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Skorka K, Ostapinska K, Malesa A, Giannopoulos K. The Application of CAR-T Cells in Haematological Malignancies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2020; 68:34. [PMID: 33156409 PMCID: PMC7647970 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-020-00599-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells (CART) remain one of the most advanced and promising forms of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy. CART represent autologous, genetically engineered T lymphocytes expressing CAR, i.e. fusion proteins that combine components and features of T cells as well as antibodies providing their more effective and direct anti-tumour effect. The technology of CART construction is highly advanced in vitro and every element of their structure influence their mechanism of action in vivo. Patients with haematological malignancies are faced with the possibility of disease relapse after the implementation of conventional chemo-immunotherapy. Since the most preferable result of therapy is a partial or complete remission, cancer treatment regimens are constantly being improved and customized to individual patients. This individualization could be ensured by CART therapy. This paper characterized CART strategy in details in terms of their structure, generations, mechanism of action and published the results of clinical trials in haematological malignancies including acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Skorka
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Ostapinska
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Malesa
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Giannopoulos
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
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52
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An allosteric hot spot in the tandem-SH2 domain of ZAP-70 regulates T-cell signaling. Biochem J 2020; 477:1287-1308. [PMID: 32203568 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling is initiated by recruiting ZAP-70 to the cytosolic part of TCR. ZAP-70, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is composed of an N-terminal tandem SH2 (tSH2) domain connected to the C-terminal kinase domain. The ZAP-70 is recruited to the membrane through binding of tSH2 domain and the doubly phosphorylated ITAM motifs of CD3 chains in the TCR complex. Our results show that the tSH2 domain undergoes a biphasic structural transition while binding to the doubly phosphorylated ITAM-ζ1 peptide. The C-terminal SH2 domain binds first to the phosphotyrosine residue of ITAM peptide to form an encounter complex leading to subsequent binding of second phosphotyrosine residue to the N-SH2 domain. We decipher a network of noncovalent interactions that allosterically couple the two SH2 domains during binding to doubly phosphorylated ITAMs. Mutation in the allosteric network residues, for example, W165C, uncouples the formation of encounter complex to the subsequent ITAM binding thus explaining the altered recruitment of ZAP-70 to the plasma membrane causing autoimmune arthritis in mice. The proposed mechanism of allosteric coupling is unique to ZAP-70, which is fundamentally different from Syk, a close homolog of ZAP-70 expressed in B-cells.
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53
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Descamps D, Evnouchidou I, Caillens V, Drajac C, Riffault S, van Endert P, Saveanu L. The Role of Insulin Regulated Aminopeptidase in Endocytic Trafficking and Receptor Signaling in Immune Cells. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:583556. [PMID: 33195428 PMCID: PMC7606930 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.583556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a type II transmembrane protein with broad tissue distribution initially identified as a major component of Glut4 storage vesicles (GSV) in adipocytes. Despite its almost ubiquitous expression, IRAP had been extensively studied mainly in insulin responsive cells, such as adipocytes and muscle cells. In these cells, the enzyme displays a complex intracellular trafficking pattern regulated by insulin. Early studies using fusion proteins joining the IRAP cytosolic domain to various reporter proteins, such as GFP or the transferrin receptor (TfR), showed that the complex and regulated trafficking of the protein depends on its cytosolic domain. This domain contains several motifs involved in IRAP trafficking, as demonstrated by mutagenesis studies. Also, proteomic studies and yeast two-hybrid experiments showed that the IRAP cytosolic domain engages in multiple protein interactions with cytoskeleton components and vesicular trafficking adaptors. These findings led to the hypothesis that IRAP is not only a cargo of GSV but might be a part of the sorting machinery that controls GSV dynamics. Recent work in adipocytes, immune cells, and neurons confirmed this hypothesis and demonstrated that IRAP has a dual function. Its carboxy-terminal domain located inside endosomes is responsible for the aminopeptidase activity of the enzyme, while its amino-terminal domain located in the cytosol functions as an endosomal trafficking adaptor. In this review, we recapitulate the published protein interactions of IRAP and summarize the increasing body of evidence indicating that IRAP plays a role in intracellular trafficking of several proteins. We describe the impact of IRAP deletion or depletion on endocytic trafficking and the consequences on immune cell functions. These include the ability of dendritic cells to cross-present antigens and prime adaptive immune responses, as well as the control of innate and adaptive immune receptor signaling and modulation of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irini Evnouchidou
- Université de Paris, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Inovarion, Paris, France
| | - Vivien Caillens
- Université de Paris, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
| | - Carole Drajac
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jou-en-Josas, France
| | - Sabine Riffault
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jou-en-Josas, France
| | - Peter van Endert
- Université de Paris, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, INSERM Unité 1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Service d'immunologie biologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Loredana Saveanu
- Université de Paris, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
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54
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Chandler NJ, Call MJ, Call ME. T Cell Activation Machinery: Form and Function in Natural and Engineered Immune Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7424. [PMID: 33050044 PMCID: PMC7582382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The impressive success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies in treating advanced B-cell malignancies has spurred a frenzy of activity aimed at developing CAR-T therapies for other cancers, particularly solid tumors, and optimizing engineered T cells for maximum clinical benefit in many different disease contexts. A rapidly growing body of design work is examining every modular component of traditional single-chain CARs as well as expanding out into many new and innovative engineered immunoreceptor designs that depart from this template. New approaches to immune cell and receptor engineering are being reported with rapidly increasing frequency, and many recent high-quality reviews (including one in this special issue) provide comprehensive coverage of the history and current state of the art in CAR-T and related cellular immunotherapies. In this review, we step back to examine our current understanding of the structure-function relationships in natural and engineered lymphocyte-activating receptors, with an eye towards evaluating how well the current-generation CAR designs recapitulate the most desirable features of their natural counterparts. We identify key areas that we believe are under-studied and therefore represent opportunities to further improve our grasp of form and function in natural and engineered receptors and to rationally design better therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Chandler
- Structural Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (N.J.C.); (M.J.C.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Melissa J. Call
- Structural Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (N.J.C.); (M.J.C.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Matthew E. Call
- Structural Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (N.J.C.); (M.J.C.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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55
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Yu H, Lin L, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Hu H. Targeting NF-κB pathway for the therapy of diseases: mechanism and clinical study. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:209. [PMID: 32958760 PMCID: PMC7506548 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 752] [Impact Index Per Article: 188.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical NF-κB is activated by various stimuli, transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity, to regulate the expression of various proinflammatory genes and also serve as the critical mediator for inflammatory response. Meanwhile, the activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway occurs through a handful of TNF receptor superfamily members. Since the activation of this pathway involves protein synthesis, the kinetics of non-canonical NF-κB activation is slow but persistent, in concordance with its biological functions in the development of immune cell and lymphoid organ, immune homeostasis and immune response. The activation of the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathway is tightly controlled, highlighting the vital roles of ubiquitination in these pathways. Emerging studies indicate that dysregulated NF-κB activity causes inflammation-related diseases as well as cancers, and NF-κB has been long proposed as the potential target for therapy of diseases. This review attempts to summarize our current knowledge and updates on the mechanisms of NF-κB pathway regulation and the potential therapeutic application of inhibition of NF-κB signaling in cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangbin Lin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
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56
