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Abondio P, Sarno S, Giuliani C, Laganà V, Maletta R, Bernardi L, Bruno F, Colao R, Puccio G, Frangipane F, Borroni B, Van Broeckhoven C, Luiselli D, Bruni A. Amyloid Precursor Protein A713T Mutation in Calabrian Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A Population Genomics Approach to Estimate Inheritance from a Common Ancestor. Biomedicines 2021; 10:biomedicines10010020. [PMID: 35052700 PMCID: PMC8773445 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation A713T in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been linked to cases of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and cerebrovascular disease. Despite its rarity, it has been observed in several families from the same geographical area, in the Calabria region in Southern Italy. Genotyping of 720,000 genome-wide SNPs with the HumanOmniExpress BeadChip was performed for six patients that were representative of apparently unrelated Calabrian families, as well as a Belgian subject of Italian descent (all with the same A713T mutation and disease). Their genomic structure and genetic relationships were analyzed. Demographic reconstruction and coalescent theory were applied to estimate the time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) among patients. Results show that all A713T carriers fell into the genetic variability of Southern Italy and were not more closely related to each other than to any other healthy Calabrian individual. However, five out of seven patients shared a 1.7 Mbp-long DNA segment centered on the A713T mutation, making it possible to estimate a tMRCA for its common origin in the Calabrian region dating back over 1000 years. The analysis of affected individuals with methodologies based on human population genomics thus provides informative insights in support of clinical observations and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Abondio
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, Center for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.S.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, Center for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Cristina Giuliani
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, Center for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Valentina Laganà
- Regional Neurogenetic Center, Azianda Sanitaria Provinciale Catanzaro, 88046 Lamezia Terme, Italy; (V.L.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (F.B.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Raffaele Maletta
- Regional Neurogenetic Center, Azianda Sanitaria Provinciale Catanzaro, 88046 Lamezia Terme, Italy; (V.L.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (F.B.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Livia Bernardi
- Regional Neurogenetic Center, Azianda Sanitaria Provinciale Catanzaro, 88046 Lamezia Terme, Italy; (V.L.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (F.B.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Bruno
- Regional Neurogenetic Center, Azianda Sanitaria Provinciale Catanzaro, 88046 Lamezia Terme, Italy; (V.L.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (F.B.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Rosanna Colao
- Regional Neurogenetic Center, Azianda Sanitaria Provinciale Catanzaro, 88046 Lamezia Terme, Italy; (V.L.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (F.B.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Gianfranco Puccio
- Regional Neurogenetic Center, Azianda Sanitaria Provinciale Catanzaro, 88046 Lamezia Terme, Italy; (V.L.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (F.B.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesca Frangipane
- Regional Neurogenetic Center, Azianda Sanitaria Provinciale Catanzaro, 88046 Lamezia Terme, Italy; (V.L.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (F.B.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Department of Neurology, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 2600 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Ancient DNA Laboratory, Department of Cultural Heritage, Ravenna Campus, University of Bologna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy;
| | - Amalia Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Center, Azianda Sanitaria Provinciale Catanzaro, 88046 Lamezia Terme, Italy; (V.L.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (F.B.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (A.B.)
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Kim M, Bezprozvanny I. Conformational Models of APP Processing by Gamma Secretase Based on Analysis of Pathogenic Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13600. [PMID: 34948396 PMCID: PMC8709358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sequential cleavage of APP by β and γ secretases leads to the generation of Aβ40 (non-amyloidogenic) and Aβ42 (amyloidogenic) peptides. Presenilin-1 (PS1) or presenilin-2 (PS2) play the role of a catalytic subunit of γ-secretase. Multiple familial AD (FAD) mutations in APP, PS1, or PS2 result in an increased Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio and the accumulation of toxic Aβ42 oligomers and plaques in patient brains. In this study, we perform molecular modeling of the APP complex with γ-secretase and analyze potential effects of FAD mutations in APP and PS1. We noticed that all FAD mutations in the APP transmembrane domain are predicted to cause an increase in the local disorder of its secondary structure. Based on structural analysis of known γ-secretase structures, we propose that APP can form a complex with γ-secretase in 2 potential conformations-M1 and M2. In conformation, the M1 transmembrane domain of APP forms a contact with the perimembrane domain that follows transmembrane domain 6 (TM6) in the PS1 structure. In conformation, the M2 transmembrane domain of APP forms a contact with transmembrane domain 7 (TM7) in the PS1 structure. By analyzing the effects of PS1-FAD mutations on the local protein disorder index, we discovered that these mutations increase the conformational flexibility of M2 and reduce the conformational flexibility of M1. Based on these results, we propose that M2 conformation, but not M1 conformation, of the γ secretase complex with APP leads to the amyloidogenic (Aβ42-generating) processing of APP. Our model predicts that APP processing in M1 conformation is favored by curved membranes, such as the membranes of early endosomes. In contrast, APP processing in M2 conformation is likely to be favored by relatively flat membranes, such as membranes of late endosomes and plasma membranes. These predictions are consistent with published biochemical analyses of APP processing at different subcellular locations. Our results also suggest that specific inhibitors of Aβ42 production could be potentially developed by selectively targeting the M2 conformation of the γ secretase complex with APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meewhi Kim
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Synaptic Biology, Southern Federal University, 344006 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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53
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Stepanichev MY. Using Genome Editing for Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy: from Experiment to Clinic. NEUROCHEM J+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712421040139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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54
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Kalampokini S, Georgouli D, Patrikiou E, Provatas A, Valotassiou V, Georgoulias P, Spanaki C, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Xiromerisiou G. Τhe Greek Variant in APP Gene: The Phenotypic Spectrum of APP Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212355. [PMID: 34830236 PMCID: PMC8622139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP) cause autosomal dominant inherited Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We present a case of a 68-year-old female who presented with epileptic seizures, neuropsychiatric symptoms and progressive memory decline and was found to carry a novel APP variant, c.2062T>G pLeu688Val. A comprehensive literature review of all reported cases of AD due to APP mutations was performed in PubMed and Web of Science databases. We reviewed 98 studies with a total of 385 cases. The mean age of disease onset was 51.3 ± 8.3 (31–80 years). Mutations were most often located in exons 17 (80.8%) and 16 (12.2%). The most common symptoms were dementia, visuospatial symptoms, aphasia, epilepsy and psychiatric symptoms. Mutations in the β-amyloid region, and specifically exon 17, were associated with high pathogenicity and a younger age of disease onset. We describe the second reported APP mutation in the Greek population. APP mutations may act variably on disease expression and their phenotype is heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Kalampokini
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus and Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Nicosia, Nicosia 2029, Cyprus;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-22603911; Fax: +357-22603467
| | - Despoina Georgouli
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41334 Larissa, Greece; (D.G.); (A.P.); (G.X.)
| | - Eleni Patrikiou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41223 Larisa, Greece;
| | - Antonios Provatas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41334 Larissa, Greece; (D.G.); (A.P.); (G.X.)
| | - Varvara Valotassiou
- Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (V.V.); (P.G.)
| | - Panagiotis Georgoulias
- Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (V.V.); (P.G.)
| | - Cleanthe Spanaki
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Georgios M. Hadjigeorgiou
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus and Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Nicosia, Nicosia 2029, Cyprus;
| | - Georgia Xiromerisiou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41334 Larissa, Greece; (D.G.); (A.P.); (G.X.)
