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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review evaluates the recent literature on the impact of metabolic dysfunction in human cognition, focusing on epidemiological studies and meta-analyses of these. RECENT FINDINGS Worldwide around 50 million people live with dementia, a number projected to triple by 2050. Recent reports from the Lancet Commission suggest that 40% of dementia cases may be preventable primarily by focusing on well established metabolic dysfunction components and cardiovascular risk factors. SUMMARY There is robust evidence that type 2 diabetes and midlife hypertension increase risk of dementia in late life. Obesity and elevated levels of LDL cholesterol in midlife probably increase risk of dementia, but further research is needed in these areas. Physical activity, diet, alcohol, and smoking might also influence the risk of dementia through their effect on metabolic dysfunction. A key recommendation is to be ambitious about prevention, focusing on interventions to promote healthier lifestyles combating metabolic dysfunction. Only comprehensive multidomain and staff-requiring interventions are however efficient to maintain or improve cognition in at-risk individuals and will be unrealistic economic burdens for most societies to implement. Therefore, a risk score that identifies high-risk individuals will enable a targeted early intensive intervention toward those high-risk individuals that will benefit the most from a prevention against cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Keram A, Pei N, Qi T, Xun J, Gu Y, Li W. Untargeted GC/TOFMS unravel metabolic profiles in cerebrospinal fluid of Chinese people living with HIV. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23673. [PMID: 33476447 PMCID: PMC7957991 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome becomes a focus of clinical cares to people living with HIV (PLHIV) globally. This study aimed to explore the metabolic profiles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Chinese people living with HIV (PLHIV). Methods Cerebrospinal fluid samples from PLHIV and healthy controls were collected from our hospital. Then, the metabolic profiles of CSFs were analyzed PLHIV with healthy individual as the normal controls using the untargeted GC/TOFMS. Following this, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes annotation and pathway analysis were performed to further explore the underlying mechanism of these metabolic alterations in cognitive impairment of PLHIV. Results Both PCA analysis and OPLS‐DA had presented that most samples were localized in 95% CI and the gap between control and HIV could significantly separate from each other. Upon this quality control, a total of 82 known metabolites were identified in CSF between PLHIV and healthy controls. Clustering of these metabolites presented that these differentially expressed metabolites could markedly distinguish HIV from healthy controls. Further pathway analyses showed that TCA cycle (citric acid, fumaric acid, lactate, et al.), amino acid (arginine, proline, alanine, aspartate, glutamine, et al.), lipid (cholesterol, butyrate, et al.) metabolisms were significantly changed in CSF of PLHIV, which might affect the cognitive status of PLHIV via affecting neuron energy support, signaling transduction, and neuroinflammation. Conclusion Metabolic profiles were significantly altered in CSF and might play key roles in the etiology of cognitive impairment of PHLIV. Further explore the exact mechanism for these metabolic changes might be useful for cognitive impairment management of PHLIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alim Keram
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Pei
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tangkai Qi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingna Xun
- Department of Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yutong Gu
- Department of Tuberculosis and Orthopaedics, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zupo R, Griseta C, Battista P, Donghia R, Guerra V, Castellana F, Lampignano L, Bortone I, Lozupone M, Giannelli G, De Pergola G, Boeing H, Sardone R, Panza F. Role of plant-based diet in late-life cognitive decline: results from the Salus in Apulia Study. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:1300-1309. [PMID: 33448914 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1853416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Consistency among population-based studies investigating the relationship between diet and cognition in older inhabitants in the Mediterranean area is poor. The present study investigated whether diet changes over 12 years were associated with cognitive function in older people in Southern-Italy. METHODS From the 'Salus in Apulia Study', that includes the MICOL and GreatAGE Studies, 584 participants were selected, firstly enrolled in MICOL3 (M3) and later in the GreatAGE Study (MICOL4, M4). Foods and micronutrients intake were recorded in both studies, and global cognitive function in M4, assessed with the Mini Mental State Examination. RESULTS Plant-based foods, particularly coffee and vegetables, as well as vitamin A sources, were inversely associated to age-related cognitive impairment. Alcohol consumption showed a detrimental role on cognition, while red meat appeared to be beneficial in the present study, although its role is traditionally considered harmful for cognitive function. DISCUSSION Our study confirmed that a traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern based on agricultural products and low alcohol consumption may help to prevent/delay age-related cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zupo
- Healthy Aging Phenotypes Research Unit - 'Salus in Apulia Study' - National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Griseta
- Healthy Aging Phenotypes Research Unit - 'Salus in Apulia Study' - National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Rossella Donghia
- Healthy Aging Phenotypes Research Unit - 'Salus in Apulia Study' - National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Bari, Italy.,Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Guerra
- Healthy Aging Phenotypes Research Unit - 'Salus in Apulia Study' - National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Bari, Italy.,Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Castellana
- Healthy Aging Phenotypes Research Unit - 'Salus in Apulia Study' - National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Lampignano
- Healthy Aging Phenotypes Research Unit - 'Salus in Apulia Study' - National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bortone
- Healthy Aging Phenotypes Research Unit - 'Salus in Apulia Study' - National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Madia Lozupone
- Healthy Aging Phenotypes Research Unit - 'Salus in Apulia Study' - National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Bari, Italy.,Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Pergola
- Healthy Aging Phenotypes Research Unit - 'Salus in Apulia Study' - National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Bari, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Healthy Aging Phenotypes Research Unit - 'Salus in Apulia Study' - National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Bari, Italy.,Department of Epidemiology (closed), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Rodolfo Sardone
- Healthy Aging Phenotypes Research Unit - 'Salus in Apulia Study' - National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Healthy Aging Phenotypes Research Unit - 'Salus in Apulia Study' - National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
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Han KT, Kim SJ. Are serum cholesterol levels associated with cognitive impairment and depression in elderly individuals without dementia?: A retrospective cohort study in South Korea. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 36:163-173. [PMID: 32830355 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As aging progresses, older adults experience several health changes, including changes in cholesterol levels, which increases their risk for other diseases. Older adults are particularly vulnerable to cognitive impairment and depression, which may be due to several factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between serum cholesterol level and cognitive impairment and depression in older adults. METHODS This study used senior cohort data from the National Health Insurance Service of South Korea. A total of 128 371 participants contributed repeated measures to this dataset. Cognitive impairment was measured via a self-reported questionnaire and depression was measured using claim data. Generalized estimating equations were used to identify associations between serum cholesterol level and cognitive impairment and depression, including subgroup analyses by sex. RESULTS There was no significant association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), or triglycerides (TG) with cognitive impairment. Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly associated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment, whereas high HDL-C was associated with lower cognitive impairment. Higher LDL-C was significantly associated with lower depression. Higher TC also was significantly associated with depression. CONCLUSION HDL-C is associated with depressive symptoms, and may be a key factor in predicting psychiatric symptoms or cognitive decline. Our study suggest that routine health screenings may aid in the early detection of high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Tae Han
- Division of Cancer Management Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ju Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Krivanek TJ, Gale SA, McFeeley BM, Nicastri CM, Daffner KR. Promoting Successful Cognitive Aging: A Ten-Year Update. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:871-920. [PMID: 33935078 PMCID: PMC8293659 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A decade has passed since we published a comprehensive review in this journal addressing the topic of promoting successful cognitive aging, making this a good time to take stock of the field. Because there have been limited large-scale, randomized controlled trials, especially following individuals from middle age to late life, some experts have questioned whether recommendations can be legitimately offered about reducing the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Despite uncertainties, clinicians often need to at least make provisional recommendations to patients based on the highest quality data available. Converging lines of evidence from epidemiological/cohort studies, animal/basic science studies, human proof-of-concept studies, and human intervention studies can provide guidance, highlighting strategies for enhancing cognitive reserve and preventing loss of cognitive capacity. Many of the suggestions made in 2010 have been supported by additional research. Importantly, there is a growing consensus among major health organizations about recommendations to mitigate cognitive decline and promote healthy cognitive aging. Regular physical activity and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors have been supported by all of these organizations. Most organizations have also embraced cognitively stimulating activities, a heart-healthy diet, smoking cessation, and countering metabolic syndrome. Other behaviors like regular social engagement, limiting alcohol use, stress management, getting adequate sleep, avoiding anticholinergic medications, addressing sensory deficits, and protecting the brain against physical and toxic damage also have been endorsed, although less consistently. In this update, we review the evidence for each of these recommendations and offer practical advice about behavior-change techniques to help patients adopt brain-healthy behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J. Krivanek
- Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seth A. Gale
- Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brittany M. McFeeley
- Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Casey M. Nicastri
- Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kirk R. Daffner
- Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Jahn T, Clark C, Kerksiek A, Lewczuk P, Lütjohann D, Popp J. Cholesterol metabolites and plant sterols in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with Alzheimer's cerebral pathology and clinical disease progression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 205:105785. [PMID: 33171206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Altered cholesterol metabolism is associated with increased risk of neurodegeneration and in particular with the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we investigate whether non-cholesterol sterols and oxysterols in the central nervous system are associated with (i) the presence of cerebral AD pathology, (ii) distinct aspects of AD pathology, i.e. amyloid pathology, neuronal injury, and tau pathology, and (iii) cognitive decline over time. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH One hundred forty-two elder subjects with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, or mild dementia participating in a cohort study on cognitive decline and AD were included. Clinical and neuropsychological assessments were performed at inclusion and repeated at follow-up visits at 18 and 36 months. Concentrations of cholesterol, non-cholesterol sterols, and cholesterol metabolites were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), along with CSF beta-amyloid (Aβ)1-42; Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio, total-tau (tau), and tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau) as markers of amyloid pathology, neuronal injury and tau pathology, respectively. Cognitive decline was assessed by changes in Mini-Mental State Examination and Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes at follow-up visits. KEY RESULTS CSF 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) and the 24S-OHC/27-OHC ratio were higher in subjects with AD pathology. CSF desmosterol correlated with Aβ1-42 levels. The 24S-OHC levels, the 24S-OHC/27-OHC ratio and the plant sterols campesterol and sitosterol were associated with the tau and p-tau levels. Both plant sterol concentrations along with the 24S-OHC/27-OHC ratio at baseline predicted cognitive decline at follow-up visits. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We show the importance of CSF levels of several non-cholesterol sterols and oxysterols to AD and core AD biomarkers. The plant sterols campesterol and sitosterol appear to be involved in tau pathology and neurodegeneration. CSF desmosterol level indicates CNS cholesterol synthesis and might be of relevance for clinical disease severity. Therefore these non-cholesterol sterols may represent intervention targets to slow down disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Jahn
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christopher Clark
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Piotr Lewczuk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Erlangen, and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics and Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Julius Popp
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Bruni AC, Bernardi L, Gabelli C. From beta amyloid to altered proteostasis in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101126. [PMID: 32683041 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age related neurodegenerative disorder causing severe disability and important socio-economic burden, but with no cure available to date. To disentangle this puzzling disease genetic studies represented an important way for the comprehension of pathogenic mechanisms. Abnormal processing and accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) has been considered the main cause and trigger factor of the disease. The amyloid cascade theory has fallen into crisis because the failure of several anti-amyloid drugs trials and because of the simple equation AD = abnormal Aβ deposition is not always the case. We now know that multiple neurodegenerative diseases share common pathogenic mechanisms leading to accumulation of misfolded protein species. Genome Wide Association studies (GWAS) led to the identification of large numbers of DNA common variants (SNPs) distributed on different chromosomes and modulating the Alzheimer's risk. GWAS genes fall into several common pathways such as immune system and neuroinflammation, lipid metabolism, synaptic dysfunction and endocytosis, all of them addressing to novel routes for different pathogenic mechanisms. Other hints could be derived from epidemiological and experimental studies showing some lifestyles may have a major role in the pathogenesis of many age-associated diseases by modifying cell metabolism, proteostasis and microglia mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia C Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASP Catanzaro, Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy.
