenesis, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We concluded that the marked accumulation of abdominal fat due to HFD feeding led to more severe chronic inflammation in WAT, which is associated with glucose metabolism disorders, in PAFR-KO mice than in WT mice, and PAF/PAF receptor signaling may regulate energy expenditure and adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaco-Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masakazu Matsui
- Department of Pharmaco-Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Ryoko Higa
- Department of Pharmaco-Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamazaki
- Department of Pharmaco-Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Department of Pharmaco-Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masaki Miyake
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masao Miwa
- Department of Pharmaco-Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishii
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita City, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Junko Sugatani
- Department of Pharmaco-Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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Mitchell MJ, Lin KS, King MR. Fluid shear stress increases neutrophil activation via platelet-activating factor. Biophys J 2014; 106:2243-53. [PMID: 24853753 PMCID: PMC4052238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte exposure to hemodynamic shear forces is critical for physiological functions including initial adhesion to the endothelium, the formation of pseudopods, and migration into tissues. G-protein coupled receptors on neutrophils, which bind to chemoattractants and play a role in neutrophil chemotaxis, have been implicated as fluid shear stress sensors that control neutrophil activation. Recently, exposure to physiological fluid shear stresses observed in the microvasculature was shown to reduce neutrophil activation in the presence of the chemoattractant formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. Here, however, human neutrophil preexposure to uniform shear stress (0.1-2.75 dyn/cm(2)) in a cone-and-plate viscometer for 1-120 min was shown to increase, rather than decrease, neutrophil activation in the presence of platelet activating factor (PAF). Fluid shear stress exposure increased PAF-induced neutrophil activation in terms of L-selectin shedding, αMβ2 integrin activation, and morphological changes. Neutrophil activation via PAF was found to correlate with fluid shear stress exposure, as neutrophil activation increased in a shear stress magnitude- and time-dependent manner. These results indicate that fluid shear stress exposure increases neutrophil activation by PAF, and, taken together with previous observations, differentially controls how neutrophils respond to chemoattractants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Kimberly S Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Michael R King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
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90
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies have changed our understanding of the timing and interactions of the inflammatory processes and coagulation cascade following severe trauma. This review highlights this information and correlates its impact on the current clinical approach for fluid resuscitation and treatment of coagulopathy for trauma patients. RECENT FINDINGS Severe trauma is associated with a failure of multiple biologic emergency response systems that includes imbalanced inflammatory response, acute coagulopathy of trauma, and endovascular glycocalyx degradation with microcirculatory compromise. These abnormalities are all interlinked and related. Recent observations show that after severe trauma: proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses are concomitant, not sequential and resolution of the inflammatory response is an active process, not a passive one. Understanding these interrelated processes is considered extremely important for the development of future therapies for severe trauma in humans. SUMMARY Traumatic injuries continue to be a significant cause of mortality worldwide. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of end-organ failure, and modulation of the inflammatory response has important clinical implications regarding fluid resuscitation and treatment of coagulopathy.
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91
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Pokharel Y, Nambi V, Martin SS, Hoogeveen RC, Nasir K, Khera A, Wong ND, Jones PH, Boone J, Roberts AJ, Ballantyne CM, Virani SS. Association between lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 mass and subclinical coronary and carotid atherosclerosis in Retired National Football League players. Atherosclerosis 2014; 236:251-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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92
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Durante-Mangoni E, Molaro R, Iossa D. The role of hemostasis in infective endocarditis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2014; 16:435. [PMID: 25230604 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-014-0435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a thromboinflammatory disease of the endocardium, with pathophysiology mostly the result of the interplay between microorganisms and modifiers of the hemostasis system. In this setting, the evidence gathered so far warrants a more systematic appraisal. In this review article, experimental and clinical data on the role of hemostasis in IE are summarized. Starting from the current pathogenetic model of IE, we discuss the dual role of platelets in this condition, the microbial interaction with the hemostasis system, also describing nonspecific hemostasis changes during sepsis. We finally propose our hypothesis of thrombophilia as a possible trigger of IE, highlighting the challenges that the study of hemostasis in IE presents. The role of hemostasis in IE appears to be an exciting field of research. The activity of the hemostasis system is highly relevant in terms of susceptibility, progression, and treatment of IE. Pharmacologic modulation of hemostasis before and after IE onset is possible and represents still a largely unexplored area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Durante-Mangoni
- Internal Medicine, University of Naples S.U.N., Monaldi Hospital, Via L. Bianchi snc, 80131, Naples, Italy,
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93
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94
