51
|
Brabham C, Stork J, Barrett M, DeBolt S. Grass cell walls have a role in the inherent tolerance of grasses to the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor isoxaben. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:878-884. [PMID: 29087620 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) are pre-emergence herbicides that inhibit anisotropic cell expansion resulting in a severely swollen and stunted growth phenotype. Resistance to group 21 CBIs, such as isoxaben, is conferred by missense mutations in CELLOSE SYNTHASE A (CesA) genes required for primary cell wall synthesis, concluding that this is their in vivo target. RESULTS Herein, we show that grasses exhibit tolerance to group 21 CBIs and explore the mechanism of tolerance to isoxaben in the grass Brachypodium distachyon (L.). Comparative genomics failed to identify synonymous point mutations that have been found to confer isoxaben resistance in the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana (L.). Brachypodium did not metabolize 14 C-isoxaben. We next explored the role of grass-specific non-cellulosic cell wall components, specifically the hemicellulose polysaccharide mix linkage glucans (MLG), as a potential tolerance mechanism by compensating for the loss of cellulose during cell elongation. A partial-transcriptional knockdown T-DNA insertion was found in a key MLG synthesis gene, Cellulose synthase-like F6 (CslF6) and this mutant was found to be 2.1 times more sensitive to isoxaben than wild-type plants. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the composition and compensatory response of grass cell walls may be a factor in conferring tolerance to group 21 CBIs. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad Brabham
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jozsef Stork
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael Barrett
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Das PK, Biswas R, Anjum N, Das AK, Maiti MK. Rice matrix metalloproteinase OsMMP1 plays pleiotropic roles in plant development and symplastic-apoplastic transport by modulating cellulose and callose depositions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2783. [PMID: 29426868 PMCID: PMC5807377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are well-known proteolytic enzymes in animal systems and play roles in tissue differentiation, growth, and defence. Although a few plant MMPs have been reported, their exact functions in development and growth remain elusive. In this study, we characterized the promoter and coding sequence of OsMMP1, one of the putative MMP genes in rice (Oryza sativa). The OsMMP1 catalytic domain is structurally similar to human MMPs with respect to cofactor orientation as predicted by homology modeling. Bacterially expressed recombinant OsMMP1 showed protease activity with bovine serum albumin and gelatin as substrates. Analyses of transcript accumulation and promoter-reporter gene expression revealed that OsMMP1 is spatio-temporally expressed in vegetative and reproductive parts of plants. The plasma membrane-localized OsMMP1 protease affected plant development upon heterologous expression in tobacco and endogenous gene silencing in rice. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing OsMMP1 showed enhanced deposition of cellulose and callose, leading to impairment of symplastic and apoplastic translocations. Moreover, transgenic tobacco tissues exhibited tolerance to oxidative stress-inducing agent by confining the area of tissue death owing to callose lining. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the involvement of a plant MMP in growth, organ differentiation, and development in relation to cell wall modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabir Kumar Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Rupam Biswas
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Nazma Anjum
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Amit Kumar Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Mrinal K Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Hill JL, Josephs C, Barnes WJ, Anderson CT, Tien M. Longevity in vivo of primary cell wall cellulose synthases. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:279-289. [PMID: 29388029 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Our work focuses on understanding the lifetime and thus stability of the three main cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins involved in primary cell wall synthesis of Arabidopsis. It had long been thought that a major means of CESA regulation was via their rapid degradation. However, our studies here have uncovered that AtCESA proteins are not rapidly degraded. Rather, they persist for an extended time in the plant cell. Plant cellulose is synthesized by membrane-embedded cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). The CSC is composed of cellulose synthases (CESAs), of which three distinct isozymes form the primary cell wall CSC and another set of three isozymes form the secondary cell wall CSC. We determined the stability over time of primary cell wall (PCW) CESAs in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, using immunoblotting after inhibiting protein synthesis with cycloheximide treatment. Our work reveals very slow turnover for the Arabidopsis PCW CESAs in vivo. Additionally, we show that the stability of all three CESAs within the PCW CSC is altered by mutations in individual CESAs, elevated temperature, and light conditions. Together, these results suggest that CESA proteins are very stable in vivo, but that their lifetimes can be modulated by intrinsic and environmental cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lee Hill
