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Luo X, Pan Z, Luo S, Liu Q, Huang S, Yang G, Nong F, Fu Y, Deng X, Zhou L. Effects of ceftriaxone-induced intestinal dysbacteriosis on regulatory T cells validated by anaphylactic mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 60:221-227. [PMID: 29772494 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Both probiotics and pathogens in the human gut express pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and die with the release of endotoxin and bacterial DNA, which can stimulate our immune system and cause immune reaction. However, it's interesting and fascinating to address why the normal intestinal flora will not generate immunological rejection like the pathogen does. By investigating the changes in cells and molecules relevant to immune tolerance in mice with ceftriaxone-induced dysbacteriosis, our study discovered that both the Evenness indexes and Shannon Wiener index of intestinal flora showed a decrease in dysbacteriosis mice. Moreover, the proportion of αβ+TCR+CD3+CD4-CD8- cells, CD3+γδTCR+ cells and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ cells in the Peyer's patches (PPs), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and spleen (SP) and the level of TGF-β1, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 in the serum also changed. Intestinal dysbacteriosis in an asthma murine model resulted in enhancement of immunologic response to the allergen ovalbumin (OVA), which was an agent that aggravates asthma symptoms. In summary, it is integral to maintain a certain amount or variety of intestinal microflora for regulatory T cells to act in averting hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Luo
- Institute: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Zengfeng Pan
- Institute: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Shuang Luo
- Institute: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Institute: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Shaowei Huang
- Institute: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Guanghua Yang
- Institute: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Feifei Nong
- Institute: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yajun Fu
- Institute: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Xiangliang Deng
- Infinitus Chinese Herbal Immunity Research Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian Zhou
- Institute: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China.
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52
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Rose DR, Yang H, Serena G, Sturgeon C, Ma B, Careaga M, Hughes HK, Angkustsiri K, Rose M, Hertz-Picciotto I, Van de Water J, Hansen RL, Ravel J, Fasano A, Ashwood P. Differential immune responses and microbiota profiles in children with autism spectrum disorders and co-morbid gastrointestinal symptoms. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 70:354-368. [PMID: 29571898 PMCID: PMC5953830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many studies have reported the increased presence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Altered microbiome profiles, pro-inflammatory responses and impaired intestinal permeability have been observed in children with ASD and co-morbid GI symptoms, yet few studies have compared these findings to ASD children without GI issues or similarly aged typical developing children. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are biological signatures in terms of immune dysfunction and microbiota composition in children with ASD with GI symptoms. METHODS Children were enrolled in one of four groups: ASD and GI symptoms of irregular bowel habits (ASDGI), children with ASD but without current or previous GI symptoms (ASDNoGI), typically developing children with GI symptoms (TDGI) and typically developing children without current or previous GI symptoms (TDNoGI). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from the blood, stimulated and assessed for cytokine production, while stool samples were analyzed for microbial composition. RESULTS Following Toll-Like receptor (TLR)-4 stimulation, the ASDGI group produced increased levels of mucosa-relevant cytokines including IL-5, IL-15 and IL-17 compared to ASDNoGI. The production of the regulatory cytokine TGFβ1 was decreased in the ASDGI group compared with both the ASDNoGI and TDNoGI groups. Analysis of the microbiome at the family level revealed differences in microbiome composition between ASD and TD children with GI symptoms; furthermore, a predictive metagenome functional content analysis revealed that pathways were differentially represented between ASD and TD subjects, independently of the presence of GI symptoms. The ASDGI also showed an over-representation of the gene encoding zonulin, a molecule regulating gut permeability, compared to the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Overall our findings suggest that children with ASD who experience GI symptoms have an imbalance in their immune response, possibly influenced by or influencing metagenomic changes, and may have a propensity to impaired gut barrier function which may contribute to their symptoms and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destanie R Rose
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, USA; MIND Institute, University of California Davis, USA
| | - Houa Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, USA; MIND Institute, University of California Davis, USA
| | - Gloria Serena
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Center for Celiac Research, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA; Graduate Program in Life Sciences University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Craig Sturgeon
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Center for Celiac Research, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA; Graduate Program in Life Sciences University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bing Ma
- Institute of Genomic Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Milo Careaga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, USA; MIND Institute, University of California Davis, USA
| | - Heather K Hughes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, USA; MIND Institute, University of California Davis, USA
| | - Kathy Angkustsiri
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, USA; Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Rose
- Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California Davis, CA, USA; Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, USA; Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California Davis, CA, USA; Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, USA; Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California Davis, CA, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robin L Hansen
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, USA; Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute of Genomic Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Center for Celiac Research, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, USA; MIND Institute, University of California Davis, USA; Children's Center for Environmental Health, University of California Davis, CA, USA.