| | - Livia Bernardi
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASP Catanzaro, Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy
| | - Carlo Gabelli
- Regional Brain Aging Centre, Azienda Ospedale Università Di Padova, Padova Italy
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58
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Liang Y, Ngandu T, Laatikainen T, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J, Kivipelto M, Qiu C. Cardiovascular health metrics from mid- to late-life and risk of dementia: A population-based cohort study in Finland. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003474. [PMID: 33320852 PMCID: PMC7737898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very few studies have explored the patterns of cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics in midlife and late life in relation to risk of dementia. We examined the associations of composite CVH metrics from midlife to late life with risk of incident dementia. METHODS AND FINDINGS This cohort study included 1,449 participants from the Finnish Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Dementia (CAIDE) study, who were followed from midlife (baseline from1972 to 1987; mean age 50.4 years; 62.1% female) to late life (1998), and then 744 dementia-free survivors were followed further into late life (2005 to 2008). We defined and scored global CVH metrics based on 6 of the 7 components (i.e., smoking, physical activity, and body mass index [BMI] as behavioral CVH metrics; fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, and blood pressure as biological CVH metrics) following the modified American Heart Association (AHA)'s recommendations. Then, the composite global, behavioral, and biological CVH metrics were categorized into poor, intermediate, and ideal levels. Dementia was diagnosed following the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria. Data were analyzed with Cox proportional hazards and the Fine and Gray competing risk regression models. During the follow-up examinations, dementia was diagnosed in 61 persons in 1998 and additional 47 persons in 2005 to 2008. The fully adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of dementia was 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.43, 1.16; p = 0.174) and 0.52 (0.29, 0.93; p = 0.027) for midlife intermediate and ideal levels (versus poor level) of global CVH metrics, respectively; the corresponding figures for late-life global CVH metrics were 0.60 (0.22, 1.69; p = 0.338) and 0.91 (0.34, 2.41; p = 0.850). Compared with poor global CVH metrics in both midlife and late life, the fully adjusted HR of dementia was 0.25 (95% CI: 0.08, 0.86; p = 0.028) for people with intermediate global CVH metrics in both midlife and late life and 0.14 (0.02, 0.76; p = 0.024) for those with midlife ideal and late-life intermediate global CVH metrics. Having an intermediate or ideal level of behavioral CVH in both midlife and late life (versus poor level in both midlife and late life) was significantly associated with a lower dementia risk (HR range: 0.03 to 0.26; p < 0.05), whereas people with midlife intermediate and late-life ideal biological CVH metrics had a significantly increased risk of dementia (p = 0.031). Major limitations of this study include the lack of data on diet and midlife plasma glucose, high rate of attrition, as well as the limited power for certain subgroup analyses. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed that having the ideal CVH metrics, and ideal behavioral CVH metrics in particular, from midlife onwards is associated with a reduced risk of dementia as compared with people having poor CVH metrics. Maintaining life-long health behaviors may be crucial to reduce late-life risk of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Liang
- Aging Research Center & Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiia Ngandu
- Public Health Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics & Center for Alzheimer Research, NVS, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Public Health Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Services (Siun Sote), Joensuu, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Neurocenter, Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Public Health Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics & Center for Alzheimer Research, NVS, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Stockholms Sjukhem, Research and Development Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MK); (CQ)
| | - Chengxuan Qiu
- Aging Research Center & Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MK); (CQ)
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George EK, Reddy PH. Can Healthy Diets, Regular Exercise, and Better Lifestyle Delay the Progression of Dementia in Elderly Individuals? J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:S37-S58. [PMID: 31227652 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss and multiple cognitive impairments. Current healthcare costs for over 50 million people afflicted with AD are about $818 million and are projected to be $2 billion by 2050. Unfortunately, there are no drugs currently available that can delay and/or prevent the progression of disease in elderly individuals and in AD patients. Loss of synapses and synaptic damage are largely correlated with cognitive decline in AD patients. Women are at a higher lifetime risk of developing AD encompassing two-thirds of the total AD afflicted population. Only about 1-2% of total AD patients can be explained by genetic mutations in APP, PS1, and PS2 genes. Several risk factors have been identified, such as Apolipoprotein E4 genotype, type 2 diabetes, traumatic brain injury, depression, and hormonal imbalance, are reported to be associated with late-onset AD. Strong evidence reveals that antioxidant enriched diets and regular exercise reduces toxic radicals, enhances mitochondrial function and synaptic activity, and improves cognitive function in elderly populations. Current available data on the use of antioxidants in mouse models of AD and antioxidant(s) supplements in diets of elderly individuals were investigated. The use of antioxidants in randomized clinical trials in AD patients was also critically assessed. Based on our survey of current literature and findings, we cautiously conclude that healthy diets, regular exercise, and improved lifestyle can delay dementia progression and reduce the risk of AD in elderly individuals and reverse subjects with mild cognitive impairment to a non-demented state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Garrison Institute on Aging, South West Campus, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Pharmacology & Neuroscience Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Neurology Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Lubbock, TX, USA
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60
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Guo Y, Li P, Ma X, Huang X, Liu Z, Ren X, Yang Y, Halm-Lutterodt NV, Yuan L. Association of Circulating Cholesterol Level with Cognitive Function and Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly: A Community-based Population Study. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 17:556-565. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200810165758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The present study was designed to examine the association of circulating cholesterol
with cognitive function in non-demented community aging adults.
Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study including 1754 Chinese adults aged 55-80 years. The association
between serum cholesterol levels and cognitive function was examined. Participants were categorized
into four groups according to the quartile of circulating TC (total cholesterol), High Density
Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-c), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-c) levels and HDLc/
LDL-c ratio. The difference in cognitive performance among the groups was compared. Logistic regression
model was used to determine the association of circulating cholesterol level with the risk of
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).
Results:
Mild increase of serum LDL-c level correlated with better visual and executive, language,
memory and delayed recall abilities. Higher circulating TC and HDL-c levels were found to be associated
with poorer cognitive function, especially in aging female subjects. Higher circulating TC, HDL-c
and HDL/LDL ratio indicated an increased risk of MCI, especially in female subjects.
Conclusion:
Slight increase in circulating LDL-c level might benefit cognitive function in aging adults.