- The Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Cooper Josephs
- The Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - William J Barnes
- The Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- The Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ming Tien
- The Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
- , 305 S. Frear, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Shim I, Law R, Kileeg Z, Stronghill P, Northey JGB, Strap JL, Bonetta DT. Alleles Causing Resistance to Isoxaben and Flupoxam Highlight the Significance of Transmembrane Domains for CESA Protein Function. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1152. [PMID: 30197649 PMCID: PMC6118223 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins in Arabidopsis play an essential role in the production of cellulose in the cell walls. Herbicides such as isoxaben and flupoxam specifically target this production process and are prominent cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs). Forward genetic screens in Arabidopsis revealed that mutations that can result in varying degrees of resistance to either isoxaben or flupoxam CBI can be attributed to single amino acid substitutions in primary wall CESAs. Missense mutations were almost exclusively present in the predicted transmembrane regions of CESA1, CESA3, and CESA6. Resistance to isoxaben was also conferred by modification to the catalytic residues of CESA3. This resulted in cellulose deficient phenotypes characterized by reduced crystallinity and dwarfism. However, mapping of mutations to the transmembrane regions also lead to growth phenotypes and altered cellulose crystallinity phenotypes. These results provide further genetic evidence supporting the involvement of CESA transmembrane regions in cellulose biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Shim
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Law
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zachary Kileeg
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Stronghill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough Campus, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julian G. B. Northey
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Janice L. Strap
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dario T. Bonetta
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Dario T. Bonetta,
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
High-Throughput Screening of Chemical Compound Libraries for Modulators of Salicylic Acid Signaling by In Situ Monitoring of Glucuronidase-Based Reporter Gene Expression. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1795:49-63. [PMID: 29846918 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7874-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a vital phytohormone that is intimately involved in coordination of the complex plant defense response to pathogen attack. Many aspects of SA signaling have been unraveled by classical genetic and biochemical methods using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, but many details remain unknown, owing to the inherent limitations of these methods. In recent years, chemical genetics has emerged as an alternative scientific strategy to complement classical genetics by virtue of identifying bioactive chemicals or probes that act selectively on their protein targets causing either activation or inhibition. Such selective tools have the potential to create conditional and reversible chemical mutant phenotypes that may be combined with genetic mutants. Here, we describe a facile chemical screening methodology for intact Arabidopsis seedlings harboring the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter by directly quantifying GUS activity in situ with 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (4-MUG) as substrate. The quantitative nature of this screening assay has an obvious advantage over the also convenient histochemical GUS staining method, as it allows application of statistical procedures and unbiased hit selection based on threshold values as well as distinction between compounds with strong or weak bioactivity. We show pilot screens for chemical activators or inhibitors of salicylic acid-mediated defense signaling using the Arabidopsis line expressing the SA-inducible PR1p::GUS reporter gene. Importantly, the screening methodology provided here can be adopted for any inducible GUS reporter line.