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Cantoni C, Wurzer H, Thomas C, Vitale M. Escape of tumor cells from the NK cell cytotoxic activity. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1339-1360. [PMID: 32930468 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr0820-652r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, NK cells, initially identified as potent cytotoxic effector cells, have revealed an unexpected complexity, both at phenotypic and functional levels. The discovery of different NK cell subsets, characterized by distinct gene expression and phenotypes, was combined with the characterization of the diverse functions NK cells can exert, not only as circulating cells, but also as cells localized or recruited in lymphoid organs and in multiple tissues. Besides the elimination of tumor and virus-infected cells, these functions include the production of cytokines and chemokines, the regulation of innate and adaptive immune cells, the influence on tissue homeostasis. In addition, NK cells display a remarkable functional plasticity, being able to adapt to the environment and to develop a kind of memory. Nevertheless, the powerful cytotoxic activity of NK cells remains one of their most relevant properties, particularly in the antitumor response. In this review, the process of tumor cell recognition and killing mediated by NK cells, starting from the generation of cytolytic granules and recognition of target cell, to the establishment of the NK cell immunological synapse, the release of cytotoxic molecules, and consequent tumor cell death is described. Next, the review focuses on the heterogeneous mechanisms, either intrinsic to tumors or induced by the tumor microenvironment, by which cancer cells can escape the NK cell-mediated attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hannah Wurzer
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Clément Thomas
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Massimo Vitale
- UO Immunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, Genoa, Italy
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57
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Jayaraman J, Mellody MP, Hou AJ, Desai RP, Fung AW, Pham AHT, Chen YY, Zhao W. CAR-T design: Elements and their synergistic function. EBioMedicine 2020; 58:102931. [PMID: 32739874 PMCID: PMC7393540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells use re-engineered cell surface receptors to specifically bind to and lyse oncogenic cells. Two clinically approved CAR-T–cell therapies have significant clinical efficacy in treating CD19-positive B cell cancers. With widespread interest to deploy this immunotherapy to other cancers, there has been great research activity to design new CAR structures to increase the range of targeted cancers and anti-tumor efficacy. However, several obstacles must be addressed before CAR-T–cell therapies can be more widely deployed. These include limiting the frequency of lethal cytokine storms, enhancing T-cell persistence and signaling, and improving target antigen specificity. We provide a comprehensive review of recent research on CAR design and systematically evaluate design aspects of the four major modules of CAR structure: the ligand-binding, spacer, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains, elucidating design strategies and principles to guide future immunotherapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayapriya Jayaraman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine,CA,92697, United States
| | - Michael P Mellody
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine,CA,92697, United States
| | - Andrew J Hou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095
| | - Ruchi P Desai
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Audrey W Fung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - An Huynh Thuy Pham
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Yvonne Y Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095
| | - Weian Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine,CA,92697, United States; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
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58
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Wu W, Zhou Q, Masubuchi T, Shi X, Li H, Xu X, Huang M, Meng L, He X, Zhu H, Gao S, Zhang N, Jing R, Sun J, Wang H, Hui E, Wong CC, Xu C. Multiple Signaling Roles of CD3ε and Its Application in CAR-T Cell Therapy. Cell 2020; 182:855-871.e23. [PMID: 32730808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A T cell receptor (TCR) mediates antigen-induced signaling through its associated CD3ε, δ, γ, and ζ, but the contributions of different CD3 chains remain elusive. Using quantitative mass spectrometry, we simultaneously quantitated the phosphorylation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) of all CD3 chains upon TCR stimulation. A subpopulation of CD3ε ITAMs was mono-phosphorylated, owing to Lck kinase selectivity, and specifically recruited the inhibitory Csk kinase to attenuate TCR signaling, suggesting that TCR is a self-restrained signaling machinery containing both activating and inhibitory motifs. Moreover, we found that incorporation of the CD3ε cytoplasmic domain into a second-generation chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) improved antitumor activity of CAR-T cells. Mechanistically, the Csk-recruiting ITAM of CD3ε reduced CAR-T cytokine production whereas the basic residue rich sequence (BRS) of CD3ε promoted CAR-T persistence via p85 recruitment. Collectively, CD3ε is a built-in multifunctional signal tuner, and increasing CD3 diversity represents a strategy to design next-generation CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiuping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Takeya Masubuchi
- Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0347, USA
| | - Xiaoshan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Center for Precision Medicine Multi-omics Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Min Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xing He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hengyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shuaixin Gao
- Center for Precision Medicine Multi-omics Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Center for Precision Medicine Multi-omics Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ruirui Jing
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haopeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Enfu Hui
- Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0347, USA.
| | - Catherine Chiulan Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Center for Precision Medicine Multi-omics Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Chenqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China.
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59
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Zhylko A, Winiarska M, Graczyk-Jarzynka A. The Great War of Today: Modifications of CAR-T Cells to Effectively Combat Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2030. [PMID: 32722109 PMCID: PMC7466082 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy of cancer had its early beginnings in the times when the elements of the immune system were still poorly characterized. However, with the progress in molecular biology, it has become feasible to re-engineer T cells in order to eradicate tumour cells. The use of synthetic chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) helped to re-target and simultaneously unleash the cytotoxic potential of T cells. CAR-T therapy proved to be remarkably effective in cases of haematological malignancies, often refractory and relapsed. The success of this approach yielded two Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals for the first "living drug" modalities. However, CAR-T therapy is not without flaws. Apart from the side effects associated with the treatment, it became apparent that CAR introduction alters T cell biology and the possible therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, it was shown that CAR-T approaches in solid tumours do not recapitulate the success in the haemato-oncology. Therefore, in this review, we aim to discuss the recent concerns of CAR-T therapy for both haematological and solid tumours. We also summarise the general strategies that are implemented to enhance the efficacy and safety of the CAR-T regimens in blood and solid malignancies.
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60
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Meng X, Jing R, Qian L, Zhou C, Sun J. Engineering Cytoplasmic Signaling of CD28ζ CARs for Improved Therapeutic Functions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1046. [PMID: 32636832 PMCID: PMC7318076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells (CAR-T) have yielded impressive clinical outcomes in treating hematopoietic malignancies. However, relapses have occurred in a substantial number of patients and limited the development of CAR-T therapy. Most underlying reasons for these relapses can be attributed to poor persistence and rapid exhaustion of CAR-T cells in vivo. Despite multiple strategies having been developed, how to improve CAR-T persistence or resist exhaustion while maintaining sufficient cytotoxic functions is still a great challenge. Here we discuss engineering cytoplasmic signaling as an important strategy for CAR optimization. This review summarizes recent advances showing that the anti-tumor function of CAR-T cells can be improved by optimizing the CD3ζ domain or downstream signaling of CD28ζ CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Meng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruirui Jing
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liling Qian
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- School of Public Health and Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou, China
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61
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IRAP-dependent endosomal T cell receptor signalling is essential for T cell responses. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2779. [PMID: 32487999 PMCID: PMC7265453 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) activation is modulated by mechanisms such as TCR endocytosis, which is thought to terminate TCR signalling. Here we show that, upon internalization, TCR continues to signal from a set of specialized endosomes that are crucial for T cell functions. Mechanistically, TCR ligation leads to clathrin-mediated internalization of the TCR-CD3ζ complex, while maintaining CD3ζ signalling, in endosomal vesicles that contain the insulin responsive aminopeptidase (IRAP) and the SNARE protein Syntaxin 6. Destabilization of this compartment through IRAP deletion enhances plasma membrane expression of the TCR-CD3ζ complex, yet compromises overall CD3ζ signalling; moreover, the integrity of this compartment is also crucial for T cell activation and survival after suboptimal TCR activation, as mice engineered with a T cell-specific deletion of IRAP fail to develop efficient polyclonal anti-tumour responses. Our results thus reveal a previously unappreciated function of IRAP-dependent endosomal TCR signalling in T cell activation. T cell receptors (TCR) are internalized when activated by their ligands. Here the authors show that the internalized TCRs are localized to endosomes expressing IRAP and Syntaxin 6 to maintain intracellular signalling capacity, whose importance is shown by the absence of efficient polyclonal anti-tumour response in mice with T-specific conditional deletion of IRAP.