However, higher circulating TC and HDL-c levels might indicate a decline of cognitive function, especially
in aging female subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Guo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhuoheng Liu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiuwen Ren
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | | | - Linhong Yuan
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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61
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Samant NP, Gupta GL. Novel therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease targeting brain cholesterol homeostasis. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:673-686. [PMID: 32852876 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia. Aβ plaques and tauopathy are two major concerns associated with AD. Moreover, excessive Aβ accumulation can lead to other nonspecific metabolic brain abnormalities. There are various genetic, environmental, and other risk factors associated with AD. Identification of risk factors and its mechanisms by which these factors impart role in AD pathology would be helpful for the prevention of AD progression. Altered cholesterol homeostasis could be considered as a risk factor for AD progression. Brain cholesterol dysmetabolism is recognized as one of the crucial attributes for AD that affect major hallmarks of AD including neurodegeneration. To fill the gap between altered cholesterol levels in the brain and AD, the researchers started focusing on statins as re-purposing drugs for AD treatment. The various other hypothesis has been suggested due to a lack of beneficial results of statins in clinical trials, such as reduced brain cholesterol could underlie poor cognition. Unfortunately, it is still unclear, whether an increase or decrease in brain cholesterol levels responsible for Alzheimer's disease or not. Presently, scientists believed that managing the level of cholesterol in the brain may help as an alternative treatment strategy for AD. In this review, we focused on the therapeutic strategies for AD by targeting brain cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Patil Samant
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Taechnology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Taechnology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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62
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Barha CK, Liu-Ambrose T. Sex differences in exercise efficacy: Is midlife a critical window for promoting healthy cognitive aging? FASEB J 2020; 34:11329-11336. [PMID: 32761860 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000857r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is one of the most pressing health care issues of this century. As no curative treatment for dementia exists, research efforts are growing to identify effective lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay onset. One such promising strategy that promotes cognitive and brain health is engaging in physical exercise. However, current exercise recommendations are imprecise. To advance the potential of exercise as a preventative and treatment strategy, important questions regarding moderators (ie, biological sex and age) are being addressed in the literature. Biological sex is recognized as an important variable to consider in exercise efficacy on brain health, with females showing greater cognitive gains. This may be related to sex differences in underlying mechanisms. Here, we argue to better understand the sex differences in exercise efficacy, the timing of exercise intervention should also be considered. Specifically, we present the hypothesis that midlife in females is a critical window for the implementation of exercise as an early intervention to promote brain health and prevent dementia. Further, we speculate that exercise interventions targeting midlife will be of critical importance for the female brain, as females exit this period of the lifespan at greater risk for cognitive impairment. Given the potential sex differences in dementia risk and prevalence, it is imperative to assess potential sex differences in exercise efficacy as an early intervention during midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy K Barha
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Physical Activity for Precision Health Research Cluster, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Physical Activity for Precision Health Research Cluster, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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63
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Rosa G, Giannotti C, Martella L, Massa F, Serafini G, Pardini M, Nobili FM, Monacelli F. Brain Aging, Cardiovascular Diseases, Mixed Dementia, and Frailty in the Oldest Old: From Brain Phenotype to Clinical Expression. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 75:1083-1103. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-191075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Rosa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, DIMI, Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Giannotti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, DIMI, Section of Geriatrics, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucia Martella
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, DIMI, Section of Geriatrics, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Massa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health DINOGMI, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health DINOGMI, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Pardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health DINOGMI, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Flavio Mariano Nobili
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health DINOGMI, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Monacelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, DIMI, Section of Geriatrics, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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64
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Anderson AE, Diaz-Santos M, Frei S, Dang BH, Kaur P, Lyden P, Buxton R, Douglas PK, Bilder RM, Esfandiari M, Friston KJ, Nookala U, Bookheimer SY. Hemodynamic latency is associated with reduced intelligence across the lifespan: an fMRI DCM study of aging, cerebrovascular integrity, and cognitive ability. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1705-1717. [PMID: 32474754 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02083-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Changes in neurovascular coupling are associated with both Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in later life, but this may be confounded by cerebrovascular risk. We hypothesized that hemodynamic latency would be associated with reduced cognitive functioning across the lifespan, holding constant demographic and cerebrovascular risk. In 387 adults aged 18-85 (mean = 48.82), dynamic causal modeling was used to estimate the hemodynamic response function in the left and right V1 and V3-ventral regions of the visual cortex in response to a simple checkerboard block design stimulus with minimal cognitive demands. The hemodynamic latency (transit time) in the visual cortex was used to predict general cognitive ability (Full-Scale IQ), controlling for demographic variables (age, race, education, socioeconomic status) and cerebrovascular risk factors (hypertension, alcohol use, smoking, high cholesterol, BMI, type 2 diabetes, cardiac disorders). Increased hemodynamic latency in the visual cortex predicted reduced cognitive function (p < 0.05), holding constant demographic and cerebrovascular risk. Increased alcohol use was associated with reduced overall cognitive function (Full Scale IQ 2.8 pts, p < 0.05), while cardiac disorders (Full Scale IQ 3.3 IQ pts; p < 0.05), high cholesterol (Full Scale IQ 3.9 pts; p < 0.05), and years of education (2 IQ pts/year; p < 0.001) were associated with higher general cognitive ability. Increased hemodynamic latency was associated with reduced executive functioning (p < 0.05) as well as reductions in verbal concept formation (p < 0.05) and the ability to synthesize and analyze abstract visual information (p < 0.01). Hemodynamic latency is associated with reduced cognitive ability across the lifespan, independently of other demographic and cerebrovascular risk factors. Vascular health may predict cognitive ability long before the onset of dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana E Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite 28-224, Los Angeles, 90095, USA. .,Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Mirella Diaz-Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite 28-224, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
| | - Spencer Frei
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite 28-224, Los Angeles, 90095, USA.,Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bianca H Dang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite 28-224, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
| | - Pashmeen Kaur
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Statistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Patrick Lyden
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard Buxton
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Pamela K Douglas
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite 28-224, Los Angeles, 90095, USA.,Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA
| | - Robert M Bilder
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite 28-224, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
| | | | - Karl J Friston
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Usha Nookala
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite 28-224, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
| | - Susan Y Bookheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite 28-224, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
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65
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Wroolie T, Roat-Shumway S, Watson K, Reiman E, Rasgon N. Effects of LDL Cholesterol and Statin Use on Verbal Learning and Memory in Older Adults at Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 75:903-910. [PMID: 32390619 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apolipoprotein epsilon 4 (APOE4) allele is a well-established genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there are mixed findings as to how the APOE4 allele modifies the effects of both higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and statin use on cognitive functioning. OBJECTIVE This study sought to examine the effects of LDL levels and statin use on verbal learning and memory, as modified by the presence of the APOE4 allele, in a sample of cognitively unimpaired, older adults at risk for AD. METHODS Neuropsychological, LDL, statin use, and APOE4 data were extracted from an ongoing longitudinal study at the Banner Alzheimer's Institute in Arizona. Participants were cognitively unimpaired based on Mini-Mental State Examination scores within a normal range, aged 47-75, with a family history of probable AD in at least one first-degree relative. RESULTS In the whole sample, higher LDL was associated with worse immediate verbal memory in APOE4 non-carriers, but did not have an effect on immediate verbal memory in APOE4 carriers. In APOE4 non-carriers, statin use was associated with better verbal learning, but did not have an effect on verbal learning in APOE4 carriers. Among women, higher LDL in APOE4 carriers was associated with worse verbal learning than in APOE4 non-carriers, and statin use in APOE4 non-carriers was associated with better verbal learning and immediate and delayed verbal memory but worse performances on these tasks in APOE4 carriers. CONCLUSION LDL and statin use may have differential effects on verbal learning and/or memory depending on genetic risk for AD. Women appear to be particularly vulnerable to statin use depending on their APOE4 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonita Wroolie
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Siena Roat-Shumway
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katie Watson
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Stead Family Memory Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Natalie Rasgon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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66
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Rahman MA, Hossain S, Abdullah N, Aminudin N. Brain proteomics links oxidative stress with metabolic and cellular stress response proteins in behavioural alteration of Alzheimer's disease model rats. AIMS Neurosci 2020; 6:299-315. [PMID: 32341985 PMCID: PMC7179348 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2019.4.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) impairs memory and learning related behavioural performances of the affected person. Compared with the controls, memory and learning related behavioural performances of the AD model rats followed by hippocampal proteomics had been observed in the present study. In the eight armed radial maze, altered performance of the AD rats had been observed. Using liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), 822 proteins had been identified with protein threshold at 95.0%, minimum peptide of 2 and peptide threshold at 0.1% FDR. Among them, 329 proteins were differentially expressed with statistical significance (P < 0.05). Among the significantly regulated (P < 0.05) 329 proteins, 289 met the criteria of fold change (LogFC of 1.5) cut off value. Number of proteins linked with AD, oxidative stress (OS) and hypercholesterolemia was 59, 20 and 12, respectively. Number of commonly expressed proteins was 361. The highest amount of proteins differentially expressed in the AD rats were those involved in metabolic processes followed by those linked with OS. Most notable was the perturbed state of the cholesterol metabolizing proteins in the AD group. Current findings suggest that proteins associated with oxidative stress, glucose and cholesterol metabolism and cellular stress response are among the mostly affected proteins in AD subjects. Thus, novel therapeutic approaches targeting these proteins could be strategized to withstand the ever increasing global AD burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azizur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahdat Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Noorlidah Abdullah
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhaniza Aminudin
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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67
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Ding G, Zhao X, Wang Y, Song D, Chen D, Deng Y, Xing W, Dong H, Zhou Y, Li D, Hou H. Evaluation of the relationship between cognitive impairment and suboptimal health status in a northern Chinese population: a cross-sectional study. J Glob Health 2020; 10:010804. [PMID: 32257168 PMCID: PMC7101211 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.10.010804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Suboptimal health status (SHS) is an intermediate health status between ideal health and illness. As a determinant of cardiovascular disease and stroke, SHS is hypothesized to be associated with the development of cognitive impairment and dementia. This study aimed to investigate whether individuals with SHS have poor cognitive ability based on a community-based cohort in northern Chinese population. Methods 3524 participants who were enrolled in Jidong cohort 2015 in Tangshan City were investigated in this study. Cognitive function was measured with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). SHS level was evaluated using a self-reporting Suboptimal Health Status Questionnaire-25 (SHSQ-25). The relationship between SHS and cognitive function was analyzed with logistic regression analysis, by which odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Results The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 3.4% (121/3524) in our study, with the prevalence rates of 1.9% (34/1750) among men and 4.9% (87/1774) in women. The medians of total score of MMSE were 28 (interquartile range (IQR) = 27-29) in the SHS group, and 29 (IQR = 27-30) in the ideal health group. Logistic regression analysis showed that SHS was significantly correlated with cognitive impairment (adjusted OR = 2.936, 95% CI = 1.428-6.033). With regard to gender, the OR was 5.067 (95% CI = 1.346-19.068) in men, which was higher than that in women (OR = 2.324, 95% CI = 1.130-4.779). Conclusions SHS might be a risk factor for cognitive function in northern Chinese population. Early screening of SHS individuals, as well as urgent treatment of SHS might contribute to the prevention of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyong Ding
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong Province, China.,Equal authorship
| | - Xuan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong Province, China.,Equal authorship
| | - Youxin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Equal authorship
| | - Daiyu Song
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dongzhen Chen
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yang Deng
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Weijia Xing
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hualei Dong
- Taishan Hospital of Shandong Province, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dong Li
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haifeng Hou
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong Province, China
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68
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Abstract
To reveal new insights into statin cognitive effects, we performed an observational study on a population-based sample of 245,731 control and 55,114 statin-taking individuals from the UK Biobank. Cognitive performance in terms of reaction time, working memory and fluid intelligence was analysed at baseline and two follow-ups (within 5-10 years). Subjects were classified depending on age (up to 65 and over 65 years) and treatment duration (1-4 years, 5-10 years and over 10 years). Data were adjusted for health- and cognition-related covariates. Subjects generally improved in test performance with repeated assessment and middle-aged persons performed better than older persons. The effect of statin use differed considerably between the two age groups, with a beneficial effect on reaction time in older persons and fluid intelligence in both age groups, and a negative effect on working memory in younger subjects. Our analysis suggests a modulatory impact of age on the cognitive side effects of statins, revealing a possible reason for profoundly inconsistent findings on statin-related cognitive effects in the literature. The study highlights the importance of characterising modifiers of statin effects to improve knowledge and shape guidelines for clinicians when prescribing statins and evaluating their side effects in patients.