Collapse
|
56
|
Faria-Blanc N, Mortimer JC, Dupree P. A Transcriptomic Analysis of Xylan Mutants Does Not Support the Existence of a Secondary Cell Wall Integrity System in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:384. [PMID: 29636762 PMCID: PMC5881139 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Yeast have long been known to possess a cell wall integrity (CWI) system, and recently an analogous system has been described for the primary walls of plants (PCWI) that leads to changes in plant growth and cell wall composition. A similar system has been proposed to exist for secondary cell walls (SCWI). However, there is little data to support this. Here, we analyzed the stem transcriptome of a set of cell wall biosynthetic mutants in order to investigate whether cell wall damage, in this case caused by aberrant xylan synthesis, activates a signaling cascade or changes in cell wall synthesis gene expression. Our data revealed remarkably few changes to the transcriptome. We hypothesize that this is because cells undergoing secondary cell wall thickening have entered a committed programme leading to cell death, and therefore a SCWI system would have limited impact. The absence of transcriptomic responses to secondary cell wall alterations may facilitate engineering of the secondary cell wall of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Faria-Blanc
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny C. Mortimer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Biosciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Paul Dupree
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Kesten C, Menna A, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. Regulation of cellulose synthesis in response to stress. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 40:106-113. [PMID: 28892802 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall is a complex polysaccharide network that provides stability and protection to the plant and is one of the first layers of biotic and abiotic stimuli perception. A controlled remodeling of the primary cell wall is essential for the plant to adapt its growth to environmental stresses. Cellulose, the main component of plant cell walls is synthesized by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthases moving along cortical microtubule tracks. Recent advancements demonstrate a tight regulation of cellulose synthesis at the primary cell wall by phytohormone networks. Stress-induced perturbations at the cell wall that modify cellulose synthesis and microtubule arrangement activate similar phytohormone-based stress response pathways. The integration of stress perception at the primary cell wall and downstream responses are likely to be tightly regulated by phytohormone signaling pathways in the context of cellulose synthesis and microtubule arrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kesten
- Department of Biology, Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Menna
- Department of Biology, Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clara Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Department of Biology, Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Sebastian DJ, Fleming MB, Patterson EL, Sebastian JR, Nissen SJ. Indaziflam: a new cellulose-biosynthesis-inhibiting herbicide provides long-term control of invasive winter annual grasses. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:2149-2162. [PMID: 28436172 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indaziflam is a cellulose-biosynthesis-inhibiting (CBI) herbicide that is a unique mode of action for resistance management and has broad spectrum activity at low application rates. This research further explores indaziflam's activity on monocotyledons and dicotyledons and evaluates indaziflam's potential for restoring non-crop sites infested with invasive winter annual grasses. RESULTS Treated Arabidopsis, downy brome, feral rye and kochia were all susceptible to indaziflam in a dose-dependent manner. We confirmed that indaziflam has increased activity on monocots (average GR50 = 231 pm and 0.38 g AI ha-1 ) at reduced concentrations compared with dicots (average GR50 = 512 pm and 0.87 g AI ha-1 ). Fluorescence microscopy confirmed common CBI symptomologies following indaziflam treatments, as well as aberrant root and cell morphology. Across five application timings, indaziflam treatments resulted in superior invasive winter annual grass control 2 years after treatment (from 84 ± 5.1% to 99 ± 0.5%) compared with imazapic (36% ± 1.2%). Indaziflam treatments significantly increased biomass and species richness of co-occurring species 2 years after treatment. CONCLUSION Indaziflam's increased activity on monocots could provide a new alternative management strategy for long-term control of multiple invasive winter annual grasses that invade >23 million ha of US rangeland. Indaziflam could potentially be used to eliminate the soil seed bank of these invasive grasses, reduce fine fuel accumulation and ultimately increase the competitiveness of perennial co-occuring species. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Sebastian
- Bioagricultural Science and Pest Management Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Margaret B Fleming
- Bioagricultural Science and Pest Management Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- USDA Agricultural Research Services, National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eric L Patterson
- Bioagricultural Science and Pest Management Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - James R Sebastian
- Weed Specialist, Boulder County Parks and Open Space, Longmont, CO, USA
| | - Scott J Nissen
- Bioagricultural Science and Pest Management Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Merz D, Richter J, Gonneau M, Sanchez-Rodriguez C, Eder T, Sormani R, Martin M, Hématy K, Höfte H, Hauser MT. T-DNA alleles of the receptor kinase THESEUS1 with opposing effects on cell wall integrity signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4583-4593. [PMID: 28981771 PMCID: PMC5853656 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Perturbation of cellulose synthesis in plants triggers stress responses, including growth retardation, mediated by the cell wall integrity-sensing receptor-like kinase (RLK) THESEUS1 (THE1). The analysis of two alleles carrying T-DNA insertions at comparable positions has led to conflicting conclusions concerning the impact of THE1 signaling on growth. Here we confirm that, unlike the1-3 and other the1 alleles in which cellular responses to genetic or pharmacological inhibition of cellulose synthesis are attenuated, the1-4 showed enhanced responses, including growth inhibition, ectopic lignification, and stress gene expression. Both the1-3 and the1-4 express a transcript encoding a predicted membrane-associated truncated protein lacking the kinase domain. However, the1-3, in contrast to the1-4, strongly expresses antisense transcripts, which are expected to prevent the expression of the truncated protein as suggested by the genetic interactions between the two alleles. Seedlings overexpressing such a truncated protein react to isoxaben treatment similarly to the1-4 and the full-length THE overexpressor. We conclude that the1-4 is a hypermorphic allele; that THE1 signaling upon cell wall damage has a negative impact on cell expansion; and that caution is required when interpreting the phenotypic effects of T-DNA insertions in RLK genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Merz