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53
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Anderson R, Rapoport BL. Immune Dysregulation in Cancer Patients Undergoing Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment and Potential Predictive Strategies for Future Clinical Practice. Front Oncol 2018; 8:80. [PMID: 29623257 PMCID: PMC5874299 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Realization of the full potential of immune checkpoint inhibitor-targeted onco-immunotherapy is largely dependent on overcoming the obstacles presented by the resistance of some cancers, as well as on reducing the high frequency of immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) associated with this type of immunotherapy. With the exception of combining therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, which target different types of immune checkpoint inhibitory molecules, progress in respect of improving therapeutic efficacy has been somewhat limited to date. Likewise, the identification of strategies to predict and monitor the development of IRAEs has also met with limited success due, at least in part, to lack of insight into mechanisms of immunopathogenesis. Accordingly, considerable effort is currently being devoted to the identification and evaluation of strategies which address both of these concerns and it is these issues which represent the major focus of the current review, particularly those which may be predictive of development of IRAEs. Following an introductory section, this review briefly covers those immune checkpoint inhibitors currently approved for clinical application, as well as more recently identified immune checkpoint inhibitory molecules, which may serve as future therapeutic targets. The remaining and more extensive sections represent overviews of: (i) putative strategies which may improve the therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors; (ii) recent insights into the immunopathogenesis of IRAEs, most prominently enterocolitis; and (iii) strategies, mostly unexplored, which may be predictive of development of IRAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bernardo L. Rapoport
- Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- The Medical Oncology Centre of Rosebank, Johannesburg, South Africa
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54
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Toomer KH, Malek TR. Cytokine Signaling in the Development and Homeostasis of Regulatory T cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028597. [PMID: 28620098 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine signaling is indispensable for regulatory T-cell (Treg) development in the thymus, and also influences the homeostasis, phenotypic diversity, and function of Tregs in the periphery. Because Tregs are required for establishment and maintenance of immunological self-tolerance, investigating the role of cytokines in Treg biology carries therapeutic potential in the context of autoimmune disease. This review discusses the potent and diverse influences of interleukin (IL)-2 signaling on the Treg compartment, an area of knowledge that has led to the use of low-dose IL-2 as a therapy to reregulate autoaggressive immune responses. Evidence suggesting Treg-specific impacts of the cytokines transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), IL-7, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-15, and IL-33 is also presented. Finally, we consider the technical challenges and knowledge limitations that must be overcome to bring other cytokine-based, Treg-targeted therapies into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Toomer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136.,Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136
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55
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Lu Y, Kim NM, Jiang YW, Zhang H, Zheng D, Zhu FX, Liang R, Li B, Xu HX. Cambogin suppresses dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis by enhancing Treg cell stability and function. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:1085-1099. [PMID: 29352742 PMCID: PMC5843713 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, and an impaired immune response plays a critical role in IBD. The current drugs and therapies for IBD treatment are of limited use, therefore, there is a need to find novel drugs or therapies for this disease. We investigated the effect of cambogin in a mouse model of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis and whether cambogin attenuates inflammation via a Treg‐cell‐mediated effect on the immune response. Experimental Approach Chronic colitis was established in mice using 2% DSS, and cambogin (10 mg·kg−1, p.o.) was administered for 10 days. Body weight, colon length and colon histology were assessed. Cytokine production was measured using elisa and quantitative real‐time PCR. To evaluate the mechanism of cambogin, human CD4+CD25hiCD127lo Treg cells were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Major signalling profiles involved in Treg cell stability were measured. Key Results Cambogin attenuated diarrhoea, colon shortening and colon histological injury and IL‐6, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α production in DSS‐treated mice. Cambogin also up‐regulated Treg cell numbers in both the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. Furthermore, cambogin (10 μM) prevented Foxp3 loss in human primary Treg cells in vitro, and promoted USP7‐mediated Foxp3 deubiquitination and increased Foxp3 protein expression in LPS‐treated cells. Conclusions and Implications The effect of cambogin on DSS‐induced colitis is expedited by a Treg‐cell‐mediated modification of the immune response, suggesting that cambogin could be applied as a novel agent for treating colitis and other Treg cell‐related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na-Mi Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Wen Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu-Xiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Li
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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56
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Ranganathan P, Shanmugam A, Swafford D, Suryawanshi A, Bhattacharjee P, Hussein MS, Koni PA, Prasad PD, Kurago ZB, Thangaraju M, Ganapathy V, Manicassamy S. GPR81, a Cell-Surface Receptor for Lactate, Regulates Intestinal Homeostasis and Protects Mice from Experimental Colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1781-1789. [PMID: 29386257 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
At mucosal sites such as the intestine, the immune system launches robust immunity against invading pathogens while maintaining a state of tolerance to commensal flora and ingested food Ags. The molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. In this study, we report that signaling by GPR81, a receptor for lactate, in colonic dendritic cells and macrophages plays an important role in suppressing colonic inflammation and restoring colonic homeostasis. Genetic deletion of GPR81 in mice led to increased Th1/Th17 cell differentiation and reduced regulatory T cell differentiation, resulting in enhanced susceptibility to colonic inflammation. This was due to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and decreased expression of immune regulatory factors (IL-10, retinoic acid, and IDO) by intestinal APCs lacking GPR81. Consistent with these findings, pharmacological activation of GPR81 decreased inflammatory cytokine expression and ameliorated colonic inflammation. Taken together, these findings identify a new and important role for the GPR81 signaling pathway in regulating immune tolerance and colonic inflammation. Thus, manipulation of the GPR81 pathway could provide novel opportunities for enhancing regulatory responses and treating colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Swafford