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69
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Xu Z, Zhang D, Sit RWS, Wong C, Tiu JYS, Chan DCC, Sun W, Wong SYS. Incidence of and Risk factors for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Older Adults with Multimorbidity in Hong Kong. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4137. [PMID: 32139719 PMCID: PMC7057945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to identify the incidence rate of and the risk factors for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among Chinese older adults with multimorbidity in primary care in Hong Kong. Older adults aged 60 years and above with multimorbidity were recruited from the public primary care clinics in Hong Kong. Incidence rates were calculated with the person-years. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to predict the risk factors for MCI. Sensitivity analysis was performed using multiple imputation. Among 462 participants included in the main analysis, 45 progressed from normal to MCI with an incidence rate of 80.9 cases per 1000 person-years. Older age (HR 2.82, 95% CI 1.26-6.28) and being single (HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.11-4.19) were risk factors for developing MCI in the multivariable regression model. A total of 660 participants were included in the sensitivity analysis, with an MCI incidence of 114.4 cases per 1000 person-years. Older age and being single remained to be risk factors for MCI among older adults with multimorbidity. There may be a high incidence of MCI among Chinese older adults with multimorbidity in primary care in Hong Kong. Future larger studies need to confirm the prevalence and incidence of MCI among primary care Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Xu
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dexing Zhang
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Regina W S Sit
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carmen Wong
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jennifer Y S Tiu
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dicken C C Chan
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Samuel Y S Wong
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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70
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Weissberger GH, Gollan TH, Bondi MW, Nation DA, Hansen LA, Galasko D, Salmon DP. Neuropsychological Deficit Profiles, Vascular Risk Factors, and Neuropathological Findings in Hispanic Older Adults with Autopsy-Confirmed Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 67:291-302. [PMID: 30636736 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if patterns of neuropsychological deficits, vascular risk factors, and neuropathology differ in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic patients with autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer's disease (AD). Participants were enrolled in a longitudinal study at the Shiley-Marcos AD Research Center at the University of California, San Diego. Hispanic (n = 14) and Non-Hispanic (n = 20) patients with autopsy-confirmed AD who scored ≥95 on the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) were included. Patient groups were matched on age, education, global mental status, and severity of functional decline; they were compared to Hispanic (n = 14) or Non-Hispanic (n = 20) cognitively-normal controls of similar age and education. Ethnicity (Hispanic, Non-Hispanic) by disease state (autopsy-confirmed AD or cognitively normal) comparisons were made for cognitive test performance and vascular risk factors. Patient groups were further compared on measures of AD (Braak stage, neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles), vascular neuropathology, and performance across cognitive domains of memory, language, attention, executive functions, and visuospatial abilities after scores were z-transformed based on respective culturally-appropriate control groups. Patient groups had similar overall AD pathology burden, whereas Hispanics with AD had more small parenchymal arteriolar disease and amyloid angiopathy than Non-Hispanics with AD. Despite largely similar pathology, Hispanics with AD were less cognitively impaired (relative to respective NC groups) than Non-Hispanics with AD, and exhibited a different pattern of deficits across cognitive domains. Findings suggest that cognitive deficits that are usually prominent in AD may be less salient in Hispanic patients and this may adversely impact the ability to clinically detect the disease in mild to moderate stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali H Weissberger
- Department of Family Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, USA
| | - Tamar H Gollan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark W Bondi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Neurology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A Nation
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence A Hansen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Neuropathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Neurology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David P Salmon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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71
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Lamar M, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Rodriguez CJ, Kaplan RC, Perera MJ, Cai J, Espinoza Giacinto RA, González HM, Daviglus ML. Associations of Lipid Levels and Cognition: Findings from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2020; 26:251-262. [PMID: 31543086 PMCID: PMC7083682 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617719001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hispanics/Latinos in the United States are less aware of their cholesterol levels and have a higher burden of associated adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular outcomes than non-Latino whites. Investigations of the associations between cholesterol levels and cognition in this population have often occurred within the context of metabolic syndrome and are limited to select lipids despite the fact that triglycerides (TGs) may be more relevant to the health of Hispanics/Latinos. METHODS Baseline data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, collected from 2008 to 2011, was used to investigate the associations of lipid levels (i.e., TG, total cholesterol, TC; low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C) with cognition (i.e., learning, memory, verbal fluency, and digit symbol substitution, DSS), adjusting for relevant confounders. RESULTS In 7413 participants ages 45 to 74 years from Central American, Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, Puerto Rican, and South American backgrounds, separate, fully adjusted linear regression models revealed that TG levels were inversely associated with DSS performance; however, this relationship was no longer significant once additional cardiovascular disease risk factors were added to the model (p = .06). TC and LDL-C levels (separately) were positively associated with learning and verbal fluency regardless of adjustments (p-values < .05). Separate analyses investigating the effect modification by background and sex revealed a particularly robust association between TC levels and DSS performance for Puerto Ricans and Central Americans (albeit in opposite directions) and an inverse relationship between TG levels and DSS performance for women (p-values < .02). CONCLUSIONS It is important to consider individual lipid levels and demographic characteristics when investigating associations between cholesterol levels and cognition in Hispanics/Latinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Lamar
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Ramon A. Durazo-Arvizu
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University, Chicago, IL
| | - Carlos J. Rodriguez
- Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109
| | | | - Jianwen Cai
- Department of Biostatistics, Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Rebeca A. Espinoza Giacinto
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Hector M. González
- Department of Neuroscience, Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Martha L. Daviglus
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Diener HC, Hart RG, Koudstaal PJ, Lane DA, Lip GYH. Atrial Fibrillation and Cognitive Function: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 73:612-619. [PMID: 30732716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Numerous vascular risk factors and vascular diseases contribute to cognitive impairment and dementia. Many studies and registries show an association of atrial fibrillation (AF) with cognitive impairment, cognitive decline, and dementia. This is true for vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The assumed multifactorial mechanisms include ischemic stroke, both apparent and silent, cerebral microinfarcts, cerebral hemorrhage, and reduced cerebral blood flow. A number of retrospective observational and prospective studies support that anticoagulation in patients with AF may reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. This holds for both vitamin K antagonists (e.g., warfarin) and direct oral anticoagulants. However, it still remains unproven if anticoagulation reduces cognitive decline and dementia in AF patients based on randomized trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christoph Diener
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen and University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
| | - Robert G Hart
- Population Health Research Institute/McMaster University, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter J Koudstaal
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Deirdre A Lane
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There are differences among the outcomes regarding cognitive impairment in heart failure (HF) because the evidence is fragmented and sample size is small. Therefore we aimed to systematically review and analyze the available evidence about the association between HF and dementia. METHODS In the present study, we searched for articles published until August 2019 in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Medline and Google Scholar. The pooled multivariate odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained by the use of STATA 12.0 software. RESULTS The meta-analysis showed a positive association between HF and risk of all-cause dementia (OR/RR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.43, I = 70.0%, P < 0.001). Additionally, the study showed no significant association between HF and risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) (OR/RR = 1.38, 95% CI 0.90 to 2.13, I = 74.8%, P = 0.008). CONCLUSION In conclusion, HF was associated with an increased risk of developing dementia. In addition, large scale prospective studies are essential to explore the associations between HF and risk of AD.
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Yang Z, Wang H, Edwards D, Ding C, Yan L, Brayne C, Mant J. Association of blood lipids, atherosclerosis and statin use with dementia and cognitive impairment after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 57:100962. [PMID: 31505259 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trial and observational evidence is conflicting in terms of the association of blood lipids, atherosclerosis and statin use with dementia and cognitive impairment in the general population. It is uncertain whether the associations occur in stroke patients, who are at known higher risk of cognitive decline. This systematic review was to synthesize the evidence for these associations among stroke patients. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and trial registries were searched. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or observational cohort studies conducted among patients with stroke and reported on the association of blood lipids, atherosclerosis or statin use with dementia or cognitive impairment. Meta-analysis was conducted separately for crude and maximally adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs). RESULTS Of 18,026 records retrieved, 56 studies (one RCT and 55 cohort studies) comprising 38,423 stroke patients were included. For coronary heart disease, the pooled OR of dementia and cognitive impairment was 1.32 (95%CI 1.10-1.58, n = 15 studies, I2 = 0%) and 1.23 (95%CI 0.99-1.54, n = 14, I2 = 26.9%), respectively. Peripheral artery disease was associated with dementia (OR 3.59, 95%CI 1.47-8.76, n = 2, I2 = 0%) and cognitive impairment (OR 2.70, 95%CI 1.09-6.69, n = 1). For carotid stenosis, the pooled OR of dementia and cognitive impairment was 2.67 (95%CI 0.83-8.62, n = 3, I2 = 77.9%) and 3.34 (95%CI 0.79-14.1, n = 4, I2 = 96.6%), respectively. For post-stroke statin use, the pooled OR of dementia and cognitive impairment was 0.89 (95%CI 0.65-1.21, n = 1) and 0.56 (95%CI 0.46-0.69, n = 3, I2 = 0%), respectively. No association was observed for hypercholesterolemia. These results were mostly consistent with adjusted ORs or HRs, which were reported from limited evidence. CONCLUSION Atherosclerosis was associated with an increased risk of post-stroke dementia. Post-stroke statin use was associated with decreased risk of cognitive impairment. To confirm whether or not statins confer advantages in the post-stroke population in terms of preventing cognitive decline over and above their known effectiveness in reducing risk of further vascular events, further stroke trials including cognitive assessment and observational analyses adjusted for key confounders, focusing on key subgroups or statin use patterns are required.