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55
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Wang J, Cao H. Zebrafish and Medaka: Important Animal Models for Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10766. [PMID: 34639106 PMCID: PMC8509648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of human neurodegenerative disease have been investigated for several decades. In recent years, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and medaka (Oryzias latipes) have become popular in pathogenic and therapeutic studies about human neurodegenerative diseases due to their small size, the optical clarity of embryos, their fast development, and their suitability to large-scale therapeutic screening. Following the emergence of a new generation of molecular biological technologies such as reverse and forward genetics, morpholino, transgenesis, and gene knockout, many human neurodegenerative disease models, such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Alzheimer's, were constructed in zebrafish and medaka. These studies proved that zebrafish and medaka genes are functionally conserved in relation to their human homologues, so they exhibit similar neurodegenerative phenotypes to human beings. Therefore, fish are a suitable model for the investigation of pathologic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and for the large-scale screening of drugs for potential therapy. In this review, we summarize the studies in modelling human neurodegenerative diseases in zebrafish and medaka in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7#, Wuhan 430072, China;
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7#, Wuhan 430072, China;
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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56
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Niu F, Sharma A, Wang Z, Feng L, Muresanu DF, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Menon PK, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Nanodelivery of oxiracetam enhances memory, functional recovery and induces neuroprotection following concussive head injury. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 265:139-230. [PMID: 34560921 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Military personnel are the most susceptible to concussive head injury (CHI) caused by explosion, blast or missile or blunt head trauma. Mild to moderate CHI could induce lifetime functional and cognitive disturbances causing significant decrease in quality of life. Severe CHI leads to instant death and lifetime paralysis. Thus, further exploration of novel therapeutic agents or new features of known pharmacological agents are needed to enhance quality of life of CHI victims. Previous reports from our laboratory showed that mild CHI induced by weight drop technique causing an impact of 0.224N results in profound progressive functional deficit, memory impairment and brain pathology from 5h after trauma that continued over several weeks of injury. In this investigation we report that TiO2 nanowired delivery of oxiracetam (50mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 5 days after CHI resulted in significant improvement of functional deficit on the 8th day. This was observed using Rota Rod treadmill, memory improvement assessed by the time spent in finding hidden platform under water. The motor function improvement is seen in oxiracetam treated CHI group by placing forepaw on an inclined mesh walking and foot print analysis for stride length and distance between hind feet. TiO2-nanowired oxiracetam also induced marked improvements in the cerebral blood flow, reduction in the BBB breakdown and edema formation as well as neuroprotection of neuronal, glial and myelin damages caused by CHI at light and electron microscopy on the 7th day after 5 days TiO2 oxiracetam treatment. Adverse biochemical events such as upregulation of CSF nitrite and nitrate, IL-6, TNF-a and p-Tau are also reduced significantly in oxiracetam treated CHI group. On the other hand post treatment of 100mg/kg dose of normal oxiracetam in identical conditions after CHI is needed to show slight but significant neuroprotection together with mild recovery of memory function and functional deficits on the 8th day. These observations are the first to point out that nanowired delivery of oxiracetam has superior neuroprotective ability in CHI. These results indicate a promising clinical future of TiO2 oxiracetam in treating CHI patients for better quality of life and neurorehabilitation, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Niu
- CSPC NBP Pharmaceutical Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- CSPC NBP Pharmaceutical Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Preeti K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Wang D, Chen F, Han Z, Yin Z, Ge X, Lei P. Relationship Between Amyloid-β Deposition and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:695479. [PMID: 34349624 PMCID: PMC8326917 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.695479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the predominant pathologic protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The production and deposition of Aβ are important factors affecting AD progression and prognosis. The deposition of neurotoxic Aβ contributes to damage of the blood-brain barrier. However, the BBB is also crucial in maintaining the normal metabolism of Aβ, and dysfunction of the BBB aggravates Aβ deposition. This review characterizes Aβ deposition and BBB damage in AD, summarizes their interactions, and details their respective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Zhaoli Han
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Xintong Ge
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
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58
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Fourriere L, Gleeson PA. Amyloid β production along the neuronal secretory pathway: Dangerous liaisons in the Golgi? Traffic 2021; 22:319-327. [PMID: 34189821 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) are generated in intracellular compartments of neurons and secreted to form cytotoxic fibrils and plaques. Dysfunctional membrane trafficking contributes to aberrant Aβ production and Alzheimer's disease. Endosomes represent one of the major sites for Aβ production and recently the Golgi has re-emerged also as a major location for amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and Aβ production. Based on recent findings, here we propose that APP processing in the Golgi is finely tuned by segregating newly-synthesised APP and the β-secretase BACE1 within the Golgi and into distinct trans-Golgi network transport pathways. We hypothesise that there are multiple mechanisms responsible for segregating APP and BACE1 during transit through the Golgi, and that perturbation in Golgi morphology associated with Alzheimer's disease, and or changes in cholesterol metabolism associated with Alzheimer's disease risk factors, may lead to a loss of partitioning and enhanced Aβ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Fourriere
- The Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- The Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Tandon A, Singh SJ, Chaturvedi RK. Nanomedicine against Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1507-1545. [PMID: 33087025 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201021140904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's are the two most rampant neurodegenerative disorders worldwide. Existing treatments have a limited effect on the pathophysiology but are unable to fully arrest the progression of the disease. This is due to the inability of these therapeutic molecules to efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier. We discuss how nanotechnology has enabled researchers to develop novel and efficient nano-therapeutics against these diseases. The development of nanotized drug delivery systems has permitted an efficient, site-targeted, and controlled release of drugs in the brain, thereby presenting a revolutionary therapeutic approach. Nanoparticles are also being thoroughly studied and exploited for their role in the efficient and precise diagnosis of neurodegenerative conditions. We summarize the role of different nano-carriers and RNAi-conjugated nanoparticle-based therapeutics for their efficacy in pre-clinical studies. We also discuss the challenges underlying the use of nanomedicine with a focus on their route of administration, concentration, metabolism, and any toxic effects for successful therapeutics in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Tandon
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sangh J Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnish K Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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60
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Goto T, Kuramoto E, Dhar A, Wang RPH, Seki H, Iwai H, Yamanaka A, Matsumoto SE, Hara H, Michikawa M, Ohyagi Y, Leung WK, Chang RCC. Neurodegeneration of Trigeminal Mesencephalic Neurons by the Tooth Loss Triggers the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease in 3×Tg-AD Model Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 76:1443-1459. [PMID: 32651317 PMCID: PMC7505011 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Vmes) is not only anatomically adjacent to the locus coeruleus (LC) but is also tightly associated with the function of the LC. The LC can be the first area in which Alzheimer's disease (AD) develops, although it is unclear how LC neuronal loss occurs. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether neuronal death in the Vmes can be spread to adjacent LC in female triple transgenic (3×Tg)-AD mice, how amyloid-β (Aβ) is involved in LC neuronal loss, and how this neurodegeneration affects cognitive function. METHODS The molars of 3×Tg-AD mice were extracted, and the mice were reared for one week to 4 months. Immunohistochemical analysis, and spatial learning/memory assessment using the Barnes maze were carried out. RESULTS In 4-month-old 3×Tg-AD mice, aggregated cytotoxic Aβ42 was found in granules in Vmes neurons. Neuronal death in the Vmes occurred after tooth extraction, resulting in the release of cytotoxic Aβ42 and an increase in CD86 immunoreactive microglia. Released Aβ42 damaged the LC, in turn inducing a significant reduction in hippocampal neurons in the CA1 and CA3 regions receiving projections from the LC. Based on spatial learning/memory assessment, after the tooth extraction in the 4-month-old 3×Tg-AD mice, increased latency was observed in 5-month-old 3×Tg-AD mice 1 month after tooth extraction, which is similar increase of latency observed in control 8-month-old 3×Tg-AD mice. Measures of cognitive deficits suggested an earlier shift to dementia-like behavior after tooth extraction. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that tooth extraction in the predementia stage can trigger the spread of neurodegeneration from the Vmes, LC, and hippocampus and accelerate the onset of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Goto
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Eriko Kuramoto
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ashis Dhar
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Rachel Pei-Hsuan Wang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, chool of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Haruka Seki
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Haruki Iwai
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamanaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shin-Ei Matsumoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Hara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Michikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Ohyagi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Wai Keung Leung
- Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, chool of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
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Ma WH, Chen AF, Xie XY, Huang YS. Sigma ligands as potent inhibitors of Aβ and AβOs in neurons and promising therapeutic agents of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2021; 190:108342. [PMID: 33045243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease and characterized by dementia, memory decline, loss of learning and cognitive disorder. The main pathological features of AD are the deposition of amyloid plaques and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. The current anti-AD drugs have shown unsatisfactory therapeutic results. Due to the complications and unclear pathogenesis, AD is still irreversible and incurable. Among several hypotheses proposed by the academic community, the amyloid cascade is widely recognized by scholars and supported by a large amount of evidences. However, controversy over pathogenic factors has also been ongoing. Increasing evidence has shown that amyloid-β (Aβ) and especially amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) are highly neurotoxic and pathogenic agents that damage neurons, mediate various receptors in the downstream pathways, and ultimately lead to learning and cognitive dysfunction. However, efforts in developing inhibitors of Aβ or amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) have all failed to yield good clinical results. More recently, it has been demonstrated that sigma receptors, including sigma-1 and sigma-2 subtypes, may play critical roles in the regulation of binding and metabolism of AβOs in neuron cells and the pathophysiology of AD. Thus, sigma receptor ligands are being recognized as promising therapeutic agents for treating or ameliorating AD. This article will review the pathophysiology of AD and highlight the sigma ligands that display the capability of preventing or even reversing Aβ- and AβOs-induced neurotoxicity and blocking the signal transduction caused by AβOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hui Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, 1 Xincheng Ave, Songshan Lake Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory for Drug Design & Formulation, 1 Xincheng Ave, Songshan Lake Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Ai-Fang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, 1 Xincheng Ave, Songshan Lake Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory for Drug Design & Formulation, 1 Xincheng Ave, Songshan Lake Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, 1 Xincheng Ave, Songshan Lake Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory for Drug Design & Formulation, 1 Xincheng Ave, Songshan Lake Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Yun-Sheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, 1 Xincheng Ave, Songshan Lake Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory for Drug Design & Formulation, 1 Xincheng Ave, Songshan Lake Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China.