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | | | - Pushpak Bhattacharjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430
| | | | - Pandelakis A Koni
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30901.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30901; and
| | - Puttur D Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30901; and
| | - Zoya B Kurago
- Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Muthusamy Thangaraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30901; and
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430
| | - Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; .,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30901
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57
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Mohr A, Malhotra R, Mayer G, Gorochov G, Miyara M. Human FOXP3 + T regulatory cell heterogeneity. Clin Transl Immunology 2018; 7:e1005. [PMID: 29484183 PMCID: PMC5822410 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP3-expressing CD4+ T regulatory (Treg) cells are instrumental for the maintenance of self-tolerance. They are also involved in the prevention of allergy, allograft rejection, foetal rejection during pregnancy and of exaggerated immune response towards commensal pathogens in mucosal tissues. They can also prevent immune responses against tumors and promote tumor progression. FOXP3-expressing Treg cells are not a homogenous population. The different subsets of Treg cells can have different functions or roles in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and can therefore be differentially targeted in the management of autoimmune diseases or in cancer. We discuss here how Treg cell subsets can be differentiated phenotypically, functionally and developmentally in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Mohr
- Sorbonne UniversitéInsermCentre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses‐Paris (Cimi‐Paris)AP‐HP Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | - Rajneesh Malhotra
- Immunity departmentRIA IMED Biotech UnitAstraZeneca GothenburgMölndalSweden
| | - Gaell Mayer
- Biometrics & Information SciencesRespiratory, Inflammation, Autoimmunity & NeurosciencesGlobal Medicine Development, AstraZenecaMölndalSweden
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne UniversitéInsermCentre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses‐Paris (Cimi‐Paris)AP‐HP Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
- Département d'ImmunologieAP‐HP, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | - Makoto Miyara
- Sorbonne UniversitéInsermCentre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses‐Paris (Cimi‐Paris)AP‐HP Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
- Département d'ImmunologieAP‐HP, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
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58
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Abdel-Gadir A, Massoud AH, Chatila TA. Antigen-specific Treg cells in immunological tolerance: implications for allergic diseases. F1000Res 2018; 7:38. [PMID: 29375821 PMCID: PMC5765398 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12650.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are chronic inflammatory disorders in which there is failure to mount effective tolerogenic immune responses to inciting allergens. The alarming rise in the prevalence of allergic diseases in recent decades has spurred investigations to elucidate the mechanisms of breakdown in tolerance in these disorders and means of restoring it. Tolerance to allergens is critically dependent on the generation of allergen-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells, which mediate a state of sustained non-responsiveness to the offending allergen. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of mechanisms governing the generation and function of allergen-specific Treg cells and their subversion in allergic diseases. We will also outline approaches to harness allergen-specific Treg cell responses to restore tolerance in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Abdel-Gadir
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Amir H Massoud
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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59
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Ross AC. Impact of chronic and acute inflammation on extra- and intracellular iron homeostasis. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:1581S-1587S. [PMID: 29070546 PMCID: PMC5701715 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.155838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has a major impact on iron homeostasis. This review focuses on acute and chronic inflammation as it affects iron trafficking and, as a result, the availability of this essential micronutrient to the host. In situations of microbial infection, not only the host is affected but also the offending microorganisms, which, in general, not only require iron for their own growth but have evolved mechanisms to obtain it from the infected host. Key players in mammalian iron trafficking include several types of cells important to iron acquisition, homeostasis, and hematopoiesis (enterocytes, hepatocytes, macrophages, hematopoietic cells, and in the case of pregnancy, placental syncytiotrophoblast cells) and several forms of chaperone proteins, including, for nonheme iron, the transport protein transferrin and the intracellular iron-storage protein ferritin, and for heme iron, the chaperone proteins haptoglobin and hemopexin. Additional key players are the cell membrane-associated iron transporters, particularly ferroportin (FPN), the only protein known to modulate iron export from cells, and finally, the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin, which, in addition to having antibacterial activity, regulates the functions of FPN. Interestingly, the impact of infection on iron homeostasis differs among pathogens whose mode of infection is mainly intracellular or extracellular. Understanding how inflammation affects each of these processes may be crucial for understanding how inflammation affects iron status, indicators of iron sufficiency, and iron supplementation during inflammation and how it may potentially result in a beneficial or detrimental impact on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Catharine Ross
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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60
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Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the 2 major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans, arise in genetically predisposed individuals because of an abnormal immune response direct against constituents of the gut flora. Defects in counter-regulatory mechanisms are supposed to amplify and maintain the IBD-associated mucosal inflammation. Therefore, restoring the balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways in the gut could contribute to halt the IBD-associated tissue-damaging immune response. Various suppressive T cell (Tregs) subsets have been characterized phenotypically and functionally and over the last decade, there has been enormous effort for optimizing the procedures for the in vitro expansion/generation of these cells for therapeutic purposes. Here we review the mechanisms of action and functional relevance of Tregs in the maintenance of gut inflammation and analyze the available data about the use of these cells in the treatment of IBD patients.