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Nutritional Lipidomics in Alzheimer’s Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1195:95-104. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32633-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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76
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Yokomichi H, Kondo K, Nagamine Y, Yamagata Z, Kondo N. Dementia risk by combinations of metabolic diseases and body mass index: Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study Cohort Study. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:206-215. [PMID: 31207179 PMCID: PMC6944839 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION To compare the dementia risk associated with pre-existing diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2 ) and underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2 ) among older adults. We also explored the dementia risk associated with combinations of metabolic diseases and BMI. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. Participants completed a health checkup in 2010 and were followed for 5.8 years on average. Dementia was measured by municipal long-term care insurance registration. Diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity and underweight were diagnosed by medication use or health examination results. We calculated the incidence of dementia and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs). RESULTS Among 3,696 participating older adults, 338 developed dementia. Adjusted HRs (95% confidence intervals) in men and women (reference: those without corresponding disease of normal weight) were as follows: 2.22 (1.26-3.90) and 2.00 (1.07-3.74) for diabetes; 0.56 (0.29-1.10) and 1.05 (0.64-1.71) for hypertension; 1.30 (0.87-1.94) and 0.73 (0.49-1.08) for dyslipidemia; 0.73 (0.42-1.28) and 0.82 (0.49-1.37) for BMI of 25-29.9 kg/m2 ; and 1.04 (0.51-2.10) and 1.72 (1.05-2.81) for underweight. Dementia risk was significantly higher in underweight men with dyslipidemia (HR 4.15, 95% CI 1.79-9.63) compared with normal-weight men without dyslipidemia, and in underweight women with hypertension (HR 3.79, 1.55-9.28) compared with normal-weight women without hypertension. Dementia incidence was highest among underweight older adults with hypertension followed by dyslipidemia. CONCLUSIONS Among Japanese older adults, underweight and prevalent diabetes are risk factors for developing dementia. Lower BMI is also associated with a higher incidence of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katsunori Kondo
- Department of Social Preventive Medical SciencesCenter for Preventive Medical SciencesChiba UniversityChibaJapan
- Department of Gerontological EvaluationCenter for Gerontology and Social ScienceNational Center for Geriatrics and GerontologyAichiJapan
| | - Yuiko Nagamine
- Department of Social Preventive Medical SciencesCenter for Preventive Medical SciencesChiba UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Zentaro Yamagata
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity of YamanashiYamanashiJapan
| | - Naoki Kondo
- Department of Health Education and Health SociologySchool of Public HealthThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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Armstrong NM, Bangen KJ, Au R, Gross AL. Associations Between Midlife (but Not Late-Life) Elevated Coronary Heart Disease Risk and Lower Cognitive Performance: Results From the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:2175-2187. [PMID: 31576397 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwz210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how coronary heart disease (CHD) risk across the adult life span affects late-life cognition. We estimated associations of midlife and late-life elevated CHD risk with cognitive trajectories (general cognitive performance, processing speed/executive function, memory) in later life (after age 55 years or age 70 years) among 2,892 Framingham Offspring Study participants who had completed CHD risk assessments approximately every 4 years since 1971 and had undergone neuropsychological testing between 1999 and 2014. We stratified analyses by apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) Ɛ4 allele carrier status. Using linear mixed-effects models, elevated CHD risk in midlife (age 55 years) was associated with lower levels of general cognitive performance (β = -0.560 standard deviation (SD) units, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.874, -0.246), executive function (β = -0.624 SD units, 95% CI: -0.916, -0.332), and memory (β = -0.560 SD units, 95% CI: -0.907, -0.213) at age 70 years but not with rates of cognitive change. Late-life (age 70 years) elevated CHD risk, however, was associated with somewhat better levels of general cognitive performance and memory. There were associations between duration of elevated CHD risk during midlife and levels (but not trajectories) of later-life cognitive outcomes. Associations were not modified by APOE-ɛ4 status. These findings suggest that midlife elevated CHD risk is associated with lower cognition, independently of APOE-ɛ4 status, suggesting that risk of vascular disease may not contribute a "second hit" to AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Armstrong
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katherine J Bangen
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rhoda Au
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Neurology & Framingham Heart Study, University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alden L Gross
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Hayden KM, Gaussoin SA, Hunter JC, Manson JE, Sachs BC, Shadyab AH, Tindle HA, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Mozhui K, Snively BM, Rapp SR, Resnick SM. Cognitive resilience among APOE ε4 carriers in the oldest old. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 34:1833-1844. [PMID: 31418472 PMCID: PMC7143252 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Relatively few APOE ε4+ carriers survive to old age (age 80+) without cognitive impairment (CI); thus, little is known about distinguishing characteristics of resilient APOE ε4+ carriers. Herein, we describe the sociodemographic characteristics of a large sample of resilient APOE ε4+ women from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) and compare them to noncarriers and APOE ε4+ women who developed CI before age 80. METHODS Women were recruited for clinical trials evaluating postmenopausal hormone therapy and incidence of dementia. During posttrial follow-up, cognitive status was adjudicated annually. Among 5716 women, we compared groups by APOE ε4 status using logistic regression, covarying for treatment, demographics, lifestyle, cardiovascular and physical function, well-being, and self-rated general health. RESULTS Among 557 APOE ε4+ women, those who survived to age 80+ without CI had higher baseline self-rated general health (odds ratio [OR]: 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.04) and cognitive scores (OR: 1.18; 95% CI, 1.12-1.25) than those who did not reach age 80 without CI. Baseline high total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were similar across APOE ε4+ groups but were higher compared with APOE ε4- women. Among women who survived to 80+ without CI, more APOE ε4+ women had a history of high total cholesterol (P = .003) and LDL cholesterol (OR: 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.01). There were no differences in hypertension, diabetes, or other vascular risk factors in APOE ε4+ women compared with noncarriers. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight the importance of baseline cognitive function and general health for late-life cognition among ε4+ women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Hayden
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sarah A Gaussoin
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jaimie C Hunter
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bonnie C Sachs
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Geriatrics and Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Aladdin H Shadyab
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hilary A Tindle
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Khyobeni Mozhui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Beverly M Snively
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Stephen R Rapp
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Román G, Jackson R, Reis J, Román A, Toledo J, Toledo E. Extra-virgin olive oil for potential prevention of Alzheimer disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2019; 175:705-723. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Li CY, Li CH, Martini S, Hou WH. Association between air pollution and risk of vascular dementia: A multipollutant analysis in Taiwan. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105233. [PMID: 31678904 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence regarding the association of specific air pollutants with vascular dementia (VaD) risk is limited. In this nested case-control study, we enrolled 831 adults aged >65 years with VaD (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 290.4x) newly diagnosed during 2005-2013; 3324 controls were age-, sex-, and VaD diagnosis year-matched with the study patients. Both patients with VaD and controls were selected from among a cohort of one million beneficiaries of Taiwan's National Health Insurance program, all of whom were registered in 2005. Exposure to the mean daily air pollutant concentration, derived from 76 fixed air quality monitoring stations, in 3, 5, and 7 years before VaD diagnosis was assessed using the spatial analysis method (i.e., ordinary kriging) on ArcGIS. A logistic regression model was used to calculate covariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of VaD in relation to specific air pollutants. After potential confounders and other air pollutants were controlled for, high concentrations of coarse particulate matter (10 µm or less in diameter) and carbon monoxide (CO) were sporadically associated with higher OR of VaD. The most prominent association was observed for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure within 5 and 7 years before diagnosis. Compared with the <25th percentile of NO2 exposure, the 25th-50th, 50th-75th, and >75th percentiles of NO2 exposure significantly increased ORs (95% confidence intervals): 1.62 (1.28-2.23), 1.61 (1.11-2.33), and 2.22 (1.35-3.65) within 5 years before diagnosis, respectively, and 1.59 (1.20-2.11), 1.65 (1.15-2.37), and 2.05 (1.28-3.28) within 7 years before diagnosis, respectively. We found that higher NO2 exposure in the past was significantly associated with an elevated risk of VaD. Although less consistent, higher exposure to CO was also associated with a higher risk of VaD. Most NO2 in cities originates from motor vehicle exhaust; other sources of NO2 are petrol and metal refining, electricity generation from coal-fired power stations, other manufacturing industries, and food processing. Future studies should investigate associations of VaD with specific sources of NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yi Li
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Chien-Hsin Li
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Santi Martini
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Wen-Hsuan Hou
- School of Gerontology Health Management & Master Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center of Evidence-Based Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Trigiani LJ, Royea J, Tong XK, Hamel E. Comparative benefits of simvastatin and exercise in a mouse model of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. FASEB J 2019; 33:13280-13293. [PMID: 31557051 PMCID: PMC6894065 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901002r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic physical exercise (EX) and controlling cardiovascular risk factors in midlife can improve and protect cognitive function in healthy individuals and are considered to be effective at reducing late-onset dementia incidence. By investigating commonalities between these preventative approaches, we sought to identify possible targets for effective interventions. We compared the efficacy of EX and simvastatin (SV) pharmacotherapy to counteract cognitive deficits induced by a high-cholesterol diet (2%, HCD) in mice overexpressing TGF-β1 (TGF mice), a model of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Cognitive deficits were found in hypercholesterolemic mice for object recognition memory, and both SV and EX prevented this decline. EX improved stimulus-evoked cerebral blood flow responses and was as effective as SV in normalizing endothelium-dependent vasodilatory responses in cerebral arteries. The up-regulation of galectin-3-positive microglial cells in white matter (WM) of HCD-fed TGF mice with cognitive deficits was significantly reduced by both SV and EX concurrently with cognitive recovery. Altered hippocampal neurogenesis, gray matter astrogliosis, or microgliosis did not correlate with cognitive deficits or benefits. Overall, results indicate that SV and EX prevented cognitive decline in hypercholesterolemic mice and that they share common sites of action in preventing endothelial cell dysfunction and reducing WM inflammation.-Trigiani, L. J., Royea, J., Tong, X.-K., Hamel, E. Comparative benefits of simvastatin and exercise in a mouse model of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne J Trigiani
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jessika Royea
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xin-Kang Tong
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edith Hamel
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Green tea and coffee intake and risk of cognitive decline in older adults: the National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Longitudinal Study of Aging. Public Health Nutr 2019; 23:1049-1057. [PMID: 31544736 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019002659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between green tea and coffee intake and cognitive decline in older adults. DESIGN A prospective cohort study. The average intake of green tea and coffee in the previous year was assessed through a dietitian interview using a dietary questionnaire. A Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was conducted up to six times biennially. Cognitive decline was screened using the MMSE; its incidence was defined as the first time a score of <27 points was obtained in a biennial test from the baseline. Hazard ratios for incidence of cognitive decline were estimated according to the intake of the two beverages using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression, controlling for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. SETTING The National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA) in Japan. PARTICIPANTS Men (n 620) and women (n 685), aged 60-85 years, from the NILS-LSA. RESULTS During a mean of 5·3 (sd 2·9) years of follow-up, 432 incident cases of cognitive decline were observed. Compared with participants who consumed green tea <once/d, the multivariable hazard ratio (95 % CI) was 0·70 (0·45, 1·06), 0·71 (0·52, 0·97) and 0·72 (0·54, 0·98) among those who consumed green tea once/d, 2-3 times/d and ≥4 times/d, respectively (Ptrend < 0·05). No significant association was found between coffee intake and cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS The intake of green tea, but not coffee, was shown to reduce the risk of cognitive decline in older adults.