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Fu CX, Dai L, Yuan XY, Xu YJ. Effects of Fish Oil Combined with Selenium and Zinc on Learning and Memory Impairment in Aging Mice and Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:1855-1863. [PMID: 32666432 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the aggregation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide into plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Aβ peptide is generated by the cleavage of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretase. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of fish oil (or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), selenium, and zinc on learning and memory impairment in an aging mouse model and on APP. We performed the Morris water maze and platform recorder tests on male Kunming mice (10/group) grouped as control and D-galactose-induced aging model mice treated with vehicle, fish oil, fish oil + selenium, fish oil + selenium + zinc, and positive control (red ginseng extract). Fish oil + zinc + selenium for 7 weeks significantly improved learning and memory impairments in aging model animals in the Morris water maze and platform recorder tests, as evidenced by shortened incubation periods and number of errors. In vitro analysis of Aβ1-40 content in APP695-transfected CHO cells revealed a decrease after treatment with EPA, DHA, and their combinations with selenium or selenium and zinc. Assaying β- and γ-secretase activities revealed a decrease in PC12 cells and mouse serum as well as a decrease in β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 and presenilin 1 protein levels in the PC12 cells and mouse serum. Taken together, our results show that fish oil combined with selenium and zinc inhibited APP processing and alleviated learning and memory impairment in a mouse model of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Xu Fu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Lin Dai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Xiu-Yuan Yuan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Yan-Ji Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China.
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Lake J, Storm CS, Makarious MB, Bandres-Ciga S. Genetic and Transcriptomic Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Situation and the Road Ahead. Cells 2021; 10:1030. [PMID: 33925602 PMCID: PMC8170880 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are etiologically and clinically heterogeneous conditions, often reflecting a spectrum of disease rather than well-defined disorders. The underlying molecular complexity of these diseases has made the discovery and validation of useful biomarkers challenging. The search of characteristic genetic and transcriptomic indicators for preclinical disease diagnosis, prognosis, or subtyping is an area of ongoing effort and interest. The next generation of biomarker studies holds promise by implementing meaningful longitudinal and multi-modal approaches in large scale biobank and healthcare system scale datasets. This work will only be possible in an open science framework. This review summarizes the current state of genetic and transcriptomic biomarkers in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, providing a comprehensive landscape of recent literature and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lake
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.L.); (M.B.M.)
| | - Catherine S. Storm
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
- UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mary B. Makarious
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.L.); (M.B.M.)
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.L.); (M.B.M.)
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Kung WM, Lin MS. Beneficial Impacts of Alpha-Eleostearic Acid from Wild Bitter Melon and Curcumin on Promotion of CDGSH Iron-Sulfur Domain 2: Therapeutic Roles in CNS Injuries and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073289. [PMID: 33804820 PMCID: PMC8037269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and abnormal mitochondrial function are related to the cause of aging, neurodegeneration, and neurotrauma. The activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), exaggerating these two pathologies, underlies the pathogenesis for the aforementioned injuries and diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). CDGSH iron-sulfur domain 2 (CISD2) belongs to the human NEET protein family with the [2Fe-2S] cluster. CISD2 has been verified as an NFκB antagonist through the association with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β (PPAR-β). This protective protein can be attenuated under circumstances of CNS injuries and diseases, thereby causing NFκB activation and exaggerating NFκB-provoked neuroinflammation and abnormal mitochondrial function. Consequently, CISD2-elevating plans of action provide pathways in the management of various disease categories. Various bioactive molecules derived from plants exert protective anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects and serve as natural antioxidants, such as conjugated fatty acids and phenolic compounds. Herein, we have summarized pharmacological characters of the two phytochemicals, namely, alpha-eleostearic acid (α-ESA), an isomer of conjugated linolenic acids derived from wild bitter melon (Momordica charantia L. var. abbreviata Ser.), and curcumin, a polyphenol derived from rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. In this review, the unique function of the CISD2-elevating effect of α-ESA and curcumin are particularly emphasized, and these natural compounds are expected to serve as a potential therapeutic target for CNS injuries and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Man Kung
- Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Kinesiology and Health, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
| | - Muh-Shi Lin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 43303, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Department of Health Business Administration, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2665-1900
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Lin A, Peiris NJ, Dhaliwal H, Hakim M, Li W, Ganesh S, Ramaswamy Y, Patel S, Misra A. Mural Cells: Potential Therapeutic Targets to Bridge Cardiovascular Disease and Neurodegeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030593. [PMID: 33800271 PMCID: PMC7999039 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mural cells collectively refer to the smooth muscle cells and pericytes of the vasculature. This heterogenous population of cells play a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure, distribution, and the structural integrity of the vascular wall. As such, dysfunction of mural cells can lead to the pathogenesis and progression of a number of diseases pertaining to the vascular system. Cardiovascular diseases, particularly atherosclerosis, are perhaps the most well-described mural cell-centric case. For instance, atherosclerotic plaques are most often described as being composed of a proliferative smooth muscle cap accompanied by a necrotic core. More recently, the role of dysfunctional mural cells in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, is being recognized. In this review, we begin with an exploration of the mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases, such as mural cell plasticity. Next, we highlight a selection of signaling pathways (PDGF, Notch and inflammatory signaling) that are conserved across both diseases. We propose that conserved mural cell signaling mechanisms can be exploited for the identification or development of dual-pronged therapeutics that impart both cardio- and neuroprotective qualities.
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MESH Headings
- Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy
- Alzheimer Disease/genetics
- Alzheimer Disease/metabolism
- Alzheimer Disease/pathology
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Parkinson Disease/drug therapy
- Parkinson Disease/genetics
- Parkinson Disease/metabolism
- Parkinson Disease/pathology
- Pericytes/drug effects
- Pericytes/metabolism
- Pericytes/pathology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/drug therapy
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/genetics
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Notch/genetics
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lin
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; (A.L.); (N.J.P.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (S.P.)
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Niridu Jude Peiris
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; (A.L.); (N.J.P.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (S.P.)
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Harkirat Dhaliwal
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; (A.L.); (N.J.P.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (S.P.)
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Hakim
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; (A.L.); (N.J.P.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (S.P.)
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Weizhen Li
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; (A.L.); (N.J.P.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (S.P.)
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Subramaniam Ganesh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India;
- The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Yogambha Ramaswamy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Sanjay Patel
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; (A.L.); (N.J.P.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (S.P.)