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61
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Pasztoi M, Pezoldt J, Beckstette M, Lipps C, Wirth D, Rohde M, Paloczi K, Buzas EI, Huehn J. Mesenteric lymph node stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles contribute to peripheral de novo induction of Foxp3 + regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:2142-2152. [PMID: 28833065 PMCID: PMC5724490 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal regulatory T cells (Tregs) are fundamental in peripheral tolerance toward commensals and food‐borne antigens. Accordingly, gut‐draining mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs) represent a site of efficient peripheral de novo Treg induction when compared to skin‐draining peripheral LNs (pLNs), and we had recently shown that LN stromal cells substantially contribute to this process. Here, we aimed to unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms and generated immortalized fibroblastic reticular cell lines (iFRCs) from mLNs and pLNs, allowing unlimited investigation of this rare stromal cell subset. In line with our previous findings, mLN‐iFRCs showed a higher Treg‐inducing capacity when compared to pLN‐iFRCs. RNA‐seq analysis focusing on secreted molecules revealed a more tolerogenic phenotype of mLN‐ as compared to pLN‐iFRCs. Remarkably, mLN‐iFRCs produced substantial numbers of microvesicles (MVs) that carried elevated levels of TGF‐β when compared to pLN‐iFRC‐derived MVs, and these novel players of intercellular communication were shown to be responsible for the tolerogenic properties of mLN‐iFRCs. Thus, stromal cells originating from mLNs contribute to peripheral tolerance by fostering de novo Treg induction using TGF‐β‐carrying MVs. This finding provides novel insights into the subcellular/molecular mechanisms of de novo Treg induction and might serve as promising tool for future therapeutic applications to treat inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pasztoi
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Joern Pezoldt
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Beckstette
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christoph Lipps
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wirth
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Krisztina Paloczi
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit Iren Buzas
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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62
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Sharpton T, Lyalina S, Luong J, Pham J, Deal EM, Armour C, Gaulke C, Sanjabi S, Pollard KS. Development of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Is Linked to a Longitudinal Restructuring of the Gut Metagenome in Mice. mSystems 2017; 2:e00036-17. [PMID: 28904997 PMCID: PMC5585689 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00036-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) severity and altered in late-stage disease. However, it is unclear how gut microbial communities change over the course of IBD development, especially in regard to function. To investigate microbiome-mediated disease mechanisms and discover early biomarkers of IBD, we conducted a longitudinal metagenomic investigation in an established mouse model of IBD, where damped transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling in T cells leads to peripheral immune activation, weight loss, and severe colitis. IBD development is associated with abnormal gut microbiome temporal dynamics, including damped acquisition of functional diversity and significant differences in abundance trajectories for KEGG modules such as glycosaminoglycan degradation, cellular chemotaxis, and type III and IV secretion systems. Most differences between sick and control mice emerge when mice begin to lose weight and heightened T cell activation is detected in peripheral blood. However, levels of lipooligosaccharide transporter abundance diverge prior to immune activation, indicating that it could be a predisease indicator or microbiome-mediated disease mechanism. Taxonomic structure of the gut microbiome also significantly changes in association with IBD development, and the abundances of particular taxa, including several species of Bacteroides, correlate with immune activation. These discoveries were enabled by our use of generalized linear mixed-effects models to test for differences in longitudinal profiles between healthy and diseased mice while accounting for the distributions of taxon and gene counts in metagenomic data. These findings demonstrate that longitudinal metagenomics is useful for discovering the potential mechanisms through which the gut microbiome becomes altered in IBD. IMPORTANCE IBD patients harbor distinct microbial communities with functional capabilities different from those seen with healthy people. But is this cause or effect? Answering this question requires data on changes in gut microbial communities leading to disease onset. By performing weekly metagenomic sequencing and mixed-effects modeling on an established mouse model of IBD, we identified several functional pathways encoded by the gut microbiome that covary with host immune status. These pathways are novel early biomarkers that may either enable microbes to live inside an inflamed gut or contribute to immune activation in IBD mice. Future work will validate the potential roles of these microbial pathways in host-microbe interactions and human disease. This study was novel in its longitudinal design and focus on microbial pathways, which provided new mechanistic insights into the role of gut microbes in IBD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | | | - Julie Luong
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joey Pham
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Emily M. Deal
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Courtney Armour
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | | | - Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Katherine S. Pollard
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Institute for Human Genetics, and Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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63
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Moingeon P, Mascarell L. Differences and similarities between sublingual immunotherapy of allergy and oral tolerance. Semin Immunol 2017; 30:52-60. [PMID: 28760498 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy is the only treatment altering the natural course of IgE-mediated allergies. Whereas the subcutaneous route for immunotherapy (SCIT) has been historically considered as a reference, we discuss herein the relative advantages of the sublingual and oral routes as alternatives to SCIT in order to elicit allergen-specific tolerance. The buccal and gut immune systems are similarly organized to favor immune tolerance to antigens/allergens, due to the presence of tolerogenic dendritic cells and macrophages promoting the differentiation of CD4+ regulatory T cells. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is now established as a valid treatment option, with clinical efficacy demonstrated in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (to either grass, tree, weed pollens or mite allergens) and encouraging results obtained in the management of mild/moderate allergic asthma. While still exploratory, oral immunotherapy (OIT) has shown promising results in the desensitization of patients with food allergies. We review at both biological and clinical levels the perspectives currently pursued for those two mucosal routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Moingeon
- Research Department, Stallergenes Greer, 6 rue Alexis de Tocqueville, 92160 Antony, France.