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Different Exposures to Risk Factors Do Not Explain the Inverse Relationship of Occurrence Between Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Italian Nested Case-control Study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2019; 32:76-82. [PMID: 28796009 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies reported that cancer is less frequent in persons with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases (AD/PD) and vice-versa. We evaluated whether a different distribution of known nongenetic risk factors for cancer and AD/PD, might explain their inverse relationship of occurrence. We nested 2 case-control studies in a subsample of a large cohort of 1,000,000 resident in Lombardy Region in Italy (n=1515), followed-up for cancer and AD/PD occurrence since 1991 until 2012. Conditional logistic regression was performed to determine the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of AD/PD in subjects with and without cancer and the risk of cancer in those with and without AD/PD. A total of 54 incident cases of AD/PD and 347 cancer cases were matched with 216 and 667 controls, respectively. After controlling for low education, obesity, history of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, physical activity, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, and dietary habit, cancer was found inversely associated with the risk of AD/PD (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.32-1.38), and the risk of cancer in AD/PD was similarly reduced (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.20-0.91). Different exposures to nongenetic risk factors of both diseases do not explain their competitive relationship of occurrence.
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Buchmann N, Fink A, Tegeler C, Demuth I, Doblhammer G, Steinhagen-Thiessen E. Different treatment forms of type II diabetes and the risk of dementia in German health claims data. Acta Diabetol 2019; 56:995-1003. [PMID: 31119454 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-019-01332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The association between type II diabetes (T2D) and increased all-cause dementia risk is well established. However, to date, there is no definite proof that a specific therapy for diabetes can halt a progress of cognitive decline. Therefore, we analyzed a large longitudinal random sample of German health claims data to focus on associations between T2D and dementia and to elucidate the role of different treatment forms of T2D on the risk for dementia. METHODS We used a longitudinal random sample (n = 250,000) of claims data of the largest public sickness fund in Germany, the Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse (AOK). Dementia was defined as ICD-10 codes G31.0, G31.82, G23.1, F00, F01, F02, F03, and F05, and T2D was defined as E11-E14. We performed Cox proportional hazard models to explore the transition into dementia and to calculate the relative risk of dementia dependent on T2D and different T2D treatment forms. RESULTS All models were adjusted for sex, age, and each patient's history of depression, renal insufficiency, and cardiovascular comorbidities. Non-pharmacologic-treated diabetics showed a 23% increased dementia risk (p < 0.001) and oral ADM-treated diabetics showed a 16% increased risk (p < 0.001). Insulin-dependent diabetics is still the highest dementia risk (40%; p < 0.001) and obesity additionally attenuated this risk (75%; p < 0.001) increased risk. CONCLUSIONS We found that diabetes is an independent risk factor for all-cause dementia. An increased risk for dementia in insulin-dependent and obese subjects with diabetes was evident. Longitudinal studies on the effect of different forms of therapy and weight reduction are needed to verify the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Buchmann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Lipid Clinic at the Interdisciplinary Metabolism Center, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne Fink
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Rostock Center for the Study of Demographic Change, Konrad-Zuse-Str.1, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christina Tegeler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Lipid Clinic at the Interdisciplinary Metabolism Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilja Demuth
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Lipid Clinic at the Interdisciplinary Metabolism Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Doblhammer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
- Rostock Center for the Study of Demographic Change, Konrad-Zuse-Str.1, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
- Institute for Sociology and Demography, University Rostock, Ulmenstr. 69, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Lipid Clinic at the Interdisciplinary Metabolism Center, Berlin, Germany
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Magge SN, Zemel BS, Pipan ME, Gidding SS, Kelly A. Cardiometabolic Risk and Body Composition in Youth With Down Syndrome. Pediatrics 2019; 144:peds.2019-0137. [PMID: 31315916 PMCID: PMC6855833 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Whether BMI captures adiposity and cardiometabolic risk in Down syndrome (DS), a condition associated with obesity, short stature, and altered body proportions, is not known. We compared cardiometabolic risk measures in youth with DS and typically developing matched controls. METHODS Youth with (n = 150) and without (n = 103) DS of comparable age (10-20 years), sex, race, ethnicity, and BMI percentile underwent whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, fasting glucose, insulin, lipids, lipoprotein particles, inflammatory factors, and when BMI percentile ≥85, an oral glucose tolerance test. RESULTS Sixty-four percent of youth with DS had BMI percentile ≥85. Among these, no difference in glucose, insulin, or insulin resistance was detected, but prediabetes was more prevalent with DS (26.4% vs 10.3%; P = .025) after adjustment for demographics, pubertal status, and BMI z score (odds ratio = 3.2; P = .026). Among all participants, those with DS had higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (median 107 [interquartile range 89-128] vs 88.5 [79-103] mg/dL; P < .00005), triglycerides (89.5 [73-133] vs 71.5 [56-104] mg/dL; P < .00005), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C; 128 [104-153] vs 107 [92-123] mg/dL; P < .00005), and triglycerides/HDL-C (2.2 [1.6-3.4] vs 1.7 [1.1-2.5] mg/dL; P = .0003) and lower levels of HDL-C (41 [36.5-47] vs 45 [37-53] mg/dL; P = .012). DS youth had higher high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, small low-density lipoprotein particles (LDL-P), and total LDL-P, but similar LDL-P size. Youth with DS had less visceral fat (VFAT), fat mass, and lean mass for BMI z score, but greater VFAT at higher fat mass. However, VFAT did not fully explain the increased prevalence of dyslipidemia or prediabetes in youth with DS. CONCLUSIONS Despite similar insulin resistance, youth with DS had greater prevalence of dyslipidemia and prediabetes than typically developing youth, which was not fully explained by VFAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela N. Magge
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University and Clinical and Translational Science Institute at Children’s National, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia; Divisions of
| | - Babette S. Zemel
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition,,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; and
| | - Mary E. Pipan
- Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, and,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; and
| | | | - Andrea Kelly
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; and
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Restoring synaptic function through multimodal therapeutics. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 168:257-275. [PMID: 31699320 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the major form of dementia and a growing epidemic for which no disease-modifying treatments exist. AD is characterized by the early loss of synapses in the brain and, at later stages, neuronal death accompanied with progressive loss of cognitive functions. Here we focus on the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of the synapse and how their perturbation leads to synaptic loss. We suggest treatment strategies that particularly target energy metabolism in terms of cholesterol and glucose biochemistry in neurons and astrocytes We also discuss the potential of restoring impaired protein homeostasis through autophagy. These pathways are analyzed from a basic science perspective and suggest new avenues for discovery. We also propose several targets for both basic and translational therapeutics in these pathways and provide perspective on future AD treatment.
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87
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Loera-Valencia R, Goikolea J, Parrado-Fernandez C, Merino-Serrais P, Maioli S. Alterations in cholesterol metabolism as a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease: Potential novel targets for treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:104-114. [PMID: 30878503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and it is characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. However, the complete pathogenesis of the disease is still unknown. High level of serum cholesterol has been found to positively correlate with an increased risk of dementia and some studies have reported a decreased prevalence of AD in patients taking cholesterol-lowering drugs. Years of research have shown a strong correlation between blood hypercholesterolemia and AD, however cholesterol is not able to cross the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) into the brain. Cholesterol lowering therapies have shown mixed results in cognitive performance in AD patients, raising questions of whether brain cholesterol metabolism in the brain should be studied separately from peripheral cholesterol metabolism and what their relationship is. Unlike cholesterol, oxidized cholesterol metabolites known as oxysterols are able to cross the BBB from the circulation into the brain and vice-versa. The main oxysterols present in the circulation are 24S-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol. These oxysterols and their catalysing enzymes have been found to be altered in AD brains and there is evidence indicating their influence in the progression of the disease. This review gives a broad perspective on the relationship between hypercholesterolemia and AD, cholesterol lowering therapies for AD patients and the role of oxysterols in pathological and non-pathological conditions. Also, we propose cholesterol metabolites as valuable targets for prevention and alternative AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Loera-Valencia
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Julen Goikolea
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristina Parrado-Fernandez
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics-IBGM, (University of Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Paula Merino-Serrais
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden; Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Maioli
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Legdeur N, van der Lee SJ, de Wilde M, van der Lei J, Muller M, Maier AB, Visser PJ. The association of vascular disorders with incident dementia in different age groups. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2019; 11:47. [PMID: 31097030 PMCID: PMC6524321 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence that dementia risk associated with vascular disorders is age dependent. Large population-based studies of incident dementia are necessary to further elucidate this effect. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the association of vascular disorders with incident dementia in different age groups in a large primary care database. Methods We included 442,428 individuals without dementia aged ≥ 65 years from the longitudinal primary care Integrated Primary Care Information (IPCI) database. We determined in 6 age groups (from 65–70 to ≥ 90 years) the risk of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation for all-cause dementia using incidence rate ratios, Cox regression, and Fine and Gray regression models. Results The mean age at inclusion of the total study sample was 72.4 years, 45.7% of the participants were male, and median follow-up was 3.6 years. During 1.4 million person-years of follow-up, 13,511 individuals were diagnosed with dementia. The risk for dementia decreased with increasing age for all risk factors and was no longer significant in individuals aged ≥ 90 years. Adjusting for mortality as a competing risk did not change the results. Conclusions We conclude that vascular disorders are no longer a risk factor for dementia at high age. Possible explanations include selective survival of individuals who are less susceptible to the negative consequences of vascular disorders and differences in follow-up time between individuals with and without a vascular disorder. Future research should focus on the identification of other risk factors than vascular disorders, for example, genetic or inflammatory processes, that can potentially explain the strong age-related increase in dementia risk. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13195-019-0496-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Legdeur
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel de Wilde
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Lei
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Majon Muller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea B Maier
- Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Research Institute Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing body of evidence indicating the heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease (AD), coupled with disappointing clinical studies directed at a fit-for-all therapy, suggest that the development of a single magic cure suitable for all cases may not be possible. This calls for a shift in paradigm where targeted treatment is developed for specific AD subpopulations that share distinct genetic or pathological properties. Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), the most prevalent genetic risk factor of AD, is expressed in more than half of AD patients and is thus an important possible AD therapeutic target. REVIEW This review focuses initially on the pathological effects of apoE4 in AD, as well as on the corresponding cellular and animal models and the suggested cellular and molecular mechanisms which mediate them. The second part of the review focuses on recent apoE4-targeted (from the APOE gene to the apoE protein and its interactors) therapeutic approaches that have been developed in animal models and are ready to be translated to human. Further, the issue of whether the pathological effects of apoE4 are due to loss of protective function or due to gain of toxic function is discussed herein. It is possible that both mechanisms coexist, with certain constituents of the apoE4 molecule and/or its downstream signaling mediating a toxic effect, while others are associated with a loss of protective function. CONCLUSION ApoE4 is a promising AD therapeutic target that remains understudied. Recent studies are now paving the way for effective apoE4-directed AD treatment approaches.