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Ashish Misra
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; (A.L.); (N.J.P.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (W.L.); (S.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-18-0065-1373
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Amponsah AE, Guo R, Kong D, Feng B, He J, Zhang W, Liu X, Du X, Ma Z, Liu B, Ma J, Cui H. Patient-derived iPSCs, a reliable in vitro model for the investigation of Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:379-402. [PMID: 33550785 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and a common cause of dementia among elderly individuals. The disease is characterized by progressive cognitive decline, accumulation of senile amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Human-derived cell models of AD are scarce, and over the years, non-human-derived models have been developed to recapitulate clinical AD, investigate the disease's pathogenesis and develop therapies for the disease. Several pharmacological compounds have been developed for AD based on findings from non-human-derived cell models; however, these pharmacological compounds have failed at different phases of clinical trials. This necessitates the application of human-derived cell models, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in their optimized form in AD mechanistic studies and preclinical drug testing. This review provides an overview of AD and iPSCs. The AD-relevant phenotypes of iPSC-derived AD brain cells and the usefulness of iPSCs in AD are highlighted. Finally, the various recommendations that have been made to enhance iPSC/AD modelling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiamah Ernest Amponsah
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Ruiyun Guo
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Desheng Kong
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Baofeng Feng
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Jingjing He
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Xiaofeng Du
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Zhenhuan Ma
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Boxin Liu
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Human Anatomy Department, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Huixian Cui
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Human Anatomy Department, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
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EGE T, ŞELİMEN H. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitory Effects of Medicinal Plants in Management of Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.823874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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68
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Qian L, TCW J. Human iPSC-Based Modeling of Central Nerve System Disorders for Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1203. [PMID: 33530458 PMCID: PMC7865494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-throughput drug screen identifies potentially promising therapeutics for clinical trials. However, limitations that persist in current disease modeling with limited physiological relevancy of human patients skew drug responses, hamper translation of clinical efficacy, and contribute to high clinical attritions. The emergence of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology revolutionizes the paradigm of drug discovery. In particular, iPSC-based three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering that appears as a promising vehicle of in vitro disease modeling provides more sophisticated tissue architectures and micro-environmental cues than a traditional two-dimensional (2D) culture. Here we discuss 3D based organoids/spheroids that construct the advanced modeling with evolved structural complexity, which propels drug discovery by exhibiting more human specific and diverse pathologies that are not perceived in 2D or animal models. We will then focus on various central nerve system (CNS) disease modeling using human iPSCs, leading to uncovering disease pathogenesis that guides the development of therapeutic strategies. Finally, we will address new opportunities of iPSC-assisted drug discovery with multi-disciplinary approaches from bioengineering to Omics technology. Despite technological challenges, iPSC-derived cytoarchitectures through interactions of diverse cell types mimic patients' CNS and serve as a platform for therapeutic development and personalized precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qian
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Ronald Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Julia TCW
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Ronald Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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69
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Yang L, Jiang Y, Shi L, Zhong D, Li Y, Li J, Jin R. AMPK: Potential Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:66-77. [PMID: 31424367 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190819142746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder. The pathogenesis of AD is very complicated. For decades, the amyloid hypothesis has influenced and guided research in the field of AD. Meanwhile, researchers gradually realized that AD is caused by multiple concomitant factors, such as autophagy, mitochondrial quality control, insulin resistance and oxidative stress. In current clinical trials, the improvement strategies of AD, such as Aβ antibody immunotherapy and gamma secretase inhibitors, are limited. There is mounting evidence of neurodegenerative disorders indicated that activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) may have broad neuroprotective effects. We reviewed the researches on AMPK for AD, the results demonstrated that activation of AMPK is controversial in Aβ deposition and tau phosphorylation, but is positive to promote autophagy, maintain mitochondrial quality control, reduce insulin resistance and relieve oxidative stress. It is concluded that AMPK might be a new target for AD by aggressively treating the risk factors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Yang
- Health Preservation and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610037, China
| | - Yijing Jiang
- Rehabilitation Hospital affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Fuzhou 350003 Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Lihong Shi
- Health Preservation and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610037, China
| | - Dongling Zhong
- Health Preservation and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610037, China
| | - Yuxi Li
- Health Preservation and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610037, China
| | - Juan Li
- Health Preservation and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610037, China
| | - Rongjiang Jin
- Health Preservation and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610037, China
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70
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Kung WM, Lin MS. The NFκB Antagonist CDGSH Iron-Sulfur Domain 2 Is a Promising Target for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020934. [PMID: 33477809 PMCID: PMC7832822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory response and mitochondrial dysfunction are related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Nuclear factor κB (NFκB) activation has been shown to exaggerate proinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, which underlies NDs. CDGSH iron-sulfur domain 2 (CISD2) has been shown to be associated with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β (PPAR-β) to compete for NFκB and antagonize the two aforementioned NFκB-provoked pathogeneses. Therefore, CISD2-based strategies hold promise in the treatment of NDs. CISD2 protein belongs to the human NEET protein family and is encoded by the CISD2 gene (located at 4q24 in humans). In CISD2, the [2Fe-2S] cluster, through coordinates of 3-cysteine-1-histidine on the CDGSH domain, acts as a homeostasis regulator under environmental stress through the transfer of electrons or iron-sulfur clusters. Here, we have summarized the features of CISD2 in genetics and clinics, briefly outlined the role of CISD2 as a key physiological regulator, and presented modalities to increase CISD2 activity, including biomedical engineering or pharmacological management. Strategies to increase CISD2 activity can be beneficial for the prevention of inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, and thus, they can be applied in the management of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Man Kung
- Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Kinesiology and Health, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
| | - Muh-Shi Lin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 43303, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Department of Health Business Administration, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2665-1900
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Kumar S, Kapadia A, Theil S, Joshi P, Riffel F, Heneka MT, Walter J. Novel Phosphorylation-State Specific Antibodies Reveal Differential Deposition of Ser26 Phosphorylated Aβ Species in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:619639. [PMID: 33519377 PMCID: PMC7844098 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.619639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation and deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in extracellular plaques and in the cerebral vasculature are prominent neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and closely associated with the pathogenesis of AD. Amyloid plaques in the brains of most AD patients and transgenic mouse models exhibit heterogeneity in the composition of Aβ deposits, due to the occurrence of elongated, truncated, and post-translationally modified Aβ peptides. Importantly, changes in the deposition of these different Aβ variants are associated with the clinical disease progression and considered to mark sequential phases of plaque and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) maturation at distinct stages of AD. We recently showed that Aβ phosphorylated at serine residue 26 (pSer26Aβ) has peculiar characteristics in aggregation, deposition, and neurotoxicity. In the current study, we developed and thoroughly validated novel monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that recognize Aβ depending on the phosphorylation-state of Ser26. Our results demonstrate that selected phosphorylation state-specific antibodies were able to recognize Ser26 phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated Aβ with high specificity in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western Blotting (WB) assays. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analyses with these antibodies demonstrated the occurrence of pSer26Aβ in transgenic mouse brains that show differential deposition as compared to non-phosphorylated Aβ (npAβ) or other modified Aβ species. Notably, pSer26Aβ species were faintly detected in extracellular Aβ plaques but most prominently found intraneuronally and in cerebral blood vessels. In conclusion, we developed new antibodies to specifically differentiate Aβ peptides depending on the phosphorylation state of Ser26, which are applicable in ELISA, WB, and immunofluorescence staining of mouse brain tissues. These site- and phosphorylation state-specific Aβ antibodies represent novel tools to examine phosphorylated Aβ species to further understand and dissect the complexity in the age-related and spatio-temporal deposition of different Aβ variants in transgenic mouse models and human AD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Kumar
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Akshay Kapadia
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Theil
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pranav Joshi
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Riffel
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geropsychiatry, Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
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72
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Hrabinova M, Pejchal J, Kucera T, Jun D, Schmidt M, Soukup O. Is It the Twilight of BACE1 Inhibitors? Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:61-77. [PMID: 32359337 PMCID: PMC7903497 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200503023323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β-secretase (BACE1) has been regarded as a prime target for the development of amyloid beta (Aβ) lowering drugs in the therapy of Alzheimer´s disease (AD). Although the enzyme was discovered in 1991 and helped to formulate the Aβ hypothesis as one of the very important features of AD etiopathogenesis, progress in AD treatment utilizing BACE1 inhibitors has remained limited. Moreover, in the last years, major pharmaceutical companies have discontinued clinical trials of five BACE1 inhibitors that had been strongly perceived as prospective. In our review, the Aβ hypothesis, the enzyme, its functions, and selected substrates are described. BACE1 inhibitors are classified into four generations. Those that underwent clinical trials displayed adverse effects, including weight loss, skin rashes, worsening of neuropsychiatric symptoms, etc. Some inhibitors could not establish a statistically significant risk-benefit ratio, or even scored worse than placebo. We still believe that drugs targeting BACE1 may still hide some potential, but a different approach to BACE1 inhibition or a shift of focus to modulation of its trafficking and/or post-translational modification should now be followed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;E-mail:
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Rayaprolu S, Higginbotham L, Bagchi P, Watson CM, Zhang T, Levey AI, Rangaraju S, Seyfried NT. Systems-based proteomics to resolve the biology of Alzheimer's disease beyond amyloid and tau. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:98-115. [PMID: 32898852 PMCID: PMC7689445 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The repeated failures of amyloid-targeting therapies have challenged our narrow understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and inspired wide-ranging investigations into the underlying mechanisms of disease. Increasing evidence indicates that AD develops from an intricate web of biochemical and cellular processes that extend far beyond amyloid and tau accumulation. This growing recognition surrounding the diversity of AD pathophysiology underscores the need for holistic systems-based approaches to explore AD pathogenesis. Here we describe how network-based proteomics has emerged as a powerful tool and how its application to the AD brain has provided an informative framework for the complex protein pathophysiology underlying the disease. Furthermore, we outline how the AD brain network proteome can be leveraged to advance additional scientific and translational efforts, including the discovery of novel protein biomarkers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruti Rayaprolu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lenora Higginbotham
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Pritha Bagchi
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Caroline M Watson
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tian Zhang
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Srikant Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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74
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Comprehensive Review on Alzheimer's Disease: Causes and Treatment. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245789. [PMID: 33302541 PMCID: PMC7764106 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 808] [Impact Index Per Article: 202.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a disorder that causes degeneration of the cells in the brain and it is the main cause of dementia, which is characterized by a decline in thinking and independence in personal daily activities. AD is considered a multifactorial disease: two main hypotheses were proposed as a cause for AD, cholinergic and amyloid hypotheses. Additionally, several risk factors such as increasing age, genetic factors, head injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and environmental factors play a role in the disease. Currently, there are only two classes of approved drugs to treat AD, including inhibitors to cholinesterase enzyme and antagonists to N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA), which are effective only in treating the symptoms of AD, but do not cure or prevent the disease. Nowadays, the research is focusing on understanding AD pathology by targeting several mechanisms, such as abnormal tau protein metabolism, β-amyloid, inflammatory response, and cholinergic and free radical damage, aiming to develop successful treatments that are capable of stopping or modifying the course of AD. This review discusses currently available drugs and future theories for the development of new therapies for AD, such as disease-modifying therapeutics (DMT), chaperones, and natural compounds.