| | - Laurent Mascarell
- Research Department, Stallergenes Greer, 6 rue Alexis de Tocqueville, 92160 Antony, France
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64
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Feeding a Mixture of Choline Forms during Lactation Improves Offspring Growth and Maternal Lymphocyte Response to Ex Vivo Immune Challenges. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070713. [PMID: 28686201 PMCID: PMC5537828 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Study objectives were to examine the impact of feeding a mixture of choline forms, or a diet high in glycerophosphocholine (GPC) on maternal immune function and offspring growth during lactation. Lactating Sprague-Dawley rat dams (n = 6/diet) were randomized to one of three diets, providing 1 g/kg total choline: Control (100% free choline (FC)), Mixed Choline (MC; 50% phosphatidylcholine (PC), 25% FC, 25% GPC), or High GPC (HGPC; 75% GPC, 12.5% PC, 12.5% FC). At 3 weeks, cell phenotypes and cytokine production with Concanavalin A (ConA)-or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated splenocytes and mesenteric lymphocytes were measured. Feeding MC or HGPC diets improved pups' growth compared to Control (+22% body weight, p < 0.05). In spleen, MC-and HGPC-fed dams had higher proportions of cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells expressing CD27, CD71 and CD127, total B cells (CD45RA+) and dendritic cells (OX6+OX62+), and produced less IL-6 and IFN-γ after ConA than Control-fed dams (p < 0.05). MC and HGPC LPS-stimulated splenocytes produced less IL-1β and IL-6 than Control. ConA-stimulated mesenteric lymphocytes from MC and HGPC dams produced more IL-2 and IFN-γ than Control (p < 0.05). In summary, feeding a mixture of choline forms during lactation improved offspring growth and resulted in a more efficient maternal immune response following mitogenic immune challenge.
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65
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Sanjabi S, Oh SA, Li MO. Regulation of the Immune Response by TGF-β: From Conception to Autoimmunity and Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022236. [PMID: 28108486 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in both suppressive and inflammatory immune responses. After 30 years of intense study, we have only begun to elucidate how TGF-β alters immunity under various conditions. Under steady-state conditions, TGF-β regulates thymic T-cell selection and maintains homeostasis of the naïve T-cell pool. TGF-β inhibits cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), Th1-, and Th2-cell differentiation while promoting peripheral (p)Treg-, Th17-, Th9-, and Tfh-cell generation, and T-cell tissue residence in response to immune challenges. Similarly, TGF-β controls the proliferation, survival, activation, and differentiation of B cells, as well as the development and functions of innate cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. Collectively, TGF-β plays a pivotal role in maintaining peripheral tolerance against self- and innocuous antigens, such as food, commensal bacteria, and fetal alloantigens, and in controlling immune responses to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Soyoung A Oh
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
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66
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Pereira LMS, Gomes STM, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Regulatory T Cell and Forkhead Box Protein 3 as Modulators of Immune Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:605. [PMID: 28603524 PMCID: PMC5445144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) is an essential molecular marker of regulatory T cell (Treg) development in different microenvironments. Tregs are cells specialized in the suppression of inadequate immune responses and the maintenance of homeostatic tolerance. Studies have addressed and elucidated the role played by FOXP3 and Treg in countless autoimmune and infectious diseases as well as in more specific cases, such as cancer. Within this context, the present article reviews aspects of the immunoregulatory profile of FOXP3 and Treg in the management of immune homeostasis, including issues relating to pathology as well as immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonn Mendes Soares Pereira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Samara Tatielle Monteiro Gomes
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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67
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Kang M, Martin A. Microbiome and colorectal cancer: Unraveling host-microbiota interactions in colitis-associated colorectal cancer development. Semin Immunol 2017; 32:3-13. [PMID: 28465070 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysbiosis of gut microbiota occurs in many human chronic immune-mediated diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Reciprocally, uncontrolled immune responses, that may or may not be induced by dysbiosis, are central to the development of IBD and CAC. There has been a surge of interest in investigating the relationship between microbiota, inflammation and CAC. In this review, we discuss recent findings related to gut microbiota and chronic immune-mediated diseases, such as IBD and CAC. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms underlying the roles of chronic inflammation in CAC are examined. Finally, we discuss the development of novel microbiota-based therapeutics for IBD and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsong Kang
- University of Toronto, Department of Immunology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto Martin
- University of Toronto, Department of Immunology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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68
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Tafalla C, Leal E, Yamaguchi T, Fischer U. T cell immunity in the teleost digestive tract. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:167-177. [PMID: 26905634 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fish (along with cyclostomes) constitute the most ancient animal group in which an acquired immune system is present. As in higher vertebrates, both B and T lymphocytes cooperate in implementing an adequate response. Although there is still a debate on whether fish possess a true gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), the presence of diffuse B and T lymphocytes throughout all mucosal surfaces has been demonstrated in a wide variety of fish species. The lack of antibodies against T lymphocyte markers has hampered the performance of functional assays in both systemic and mucosal compartments. However, most components associated with T lymphocyte function have been identified in fish through extensive genomic research, suggesting similar functionalities for fish and mammalian T lymphocytes. Thus, the aim of this review is to briefly summarize what is known in teleost concerning the characteristics and functionalities of the different T cell subsets, to then focus on what is known to date regarding their presence and role in the gastrointestinal tract, through either direct functional assays or indirectly by conclusions drawn from transcriptomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Esther Leal
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Takuya Yamaguchi
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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69
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Novel Foxp3(-) IL-10(-) Regulatory T-cells Induced by B-Cells Alleviate Intestinal Inflammation in Vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32415. [PMID: 27581189 PMCID: PMC5007537 DOI: 10.1038/srep32415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed various Foxp3(-) regulatory T (Treg) cell subsets effectively protect mice from colitis. In the present study, we demonstrated that B cells induced a particular subset of regulatory T (Treg-of-B) cells, expressing programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), inducible costimulator (ICOS), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), and OX-40, did not express Foxp3. Treg-of-B cells produced abundant levels of IL-10 and low levels of IL-4 and TGF-β. Adoptive transfer of Treg-of-B cells protected mice from CD4(+)CD45RB(hi) T-cell-induced colitis, including infiltration of leukocytes, depletion of goblet cells, epithelial hyperplasia, and inhibition of Th1 and Th17 cytokines. These features were similar to IL-10-producing type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells; however, IL-10-deficient Treg-of-B cells maintained their suppressive function in vitro as well as in vivo, while the regulation of Tr1 cells depended on IL-10. In conclusion, Treg-of-B cells protected against experimental colitis through an IL-10-independent mechanism. We reported a novel subpopulation of regulatory T cells was different from conventional Foxp3(+) Treg and IL-10-producing Tr1 cells.