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Rohrs JA, Wang P, Finley SD. Understanding the Dynamics of T-Cell Activation in Health and Disease Through the Lens of Computational Modeling. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2020; 3:1-8. [PMID: 30689404 PMCID: PMC6593125 DOI: 10.1200/cci.18.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells in the immune system are activated by binding to foreign peptides (from an external pathogen) or mutant peptide (derived from endogenous proteins) displayed on the surface of a diseased cell. This triggers a series of intracellular signaling pathways, which ultimately dictate the response of the T cell. The insights from computational models have greatly improved our understanding of the mechanisms that control T-cell activation. In this review, we focus on the use of ordinary differential equation–based mechanistic models to study T-cell activation. We highlight several examples that demonstrate the models’ utility in answering specific questions related to T-cell activation signaling, from antigen discrimination to the feedback mechanisms that initiate transcription factor activation. In addition, we describe other modeling approaches that can be combined with mechanistic models to bridge time scales and better understand how intracellular signaling events, which occur on the order of seconds to minutes, influence phenotypic responses of T-cell activation, which occur on the order of hours to days. Overall, through concrete examples, we emphasize how computational modeling can be used to enable the rational design and optimization of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pin Wang
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Lindner SE, Johnson SM, Brown CE, Wang LD. Chimeric antigen receptor signaling: Functional consequences and design implications. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz3223. [PMID: 32637585 PMCID: PMC7314561 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has transformed the care of refractory B cell malignancies and holds tremendous promise for many aggressive tumors. Despite overwhelming scientific, clinical, and public interest in this rapidly expanding field, fundamental inquiries into CAR T cell mechanistic functioning are still in their infancy. Because CAR T cells are manufactured from donor T lymphocytes, and because CARs incorporate well-characterized T cell signaling components, it has largely been assumed that CARs signal analogously to canonical T cell receptors (TCRs). However, recent studies demonstrate that many aspects of CAR signaling are unique, distinct from endogenous TCR signaling, and potentially even distinct among various CAR constructs. Thus, rigorous and comprehensive proteomic investigations are required for rational engineering of improved CARs. Here, we review what is known about proximal CAR signaling in T cells, compare it to conventional TCR signaling, and outline unmet challenges to improving CAR T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Lindner
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckham Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - S. M. Johnson
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckham Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - C. E. Brown
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckham Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - L. D. Wang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckham Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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Poli A, Fiume R, Mongiorgi S, Zaurito A, Sheth B, Vidalle MC, Hamid SA, Kimber S, Campagnoli F, Ratti S, Rusciano I, Faenza I, Manzoli L, Divecha N. Exploring the controversial role of PI3K signalling in CD4 + regulatory T (T-Reg) cells. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 76:100722. [PMID: 32362560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a complex network that acts to protect vertebrates from foreign microorganisms and carries out immunosurveillance to combat cancer. In order to avoid hyper-activation of the immune system leading to collateral damage tissues and organs and to prevent self-attack, the network has the intrinsic control mechanisms that negatively regulate immune responses. Central to this negative regulation are regulatory T (T-Reg) cells, which through cytokine secretion and cell interaction limit uncontrolled clonal expansion and functions of activated immune cells. Given that positive or negative manipulation of T-Regs activity could be utilised to therapeutically treat host versus graft rejection or cancer respectively, understanding how signaling pathways impact on T-Regs function should reveal potential targets with which to intervene. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway controls a vast array of cellular processes and is critical in T cell activation. Here we focus on phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and their ability to regulate T-Regs cell differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Poli
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Fiume
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sara Mongiorgi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Zaurito
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Magdalena Castellano Vidalle
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Shidqiyyah Abdul Hamid
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - ScottT Kimber
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Francesca Campagnoli
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isabella Rusciano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Faenza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nullin Divecha
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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Richter K, Rufer AC, Muller M, Burger D, Casagrande F, Grossenbacher T, Huber S, Hug MN, Koldewey P, D'Osualdo A, Schlatter D, Stoll T, Rudolph MG. Small molecule AX-024 reduces T cell proliferation independently of CD3ϵ/Nck1 interaction, which is governed by a domain swap in the Nck1-SH3.1 domain. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7849-7864. [PMID: 32317279 PMCID: PMC7278359 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the T cell receptor (TCR) results in binding of the adapter protein Nck (noncatalytic region of tyrosine kinase) to the CD3ϵ subunit of the TCR. The interaction was suggested to be important for the amplification of TCR signals and is governed by a proline-rich sequence (PRS) in CD3ϵ that binds to the first Src homology 3 (SH3) domain of Nck (Nck-SH3.1). Inhibition of this protein/protein interaction ameliorated inflammatory symptoms in mouse models of multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and asthma. A small molecule, AX-024, was reported to inhibit the Nck/CD3ϵ interaction by physically binding to the Nck1-SH3.1 domain, suggesting a route to develop an inhibitor of the Nck1/CD3ϵ interaction for modulating TCR activity in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We show here that AX-024 reduces T cell proliferation upon weak TCR stimulation but does not significantly affect phosphorylation of Zap70 (ζ chain of T cell receptor–associated protein kinase 70). We also find that AX-024 is likely not involved in modulating the Nck/TCR interaction but probably has other targets in T cells. An array of biophysical techniques did not detect a direct interaction between AX-024 and Nck-SH3.1 in vitro. Crystal structures of the Nck-SH3.1 domain revealed its binding mode to the PRS in CD3ϵ. The SH3 domain tends to generate homodimers through a domain swap. Domain swaps observed previously in other SH3 domains indicate a general propensity of this protein fold to exchange structural elements. The swapped form of Nck-SH3.1 is unable to bind CD3ϵ, possibly representing an inactive form of Nck in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Richter
- I2O Disease Translational Area, pRED Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arne C Rufer
- Therapeutic Modalities, Lead Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry, pRED Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Magali Muller
- I2O Disease Translational Area, pRED Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Burger
- Therapeutic Modalities, Lead Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry, pRED Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Casagrande
- Therapeutic Modalities, Lead Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry, pRED Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tabea Grossenbacher
- Therapeutic Modalities, Lead Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry, pRED Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sylwia Huber
- Therapeutic Modalities, Lead Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry, pRED Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melanie N Hug
- Therapeutic Modalities, Lead Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry, pRED Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Koldewey
- Therapeutic Modalities, Lead Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry, pRED Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea D'Osualdo
- I2O Disease Translational Area, pRED Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schlatter
- Therapeutic Modalities, Lead Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry, pRED Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Theodor Stoll
- Therapeutic Modalities, Lead Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry, pRED Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Rudolph
- Therapeutic Modalities, Lead Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry, pRED Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Galeano Niño JL, Tay SS, Tearle JLE, Xie J, Govendir MA, Kempe D, Mazalo J, Drew AP, Colakoglu F, Kummerfeld SK, Proud CG, Biro M. The Lifeact-EGFP mouse is a translationally controlled fluorescent reporter of T cell activation. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs238014. [PMID: 32041902 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.238014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become increasingly evident that T cell functions are subject to translational control in addition to transcriptional regulation. Here, by using live imaging of CD8+ T cells isolated from the Lifeact-EGFP mouse, we show that T cells exhibit a gain in fluorescence intensity following engagement of cognate tumour target cells. The GFP signal increase is governed by Erk1/2-dependent distal T cell receptor (TCR) signalling and its magnitude correlates with IFN-γ and TNF-α production, which are hallmarks of T cell activation. Enhanced fluorescence was due to increased translation of Lifeact-EGFP protein, without an associated increase in its mRNA. Activation-induced gains in fluorescence were also observed in naïve and CD4+ T cells from the Lifeact-EGFP reporter, and were readily detected by both flow cytometry and live cell microscopy. This unique, translationally controlled reporter of effector T cell activation simultaneously enables tracking of cell morphology, F-actin dynamics and activation state in individual migrating T cells. It is a valuable addition to the limited number of reporters of T cell dynamics and activation, and opens the door to studies of translational activity and heterogeneities in functional T cell responses in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luis Galeano Niño
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Szun S Tay
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jacqueline L E Tearle
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jianling Xie
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Matt A Govendir
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Daryan Kempe
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jessica Mazalo
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Alexander P Drew
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Feyza Colakoglu
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sarah K Kummerfeld
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher G Proud