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Perea JR, Bolós M, Avila J. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease in the Context of Tau Pathology. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101439. [PMID: 33066368 PMCID: PMC7602223 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the cells that comprise the innate immune system in the brain. First described more than a century ago, these cells were initially assigned a secondary role in the central nervous system (CNS) with respect to the protagonists, neurons. However, the latest advances have revealed the complexity and importance of microglia in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia associated with aging. This pathology is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), which forms senile plaques in the neocortex, as well as by the aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, a process that leads to the development of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Over the past few years, efforts have been focused on studying the interaction between Aβ and microglia, together with the ability of the latter to decrease the levels of this peptide. Given that most clinical trials following this strategy have failed, current endeavors focus on deciphering the molecular mechanisms that trigger the tau-induced inflammatory response of microglia. In this review, we summarize the most recent studies on the physiological and pathological functions of tau protein and microglia. In addition, we analyze the impact of microglial AD-risk genes (APOE, TREM2, and CD33) in tau pathology, and we discuss the role of extracellular soluble tau in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ramón Perea
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 1 Nicolás Cabrera, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.P.); (M.B.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 5 Valderrebollo, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Bolós
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 1 Nicolás Cabrera, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.P.); (M.B.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 5 Valderrebollo, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Avila
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 1 Nicolás Cabrera, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.P.); (M.B.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 5 Valderrebollo, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+34-196-4564
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76
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Sierksma A, Escott-Price V, De Strooper B. Translating genetic risk of Alzheimer’s disease into mechanistic insight and drug targets. Science 2020; 370:61-66. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb8575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To provide better prevention and treatment, we need to understand the environmental and genetic risks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the definition of AD has been confounded with dementia in many studies. Thus, overinterpretation of genetic findings with regard to mechanisms and drug targets may explain, in part, controversies in the field. Here, we analyze the different forms of genetic risk of AD and how these can be used to model disease. We stress the importance of studying gene variants in the right cell types and in the right pathological context. The lack of mechanistic understanding of genetic variation has become the major bottleneck in the search for new drug targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annerieke Sierksma
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
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77
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Manna I, De Benedittis S, Quattrone A, Maisano D, Iaccino E, Quattrone A. Exosomal miRNAs as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13090243. [PMID: 32932746 PMCID: PMC7559720 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease, is linked to a variety of internal and external factors present from the early stages of the disease. There are several risk factors related to the pathogenesis of AD, among these exosomes and microRNAs (miRNAs) are of particular importance. Exosomes are nanocarriers released from many different cell types, including neuronal cells. Through the transfer of bioactive molecules, they play an important role both in the maintenance of physiological and in pathological conditions. Exosomes could be carriers of potential biomarkers useful for the assessment of disease progression and for therapeutic applications. miRNAs are small noncoding endogenous RNA sequences active in the regulation of protein expression, and alteration of miRNA expression can result in a dysregulation of key genes and pathways that contribute to disease development. Indeed, the involvement of exosomal miRNAs has been highlighted in various neurodegenerative diseases, and this opens the possibility that dysregulated exosomal miRNA profiles may influence AD disease. The advances in exosome-related biomarker detection in AD are summarized. Finally, in this review, we highlight the use of exosomal miRNAs as essential biomarkers in preclinical and clinical studies in Alzheimer’s disease, also taking a look at their potential clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Manna
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Section of Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (E.I.)
| | - Selene De Benedittis
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia,” Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Andrea Quattrone
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia,” Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Domenico Maisano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Enrico Iaccino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (E.I.)
| | - Aldo Quattrone
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Section of Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Neuroscience Research Center, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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78
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Argentati C, Tortorella I, Bazzucchi M, Emiliani C, Morena F, Martino S. The Other Side of Alzheimer's Disease: Influence of Metabolic Disorder Features for Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E115. [PMID: 32899957 PMCID: PMC7563360 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the amyloid cascade hypothesis is the dominant model to explain Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. By this hypothesis, the inherited genetic form of AD is discriminated from the sporadic form of AD (SAD) that accounts for 85-90% of total patients. The cause of SAD is still unclear, but several studies have shed light on the involvement of environmental factors and multiple susceptibility genes, such as Apolipoprotein E and other genetic risk factors, which are key mediators in different metabolic pathways (e.g., glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, energetic metabolism, and inflammation). Furthermore, growing clinical evidence in AD patients highlighted the presence of affected systemic organs and blood similarly to the brain. Collectively, these findings revise the canonical understating of AD pathogenesis and suggest that AD has metabolic disorder features. This review will focus on AD as a metabolic disorder and highlight the contribution of this novel understanding on the identification of new biomarkers for improving an early AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (C.E.); (F.M.)