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70
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Wyss L, Stadinski BD, King CG, Schallenberg S, McCarthy NI, Lee JY, Kretschmer K, Terracciano LM, Anderson G, Surh CD, Huseby ES, Palmer E. Affinity for self antigen selects Treg cells with distinct functional properties. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1093-101. [PMID: 27478940 PMCID: PMC4994872 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The manner in which regulatory T cells (Treg cells) control lymphocyte homeostasis is not fully understood. We identified two Treg cell populations with differing degrees of self-reactivity and distinct regulatory functions. We found that GITR(hi)PD-1(hi)CD25(hi) (Triple(hi)) Treg cells were highly self-reactive and controlled lympho-proliferation in peripheral lymph nodes. GITR(lo)PD-1(lo)CD25(lo) (Triple(lo)) Treg cells were less self-reactive and limited the development of colitis by promoting the conversion of CD4(+) Tconv cells into induced Treg cells (iTreg cells). Although Foxp3-deficient (Scurfy) mice lacked Treg cells, they contained Triple(hi)-like and Triple(lo)-like CD4(+) T cells zsuper> T cells infiltrated the skin, whereas Scurfy Triple(lo)CD4(+) T cells induced colitis and wasting disease. These findings indicate that the affinity of the T cell antigen receptor for self antigen drives the differentiation of Treg cells into distinct subsets with non-overlapping regulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wyss
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brian D Stadinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carolyn G King
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Schallenberg
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicholas I McCarthy
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jun Young Lee
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Karsten Kretschmer
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Luigi M Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Division, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Graham Anderson
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Charles D Surh
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eric S Huseby
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ed Palmer
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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71
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Kabat AM, Pott J, Maloy KJ. The Mucosal Immune System and Its Regulation by Autophagy. Front Immunol 2016; 7:240. [PMID: 27446072 PMCID: PMC4916208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract presents a unique challenge to the mucosal immune system, which has to constantly monitor the vast surface for the presence of pathogens, while at the same time maintaining tolerance to beneficial or innocuous antigens. In the intestinal mucosa, specialized innate and adaptive immune components participate in directing appropriate immune responses toward these diverse challenges. Recent studies provide compelling evidence that the process of autophagy influences several aspects of mucosal immune responses. Initially described as a “self-eating” survival pathway that enables nutrient recycling during starvation, autophagy has now been connected to multiple cellular responses, including several aspects of immunity. Initial links between autophagy and host immunity came from the observations that autophagy can target intracellular bacteria for degradation. However, subsequent studies indicated that autophagy plays a much broader role in immune responses, as it can impact antigen processing, thymic selection, lymphocyte homeostasis, and the regulation of immunoglobulin and cytokine secretion. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of mucosal immune cells and discuss how autophagy influences many aspects of their physiology and function. We focus on cell type-specific roles of autophagy in the gut, with a particular emphasis on the effects of autophagy on the intestinal T cell compartment. We also provide a perspective on how manipulation of autophagy may potentially be used to treat mucosal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M Kabat
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Johanna Pott
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Kevin J Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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72
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Safinia N, Becker PD, Vaikunthanathan T, Xiao F, Lechler R, Lombardi G. Humanized Mice as Preclinical Models in Transplantation. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1371:177-196. [PMID: 26530801 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3139-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Animal models have been instrumental in our understanding of the mechanisms of rejection and the testing of novel treatment options in the context of transplantation. We have now entered an exciting era with research on humanized mice driving advances in translational studies and in our understanding of the function of human cells in response to pathogens and cancer as well as the recognition of human allogeneic tissues in vivo. In this chapter we provide a historical overview of humanized mouse models of transplantation to date, outlining the distinct strains and share our experiences in the study of human transplantation immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Safinia
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, 5th Floor Tower Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - P D Becker
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, 5th Floor Tower Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - T Vaikunthanathan
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, 5th Floor Tower Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - F Xiao
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, 5th Floor Tower Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - R Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, 5th Floor Tower Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - G Lombardi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, 5th Floor Tower Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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73
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Abstract