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Saeed AFUH, Ruan X, Guan H, Su J, Ouyang S. Regulation of cGAS-Mediated Immune Responses and Immunotherapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902599. [PMID: 32195086 PMCID: PMC7080523 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of infectious nucleic acids released from invading pathogens by the innate immune system is critical for immune defense. Detection of these nucleic acids by host immune sensors and regulation of DNA sensing pathways have been significant interests in the past years. Here, current understandings of evolutionarily conserved DNA sensing cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) are highlighted. Precise activation and tight regulation of cGAS are vital in appropriate innate immune responses, senescence, tumorigenesis and immunotherapy, and autoimmunity. Hence, substantial insights into cytosolic DNA sensing and immunotherapy of indispensable cytosolic sensors have been detailed to extend limited knowledge available thus far. This Review offers a critical, in-depth understanding of cGAS regulation, cytosolic DNA sensing, and currently established therapeutic approaches of essential cytosolic immune agents for improved human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah F. U. H. Saeed
- The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian ProvinceProvincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic RegulationBiomedical Research Center of South ChinaKey Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bio‐resources Sustainable UtilizationThe Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Product of State Oceanic AdministrationCollege of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao)Qingdao266237China
- College of Chemistry and Materials ScienceFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
| | - Xinglin Ruan
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital29 Xinquan Road Gulou DistrictFuzhou350001China
| | - Hongxin Guan
- The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian ProvinceProvincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic RegulationBiomedical Research Center of South ChinaKey Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bio‐resources Sustainable UtilizationThe Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Product of State Oceanic AdministrationCollege of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
| | - Jingqian Su
- The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian ProvinceProvincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic RegulationBiomedical Research Center of South ChinaKey Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bio‐resources Sustainable UtilizationThe Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Product of State Oceanic AdministrationCollege of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
| | - Songying Ouyang
- The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian ProvinceProvincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic RegulationBiomedical Research Center of South ChinaKey Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bio‐resources Sustainable UtilizationThe Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Product of State Oceanic AdministrationCollege of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao)Qingdao266237China
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68
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Hardy IR, Schamel WW, Baeuerle PA, Getts DR, Hofmeister R. Implications of T cell receptor biology on the development of new T cell therapies for cancer. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:89-103. [PMID: 31902264 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, two chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies were approved based on their remarkable efficacy in patients with hematological malignancies. By contrast, CAR-T cell therapies results in solid tumors have been less promising. To develop the next generation of T cell therapies a better understanding of T cell receptor (TCR) biology and its implication for the design of synthetic receptors is critical. Here, we review current and newly developed forms of T cell therapies and how their utilization of different components of the TCR signaling machinery and their requirement for engagement (or not) of human leukocyte antigen impacts their design, efficacy and applicability as cancer drugs. Notably, we highlight the development of human leukocyte antigen-independent T cell platforms that utilize the full TCR complex as having promise to overcome some of the limitations of existing T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Hardy
- TCR2 Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Binney St. Suite 710, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, BIOSS Center for Biological Signalling Studies, CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies & Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18,79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick A Baeuerle
- TCR Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Binney St. Suite 710, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshadernerstr. 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel R Getts
- TCR Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Binney St. Suite 710, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Robert Hofmeister
- TCR Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Binney St. Suite 710, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Shao B, Yago T, Panicker SR, Zhang N, Liu Z, McEver RP. Th1 Cells Rolling on Selectins Trigger DAP12-Dependent Signals That Activate Integrin αLβ2. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:37-48. [PMID: 31757864 PMCID: PMC6920551 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During inflammation, both neutrophils and effector T cells use selectins to roll and integrins to arrest in postcapillary venules. In both cell types, chemokines can transduce signals that convert integrin αLβ2 to a high-affinity conformation, which interacts with ICAM-1 to mediate arrest. In neutrophils, selectins also trigger an immunoreceptor-like signaling cascade that converts integrin αLβ2 to an intermediate-affinity conformation, which interacts with ICAM-1 to slow rolling. It is not known whether selectins induce similar signaling events in T cells. Ag engagement causes phosphorylation of ITAMs on the TCR; these motifs recruit kinases and adaptors that lead to the activation of αLβ2. We found that mouse Th1 cells rolling on P- or E-selectin triggered signals that promoted αLβ2-dependent slow rolling on ICAM-1 in vitro and in vivo. The selectin signaling cascade resembled that used by the TCR, except that unexpectedly, Th1 cells employed the ITAM-bearing protein DAP12, which was not known to be expressed in these cells. Importantly, outside-in signaling through ligand-occupied αLβ2 also required DAP12. Cooperative selectin and chemokine signaling in Th1 cells promoted αLβ2-dependent slow rolling and arrest in vitro and in vivo and migration into Ag-challenged tissues in vivo. Our findings reveal an important function for DAP12 in Th1 cells and a new mechanism to recruit effector T cells to sites of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojing Shao
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Tadayuki Yago
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Sumith R Panicker
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Zhenghui Liu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Rodger P McEver
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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Abstract
Advances in academic and clinical studies during the last several years have resulted in practical outcomes in adoptive immune therapy of cancer. Immune cells can be programmed with molecular modules that increase their therapeutic potency and specificity. It has become obvious that successful immunotherapy must take into account the full complexity of the immune system and, when possible, include the use of multifactor cell reprogramming that allows fast adjustment during the treatment. Today, practically all immune cells can be stably or transiently reprogrammed against cancer. Here, we review works related to T cell reprogramming, as the most developed field in immunotherapy. We discuss factors that determine the specific roles of αβ and γδ T cells in the immune system and the structure and function of T cell receptors in relation to other structures involved in T cell target recognition and immune response. We also discuss the aspects of T cell engineering, specifically the construction of synthetic T cell receptors (synTCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and the use of engineered T cells in integrative multifactor therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Katz
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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71
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Motavalli R, Etemadi J, Kahroba H, Mehdizadeh A, Yousefi M. Immune system-mediated cellular and molecular mechanisms in idiopathic membranous nephropathy pathogenesis and possible therapeutic targets. Life Sci 2019; 238:116923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Structural basis of assembly of the human T cell receptor-CD3 complex. Nature 2019; 573:546-552. [PMID: 31461748 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The αβ T cell receptor (TCR), in association with the CD3γε-CD3δε-CD3ζζ signalling hexamer, is the primary determinant of T cell development and activation, and of immune responses to foreign antigens. The mechanism of assembly of the TCR-CD3 complex remains unknown. Here we report a cryo-electron microscopy structure of human TCRαβ in complex with the CD3 hexamer at 3.7 Å resolution. The structure contains the complete extracellular domains and all the transmembrane helices of TCR-CD3. The octameric TCR-CD3 complex is assembled with 1:1:1:1 stoichiometry of TCRαβ:CD3γε:CD3δε:CD3ζζ. Assembly of the extracellular domains of TCR-CD3 is mediated by the constant domains and connecting peptides of TCRαβ that pack against CD3γε-CD3δε, forming a trimer-like structure proximal to the plasma membrane. The transmembrane segment of the CD3 complex adopts a barrel-like structure formed by interaction of the two transmembrane helices of CD3ζζ with those of CD3γε and CD3δε. Insertion of the transmembrane helices of TCRαβ into the barrel-like structure via both hydrophobic and ionic interactions results in transmembrane assembly of the TCR-CD3 complex. Together, our data reveal the structural basis for TCR-CD3 complex assembly, providing clues to TCR triggering and a foundation for rational design of immunotherapies that target the complex.
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Dube N, Marzinek JK, Glen RC, Bond PJ. The structural basis for membrane assembly of immunoreceptor signalling complexes. J Mol Model 2019; 25:277. [PMID: 31456056 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunoreceptors are TM complexes that consist of separate ligand-binding and signal-transducing modules. Mounting evidence suggests that interactions with the local environment may influence the architecture of these TM domains, which assemble via crucial sets of conserved ionisable residues, and also control the peripheral association of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) whose phosphorylation triggers cytoplasmic signalling cascades. We now report a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study of the archetypal T cell receptor (TCR) and its cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) signalling partners, along with the analogous DNAX-activation protein of 12 kDa (DAP12)/natural killer group 2C (NKG2C) complex. Based on > 15 μs of explicitly solvated, atomic-resolution sampling, we explore molecular aspects of immunoreceptor complex stability in different functionally relevant states. A novel alchemical approach is used to simulate the cytoplasmic CD3ε tail at different depths within lipid bilayer models, revealing that the conformation and cytoplasmic exposure of ITAMs are highly sensitive to local enrichment by different lipid species and to phosphorylation. Furthermore, simulations of the TCR and DAP12 TM domains in various states of oligomerisation suggest that, during the early stages of assembly, stable membrane insertion is facilitated by the interfacial lipid/solvent environment and/or partial ionisation of charged residues. Collectively, our results indicate that the architecture and mechanisms of signal transduction in immunoreceptor complexes are tightly regulated by interactions with the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Dube
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad, 500107, India