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79
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Neuner SM, Tcw J, Goate AM. Genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:104976. [PMID: 32565066 PMCID: PMC7409822 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in genetic and genomic technologies over the last thirty years have greatly enhanced our knowledge concerning the genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several genes including APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APOE have been shown to exhibit large effects on disease susceptibility, with the remaining risk loci having much smaller effects on AD risk. Notably, common genetic variants impacting AD are not randomly distributed across the genome. Instead, these variants are enriched within regulatory elements active in human myeloid cells, and to a lesser extent liver cells, implicating these cell and tissue types as critical to disease etiology. Integrative approaches are emerging as highly effective for identifying the specific target genes through which AD risk variants act and will likely yield important insights related to potential therapeutic targets in the coming years. In the future, additional consideration of sex- and ethnicity-specific contributions to risk as well as the contribution of complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions will likely be necessary to further improve our understanding of AD genetic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Neuner
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Julia Tcw
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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80
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Dehury B, Kepp KP. Membrane dynamics of γ-secretase with the anterior pharynx-defective 1B subunit. J Cell Biochem 2020; 122:69-85. [PMID: 32830360 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The four-subunit protease complex γ-secretase cleaves many single-pass transmembrane (TM) substrates, including Notch and β-amyloid precursor protein to generate amyloid-β (Aβ), central to Alzheimer's disease. Two of the subunits anterior pharynx-defective 1 (APH-1) and presenilin (PS) exist in two homologous forms APH1-A and APH1-B, and PS1 and PS2. The consequences of these variations are poorly understood and could affect Aβ production and γ-secretase medicine. Here, we developed the first complete structural model of the APH-1B subunit using the published cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of APH1-A (Protein Data Bank: 5FN2, 5A63, and 6IYC). We then performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations at 303 K in a realistic bilayer system to understand both APH-1B alone and in γ-secretase without and with substrate C83-bound. We show that APH-1B adopts a 7TM topology with a water channel topology similar to APH-1A. We demonstrate direct transport of water through this channel, mainly via Glu84, Arg87, His170, and His196. The apo and holo states closely resemble the experimental cryo-EM structures with APH-1A, however with subtle differences: The substrate-bound APH-1B γ-secretase was quite stable, but some TM helices of PS1 and APH-1B rearranged in the membrane consistent with the disorder seen in the cryo-EM data. This produces different accessibility of water molecules for the catalytic aspartates of PS1, critical for Aβ production. In particular, we find that the typical distance between the catalytic aspartates of PS1 and the C83 cleavage sites are shorter in APH-1B, that is, it represents a more closed state, due to interactions with the C-terminal fragment of PS1. Our structural-dynamic model of APH-1B alone and in γ-secretase suggests generally similar topology but some notable differences in water accessibility which may be relevant to the protein's existence in two forms and their specific function and location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budheswar Dehury
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper P Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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81
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Gotoh N, Saito Y, Hata S, Saito H, Ojima D, Murayama C, Shigeta M, Abe T, Konno D, Matsuzaki F, Suzuki T, Yamamoto T. Amyloidogenic processing of amyloid β protein precursor (APP) is enhanced in the brains of alcadein α-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9650-9662. [PMID: 32467230 PMCID: PMC7363152 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a very common neurodegenerative disorder, chiefly caused by increased production of neurotoxic β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide generated from proteolytic cleavage of β-amyloid protein precursor (APP). Except for familial AD arising from mutations in the APP and presenilin (PSEN) genes, the molecular mechanisms regulating the amyloidogenic processing of APP are largely unclear. Alcadein α/calsyntenin1 (ALCα/CLSTN1) is a neuronal type I transmembrane protein that forms a complex with APP, mediated by the neuronal adaptor protein X11-like (X11L or MINT2). Formation of the ALCα-X11L-APP tripartite complex suppresses Aβ generation in vitro, and X11L-deficient mice exhibit enhanced amyloidogenic processing of endogenous APP. However, the role of ALCα in APP metabolism in vivo remains unclear. Here, by generating ALCα-deficient mice and using immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and co-immunoprecipitation analyses, we verified the role of ALCα in the suppression of amyloidogenic processing of endogenous APP in vivo We observed that ALCα deficiency attenuates the association of X11L with APP, significantly enhances amyloidogenic β-site cleavage of APP, especially in endosomes, and increases the generation of endogenous Aβ in the brain. Furthermore, we noted amyloid plaque formation in the brains of human APP-transgenic mice in an ALCα-deficient background. These results unveil a potential role of ALCα in protecting cerebral neurons from Aβ-dependent pathogenicity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Gotoh
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuhki Saito
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruka Saito
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daiki Ojima
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Chiaki Murayama
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Mayo Shigeta
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daijiro Konno
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tohru Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
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82
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Ding XW, Li R, Geetha T, Tao YX, Babu JR. Nerve growth factor in metabolic complications and Alzheimer's disease: Physiology and therapeutic potential. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165858. [PMID: 32531260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As the population ages, obesity and metabolic complications as well as neurological disorders are becoming more prevalent, with huge economic burdens on both societies and families. New therapeutics are urgently needed. Nerve growth factor (NGF), first discovered in 1950s, is a neurotrophic factor involved in regulating cell proliferation, growth, survival, and apoptosis in both central and peripheral nervous systems. NGF and its precursor, proNGF, bind to TrkA and p75 receptors and initiate protein phosphorylation cascades, resulting in changes of cellular functions, and are associated with obesity, diabetes and its complications, and Alzheimer's disease. In this article, we summarize changes in NGF levels in metabolic and neuronal disorders, the signal transduction initiated by NGF and proNGF, the physiological and pathophysiological relevance, and therapeutic potential in treating chronic metabolic diseases and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Ding
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Rongzi Li
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Thangiah Geetha
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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83
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Abstract
Although Alzheimer's disease (AD) was described over a century ago, there are no effective approaches to its prevention and treatment. Such a slow progress is explained, at least in part, by our incomplete understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AD. Here, I champion a hypothesis whereby AD is initiated on a disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) caused by either genetic or non-genetic risk factors. The BBB disruption leads to an autoimmune response against pyramidal neurons located in the allo- and neocortical structures involved in memory formation and storage. The response caused by the adaptive immune system is not strong enough to directly kill neurons but may be sufficient to make them selectively vulnerable to neurofibrillary pathology. This hypothesis is based on the recent data showing that memory formation is associated with epigenetic chromatin modifications and, therefore, may be accompanied by expression of memory-specific proteins recognized by the immune system as "non-self" antigens. The autoimmune hypothesis is testable, and I discuss potential ways for its experimental and clinical verification. If confirmed, this hypothesis can radically change therapeutic approaches to AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri I Arshavsky
- BioCircuits Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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84
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Transient upregulation of translational efficiency in prodromal and early symptomatic Tg2576 mice contributes to Aβ pathology. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104787. [PMID: 32032729 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TG2576 mice show highest levels of the full length mutant Swedish Human Amyloid Precursor Protein (APPKM670/671LN) during prodromal and early sympotomatic stages. Interestingly, this occurs in association with the unbalanced expression of two of its RNA Binding proteins (RBPs) opposite regulators, the Fragile-X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) and the heteronuclear Ribonucleoprotein C (hnRNP C). Whether an augmentation in overall translational efficiency also contributes to the elevation of APP levels at those early developmental stages is currently unknown. We investigated this possibility by performing a longitudinal polyribosome profiling analysis of APP mRNA and protein in total hippocampal extracts from Tg2576 mice. Results showed that protein polysomal signals were exclusively detected in pre-symptomatic (1 months) and early symptomatic (3 months) mutant mice. Differently, hAPP mRNA polysomal signals were detected at any age, but a peak of expression was found when mice were 3-month old. Consistent with an early but transient rise of translational efficiency, the phosphorylated form of the initial translation factor eIF2α (p-eIF2α) was reduced at pre-symptomatic and early symptomatic stages, whereas it was increased at the fully symptomatic stage. Pharmacological downregulation of overall translation in early symptomatic mutants was then found to reduce hippocampal levels of full length APP, Aβspecies, BACE1 and Caspase-3, to rescue predominant LTD at hippocampal synapses, to revert dendritic spine loss and memory alterations, and to reinstate memory-induced c-fosactivation. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that overall translation is upregulated in prodromal and early symptomatic Tg2576 mice, and that restoring proper translational control at the onset of AD-like symptoms blocks the emergence of the AD-like phenotype.
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85
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Ohta Y, Hishikawa N, Ikegami K, Sato K, Osakada Y, Takemoto M, Yamashita T, Omote Y, Ikeuchi T, Abe K. Different clinical and neuroimaging features of Japanese dementia siblings with a new N-terminal mutation (Val225Ala) of APP gene. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 72:482-484. [PMID: 31937505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant amyloid precursor protein (APP) mutations in familial Alzheimer's disease accelerate the amyloid beta (Aβ) pathology. Here we describe Japanese siblings with a new N-terminal mutation (a heterogeneous c.674T>C, p.Val225Ala) of the APP gene, developing a progressive dementia at 57 years and Aβ and tau pathologies in cerebrospinal fluid studies. However, the brother and sister showed different clinical and neuroimaging features, suggesting different Aβ pathologies for each sibling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Ohta
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ken Ikegami
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kota Sato
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Osakada
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mami Takemoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Omote
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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86
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Elmer BM, Swanson KA, Bangari DS, Piepenhagen PA, Roberts E, Taksir T, Guo L, Obinu MC, Barneoud P, Ryan S, Zhang B, Pradier L, Yang ZY, Nabel GJ. Gene delivery of a modified antibody to Aβ reduces progression of murine Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226245. [PMID: 31887144 PMCID: PMC6936806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) hold promise but have been limited by the inability of these proteins to migrate efficiently across the blood brain barrier (BBB). Central nervous system (CNS) gene transfer by vectors like adeno-associated virus (AAV) overcome this barrier by allowing the bodies’ own cells to produce the therapeutic protein, but previous studies using this method to target amyloid-β have shown success only with truncated single chain antibodies (Abs) lacking an Fc domain. The Fc region mediates effector function and enhances antigen clearance from the brain by neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-mediated reverse transcytosis and is therefore desirable to include for such treatments. Here, we show that single chain Abs fused to an Fc domain retaining FcRn binding, but lacking Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) binding, termed a silent scFv-IgG, can be expressed and released into the CNS following gene transfer with AAV. While expression of canonical IgG in the brain led to signs of neurotoxicity, this modified Ab was efficiently secreted from neuronal cells and retained target specificity. Steady state levels in the brain exceeded peak levels obtained by intravenous injection of IgG. AAV-mediated expression of this scFv-IgG reduced cortical and hippocampal plaque load in a transgenic mouse model of progressive β-amyloid plaque accumulation. These findings suggest that CNS gene delivery of a silent anti-Aβ scFv-IgG was well-tolerated, durably expressed and functional in a relevant disease model, demonstrating the potential of this modality for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford M. Elmer
- Breakthrough Lab, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kurt A. Swanson
- Breakthrough Lab, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dinesh S. Bangari
- Global Discovery Pathology, Sanofi, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Piepenhagen
- Global Discovery Pathology, Sanofi, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Errin Roberts
- Global Discovery Pathology, Sanofi, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tatyana Taksir
- Global Discovery Pathology, Sanofi, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lei Guo
- Translational Sciences, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Susan Ryan
- Global Discovery Pathology, Sanofi, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bailin Zhang
- Translational Sciences, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- Breakthrough Lab, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Nabel
- Breakthrough Lab, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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87
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Alzheimer Disease: An Update on Pathobiology and Treatment Strategies. Cell 2019; 179:312-339. [PMID: 31564456 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1462] [Impact Index Per Article: 292.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a heterogeneous disease with a complex pathobiology. The presence of extracellular β-amyloid deposition as neuritic plaques and intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau as neurofibrillary tangles remains the primary neuropathologic criteria for AD diagnosis. However, a number of recent fundamental discoveries highlight important pathological roles for other critical cellular and molecular processes. Despite this, no disease-modifying treatment currently exists, and numerous phase 3 clinical trials have failed to demonstrate benefits. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of AD pathobiology and discuss current treatment strategies, highlighting recent clinical trials and opportunities for developing future disease-modifying therapies.