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90
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Lutski M, Weinstein G, Goldbourt U, Tanne D. Plasma Lipids, Apolipoproteins, and Subsequent Cognitive Decline in Men with Coronary Heart Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 67:827-837. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miri Lutski
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- The Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Israel
| | - Galit Weinstein
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uri Goldbourt
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - David Tanne
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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91
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Cao X, Zhu M, He Y, Chu W, Du Y, Du H. Increased Serum Acylated Ghrelin Levels in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 61:545-552. [PMID: 29226871 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a stomach-derived circulating hormone. In addition to its function as an orexigenic stimulant, the role of ghrelin in the consolidation of learning and memory has been implicated in recent years. However, the status of circulating acylated ghrelin (AG, that is, the functional form of ghrelin) in the symptomatic predementia stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has rarely been investigated. In the current study, we examined the serum levels of acylated and total ghrelin in 22 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 30 cognitively normal controls. We have found that patients with MCI had significantly increased serum AG levels, which were inversely associated with defected short- and long-term memory as well as language skills. Of note, the levels of total circulating ghrelin were similar between the two groups. Intriguingly, serum AG but not total ghrelin was associated with AD risk factors including the age, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Therefore, circulating AG may serve as a potential early systemic biomarker for AD-related cognitive impairments. Nevertheless, the simplest interpretation of the results is that the levels of circulating AG are associated with cognitive impairments in patients with MCI, thereby forming the groundwork for our future studies on the systemic mechanisms of AD pertaining to the ghrelin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cao
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Qianfoshan Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PRC
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Qianfoshan Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PRC
| | - Yan He
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Qianfoshan Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PRC
| | - Wenzheng Chu
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Qianfoshan Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PRC
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, PRC
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Qianfoshan Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PRC.,Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Texas, Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
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Shinohara M, Sato N. The Roles of Apolipoprotein E, Lipids, and Glucose in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1128:85-101. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3540-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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93
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Nichols E, Szoeke CEI, Vollset SE, Abbasi N, Abd-Allah F, Abdela J, Aichour MTE, Akinyemi RO, Alahdab F, Asgedom SW, Awasthi A, Barker-Collo SL, Baune BT, Béjot Y, Belachew AB, Bennett DA, Biadgo B, Bijani A, Bin Sayeed MS, Brayne C, Carpenter DO, Carvalho F, Catalá-López F, Cerin E, Choi JYJ, Dang AK, Degefa MG, Djalalinia S, Dubey M, Duken EE, Edvardsson D, Endres M, Eskandarieh S, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Filip I, Fischer F, Gebre AK, Geremew D, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Gnedovskaya EV, Gupta R, Hachinski V, Hagos TB, Hamidi S, Hankey GJ, Haro JM, Hay SI, Irvani SSN, Jha RP, Jonas JB, Kalani R, Karch A, Kasaeian A, Khader YS, Khalil IA, Khan EA, Khanna T, Khoja TAM, Khubchandani J, Kisa A, Kissimova-Skarbek K, Kivimäki M, Koyanagi A, Krohn KJ, Logroscino G, Lorkowski S, Majdan M, Malekzadeh R, März W, Massano J, Mengistu G, Meretoja A, Mohammadi M, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M, Mokdad AH, Mondello S, Moradi G, Nagel G, Naghavi M, Naik G, Nguyen LH, Nguyen TH, Nirayo YL, Nixon MR, Ofori-Asenso R, Ogbo FA, Olagunju AT, Owolabi MO, Panda-Jonas S, Passos VMDA, Pereira DM, Pinilla-Monsalve GD, Piradov MA, Pond CD, Poustchi H, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Reiner RC, Robinson SR, Roshandel G, Rostami A, Russ TC, Sachdev PS, Safari H, Safiri S, Sahathevan R, Salimi Y, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Saylan M, Sepanlou SG, Shafieesabet A, Shaikh MA, Sahraian MA, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shiue I, Silva JP, Smith M, Sobhani S, Stein DJ, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tovani-Palone MR, Tran BX, Tran TT, Tsegay AT, Ullah I, Venketasubramanian N, Vlassov V, Wang YP, Weiss J, Westerman R, Wijeratne T, Wyper GM, Yano Y, Yimer EM, Yonemoto N, Yousefifard M, Zaidi Z, Zare Z, Vos T, Feigin VL, Murray CJL. Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:88-106. [PMID: 30497964 PMCID: PMC6291454 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1354] [Impact Index Per Article: 270.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of individuals living with dementia is increasing, negatively affecting families, communities, and health-care systems around the world. A successful response to these challenges requires an accurate understanding of the dementia disease burden. We aimed to present the first detailed analysis of the global prevalence, mortality, and overall burden of dementia as captured by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016, and highlight the most important messages for clinicians and neurologists. METHODS GBD 2016 obtained data on dementia from vital registration systems, published scientific literature and surveys, and data from health-service encounters on deaths, excess mortality, prevalence, and incidence from 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016, through systematic review and additional data-seeking efforts. To correct for differences in cause of death coding across time and locations, we modelled mortality due to dementia using prevalence data and estimates of excess mortality derived from countries that were most likely to code deaths to dementia relative to prevalence. Data were analysed by standardised methods to estimate deaths, prevalence, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; computed as the sum of YLLs and YLDs), and the fractions of these metrics that were attributable to four risk factors that met GBD criteria for assessment (high body-mass index [BMI], high fasting plasma glucose, smoking, and a diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages). FINDINGS In 2016, the global number of individuals who lived with dementia was 43·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 37·8-51·0), increased from 20.2 million (17·4-23·5) in 1990. This increase of 117% (95% UI 114-121) contrasted with a minor increase in age-standardised prevalence of 1·7% (1·0-2·4), from 701 cases (95% UI 602-815) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 712 cases (614-828) per 100 000 population in 2016. More women than men had dementia in 2016 (27·0 million, 95% UI 23·3-31·4, vs 16.8 million, 14.4-19.6), and dementia was the fifth leading cause of death globally, accounting for 2·4 million (95% UI 2·1-2·8) deaths. Overall, 28·8 million (95% UI 24·5-34·0) DALYs were attributed to dementia; 6·4 million (95% UI 3·4-10·5) of these could be attributed to the modifiable GBD risk factors of high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, smoking, and a high intake of sugar-sweetened beverages. INTERPRETATION The global number of people living with dementia more than doubled from 1990 to 2016, mainly due to increases in population ageing and growth. Although differences in coding for causes of death and the heterogeneity in case-ascertainment methods constitute major challenges to the estimation of the burden of dementia, future analyses should improve on the methods for the correction of these biases. Until breakthroughs are made in prevention or curative treatment, dementia will constitute an increasing challenge to health-care systems worldwide. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Fawzy Fahim V, Wadie W, Shafik AN, Ishak Attallah M. Role of simvastatin and insulin in memory protection in a rat model of diabetes mellitus and dementia. Brain Res Bull 2019; 144:21-27. [PMID: 30395886 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Low Phytanic Acid-Concentrated DHA Prevents Cognitive Deficit and Regulates Alzheimer Disease Mediators in an ApoE -/- Mice Experimental Model. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010011. [PMID: 30577526 PMCID: PMC6356727 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia and cognitive impairment. It has been associated with a significant diminution of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in the brain. Clinical trials with DHA as a treatment in neurological diseases have shown inconsistent results. Previously, we reported that the presence of phytanic acid (PhA) in standard DHA compositions could be blunting DHA’s beneficial effects. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the effects of a low PhA-concentrated DHA and a standard PhA-concentrated DHA in Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE−/−) mice. Behavioral tests and protein expression of pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant, antioxidant factors, and AD-related mediators were evaluated. Low PhA-concentrated DHA decreased Aβ, ß-amyloid precursor protein (APP), p-tau, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII), caspase 3, and catalase, and increased brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) when compared to standard PhA-concentrated DHA. Low PhA-concentrated DHA decreased interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) protein expression in ApoE−/− mice when compared to standard PhA-concentrated DHA. No significant differences were found in p22phox, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), and tau protein expression. The positive actions of a low PhA-concentrated DHA were functionally reflected by improving the cognitive deficit in the AD experimental model. Therefore, reduction of PhA content in DHA compositions could highlight a novel pathway for the neurodegeneration processes related to AD.