| | - Jan K Marzinek
- Bioinformatics Institute (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Str., #07-01 Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Singapore
| | - Robert C Glen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter J Bond
- Bioinformatics Institute (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Str., #07-01 Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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Abstract
T cells initiate and regulate adaptive immune responses that can clear infections. To do this, they use their T cell receptors (TCRs) to continually scan the surfaces of other cells for cognate peptide antigens presented on major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs). Experimental work has established that as few 1-10 pMHCs are sufficient to activate T cells. This sensitivity is remarkable in light of a number of factors, including the observation that the TCR and pMHC are short molecules relative to highly abundant long surface molecules, such as CD45, that can hinder initial binding, and moreover, the TCR/pMHC interaction is of weak affinity with solution lifetimes of approximately 1 second. Here, we review experimental and mathematical work that has contributed to uncovering molecular mechanisms of T cell sensitivity. We organize the mechanisms by where they act in the pathway to activate T cells, namely mechanisms that (a) promote TCR/pMHC binding, (b) induce rapid TCR signaling, and (c) amplify TCR signaling. We discuss work showing that high sensitivity reduces antigen specificity unless molecular feedbacks are invoked. We conclude by summarizing a number of open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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75
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Backus KM, Cao J, Maddox SM. Opportunities and challenges for the development of covalent chemical immunomodulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3421-3439. [PMID: 31204229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Compounds that react irreversibly with cysteines have reemerged as potent and selective tools for altering protein function, serving as chemical probes and even clinically approved drugs. The exquisite sensitivity of human immune cell signaling pathways to oxidative stress indicates the likely, yet still underexploited, general utility of covalent probes for selective chemical immunomodulation. Here, we provide an overview of immunomodulatory cysteines, including identification of electrophilic compounds available to label these residues. We focus our discussion on three protein classes essential for cell signaling, which span the 'druggability' spectrum from amenable to chemical probes (kinases), somewhat druggable (proteases), to inaccessible (phosphatases). Using existing inhibitors as a guide, we identify general strategies to guide the development of covalent probes for selected undruggable classes of proteins and propose the application of such compounds to alter immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keriann M Backus
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Jian Cao
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sean M Maddox
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA
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76
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Pereira PM, Albrecht D, Culley S, Jacobs C, Marsh M, Mercer J, Henriques R. Fix Your Membrane Receptor Imaging: Actin Cytoskeleton and CD4 Membrane Organization Disruption by Chemical Fixation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:675. [PMID: 31024536 PMCID: PMC6460894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) techniques allow near molecular scale resolution (~ 20 nm) as well as precise and robust analysis of protein organization at different scales. SMLM hardware, analytics and probes have been the focus of a variety of studies and are now commonly used in laboratories across the world. Protocol reliability and artifact identification are increasingly seen as important aspects of super-resolution microscopy. The reliability of these approaches thus requires in-depth evaluation so that biological findings are based on solid foundations. Here we explore how different fixation approaches that disrupt or preserve the actin cytoskeleton affect membrane protein organization. Using CD4 as a model, we show that fixation-mediated disruption of the actin cytoskeleton correlates with changes in CD4 membrane organization. We highlight how these artifacts are easy to overlook and how careful sample preparation is essential for extracting meaningful results from super-resolution microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Pereira
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Albrecht
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siân Culley
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caron Jacobs
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Marsh
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Mercer
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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77
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Harrison DL, Fang Y, Huang J. T-Cell Mechanobiology: Force Sensation, Potentiation, and Translation. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2019; 7:45. [PMID: 32601597 PMCID: PMC7323161 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A T cell is a sensitive self-referential mechanical sensor. Mechanical forces influence the recognition, activation, differentiation, and function throughout the lifetime of a T cell. T cells constantly perceive and respond to physical stimuli through their surface receptors, cytoskeleton, and subcellular structures. Surface receptors receive physical cues in the form of forces generated through receptor-ligand binding events, which are dynamically regulated by contact tension, shear stress, and substrate rigidity. The resulting mechanotransduction not only influences T-cell recognition and signaling but also possibly modulates cell metabolism and gene expression. Moreover, forces also dynamically regulate the deformation, organization, and translocation of cytoskeleton and subcellular structures, leading to changes in T-cell mobility, migration, and infiltration. However, the roles and mechanisms of how mechanical forces modulate T-cell recognition, signaling, metabolism, and gene expression, are largely unknown and underappreciated. Here, we review recent technological and scientific advances in T-cell mechanobiology, discuss possible roles and mechanisms of T-cell mechanotransduction, and propose new research directions of this emerging field in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin L. Harrison
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yun Fang
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jun Huang
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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78
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Benmebarek MR, Karches CH, Cadilha BL, Lesch S, Endres S, Kobold S. Killing Mechanisms of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1283. [PMID: 30875739 PMCID: PMC6470706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) comprises the killing of cancer cells through the therapeutic use of transferred T cells. One of the main ACT approaches is chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. CAR T cells mediate MHC-unrestricted tumor cell killing by enabling T cells to bind target cell surface antigens through a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) recognition domain. Upon engagement, CAR T cells form a non-classical immune synapse (IS), required for their effector function. These cells then mediate their anti-tumoral effects through the perforin and granzyme axis, the Fas and Fas ligand axis, as well as the release of cytokines to sensitize the tumor stroma. Their persistence in the host and functional outputs are tightly dependent on the receptor's individual components-scFv, spacer domain, and costimulatory domains-and how said component functions converge to augment CAR T cell performance. In this review, we bring forth the successes and limitations of CAR T cell therapy. We delve further into the current understanding of how CAR T cells are designed to function, survive, and ultimately mediate their anti-tumoral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Reda Benmebarek
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Clara Helke Karches
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Bruno Loureiro Cadilha
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Lesch
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 80337 Munich, Germany.
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79
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Izquierdo I, Barrachina MN, Hermida-Nogueira L, Casas V, Eble JA, Carrascal M, Abián J, García Á. Platelet membrane lipid rafts protein composition varies following GPVI and CLEC-2 receptors activation. J Proteomics 2019; 195:88-97. [PMID: 30677554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are membrane microdomains that have been proposed to play an important role in several platelet-signalling cascades, including those mediated by the receptors Glycoprotein VI (GPVI), and C-type lectin domain family 1 member B (CLEC-2), both involved in thrombus formation. We have performed a LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis of lipid rafts isolated from platelets activated through GPVI and CLEC-2 as well as from resting platelets. Our aim was to determine the magnitude of changes in lipid rafts protein composition and to elucidate the relevance of these alterations in platelet function. A number of relevant signalling proteins were found enriched in lipid rafts following platelet activation (such as the tyrosine protein kinases Fyn, Lyn and Yes; the G proteins G(i) and G(z); and cAMP protein kinase). Interestingly, our results indicate that the relative enrichment of lipid rafts in these signalling proteins may not be a consequence of protein translocation to these domains upon platelet stimulation, but the result of a massive loss in cytoskeletal proteins after platelet activation. Thus, this study may help to better understand the effects of platelet activation in the reorganization of lipid rafts and set the basis for further proteomic studies of these membrane microdomains in platelets. SIGNIFICANCE: We performed the first proteomic comparative analysis of lipid rafts- protein composition in platelets activated through GPVI and CLEC-2 receptors and in resting state. We identified a number of signalling proteins essential for platelet activation relatively enriched in platelets activated through both receptors, and we show that lipid rafts reorganization upon platelet activation leads to a loss in cytoskeletal proteins, highly associated to these domains in resting platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Izquierdo
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María N Barrachina
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lidia Hermida-Nogueira
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vanessa Casas
- CSIC/UAB Proteomics Laboratory, IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Joaquín Abián
- CSIC/UAB Proteomics Laboratory, IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángel García
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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80
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Natural Killer Cells and Current Applications of Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified NK-92 Cells in Tumor Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020317. [PMID: 30646574 PMCID: PMC6358726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that can be activated rapidly to target abnormal and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization. With significant advancements in cell biology technologies, many NK cell lines have been established. Among these cell lines, NK-92 cells are not only the most widely used but have also been approved for clinical applications. Additionally, chimeric antigen receptor-modified NK-92 cells (CAR-NK-92 cells) have shown strong antitumor effects. In this review, we summarize established human NK cell lines and their biological characteristics, and highlight the applications of NK-92 cells and CAR-NK-92 cells in tumor immunotherapy.