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88
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Reynolds DS. A short perspective on the long road to effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3636-3648. [PMID: 30657599 PMCID: PMC6715596 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, there are approximately 47 million people living with dementia, and about two thirds of those have Alzheimer's disease (AD). Age is the single biggest risk factor for the vast majority of sporadic AD cases, and because the world's population is aging, the number of people living with AD is set to rise dramatically over the coming decades. There are currently no disease-modifying treatments for AD, and the few symptomatic agents available have limited impact on the disease. Perhaps surprisingly, there is relatively little activity in the AD research and development field compared with other diseases with a high mortality burden, such as cancer. There is enormous economic incentive to discover and develop the first disease-modifying treatment, but previous failure has significantly reduced further industrial investment in this field. The short review looks at the historical path trodden to develop treatments and reflects on the journey down the road to truly effective treatments for people living with AD. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc.
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89
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Lin J, Gao S, Wang T, Shen Y, Yang W, Li Y, Hu H. Ginsenoside Rb1 improves learning and memory ability through its anti-inflammatory effect in Aβ 1-40 induced Alzheimer's disease of rats. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:2955-2968. [PMID: 31217866 PMCID: PMC6556649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study measured amyloid-beta (Aβ), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease (AD) rat models to elucidate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect of ginsenoside Rb1 in AD. Eighty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups, learning and memory impairment was induced by Ap1-40 to establish AD rat model. Learning and memory abilities were assessed by a Morris water maze experiment. Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to measure IL-1β, Aβ and GFAP expression. Nissl staining and methenamine silver staining were performed to observe the morphology of neurons and Nissl Body, and to detect amyloid protein particle deposition. ELISA and LC-MS/MS were applied to detect Aβ1-42 and byproducts of S/MS were applied to IAT, VIV, ITL, VVIA, TVI, and VIT). Ginsenoside Rb1 administration could relieve cognitive deficit, and decrease expressions of IL-1β, Aβ, and GFAP. Neurons and Nissl Body were improved and plaques deposition was decreased obviously after treatment of ginsenoside Rb1, especially in medium dose of ginsenoside Rb1. Ginsenoside Rb1 can increase productions of Aβ1-42 and byproducts of β- and γ-secretase. Collected evidence supported that ginsenoside Rb1 improves learning and memory in AD rat by altering the amyloidogenic process of APP into non-amyloidogenic process, to exert its anti-inflammatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Lin
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityNo. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Lu Cheng District, Wenzhou 325027, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
| | - Shiyu Gao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityNo. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Lu Cheng District, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityNo. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Lu Cheng District, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yan Shen
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityNo. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Lu Cheng District, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityNo. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Lu Cheng District, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yan Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityNo. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Lu Cheng District, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityNo. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Lu Cheng District, Wenzhou 325027, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
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90
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Expression of AHI1 Rescues Amyloidogenic Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Model Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7572-7582. [PMID: 31062249 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis is the accumulation of extracellular plaques mainly composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage. Recent reports suggest that transport of APP in vesicles with huntingtin-associated protein-1 (HAP1) negatively regulates Aβ production. In neurons, HAP1 forms a stable complex with Abelson helper integration site-1 (AHI1), in which mutations cause neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. HAP1 and AHI1 interact with tropomyosin receptor kinases (Trks), which are also associated with APP and mediate neurotrophic signaling. In this study, we hypothesize that AHI1 participates in APP trafficking and processing to rescue AD pathology. Indeed, AHI1 was significantly reduced in mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells expressing human Swedish and Indiana APP (designed as AD model cells) and in 3xTg-AD mouse brain. The AD model cells as well as Ahi1-knockdown cells expressing wild-type APP-695 exhibited a significant reduction in viability. In addition, the AD model cells were reduced in neurite outgrowth. APP C-terminal fragment-β (CTFβ) and Aβ42 were increased in the AD cell lysates and the culture media, respectively. To investigate the mechanism how AHI1 alters APP activities, we overexpressed human AHI1 in the AD model cells. The results showed that AHI1 interacted with APP physically in mouse brain and transfected N2a cells despite APP genotypes. AHI1 expression facilitated intracellular translocation of APP and inhibited APP amyloidogenic process to reduce the level of APP-CTFβ in the total lysates of AD model cells as well as Aβ in the culture media. Consequently, AHI1-APP interactions enhanced neurotrophic signaling through Erk activation and led to restored cell survival and differentiation.
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91
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Habtemariam S. Natural Products in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy: Would Old Therapeutic Approaches Fix the Broken Promise of Modern Medicines? Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081519. [PMID: 30999702 PMCID: PMC6514598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive progress in understanding the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) over the last 50 years, clinical trials based on the amyloid-beta (Aβ) hypothesis have kept failing in late stage human trials. As a result, just four old drugs of limited clinical outcomes and numerous side effects are currently used for AD therapy. This article assesses the common pharmacological targets and therapeutic principles for current and future drugs. It also underlines the merits of natural products acting through a polytherapeutic approach over a monotherapy option of AD therapy. Multi-targeting approaches through general antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms coupled with specific receptor and/or enzyme-mediated effects in neuroprotection, neuroregeneration, and other rational perspectives of novel drug discovery are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services UK, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
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92
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Ge W, Jakobsson E. Systems Biology Understanding of the Effects of Lithium on Affective and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:933. [PMID: 30618562 PMCID: PMC6300566 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium has many widely varying biochemical and phenomenological effects, suggesting that a systems biology approach is required to understand its action. Multiple lines of evidence point to lithium intake and consequent blood levels as important determinants of incidence of neurodegenerative disease, showing that understanding lithium action is of high importance. In this paper we undertake first steps toward a systems approach by analyzing mutual enrichment between the interactomes of lithium-sensitive enzymes and the pathways associated with affective and neurodegenerative disorders. This work integrates information from two important databases, STRING and KEGG pathways. We find that for the majority of neurodegenerative disorders the mutual enrichment is many times greater than chance, reinforcing previous lines of evidence that lithium is an important influence on incidence of neurodegeneration. Our work suggests rational prioritization for which disorders are likely to be most sensitive to lithium and identifies genes that are likely to be useful targets for therapy adjunct to lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Ge
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Eric Jakobsson
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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93
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Zheng H, Cheng B, Li Y, Li X, Chen X, Zhang YW. TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease: Microglial Survival and Energy Metabolism. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:395. [PMID: 30532704 PMCID: PMC6265312 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of age-related dementia among the elderly population. Recent genetic studies have identified rare variants of the gene encoding the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) as significant genetic risk factors in late-onset AD (LOAD). TREM2 is specifically expressed in brain microglia and modulates microglial functions in response to key AD pathologies such as amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles. In this review article, we discuss recent research progress in our understanding on the role of TREM2 in microglia and its relevance to AD pathologies. In addition, we discuss evidence describing new TREM2 ligands and the role of TREM2 signaling in microglial survival and energy metabolism. A comprehensive understanding of TREM2 function in the pathogenesis of AD offers a unique opportunity to explore the potential of this microglial receptor as an alternative target in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baoying Cheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaofen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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94
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How Surrogate and Chemical Genetics in Model Organisms Can Suggest Therapies for Human Genetic Diseases. Genetics 2018; 208:833-851. [PMID: 29487144 PMCID: PMC5844338 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic diseases are both inherited and acquired. Many genetic diseases fall under the paradigm of orphan diseases, a disease found in < 1 in 2000 persons. With rapid and cost-effective genome sequencing becoming the norm, many causal mutations for genetic diseases are being rapidly determined. In this regard, model organisms are playing an important role in validating if specific mutations identified in patients drive the observed phenotype. An emerging challenge for model organism researchers is the application of genetic and chemical genetic platforms to discover drug targets and drugs/drug-like molecules for potential treatment options for patients with genetic disease. This review provides an overview of how model organisms have contributed to our understanding of genetic disease, with a focus on the roles of yeast and zebrafish in gene discovery and the identification of compounds that could potentially treat human genetic diseases.