IBD is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract encompassing two main clinical entities: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Although Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis have historically been studied together because they share common features (such as symptoms, structural damage and therapy), it is now clear that they represent two distinct pathophysiological entities. Both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are associated with multiple pathogenic factors including environmental changes, an array of susceptibility gene variants, a qualitatively and quantitatively abnormal gut microbiota and a broadly dysregulated immune response. In spite of this realization and the identification of seemingly pertinent environmental, genetic, microbial and immune factors, a full understanding of IBD pathogenesis is still out of reach and, consequently, treatment is far from optimal. An important reason for this unsatisfactory situation is the currently limited comprehension of what are the truly relevant components of IBD immunopathogenesis. This article will comprehensively review current knowledge of the classic immune components and will expand the concept of IBD immunopathogenesis to include various cells, mediators and pathways that have not been traditionally associated with disease mechanisms, but that profoundly affect the overall intestinal inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor S P de Souza
- Department of Gastroenterology &Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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74
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Martelli S, Pender SLF, Larbi A. Compartmentalization of immunosenescence: a deeper look at the mucosa. Biogerontology 2015; 17:159-76. [PMID: 26689202 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Developments in medical care and living conditions led to an astonishing increase in life-span perspective and subsequently a rise in the old population. This can be seen as a success for public health policies but it also challenges society to adapt, in order to cope with the potentially overwhelming cost for the healthcare system. A fast-growing number of older people lose their ability to live independently because of diseases and disabilities, frailty or cognitive impairment. Many require long-term care, including home-based nursing, communities and hospital-based care. Immunosenescence, an age-related deterioration in immune functions, is considered a major contributory factor for the higher prevalence and severity of infectious diseases and the poor efficacy of vaccination in the elderly. When compared with systemic immunosenescence, alterations in the mucosal immune system with age are less well understood. For this reason, this area deserves more extensive and intensive research and support. In this article, we provide an overview of age-associated changes occurring in systemic immunity and discuss the distinct features of mucosal immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Martelli
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Aging and Immunity Program, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvia L F Pender
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Aging and Immunity Program, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
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75
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Fang ZZ, Zhang D, Cao YF, Xie C, Lu D, Sun DX, Tanaka N, Jiang C, Chen Q, Chen Y, Wang H, Gonzalez FJ. Irinotecan (CPT-11)-induced elevation of bile acids potentiates suppression of IL-10 expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 291:21-7. [PMID: 26706406 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Irinotecan (CPT-11) is a first-line anti-colon cancer drug, however; CPT-11-induced toxicity remains a key factor limiting its clinical application. To search for clues to the mechanism of CPT-11-induced toxicity, metabolomics was applied using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg of CPT-11 induced loss of body weight, and intestine toxicity. Changes in gallbladder morphology suggested alterations in bile acid metabolism, as revealed at the molecular level by analysis of the liver, bile, and ileum metabolomes between the vehicle-treated control group and the CPT-11-treated group. Analysis of immune cell populations further showed that CPT-11 treatment significantly decreased the IL-10-producing CD4 T cell frequency in intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes, but not in spleen or mesenteric lymph nodes. In vitro cell culture studies showed that the addition of bile acids deoxycholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid accelerated the CPT-11-induced suppression of IL-10 secretion by activated CD4(+) naive T cells isolated from mouse splenocytes. These results showed that CPT-11 treatment caused metabolic changes in the composition of bile acids that altered CPT-11-induced suppression of IL-10 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ze Fang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dunfang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun-Feng Cao
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dan Lu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong-Xue Sun
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haina Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Harrison OJ, Srinivasan N, Pott J, Schiering C, Krausgruber T, Ilott NE, Maloy KJ. Epithelial-derived IL-18 regulates Th17 cell differentiation and Foxp3⁺ Treg cell function in the intestine. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1226-36. [PMID: 25736457 PMCID: PMC4368110 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of interleukin-18 (IL-18) are found in many chronic inflammatory disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and polymorphisms in the IL18R1-IL18RAP locus are associated with IBD susceptibility. IL-18 is an IL-1 family cytokine that has been proposed to promote barrier function in the intestine, but the effects of IL-18 on intestinal CD4(+) T cells are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that IL-18R1 expression is enhanced on both effector and regulatory CD4(+) T cells in the intestinal lamina propria, with T helper type 17 (Th17) cells exhibiting particularly high levels. We further show that, during steady state, intestinal epithelial cells constitutively secrete IL-18 that acts directly on IL-18R1-expressing CD4(+) T cells to limit colonic Th17 cell differentiation, in part by antagonizing IL-1R1 signaling. In addition, although IL-18R1 is not required for colonic Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation, we found that IL-18R1 signaling was critical for Foxp3(+) Treg cell-mediated control of intestinal inflammation, where it promoted the expression of key Treg effector molecules. Thus IL-18 is a key epithelial-derived cytokine that differentially regulates distinct subsets of intestinal CD4(+) T cells during both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions, a finding with potential implications for treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Harrison
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N Srinivasan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Pott
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Schiering
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - T Krausgruber
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - N E Ilott