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81
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Reyes VE, Peniche AG. Helicobacter pylori Deregulates T and B Cell Signaling to Trigger Immune Evasion. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 421:229-265. [PMID: 31123892 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15138-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a prevalent human pathogen that successfully establishes chronic infection, which leads to clinically significant gastric diseases including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and gastric cancer (GC). H. pylori is able to produce a persistent infection due in large part to its ability to hijack the host immune response. The host adaptive immune response is activated to strategically and specifically attack pathogens and normally clears them from the infected host. Since B and T lymphocytes are central mediators of adaptive immunity, in this chapter we review their development and the fundamental mechanisms regulating their activation in order to understand how some of the normal processes are subverted by H. pylori. In this review, we place particular emphasis on the CD4+ T cell responses, their subtypes, and regulatory mechanisms because of the expanding literature in this area related to H. pylori. T lymphocyte differentiation and function are finely orchestrated through a series of cell-cell interactions, which include immune checkpoint receptors. Among the immune checkpoint receptor family, there are some with inhibitory properties that are exploited by tumor cells to facilitate their immune evasion. Gastric epithelial cells (GECs), which act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the gastric mucosa, are induced by H. pylori to express immune checkpoint receptors known to sway T lymphocyte function and thus circumvent effective T effector lymphocyte responses. This chapter reviews these and other mechanisms used by H. pylori to interfere with host immunity in order to persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor E Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Alex G Peniche
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
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83
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Feucht J, Sun J, Eyquem J, Ho YJ, Zhao Z, Leibold J, Dobrin A, Cabriolu A, Hamieh M, Sadelain M. Calibration of CAR activation potential directs alternative T cell fates and therapeutic potency. Nat Med 2018; 25:82-88. [PMID: 30559421 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are synthetic receptors that target and reprogram T cells to acquire augmented antitumor properties1. CD19-specific CARs that comprise CD28 and CD3ζ signaling motifs2 have induced remarkable responses in patients with refractory leukemia3-5 and lymphoma6 and were recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration7. These CARs program highly performing effector functions that mediate potent tumor elimination4,8 despite the limited persistence they confer on T cells3-6,8. Extending their functional persistence without compromising their potency should improve current CAR therapies. Strong T cell activation drives exhaustion9,10, which may be accentuated by the redundancy of CD28 and CD3ζ signaling11,12 as well as the spatiotemporal constraints imparted by the structure of second-generation CARs2. Thus, we hypothesized that calibrating the activation potential of CD28-based CARs would differentially reprogram T cell function and differentiation. Here, we show that CARs encoding a single immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif direct T cells to different fates by balancing effector and memory programs, thereby yielding CAR designs with enhanced therapeutic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Feucht
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Zhejing, China
| | - Justin Eyquem
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeguo Zhao
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josef Leibold
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anton Dobrin
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annalisa Cabriolu
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohamad Hamieh
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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84
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Li Y, Hermanson DL, Moriarity BS, Kaufman DS. Human iPSC-Derived Natural Killer Cells Engineered with Chimeric Antigen Receptors Enhance Anti-tumor Activity. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:181-192.e5. [PMID: 30082067 PMCID: PMC6084450 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 595] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) significantly enhance the anti-tumor activity of immune effector cells. Although most studies have evaluated CAR expression in T cells, here we evaluate different CAR constructs that improve natural killer (NK) cell-mediated killing. We identified a CAR containing the transmembrane domain of NKG2D, the 2B4 co-stimulatory domain, and the CD3ζ signaling domain to mediate strong antigen-specific NK cell signaling. NK cells derived from human iPSCs that express this CAR (NK-CAR-iPSC-NK cells) have a typical NK cell phenotype and demonstrate improved anti-tumor activity compared with T-CAR-expressing iPSC-derived NK cells (T-CAR-iPSC-NK cells) and non-CAR-expressing cells. In an ovarian cancer xenograft model, NK-CAR-iPSC-NK cells significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival compared with PB-NK cells, iPSC-NK cells, or T-CAR-iPSC-NK cells. Additionally, NK-CAR-iPSC-NK cells demonstrate in vivo activity similar to that of T-CAR-expressing T cells, although with less toxicity. These NK-CAR-iPSC-NK cells now provide standardized, targeted "off-the-shelf" lymphocytes for anti-cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Moores Cancer Center and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David L Hermanson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Branden S Moriarity
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dan S Kaufman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Moores Cancer Center and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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85
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Lck promotes Zap70-dependent LAT phosphorylation by bridging Zap70 to LAT. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:733-741. [PMID: 29915297 PMCID: PMC6202249 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
T cell-antigen receptor (TCR) signaling requires the sequential activities of the kinases Lck and Zap70. Upon TCR stimulation, Lck phosphorylates the TCR, thus leading to the recruitment, phosphorylation, and activation of Zap70. Lck binds and stabilizes phosho-Zap70 by using its SH2 domain, and Zap70 phosphorylates the critical adaptors LAT and SLP76, which coordinate downstream signaling. It is unclear whether phosphorylation of these adaptors occurs through passive diffusion or active recruitment. We report the discovery of a conserved proline-rich motif in LAT that mediates efficient LAT phosphorylation. Lck associates with this motif via its SH3 domain, and with phospho-Zap70 via its SH2 domain, thereby acting as a molecular bridge that facilitates the colocalization of Zap70 and LAT. Elimination of this proline-rich motif compromises TCR signaling and T cell development. These results demonstrate the remarkable multifunctionality of Lck, wherein each of its domains has evolved to orchestrate a distinct step in TCR signaling.
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86
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WEDAGEDERA JANAKR, BURROUGHS NJ. COMPARISON OF A DUAL STRATEGY FOR T-CELL ACTIVATION UNDER INHIBITION OF THE CD4 RECEPTOR. J BIOL SYST 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339018500158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We consider a stochastic model for T-cell activation proposed in Refs. [1] and [2] to compare the specificity and sensitivity of two different strategies for T-cell activation that utilize the history of phosphorylation of T-cell receptor (TCR). We compare these two strategies when the temporal signals/events that are essential for progressive T-cell activation are suppressed by blockade of CD4 receptor that may have caused by disease or therapeutic effects.3–6 We show that under these conditions, a threshold-strategy which is capable of maintaining a threshold (for total number of phosphorylated TCRs by time [Formula: see text]) for a further duration [Formula: see text] performs better in discriminating agonist peptides than a single-threshold strategy (reached by time [Formula: see text]) leading to T-cell activation using the Wentzell-Friedlin theory for large deviations for stochastic processes.7,8
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Affiliation(s)
- JANAK R. WEDAGEDERA
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2BJ, United Kingdom
| | - N. J. BURROUGHS
- Mathematics Institute and Warwick Systems, Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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87
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James JR. Tuning ITAM multiplicity on T cell receptors can control potency and selectivity to ligand density. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/531/eaan1088. [PMID: 29789296 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) recognizes peptides from pathogenic proteins bound in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). To convert this binding event into downstream signaling, the TCR complex contains immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) that act as docking sites for the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase ZAP-70. Unique among antigen receptors, the TCR complex uses 10 ITAMs to transduce peptide-MHC binding to the cell interior. Using synthetic, drug-inducible receptor-ligand pairs, it was found that greater ITAM multiplicity primarily enhanced the efficiency with which ligand binding was converted into an intracellular signal. This manifested as an increase in the fraction of cells that became activated in response to antigen, and a more synchronous initiation of TCR-proximal signaling, rather than direct amplification of the intracellular signals. Exploiting these findings, the potency and selectivity of chimeric antigen receptors targeted against cancer were substantially enhanced by modulating the number of encoded ITAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R James
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 OQH, UK.
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89
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Mikosik A, Jasiulewicz A, Daca A, Henc I, Frąckowiak JE, Ruckemann-Dziurdzińska K, Foerster J, Le Page A, Bryl E, Fulop T, Witkowski JM. Roles of calpain-calpastatin system (CCS) in human T cell activation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:76479-76495. [PMID: 27835610 PMCID: PMC5363525 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response is determined by the speed of the T cell reaction to antigens assured by a state of readiness for proliferation and cytokine secretion. Proliferation, apoptosis and motion of many cell types are controlled by cytoplasmic proteases - μ- and m-calpain - and their inhibitor calpastatin, together forming the “calpain-calpastatin system” (CCS), assumed to modify their targets only upon activation-dependent cytoplasmic Ca2+ increase. Contrastingly to this notion, using quantitative real time PCR and semiquantitative flow cytometry respectively, we show here that the CCS genes are constitutively expressed, and that both calpains are constitutively active in resting, circulating human CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that calpain inhibition in the resting T cells prevents them from proliferation in vitro and greatly reduces secretion of multiple cytokines. The mechanistic reason for these effects of calpain inhibition on T cell functions might be the demonstrated significant reduction of the expression of active (phosphorylated) upstream signalling molecules, including the phospholipase C gamma, p56Lck and NFκB, in the inhibitor-treated cells. Thus, we propose that the constitutive, self-regulatory calpain-calpastatin system activity in resting human T cells is a necessary, controlling element of their readiness for complex and effective response to antigenic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mikosik
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Daca
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Izabella Henc
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Jerzy Foerster
- Department of Clinical and Social Gerontology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aurelie Le Page
- Research Center on Ageing, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ewa Bryl
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Ageing, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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90
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Ngoenkam J, Schamel WW, Pongcharoen S. Selected signalling proteins recruited to the T-cell receptor-CD3 complex. Immunology 2018; 153:42-50. [PMID: 28771705 PMCID: PMC5721247 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex, expressed on T cells, determines the outcome of a T-cell response. It consists of the TCR-αβ heterodimer and the non-covalently associated signalling dimers of CD3εγ, CD3εδ and CD3ζζ. TCR-αβ binds specifically to a cognate peptide antigen bound to an MHC molecule, whereas the CD3 subunits transmit the signal into the cytosol to activate signalling events. Recruitment of proteins to specialized localizations is one mechanism to regulate activation and termination of signalling. In the last 25 years a large number of signalling molecules recruited to the TCR-CD3 complex upon antigen binding to TCR-αβ have been described. Here, we review knowledge about five of those interaction partners: Lck, ZAP-70, Nck, WASP and Numb. Some of these proteins have been targeted in the development of immunomodulatory drugs aiming to treat patients with autoimmune diseases and organ transplants.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/chemistry
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mutation
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein/metabolism
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatuporn Ngoenkam
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFaculty of Medical ScienceNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
| | - Wolfgang W. Schamel
- Department of ImmunologyInstitute for Biology IIIFaculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI)Medical Centre‐University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Sutatip Pongcharoen
- Centre of Excellence in Medical BiotechnologyFaculty of Medical ScienceNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
- Centre of Excellence in Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced MaterialsFaculty of ScienceNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
- Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
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91
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Borroto A, Reyes-Garau D, Jiménez MA, Carrasco E, Moreno B, Martínez-Pasamar S, Cortés JR, Perona A, Abia D, Blanco S, Fuentes M, Arellano I, Lobo J, Heidarieh H, Rueda J, Esteve P, Cibrián D, Martinez-Riaño A, Mendoza P, Prieto C, Calleja E, Oeste CL, Orfao A, Fresno M, Sánchez-Madrid F, Alcamí A, Bovolenta P, Martín P, Villoslada P, Morreale A, Messeguer A, Alarcon B. First-in-class inhibitor of the T cell receptor for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:370ra184. [PMID: 28003549 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf2140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Modulating T cell activation is critical for treating autoimmune diseases but requires avoiding concomitant opportunistic infections. Antigen binding to the T cell receptor (TCR) triggers the recruitment of the cytosolic adaptor protein Nck to a proline-rich sequence in the cytoplasmic tail of the TCR's CD3ε subunit. Through virtual screening and using combinatorial chemistry, we have generated an orally available, low-molecular weight inhibitor of the TCR-Nck interaction that selectively inhibits TCR-triggered T cell activation with an IC50 (median inhibitory concentration) ~1 nM. By modulating TCR signaling, the inhibitor prevented the development of psoriasis and asthma and, furthermore, exerted a long-lasting therapeutic effect in a model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, it did not prevent the generation of a protective memory response against a mouse pathogen, suggesting that the compound might not exert its effects through immunosuppression. These results suggest that inhibiting an immediate TCR signal has promise for treating a broad spectrum of human T cell-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Borroto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Reyes-Garau
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Esther Carrasco
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Martínez-Pasamar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José R Cortés
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Perona
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Abia
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Soledad Blanco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Irene Arellano
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Lobo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Haleh Heidarieh
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Rueda
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Esteve
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Danay Cibrián
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez-Riaño
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Mendoza
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Prieto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Calleja
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara L Oeste
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Martín
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Morreale
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Messeguer
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcon
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.