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95
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Lumsden AL, Rogers JT, Majd S, Newman M, Sutherland GT, Verdile G, Lardelli M. Dysregulation of Neuronal Iron Homeostasis as an Alternative Unifying Effect of Mutations Causing Familial Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:533. [PMID: 30150923 PMCID: PMC6099262 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The overwhelming majority of dominant mutations causing early onset familial Alzheimer’s disease (EOfAD) occur in only three genes, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP. An effect-in-common of these mutations is alteration of production of the APP-derived peptide, amyloid β (Aβ). It is this key fact that underlies the authority of the Amyloid Hypothesis that has informed Alzheimer’s disease research for over two decades. Any challenge to this authority must offer an alternative explanation for the relationship between the PSEN genes and APP. In this paper, we explore one possible alternative relationship – the dysregulation of cellular iron homeostasis as a common effect of EOfAD mutations in these genes. This idea is attractive since it provides clear connections between EOfAD mutations and major characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease such as dysfunctional mitochondria, vascular risk factors/hypoxia, energy metabolism, and inflammation. We combine our ideas with observations by others to describe a “Stress Threshold Change of State” model of Alzheimer’s disease that may begin to explain the existence of both EOfAD and late onset sporadic (LOsAD) forms of the disease. Directing research to investigate the role of dysregulation of iron homeostasis in EOfAD may be a profitable way forward in our struggle to understand this form of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Lumsden
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jack T Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry-Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Shohreh Majd
- Neuronal Injury and Repair Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Greg T Sutherland
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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96
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Chang JL, Hinrich AJ, Roman B, Norrbom M, Rigo F, Marr RA, Norstrom EM, Hastings ML. Targeting Amyloid-β Precursor Protein, APP, Splicing with Antisense Oligonucleotides Reduces Toxic Amyloid-β Production. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1539-1551. [PMID: 29628304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) have been implicated in cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is accelerated in Down syndrome/Trisomy 21 (DS/TS21), likely due to the extra copy of the APP gene, located on chromosome 21. Proteolytic cleavage of APP generates amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, the primary component of senile plaques associated with AD. Reducing Aβ production is predicted to lower plaque burden and mitigate AD symptoms. Here, we designed a splice-switching antisense oligonucleotide (SSO) that causes skipping of the APP exon that encodes proteolytic cleavage sites required for Aβ peptide production. The SSO induced exon skipping in Down syndrome cell lines, resulting in a reduction of Aβ. Treatment of mice with the SSO resulted in widespread distribution in the brain accompanied by APP exon skipping and a reduction of Aβ. Overall, we show that an alternatively spliced isoform of APP encodes a cleavage-incompetent protein that does not produce Aβ peptide and that promoting the production of this isoform with an SSO can reduce Aβ in vivo. These findings demonstrate the utility of using SSOs to induce a spliced isoform of APP to reduce Aβ as a potential approach for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School and School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Anthony J Hinrich
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School and School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Brandon Roman
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | | | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Robert A Marr
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Eric M Norstrom
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Michelle L Hastings
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School and School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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98
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Dugger BN, Perl DP, Carlson GA. Neurodegenerative Disease Transmission and Transgenesis in Mice. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a023549. [PMID: 28193724 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the discovery of the prion protein (PrP) resulted from its co-purification with scrapie infectivity in Syrian hamsters, work with genetically defined and genetically modified mice proved crucial for understanding the fundamental processes involved not only in prion diseases caused by PrP misfolding, aggregation, and spread but also in other, much more common, neurodegenerative brain diseases. In this review, we focus on methodological and conceptual approaches used to study scrapie and related PrP misfolding diseases in mice and how these approaches have advanced our understanding of related disorders including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Dugger
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Daniel P Perl
- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - George A Carlson
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158.,McLaughlin Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Great Falls, Montana 59405
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99
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Brody DL, Jiang H, Wildburger N, Esparza TJ. Non-canonical soluble amyloid-beta aggregates and plaque buffering: controversies and future directions for target discovery in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2017; 9:62. [PMID: 28818091 PMCID: PMC5561579 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The specific amyloid-beta (Aβ) species or other amyloid-precursor protein cleavage products that are most directly related to human neurodegeneration and clinical dementia of the Alzheimer's type have not yet been directly identified. Without a clear understanding of the most relevant species, it is difficult to determine whether therapeutic candidates successfully engaged the correct target(s). Here, we review some of the controversies regarding soluble Aβ aggregates (also termed oligomers, dimers, trimers, Aβ*56, amylospheroids, etc.) and propose experiments designed to move forward towards new therapeutic approaches. Specifically, we review the increasing evidence for the relevance of non-canonical forms of Aβ, the much more potent toxicity attributable to native species than to synthetic Aβ, and the evidence implicating the ratio of soluble Aβ aggregates to plaques in differentiating demented patients from non-demented high Aβ plaque pathology controls. To move forward, we propose four related directions. 1) Narrowing the focus to species derived from human Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain tissue, as opposed to synthetic Aβ, cell culture-derived species, or species primarily present in animal models. 2) Careful study of differences between patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type vs. non-demented controls with high Aβ plaque pathology. This will involve testing the hypothesis that, under some circumstances, plaques may buffer soluble toxic species, but later release them into the surrounding milieu. 3) Investigations of other protein constituents of soluble Aβ aggregates in addition to Aβ itself. Our initial data based on chemical cleavage experiments indicate that other proteins do appear to be part of the human brain soluble Aβ aggregates. 4) Multimodal experimental assessments of toxicity, including longer term effects on synapse loss, related deleterious cellular responses, and degeneration in human-derived neuron-like cells. Overall, the goal is to identify specific Aβ species, other amyloid precursor protein cleavage products, or other key proteins in aggregates present in human AD brains, less abundant in non-demented high pathology control brains, and robustly toxic in a wide variety of relevant assays. These species themselves, the enzymatic or cellular processes involved in their production, and their routes of clearance would be highly relevant therapeutic targets for dementia of the Alzheimer's type.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Brody
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St Louis, Missouri 63110 USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St Louis, Missouri 63110 USA
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St Louis, Missouri 63110 USA
| | - Norelle Wildburger
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St Louis, Missouri 63110 USA
| | - Thomas J. Esparza
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St Louis, Missouri 63110 USA
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100
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Dugger BN, Dickson DW. Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028035. [PMID: 28062563 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 745] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by progressive loss of selectively vulnerable populations of neurons, which contrasts with select static neuronal loss because of metabolic or toxic disorders. Neurodegenerative diseases can be classified according to primary clinical features (e.g., dementia, parkinsonism, or motor neuron disease), anatomic distribution of neurodegeneration (e.g., frontotemporal degenerations, extrapyramidal disorders, or spinocerebellar degenerations), or principal molecular abnormality. The most common neurodegenerative disorders are amyloidoses, tauopathies, α-synucleinopathies, and TDP-43 proteinopathies. The protein abnormalities in these disorders have abnormal conformational properties. Growing experimental evidence suggests that abnormal protein conformers may spread from cell to cell along anatomically connected pathways, which may in part explain the specific anatomical patterns observed at autopsy. In this review, we detail the human pathology of select neurodegenerative disorders, focusing on their main protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Dugger
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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