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Papakonstantinou VD, Chini M, Mangafas N, Stamatakis GM, Tsogas N, Tsoupras AB, Psarra K, Fragopoulou E, Antonopoulou S, Gargalianos P, Demopoulos CA, Lazanas MC. In vivo effect of two first-line ART regimens on inflammatory mediators in male HIV patients. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:90. [PMID: 24884881 PMCID: PMC4055908 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent immune activation and inflammation are lying behind HIV-infection even in the setting of ART mediated viral suppression. The purpose of this study is to define the in vivo effect of two first-line ART regimens on certain inflammatory mediators in male HIV patients. METHODS Male, naive, HIV-infected volunteers were assigned either to tenofovir-DF/emtricitabine/efavirenz (Group_T) or abacavir/lamivudine/efavirenz (Group_A). Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) levels and metabolic enzymes together with HIV-implicated cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNFa) and VEGF were determined for a 12-month period. Differences within each group were determined by non-parametric Friedman and Wilcoxon test, while the differences between the groups were checked by ANOVA repeated measures. RESULTS Both ART regimens present pronounced effect on inflammatory mediators, resulting in decreased PAF levels and Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity for tenofovir-containing regimen and same as baseline PAF levels with a peak though at the 3rd month as well as elevated Lp-PLA2 activity for abacavir-containing regimen. CONCLUSIONS Studies regarding the effect of first-line ART regimens on inflammation may be beneficial in preventing chronic morbidities during HIV-treatment. From this point of view, the present study suggests an anti-inflammatory effect of tenofovir-containing ART, while the temporary increase of PAF levels in abacavir-containing ART may be the link between the reported cardiovascular risk and abacavir administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki D Papakonstantinou
- Faculty of Chemistry, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Chini
- 3rd Internal Medicine Department-Infectious Diseases Unit, Red Cross General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Mangafas
- 3rd Internal Medicine Department-Infectious Diseases Unit, Red Cross General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George M Stamatakis
- Faculty of Chemistry, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nickolaos Tsogas
- 3rd Internal Medicine Department-Infectious Diseases Unit, Red Cross General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros B Tsoupras
- Faculty of Chemistry, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Katherina Psarra
- Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Panagiotis Gargalianos
- 1st Internal Medicine Department-Infectious Diseases Unit, “G. Gennimatas” Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos A Demopoulos
- Faculty of Chemistry, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Marios-C Lazanas
- 3rd Internal Medicine Department-Infectious Diseases Unit, Red Cross General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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95
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Zanatta AL, Miranda DTSZ, Dias BCL, Campos RM, Massaro MC, Michelotto PV, West AL, Miles EA, Calder PC, Nishiyama A. Fish oil supplementation decreases oxidative stress but does not affect platelet-activating factor bioactivity in lungs of asthmatic rats. Lipids 2014; 49:665-75. [PMID: 24858941 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fish oil supplementation increases the content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in cellular membranes. The highly unsaturated nature of n-3 PUFA could result in an enhanced lipid peroxidation in the oxidative environment characteristic of asthma. The oxidative reaction cascade culminates in an increased production of components associated to oxidative stress and of an important proinflammatory mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF)-like lipid. We evaluated the effect of fish oil supplementation in asthmatic rats upon the PAF bioactivity and parameters related to oxidative stress in the lung. Fish oil supplementation of asthmatic rats resulted in lower concentrations of nitrite (1.719 ± 0.137 vs. 2.454 ± 0.163 nmol/mL) and lipid hydroperoxide (72.190 ± 7.327 vs. 120.200 ± 11.270 nmol/mg protein). In asthmatic animals, fish oil increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) (33.910 ± 2.325 vs. 24.110 ± 0.618 U/mg protein) and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) (164.100 ± 31.250 vs. 12.590 ± 5.234 U/mg protein). However, fish oil did not affect PAF bioactivity in lung tissue of asthmatic rats (0.545 ± 0.098 340/380 vs. 0.669 ± 0.101 340/380 nm ratio). Considering the two-step process--oxidative stress and PAF bioactivity--fish oil exhibited a divergent action on these aspects of asthmatic inflammation, since the supplement lowered oxidative stress in the lungs of asthmatic rats, presenting an antioxidant effect, but did not affect PAF bioactivity. This suggests a dual effect of fish oil on oxidative stress and inflammation in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Zanatta
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Bairro Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, CEP 81531-990, Brazil,
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96
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The platelet activating factor acetyl hydrolase, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, paraoxonase 1 and arylesterase levels in treated and untreated patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 290:929-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-014-3275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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97
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Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Severe Anaphylaxis Targeting Platelet-Activating Factor and PAF Acetylhydrolase. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-014-0020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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98