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96
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Kang H, Lee HK, Moon HB, Kim S, Lee J, Ha M, Hong S, Kim S, Choi K. Perfluoroalkyl acids in serum of Korean children: Occurrences, related sources, and associated health outcomes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:958-965. [PMID: 30032090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been widely used in human environment, and their exposure among general population has been frequently reported. However, extent of PFAAs exposure and their potential effects among children are not well characterized. In this study, children of between 3 and 18 years of age (n = 150) were recruited in Seoul and Gyeonggi, Korea, and the serum levels of 16 PFAAs along with lipids and thyroid hormones were measured. Questionnaire survey was conducted for dietary and behavioral characteristics of the children. Among the measured PFAAs, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, and PFOS were detected in all the samples, and PFUnDA and PFDA were detected in over 75% of the samples. PFOS was detected at the highest concentration with a median of 5.68 ng/mL. PFUnDA was detected at higher levels (median of 0.652 ng/mL) compared to those reported for children in USA. Serum PFAA levels were not different by sex among the children of <10 years of age, but in older children, those of boys are significantly higher than girls. Physiological characteristics like menstruation may explain lower PFAAs levels of the girls. In addition, breastmilk consumption, fish/shellfish consumption, non-stick frying pan use, and waterproof cloth use were identified as potential sources of PFAAs exposure. Serum PFUnDA level was positively associated with total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein level of the children. PFNA was positively associated with free T4 level. High levels of PFUnDA among children and its association with serum lipids warrant replication and confirmation in other populations and/or supports by experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habyeong Kang
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jyeun Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeon Hong
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suejin Kim
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Bigornia SJ, Scott TM, Harris WS, Tucker KL. Prospective Associations of Erythrocyte Composition and Dietary Intake of n-3 and n-6 PUFA with Measures of Cognitive Function. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091253. [PMID: 30200655 PMCID: PMC6164488 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consumption is recommended as part of a healthy diet, but evidence of the impact of individual species and biological concentrations on cognitive function is limited. We examined prospective associations of PUFA erythrocyte composition and dietary intake with measures of cognitive function among participants of the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (aged 57 years). Erythrocyte and dietary PUFA composition were ascertained at baseline and associated with 2-year scores on the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) (n = 1032) and cognitive domain patterns derived from a battery of tests (n = 865), as well as with incidence of cognitive impairment. Erythrocyte and dietary n-3 PUFA were not significantly associated with MMSE score. However, total erythrocyte and dietary n-3 very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA), and intake of individual species, were associated with better executive function (P-trend < 0.05, for all). There was evidence that greater erythrocyte n-6 eicosadienoic acid concentration was associated with lower MMSE and executive function scores (P-trend = 0.02). Only erythrocyte arachidonic acid (ARA) concentration predicted cognitive impairment (Odds Ratio = 1.26; P = 0.01). Among Puerto Rican adults, we found that n-3 VLCFA consumption may beneficially impact executive function. Further, these findings provide some evidence that n-6 metabolism favoring greater ARA tissue incorporation, but not necessarily dietary intake, could increase the risk of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherman J Bigornia
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
| | - Tammy M Scott
- USDA Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - William S Harris
- Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
- Omegaquant, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
| | - Katherine L Tucker
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
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Abstract
Background Risk factors for cognitive decline might depend on chronological age. The aim of the study was to explore the age dependency of risk factors for cognitive decline in cognitively healthy subjects aged 55–85 years at baseline. Methods We included 2527 cognitively healthy subjects from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). Median follow-up was 9.1 (IQR: 3.2–19.0) years. The association of genetic and cardiovascular risk factors, depressive symptoms, inflammation markers and lifestyle risk factors with decline in MMSE and memory function was tested using spline regression analyses. Results Subjects were on average 70.1 (SD 8.8) years old at baseline. Based on a spline regression model, we divided our sample in three age groups: ≤70 years (young-old), > 70–80 years (old) and > 80 years (oldest-old). The association of LDL cholesterol, homocysteine, hypertension, history of stroke, depressive symptoms, interleukin-6, a1-antichymotrypsin, alcohol use and smoking with cognitive decline significantly differed between the age groups. In general, the presence of these risk factors was associated with less cognitive decline in the oldest-old group compared to the young-old and old group. Conclusions The negative effect of various risk factors on cognitive decline decreases with higher age. A combination of epidemiological factors, such as the selection towards healthier subjects during follow-up, but also risk factor specific features, for example ensuring the cerebral blood flow in case of hypertension, explain this diminished association at higher age. It is important to take these age differences into account when applying preventive strategies to avert cognitive decline. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12877-018-0876-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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99
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Herke M, Fink A, Langer G, Wustmann T, Watzke S, Hanff A, Burckhardt M. Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 7:CD011542. [PMID: 30021248 PMCID: PMC6513567 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011542.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss, malnutrition and dehydration are common problems for people with dementia. Environmental modifications such as, change of routine, context or ambience at mealtimes, or behavioural modifications, such as education or training of people with dementia or caregivers, may be considered to try to improve food and fluid intake and nutritional status of people with dementia. OBJECTIVES Primary: To assess the effects of environmental or behavioural modifications on food and fluid intake and nutritional status in people with dementia. Secondary: To assess the effects of environmental or behavioural modifications in connection with nutrition on mealtime behaviour, cognitive and functional outcomes and quality of life, in specific settings (i.e. home care, residential care and nursing home care) for different stages of dementia. To assess the adverse consequences or effects of the included interventions. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Specialized Register of Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement (ALOIS), MEDLINE, Eembase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization (WHO) portal/ICTRP on 17 January 2018. We scanned reference lists of other reviews and of included articles. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating interventions designed to modify the mealtime environment of people with dementia, to modify the mealtime behaviour of people with dementia or their caregivers, or both, with the intention of improving food and fluid intake. We included people with any common dementia subtype. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included trials. We assessed the quality of evidence for each outcome using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We included nine studies, investigating 1502 people. Three studies explicitly investigated participants with Alzheimer's disease; six did not specify the type of dementia. Five studies provided clear measures to identify the severity of dementia at baseline, and overall very mild to severe stages were covered. The interventions and outcome measures were diverse. The overall quality of evidence was mainly low to very low.One study implemented environmental as well as behavioural modifications by providing additional food items between meals and personal encouragement to consume them. The control group received no intervention. Differences between groups were very small and the quality of the evidence from this study was very low, so we are very uncertain of any effect of this intervention.The remaining eight studies implemented behavioural modifications.Three studies provided nutritional education and nutrition promotion programmes. Control groups did not receive these programmes. After 12 months, the intervention group showed slightly higher protein intake per day (mean difference (MD) 0.11 g/kg, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.01 to 0.23; n = 78, 1 study; low-quality evidence), but there was no clear evidence of a difference in nutritional status assessed with body mass index (BMI) (MD -0.26 kg/m² favouring control, 95% CI -0.70 to 0.19; n = 734, 2 studies; moderate-quality evidence), body weight (MD -1.60 kg favouring control, 95% CI -3.47 to 0.27; n = 656, 1 study; moderate-quality evidence), or score on Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) (MD -0.10 favouring control, 95% CI -0.67 to 0.47; n = 656, 1 study; low-quality evidence). After six months, the intervention group in one study had slightly lower BMI (MD -1.79 kg/m² favouring control, 95% CI -1.28 to -2.30; n = 52, 1 study; moderate-quality evidence) and body weight (MD -8.11 kg favouring control, 95% CI -2.06 to -12.56; n = 52, 1 study; moderate-quality evidence). This type of intervention may have a small positive effect on food intake, but little or no effect, or a negative effect, on nutritional status.Two studies compared self-feeding skills training programmes. In one study, the control group received no training and in the other study the control group received a different self-feeding skills training programme. For both comparisons the quality of the evidence was very low and we are very uncertain whether these interventions have any effect.One study investigated general training of nurses to impart knowledge on how to feed people with dementia and improve attitudes towards people with dementia. Again, the quality of the evidence was very low so that we cannot be certain of any effect.Two studies investigated vocal or tactile positive feedback provided by caregivers while feeding participants. After three weeks, the intervention group showed an increase in calories consumed per meal (MD 200 kcal, 95% CI 119.81 to 280.19; n = 42, 1 study; low-quality evidence) and protein consumed per meal (MD 15g, 95% CI 7.74 to 22.26; n = 42, 1 study; low-quality evidence). This intervention may increase the intake of food and liquids slightly; nutritional status was not assessed. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Due to the quantity and quality of the evidence currently available, we cannot identify any specific environmental or behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Herke
- Martin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergInstitute for Medical SociologyMagdeburger Str. 8Halle (Saale)Germany06112
| | - Astrid Fink
- Martin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergInstitute for Medical SociologyMagdeburger Str. 8Halle (Saale)Germany06112
| | - Gero Langer
- Martin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergInstitute of Health and Nursing SciencesMagdeburger Strasse 8Halle (Saale)Germany06112
| | - Tobias Wustmann
- Martin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergDepartment of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and PsychosomaticsJulius Kühn Strasse 7Halle (Saale)Germany06112
| | - Stefan Watzke
- Martin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergDepartment of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and PsychosomaticsJulius Kühn Strasse 7Halle (Saale)Germany06112
| | | | - Marion Burckhardt
- Martin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergInstitute of Health and Nursing SciencesMagdeburger Strasse 8Halle (Saale)Germany06112
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Bugge A, Möller S, Westfall DR, Tarp J, Gejl AK, Wedderkopp N, Hillman CH. Associations between waist circumference, metabolic risk and executive function in adolescents: A cross-sectional mediation analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199281. [PMID: 29912925 PMCID: PMC6005548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the associations between waist circumference, metabolic risk factors, and executive function in adolescents. Methods: The study was cross-sectional and included 558 adolescents (mean age 14.2 years). Anthropometrics and systolic blood pressure (sysBP) were measured and fasting blood samples were analyzed for metabolic risk factors. A metabolic risk factor cluster score (MetS-cluster score) was computed from the sum of standardized sysBP, triglycerides (TG), inverse high-density lipid cholesterol (HDLc) and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment). Cognitive control was measured with a modified flanker task. Results: Regression analyses indicated that after controlling for demographic variables, HDLc exhibited a negative and TG a positive association with flanker reaction time (RT). Waist circumference did not demonstrate a statistically significant total association with the cognitive outcomes. In structural equation modeling, waist circumference displayed an indirect positive association with incongruent RT through a higher MetS-cluster score and through lower HDLc. The only statistically significant direct association between waist circumference and the cognitive outcomes was for incongruent RT in the model including HDLc as mediator. Conclusions: These findings are consonant with the previous literature reporting an adverse association between certain metabolic risk factors and cognitive control. Accordingly, these results suggest specificity between metabolic risk factors and cognitive control outcomes. Further, results of the present study, although cross-sectional, provide new evidence that specific metabolic risk factors may mediate an indirect association between adiposity and cognitive control in adolescents, even though a direct association between these variables was not observed. However, taking the cross-sectional study design into consideration, these results should be interpreted with caution and future longitudinal or experimental studies should verify the findings of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bugge
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute for Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Sören Möller
- OPEN–Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital and Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel R. Westfall
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Jakob Tarp
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute for Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne K. Gejl
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute for Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Wedderkopp
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute for Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Sports Medicine clinic Orthopedic Department, Middelfart Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Middelfart, Denmark
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston MA, United States of America
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, & Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston MA, United States of America
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