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - K J Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Chapman NM, Chi H. mTOR Links Environmental Signals to T Cell Fate Decisions. Front Immunol 2015; 5:686. [PMID: 25653651 PMCID: PMC4299512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell fate decisions play an integral role in maintaining the health of organisms under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. The localized microenvironment in which developing and mature T cells reside provides signals that serve essential functions in shaping these fate decisions. These signals are derived from the immune compartment, including antigens, co-stimulation, and cytokines, and other factors, including growth factors and nutrients. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a vital sensor of signals within the immune microenvironment, is a central regulator of T cell biology. In this review, we discuss how various environmental cues tune mTOR activity in T cells, and summarize how mTOR integrates these signals to influence multiple aspects of T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
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78
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Anderson DJ, Politch JA. Role of Seminal Plasma in Human Female Reproductive Failure: Immunomodulation, Inflammation, and Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 868:159-69. [PMID: 26178849 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18881-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human seminal plasma contains factors that can regulate the female immune system and potentially promote reproductive fitness. Adverse effects on fertility and pregnancy may occur when seminal plasma provides insufficient, excessive, or altered signals or when the female partner is incapable of receiving these signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Anderson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Suite 516, Boston, MA, 02118, USA,
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79
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Chen L, Ma H, Hu H, Gao L, Wang X, Ma J, Gao Q, Liu B, Zhou G, Liang C. Special role of Foxp3 for the specifically altered microRNAs in Regulatory T cells of HCC patients. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:489. [PMID: 25000974 PMCID: PMC4099493 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regulatory T cells (Tregs) exhibit functional abnormalities in the context of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The microRNAs (miRNAs) are identified as the key modulators in Tregs. This study was to explore whether the expression profiles of miRNAs of Tregs were different in HCC-activated Tregs and whether Foxp3 had special effects on them. Methods We isolated HCC-activated Tregs from mice bearing HCC and compared the expression profiles of miRNAs between HCC-activated Tregs and control Tregs by microarray. RNA interference against Foxp3 was also performed through transfection of synthetic siRNAs to Tregs for analyzing the effect of Foxp3 on the expression of miRNAs. Tregs isolated from HCC patients (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 7) were used for validation of the differentially expressed miRNAs. Finally, bioinformatic analysis was applied to infer their possible roles. Results We found nine specifically altered miRNAs in HCC-activated Tregs from the murine model. After transfection with siRNAs against Foxp3, control Tregs showed obvious reduction of Foxp3 and five miRNAs were significantly changed; HCC-activated Tregs exhibited a slight reduction of Foxp3 with three miRNAs significantly changed. Tregs from HCC patients and healthy controls finally confirmed the up-regulation of four miRNAs (hsa-miR-182-5p, hsa-miR-214-3p, hsa-miR-129-5p and hsa-miR-30b-5p). Following bioinformatic analysis suggested these altered miRNAs would target eight important signaling pathways that could affect the functions of Tregs. Conclusions Our studies provided the first evidence that Tregs in HCC had the specifically altered expression of miRNAs, which was affected by Foxp3. These results are useful both in finding new biomarkers and in further exploring the functions of Tregs in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chunmin Liang
- Lab of Tumor Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, 200032 Shanghai, PR China.
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80
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Xiao F, Ma L, Zhao M, Huang G, Mirenda V, Dorling A, Lechler R, Lombardi G. Ex vivo expanded human regulatory T cells delay islet allograft rejection via inhibiting islet-derived monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in CD34+ stem cells-reconstituted NOD-scid IL2rγnull mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90387. [PMID: 24594640 PMCID: PMC3940883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease caused by immune-mediated destruction of insulin-secreting β cells of the pancreas. Near complete dependence on exogenous insulin makes T1DM very difficult to control, with the result that patients are exposed to high blood glucose and risk of diabetic complications and/or intermittent low blood glucose that can cause unconsciousness, fits and even death. Allograft transplantation of pancreatic islets restores normoglycemia with a low risk of surgical complications. However, although successful immediately after transplantation, islets are progressively lost, with most of the patients requiring exogenous insulin within 2 years post-transplant. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement for the development of new strategies to prevent islet rejection. In this study, we explored the importance of human regulatory T cells in the control of islets allograft rejection. We developed a pre-clinical model of human islet transplantation by reconstituting NOD-scid IL2rγnull mice with cord blood-derived human CD34+ stem cells and demonstrated that although the engrafted human immune system mediated the rejection of human islets, their survival was significantly prolonged following adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded human Tregs. Mechanistically, Tregs inhibited the infiltration of innate immune cells and CD4+ T cells into the graft by down-regulating the islet graft-derived monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Our findings might contribute to the development of clinical strategies for Treg therapy to control human islet rejection. We also show for the first time that CD34+ cells-reconstituted NOD-scid IL2rγnull mouse model could be beneficial for investigating human innate immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xiao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) for Transplantation, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Liang Ma
- Medical Research Council (MRC) for Transplantation, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guocai Huang
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Mirenda
- Medical Research Council (MRC) for Transplantation, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Medical Research Council (MRC) for Transplantation, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Lechler
- Medical Research Council (MRC) for Transplantation, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) for Transplantation, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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