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Richter
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martine Gonneau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
| | | | - Tobias Eder
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodnay Sormani
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Marjolaine Martin
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Kian Hématy
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Theres Hauser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author:
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Tolmie F, Poulet A, McKenna J, Sassmann S, Graumann K, Deeks M, Runions J. The cell wall of Arabidopsis thaliana influences actin network dynamics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4517-4527. [PMID: 28981774 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, molecular connections link the cell wall-plasma membrane-actin cytoskeleton to form a continuum. It is hypothesized that the cell wall provides stable anchor points around which the actin cytoskeleton remodels. Here we use live cell imaging of fluorescently labelled marker proteins to quantify the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and to determine the impact of disrupting connections within the continuum. Labelling of the actin cytoskeleton with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fimbrin actin-binding domain 2 (FABD2) resulted in a network composed of fine filaments and thicker bundles that appeared as a highly dynamic remodelling meshwork. This differed substantially from the GFP-Lifeact-labelled network that appeared much more sparse with thick bundles that underwent 'simple movement', in which the bundles slightly change position, but in such a manner that the structure of the network was not substantially altered during the time of observation. Label-dependent differences in actin network morphology and remodelling necessitated development of two new image analysis techniques. The first of these, 'pairwise image subtraction', was applied to measurement of the more rapidly remodelling actin network labelled with GFP-FABD2, while the second, 'cumulative fluorescence intensity', was used to measure bulk remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton when labelled with GFP-Lifeact. In each case, these analysis techniques show that the actin cytoskeleton has a decreased rate of bulk remodelling when the cell wall-plasma membrane-actin continuum is disrupted either by plasmolysis or with isoxaben, a drug that specifically inhibits cellulose deposition. Changes in the rate of actin remodelling also affect its functionality, as observed by alteration in Golgi body motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Tolmie
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Axel Poulet
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Joseph McKenna
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Stefan Sassmann
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Katja Graumann
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Michael Deeks
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - John Runions
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
The Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase MIK2/LRR-KISS connects cell wall integrity sensing, root growth and response to abiotic and biotic stresses. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006832. [PMID: 28604776 PMCID: PMC5484538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants actively perceive and respond to perturbations in their cell walls which arise during growth, biotic and abiotic stresses. However, few components involved in plant cell wall integrity sensing have been described to date. Using a reverse-genetic approach, we identified the Arabidopsis thaliana leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase MIK2 as an important regulator of cell wall damage responses triggered upon cellulose biosynthesis inhibition. Indeed, loss-of-function mik2 alleles are strongly affected in immune marker gene expression, jasmonic acid production and lignin deposition. MIK2 has both overlapping and distinct functions with THE1, a malectin-like receptor kinase previously proposed as cell wall integrity sensor. In addition, mik2 mutant plants exhibit enhanced leftward root skewing when grown on vertical plates. Notably, natural variation in MIK2 (also named LRR-KISS) has been correlated recently to mild salt stress tolerance, which we could confirm using our insertional alleles. Strikingly, both the increased root skewing and salt stress sensitivity phenotypes observed in the mik2 mutant are dependent on THE1. Finally, we found that MIK2 is required for resistance to the fungal root pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Together, our data identify MIK2 as a novel component in cell wall integrity sensing and suggest that MIK2 is a nexus linking cell wall integrity sensing to growth and environmental cues. Plants are constantly exposed to external stresses of biotic and abiotic nature, as well as internal stresses, resulting from growth and mechanical tension. Feedback information about the integrity of the cell wall can enable the plant to perceive such stresses, and respond adequately. Plants are known to perceive signals from their environment through receptor kinases at the plant cell surface. Here, we reveal that the Arabidopsis thaliana receptor kinase MIK2 regulates responses to cell wall perturbation. Moreover, we find that MIK2 controls root growth angle, modulates cell wall structure in the root tip, contributes to salt stress tolerance, and is required for resistance against a root-infecting pathogen. Our data suggest that MIK2 is involved in sensing cell wall perturbations in plants, whereby it allows the plant to cope with a diverse range of environmental stresses. These data provide an important step forward in our understanding of the mechanisms plants deploy to sense internal and external danger.