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92
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Sharma Y, Bashir S, Bhardwaj P, Ahmad A, Khan F. Protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1: resurgence as new drug target for human autoimmune disorders. Immunol Res 2017; 64:804-19. [PMID: 27216862 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-016-8805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of self-antigen and its destruction by the immune system is the hallmark of autoimmune diseases. During the developmental stages, immune cells are introduced to the self-antigen, for which tolerance develops. The inflammatory insults that break the immune tolerance provoke immune system against self-antigen, progressively leading to autoimmune diseases. SH2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), SHP-1, was identified as hematopoietic cell-specific PTP that regulates immune function from developing immune tolerance to mediating cell signaling post-immunoreceptor activation. The extensive research on SHP-1-deficient mice elucidated the diversified role of SHP-1 in immune regulation, and inflammatory process and related disorders such as cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative diseases. The present review focalizes upon the implication of SHP-1 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, such as allergic asthma, neutrophilic dermatosis, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis, so as to lay the background in pursuance of developing therapeutic strategies targeting SHP-1. Also, new SHP-1 molecular targets have been suggested like SIRP-α, PIPKIγ, and RIP-1 that may prove to be the focal point for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadhu Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Samina Bashir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Puja Bhardwaj
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Altaf Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Farah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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93
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Presotto D, Erdes E, Duong MN, Allard M, Regamey PO, Quadroni M, Doucey MA, Rufer N, Hebeisen M. Fine-Tuning of Optimal TCR Signaling in Tumor-Redirected CD8 T Cells by Distinct TCR Affinity-Mediated Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1564. [PMID: 29187853 PMCID: PMC5694758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Redirecting CD8 T cell immunity with self/tumor-specific affinity-matured T cell receptors (TCRs) is a promising approach for clinical adoptive T cell therapy, with the aim to improve treatment efficacy. Despite numerous functional-based studies, little is known about the characteristics of TCR signaling (i.e., intensity, duration, and amplification) and the regulatory mechanisms underlying optimal therapeutic T cell responses. Using a panel of human SUP-T1 and primary CD8 T cells engineered with incremental affinity TCRs against the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, we found that upon activation, T cells with optimal-affinity TCRs generated intense and sustained proximal (CD3ζ, LCK) signals associated with distal (ERK1/2) amplification-gain and increased function. In contrast, in T cells with very high affinity TCRs, signal initiation was rapid and strong yet only transient, resulting in poor MAPK activation and low proliferation potential even at high antigen stimulation dose. Under resting conditions, the levels of surface TCR/CD3ε, CD8β, and CD28 expression and of CD3ζ phosphorylation were significantly reduced in those hyporesponsive cells, suggesting the presence of TCR affinity-related activation thresholds. We also show that SHP phosphatases were involved along the TCR affinity gradient, but displayed spatially distinct regulatory roles. While PTPN6/SHP-1 phosphatase activity controlled TCR signaling initiation and subsequent amplification by counteracting CD3ζ and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, PTPN11/SHP-2 augmented MAPK activation without affecting proximal TCR signaling. Together, our findings indicate that optimal TCR signaling can be finely tuned by TCR affinity-dependent SHP-1 and SHP-2 activity, and this may readily be determined at the TCR/CD3 complex level. We propose that these TCR affinity-associated regulations represent potential protective mechanisms preventing high affinity TCR-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Presotto
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Efe Erdes
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Minh Ngoc Duong
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Allard
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Olivier Regamey
- Protein Analysis Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manfredo Quadroni
- Protein Analysis Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Agnès Doucey
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hebeisen
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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94
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Nguyen GT, Green ER, Mecsas J. Neutrophils to the ROScue: Mechanisms of NADPH Oxidase Activation and Bacterial Resistance. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:373. [PMID: 28890882 PMCID: PMC5574878 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidase play an important role in antimicrobial host defense and inflammation. Their deficiency in humans results in recurrent and severe bacterial infections, while their unregulated release leads to pathology from excessive inflammation. The release of high concentrations of ROS aids in clearance of invading bacteria. Localization of ROS release to phagosomes containing pathogens limits tissue damage. Host immune cells, like neutrophils, also known as PMNs, will release large amounts of ROS at the site of infection following the activation of surface receptors. The binding of ligands to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), toll-like receptors, and cytokine receptors can prime PMNs for a more robust response if additional signals are encountered. Meanwhile, activation of Fc and integrin directly induces high levels of ROS production. Additionally, GPCRs that bind to the bacterial-peptide analog fMLP, a neutrophil chemoattractant, can both prime cells and trigger low levels of ROS production. Engagement of these receptors initiates intracellular signaling pathways, resulting in activation of downstream effector proteins, assembly of the NADPH oxidase complex, and ultimately, the production of ROS by this complex. Within PMNs, ROS released by the NADPH oxidase complex can activate granular proteases and induce the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Additionally, ROS can cross the membranes of bacterial pathogens and damage their nucleic acids, proteins, and cell membranes. Consequently, in order to establish infections, bacterial pathogens employ various strategies to prevent restriction by PMN-derived ROS or downstream consequences of ROS production. Some pathogens are able to directly prevent the oxidative burst of phagocytes using secreted effector proteins or toxins that interfere with translocation of the NADPH oxidase complex or signaling pathways needed for its activation. Nonetheless, these pathogens often rely on repair and detoxifying proteins in addition to these secreted effectors and toxins in order to resist mammalian sources of ROS. This suggests that pathogens have both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms to avoid restriction by PMN-derived ROS. Here, we review mechanisms of oxidative burst in PMNs in response to bacterial infections, as well as the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens thwart restriction by ROS to survive under conditions of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang T Nguyen
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts UniversityBoston, MA, United States
| | - Erin R Green
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of MedicineBoston, MA, United States
| | - Joan Mecsas
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts UniversityBoston, MA, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of MedicineBoston, MA, United States
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95
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Chen BM, Al-Aghbar MA, Lee CH, Chang TC, Su YC, Li YC, Chang SE, Chen CC, Chung TH, Liao YC, Lee CH, Roffler SR. The Affinity of Elongated Membrane-Tethered Ligands Determines Potency of T Cell Receptor Triggering. Front Immunol 2017; 8:793. [PMID: 28740495 PMCID: PMC5502409 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are important mediators of adoptive immunity but the mechanism of T cell receptor (TCR) triggering remains uncertain. The interspatial distance between engaged T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is believed to be important for topological rearrangement of membrane tyrosine phosphatases and initiation of TCR signaling. We investigated the relationship between ligand topology and affinity by generating a series of artificial APCs that express membrane-tethered anti-CD3 scFv with different affinities (OKT3, BC3, and 2C11) in addition to recombinant class I and II pMHC molecules. The dimensions of membrane-tethered anti-CD3 and pMHC molecules were progressively increased by insertion of different extracellular domains. In agreement with previous studies, elongation of pMHC molecules or low-affinity anti-CD3 scFv caused progressive loss of T cell activation. However, elongation of high-affinity ligands (BC3 and OKT3 scFv) did not abolish TCR phosphorylation and T cell activation. Mutation of key amino acids in OKT3 to reduce binding affinity to CD3 resulted in restoration of topological dependence on T cell activation. Our results show that high-affinity TCR ligands can effectively induce TCR triggering even at large interspatial distances between T cells and APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mohammad Ameen Al-Aghbar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsin Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Ching Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chen Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-En Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Hua Chung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chun Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Hwang Lee
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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96