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Correa-Costa M, Andrade-Oliveira V, Braga TT, Castoldi A, Aguiar CF, Origassa CST, Rodas ACD, Hiyane MI, Malheiros DMAC, Rios FJO, Jancar S, Câmara NOS. Activation of platelet-activating factor receptor exacerbates renal inflammation and promotes fibrosis. J Transl Med 2014; 94:455-66. [PMID: 24492283 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a lipid mediator with important pro-inflammatory effects, being synthesized by several cell types including kidney cells. Although there is evidence of its involvement in acute renal dysfunction, its role in progressive kidney injury is not completely known. In the present study, we investigated the role of PAF receptor (PAFR) in an experimental model of chronic renal disease. Wild-type (WT) and PAFR knockout (KO) mice underwent unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO), and at kill time, urine and kidney tissue was collected. PAFR KO animals compared with WT mice present: (a) less renal dysfunction, evaluated by urine protein/creatinine ratio; (b) less fibrosis evaluated by collagen deposition, type I collagen, Lysyl Oxidase-1 (LOX-1) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) gene expression, and higher expression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) (3.3-fold lower TGF-β/BMP-7 ratio); (c) downregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and adhesion molecule-related machinery genes; and (d) lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These indicate that PAFR engagement by PAF or PAF-like molecules generated during UUO potentiates renal dysfunction and fibrosis and might promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Also, early blockade of PAFR after UUO leads to a protective effect, with less fibrosis deposition. In conclusion, PAFR signaling contributes to a pro-inflammatory environment in the model of obstructive nephropathy, favoring the fibrotic process, which lately will generate renal dysfunction and progressive organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Correa-Costa
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Andrade-Oliveira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tarcio T Braga
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristhiane F Aguiar
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea C D Rodas
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meire I Hiyane
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco J O Rios
- 1] Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil [2] British Heart Foundation, Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sonia Jancar
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Câmara
- 1] Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil [2] Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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99
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Wu H, Yang J, Su EM, Li L, Zhao C, Yang X, Gao Z, Pan M, Sun P, Sun W, Jiang Y, Su X. Lipoxin A4 and platelet activating factor are involved in E. coli or LPS-induced lung inflammation in CFTR-deficient mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93003. [PMID: 24671173 PMCID: PMC3966846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) is expressed by both neutrophils and platelets. Lack of functional CFTR could lead to severe lung infection and inflammation. Here, we found that mutation of CFTR (F508del) or inhibition of CFTR in mice led to more severe thrombocytopenia, alveolar neutrocytosis and bacteriosis, and lower lipoxin A4/MIP-2 (macrophage inhibitory protein-2) or lipoxin A4/neutrophil ratios in the BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) during acute E. coli pneumonia. In vitro, inhibition of CFTR promotes MIP-2 production in LPS-stimulated neutrophils; however, lipoxin A4 could dose-dependently suppress this effect. In LPS-induced acute lung inflammation, blockade of PSGL-1 (P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1) or P-selectin, antagonism of PAF by WEB2086, or correction of mutated CFTR trafficking by KM11060 could significantly increase plasma lipoxin A4 levels in F508del relevant to wildtype mice. Concurrently, F508del mice had higher plasma platelet activating factor (PAF) levels and PAF-AH activity compared to wildtype under LPS challenge. Inhibiting hydrolysis of PAF by a specific PAF-AH (PAF-acetylhydrolase) inhibitor, MAFP, could worsen LPS-induced lung inflammation in F508del mice compared to vehicle treated F508del group. Particularly, depletion of platelets in F508del mice could significantly decrease plasma lipoxin A4 and PAF-AH activity and deteriorate LPS-induced lung inflammation compared to control F508del mice. Taken together, lipoxin A4 and PAF are involved in E. coli or LPS-induced lung inflammation in CFTR-deficient mice, suggesting that lipoxin A4 and PAF might be therapeutic targets for ameliorating CFTR-deficiency deteriorated lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiya Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Su
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Caiqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaowei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Su
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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100
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Rivera J, Sellers RS, Zeng W, van Rooijen N, Casadevall A, Goldman DL. Platelet-activating factor contributes to Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin-associated damage. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7131-7141. [PMID: 24478317 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.524900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lethal toxin (LeTx) of Bacillus anthracis plays a central role in the pathogenesis of anthrax-associated shock. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent lipid mediator that has been implicated in endotoxin-associated shock. In this study, we examined the contribution of PAF to the manifestations of lethal toxin challenge in WT mice. LeTx challenge resulted in transient increase in serum PAF levels and a concurrent decrease in PAF acetylhydrolase activity. Inhibition of PAF activity using PAF antagonists or toxin challenge of PAF receptor negative mice reversed or ameliorated many of the pathologic features of LeTx-induced damage, including changes in vascular permeability, hepatic necrosis, and cellular apoptosis. In contrast, PAF inhibition had minimal effects on cytokine levels. Findings from these studies support the continued study of PAF antagonists as potential adjunctive agents in the treatment of anthrax-associated shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Rani S Sellers
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Wangyong Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - David L Goldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461.
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