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Kajita MK, Aihara K, Kobayashi TJ. Balancing specificity, sensitivity, and speed of ligand discrimination by zero-order ultraspecificity. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:012405. [PMID: 29347185 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.012405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Specific interactions between receptors and their target ligands in the presence of nontarget ligands are crucial for biological processes such as T cell ligand discrimination. To discriminate between the target and nontarget ligands, cells have to increase specificity to the target ligands by amplifying the small differences in affinity among ligands. In addition, sensitivity to the ligand concentration and quick discrimination are also important to detect low amounts of target ligands and facilitate fast cellular decision making after ligand recognition. In this work we propose a mechanism for nonlinear specificity amplification (ultraspecificity) based on zero-order saturating reactions, which was originally proposed to explain nonlinear sensitivity amplification (ultrasensitivity) to the ligand concentration. In contrast to the previously proposed proofreading mechanisms that amplify the specificity by a multistep reaction, our model can produce an optimal balance of specificity, sensitivity, and quick discrimination. Furthermore, we show that a model for insensitivity to a large number of nontarget ligands can be naturally derived from a model with the zero-order ultraspecificity. The zero-order ultraspecificity, therefore, may provide an alternative way to understand ligand discrimination from the viewpoint of nonlinear properties in biochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi K Kajita
- Department of Mathematical Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan and Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Aihara
- Department of Mathematical Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan and Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Tetsuya J Kobayashi
- Department of Mathematical Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan and Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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97
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Mukhopadhyay H, de Wet B, Clemens L, Maini PK, Allard J, van der Merwe PA, Dushek O. Multisite Phosphorylation Modulates the T Cell Receptor ζ-Chain Potency but not the Switchlike Response. Biophys J 2017; 110:1896-1906. [PMID: 27119648 PMCID: PMC4850346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisite phosphorylation is ubiquitous in cellular signaling and is thought to provide signaling proteins with additional regulatory mechanisms. Indeed, mathematical models have revealed a large number of mechanisms by which multisite phosphorylation can produce switchlike responses. The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is a multisubunit receptor on the surface of T cells that is a prototypical multisite substrate as it contains 20 sites that are distributed on 10 conserved immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). The TCR ζ-chain is a homodimer subunit that contains six ITAMs (12 sites) and exhibits a number of properties that are predicted to be sufficient for a switchlike response. We have used cellular reconstitution to systematically study multisite phosphorylation of the TCR ζ-chain. We find that multisite phosphorylation proceeds by a nonsequential random mechanism, and find no evidence that multiple ITAMs modulate a switchlike response but do find that they alter receptor potency and maximum phosphorylation. Modulation of receptor potency can be explained by a reduction in molecular entropy of the disordered ζ-chain upon phosphorylation. We further find that the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 increases receptor potency but does not modulate the switchlike response. In contrast to other multisite proteins, where phosphorylations act in strong concert to modulate protein function, we suggest that the multiple ITAMs on the TCR function mainly to amplify subsequent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Mukhopadhyay
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ben de Wet
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lara Clemens
- Department of Mathematics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Philip K Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Allard
- Department of Mathematics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - P Anton van der Merwe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
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98
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Abstract
Triggering of cell-mediated immunity is largely dependent on the recognition of foreign or abnormal molecules by a myriad of cell surface-bound receptors. Many activating immune receptors do not possess any intrinsic signaling capacity but instead form noncovalent complexes with one or more dimeric signaling modules that communicate with a common set of kinases to initiate intracellular information-transfer pathways. This modular architecture, where the ligand binding and signaling functions are detached from one another, is a common theme that is widely employed throughout the innate and adaptive arms of immune systems. The evolutionary advantages of this highly adaptable platform for molecular recognition are visible in the variety of ligand-receptor interactions that can be linked to common signaling pathways, the diversification of receptor modules in response to pathogen challenges, and the amplification of cellular responses through incorporation of multiple signaling motifs. Here we provide an overview of the major classes of modular activating immune receptors and outline the current state of knowledge regarding how these receptors assemble, recognize their ligands, and ultimately trigger intracellular signal transduction pathways that activate immune cell effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Berry
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew E Call
- Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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99
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Holmberg D, Ruikka K, Lindgren P, Eliasson M, Mayans S. Association of CD247 (CD3ζ) gene polymorphisms with T1D and AITD in the population of northern Sweden. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 17:70. [PMID: 27716086 PMCID: PMC5050583 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-016-0333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background T1D and AITD are autoimmune disorders commonly occurring in the same family and even in the same individual. The genetic contribution to these disorders is complex making uncovering of susceptibility genes very challenging. The general aim of this study was to identify loci and genes contributing to T1D/AITD susceptibility. Our strategy was to perform linkage and association studies in the relatively genetically homogenous population of northern Sweden. We performed a GWLS to find genomic regions linked to T1D/AITD in families from northern Sweden and we performed an association study in the families to test for association between T1D/AITD and variants in previously published candidate genes as well as a novel candidate gene, CD247. Methods DNA prepared from 459 individuals was used to perform a linkage and an association study. The ABI PRISM Linkage Mapping Set v2.5MD10 was employed for an initial 10-cM GWLS, and additional markers were added for fine mapping. Merlin was used for linkage calculations. For the association analysis, a GoldenGate Custom Panel from Illumina containing 79 SNPs of interest was used and FBAT was used for association calculations. Results Our study revealed linkage to two previously identified chromosomal regions, 4q25 and 6p22, as well as to a novel chromosomal region, 1q23. The association study replicated association to PTPN22, HLA-DRB1, INS, IFIH1, CTLA4 and C12orf30. Evidence in favor of association was also found for SNPs in the novel susceptibility gene CD247. Conclusions Several risk loci for T1D/AITD identified in published association studies were replicated in a family material, of modest size, from northern Sweden. This provides evidence that these loci confer disease susceptibility in this population and emphasizes that small to intermediate sized family studies in this population can be used in a cost-effective manner for the search of genes involved in complex diseases. The linkage study revealed a chromosomal region in which a novel T1D/AITD susceptibility gene, CD247, is located. The association study showed association between T1D/AITD and several variants in this gene. These results suggests that common susceptibility genes act in concert with variants of CD247 to generate genetic risk for T1D/AITD in this population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-016-0333-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Holmberg
- Department of Medical Biosciences - Medical Genetics, Umeå University, SE-901 85, Umeå, Sweden.,EMV, Immunology, BMC, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Ruikka
- Department of Medicine, Sunderby Hospital, SE-971 80, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Petter Lindgren
- Department of Medical Biosciences - Medical Genetics, Umeå University, SE-901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Eliasson
- Department of Medicine, Sunderby Hospital, SE-971 80, Luleå, Sweden.,Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sofia Mayans
- Department of Medical Biosciences - Medical Genetics, Umeå University, SE-901 85, Umeå, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Immunology, Umeå University, Building 6C, SE-90185, Umeå, Sweden.
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100
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Shah NH, Wang Q, Yan Q, Karandur D, Kadlecek TA, Fallahee IR, Russ WP, Ranganathan R, Weiss A, Kuriyan J. An electrostatic selection mechanism controls sequential kinase signaling downstream of the T cell receptor. eLife 2016; 5:e20105. [PMID: 27700984 PMCID: PMC5089863 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequence of events that initiates T cell signaling is dictated by the specificities and order of activation of the tyrosine kinases that signal downstream of the T cell receptor. Using a platform that combines exhaustive point-mutagenesis of peptide substrates, bacterial surface-display, cell sorting, and deep sequencing, we have defined the specificities of the first two kinases in this pathway, Lck and ZAP-70, for the T cell receptor ζ chain and the scaffold proteins LAT and SLP-76. We find that ZAP-70 selects its substrates by utilizing an electrostatic mechanism that excludes substrates with positively-charged residues and favors LAT and SLP-76 phosphosites that are surrounded by negatively-charged residues. This mechanism prevents ZAP-70 from phosphorylating its own activation loop, thereby enforcing its strict dependence on Lck for activation. The sequence features in ZAP-70, LAT, and SLP-76 that underlie electrostatic selectivity likely contribute to the specific response of T cells to foreign antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel H Shah
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Qingrong Yan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Deepti Karandur
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Theresa A Kadlecek
- Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ian R Fallahee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - William P Russ
- Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Rama Ranganathan
- Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States
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