Collapse
|
62
|
Li S, Zhang L, Wang Y, Xu F, Liu M, Lin P, Ren S, Ma R, Guo YD. Knockdown of a cellulose synthase gene BoiCesA affects the leaf anatomy, cellulose content and salt tolerance in broccoli. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41397. [PMID: 28169290 PMCID: PMC5294630 DOI: 10.1038/srep41397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is the major component of cell wall materials. A 300 bp specific fragment from the cDNA fragment was chosen to insert into vector pFGC1008 at forward and reverse orientations to construct the recombinant RNAi vector. Knockdown of BoiCesA caused "dwarf" phenotype with smaller leaves and a loss of the content of cellulose. Moreover, RT-PCR analysis confirmed that the expression of the RNAi apparatus could repress expression of the CesA gene. Meanwhile, examination of the leaves from the T3 of RNAi transformants indicated reduction of cell expansion in vascular bundles, particularly on their abaxial surface. The proline and soluble sugar content increased contrarily. Under the salt stress, the T3 of RNAi plants showed significant higher resistance. The expression levels of some salt tolerance related genes (BoiProH, BoiPIP2;2, BoiPIP2;3) were significantly changed in T3 of RNAi plants. The results showed that the hairpin structure of CesA specific fragment inhibited the endogenous gene expression and it was proved that the cDNA fragment was relevant to the cellulose biosynthesis. Moreover, modulation cellulose synthesis probably was an important influencing factor in polysaccharide metabolism and adaptations of plants to stresses. This will provide technological possibilities for the further study of modulation of the cellulose content of crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangtao Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
- Horticulture Research Institute, Shanghai Academy Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Fengfeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyun Liu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Lin
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxin Ren
- School of Agriculture, Virginia State University, PO Box 9061, Petersburg, VA23806, USA
| | - Rui Ma
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yang-Dong Guo
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Bastien R, Legland D, Martin M, Fregosi L, Peaucelle A, Douady S, Moulia B, Höfte H. KymoRod: a method for automated kinematic analysis of rod-shaped plant organs. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:468-475. [PMID: 27354251 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in plant systems biology is the development of robust, predictive multiscale models for organ growth. In this context it is important to bridge the gap between the, rather well-documented molecular scale and the organ scale by providing quantitative methods to study within-organ growth patterns. Here, we describe a simple method for the analysis of the evolution of growth patterns within rod-shaped organs that does not require adding markers at the organ surface. The method allows for the simultaneous analysis of root and hypocotyl growth, provides spatio-temporal information on curvature, growth anisotropy and relative elemental growth rate and can cope with complex organ movements. We demonstrate the performance of the method by documenting previously unsuspected complex growth patterns within the growing hypocotyl of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana during normal growth, after treatment with a growth-inhibiting drug or in a mechano-sensing mutant. The method is freely available as an intuitive and user-friendly Matlab application called KymoRod.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Bastien
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology and Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - David Legland
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
- Biopolymères Interaction et Assemblages, INRA, UR1368, Nantes, F-44316, France
| | - Marjolaine Martin
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Lucien Fregosi
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Alexis Peaucelle
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Douady
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris Cedex 13, 75025, France
| | - Bruno Moulia
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63100, France
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63100, France
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Chuprov–Netochin R, Neskorodov Y, Marusich E, Mishutkina Y, Volynchuk P, Leonov S, Skryabin K, Ivashenko A, Palme K, Touraev A. Novel small molecule modulators of plant growth and development identified by high-content screening with plant pollen. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:192. [PMID: 27596094 PMCID: PMC5011872 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small synthetic molecules provide valuable tools to agricultural biotechnology to circumvent the need for genetic engineering and provide unique benefits to modulate plant growth and development. RESULTS We developed a method to explore molecular mechanisms of plant growth by high-throughput phenotypic screening of haploid populations of pollen cells. These cells rapidly germinate to develop pollen tubes. Compounds acting as growth inhibitors or stimulators of pollen tube growth are identified in a screen lasting not longer than 8 h high-lighting the potential broad applicability of this assay to prioritize chemicals for future mechanism focused investigations in plants. We identified 65 chemical compounds that influenced pollen development. We demonstrated the usefulness of the identified compounds as promotors or inhibitors of tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana seed growth. When 7 days old seedlings were grown in the presence of these chemicals twenty two of these compounds caused a reduction in Arabidopsis root length in the range from 4.76 to 49.20 % when compared to controls grown in the absence of the chemicals. Two of the chemicals sharing structural homology with thiazolidines stimulated root growth and increased root length by 129.23 and 119.09 %, respectively. The pollen tube growth stimulating compound (S-02) belongs to benzazepin-type chemicals and increased Arabidopsis root length by 126.24 %. CONCLUSIONS In this study we demonstrate the usefulness of plant pollen tube based assay for screening small chemical compound libraries for new biologically active compounds. The pollen tubes represent an ultra-rapid screening tool with which even large compound libraries can be analyzed in very short time intervals. The broadly applicable high-throughput protocol is suitable for automated phenotypic screening of germinating pollen resulting in combination with seed germination assays in identification of plant growth inhibitors and stimulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Chuprov–Netochin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow region Russian Federation
| | - Yaroslav Neskorodov
- Research Centerof Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Science, 117312 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Marusich
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow region Russian Federation
| | - Yana Mishutkina
- Research Centerof Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Science, 117312 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Polina Volynchuk
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow region Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Leonov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow region Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin Skryabin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow region Russian Federation
- Research Centerof Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Science, 117312 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Ivashenko
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow region Russian Federation
| | - Klaus Palme
- Faculty of Biology; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies; ZBSA Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr.1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alisher Touraev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow region Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Hu Z, Vanderhaeghen R, Cools T, Wang Y, De Clercq I, Leroux O, Nguyen L, Belt K, Millar AH, Audenaert D, Hilson P, Small I, Mouille G, Vernhettes S, Van Breusegem F, Whelan J, Höfte H, De Veylder L. Mitochondrial Defects Confer Tolerance against Cellulose Deficiency. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:2276-2290. [PMID: 27543091 PMCID: PMC5059812 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Because the plant cell wall provides the first line of defense against biotic and abiotic assaults, its functional integrity needs to be maintained under stress conditions. Through a phenotype-based compound screening approach, we identified a novel cellulose synthase inhibitor, designated C17. C17 administration depletes cellulose synthase complexes from the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis thaliana, resulting in anisotropic cell elongation and a weak cell wall. Surprisingly, in addition to mutations in CELLULOSE SYNTHASE1 (CESA1) and CESA3, a forward genetic screen identified two independent defective genes encoding pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR)-like proteins (CELL WALL MAINTAINER1 [CWM1] and CWM2) as conferring tolerance to C17. Functional analysis revealed that mutations in these PPR proteins resulted in defective cytochrome c maturation and activation of mitochondrial retrograde signaling, as evidenced by the induction of an alternative oxidase. These mitochondrial perturbations increased tolerance to cell wall damage induced by cellulose deficiency. Likewise, administration of antimycin A, an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex III, resulted in tolerance toward C17. The C17 tolerance of cwm2 was partially lost upon depletion of the mitochondrial retrograde regulator ANAC017, demonstrating that ANAC017 links mitochondrial dysfunction with the cell wall. In view of mitochondria being a major target of a variety of stresses, our data indicate that plant cells might modulate mitochondrial activity to maintain a functional cell wall when subjected to stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhubing Hu
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rudy Vanderhaeghen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Toon Cools
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Botany, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Inge De Clercq
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Leroux
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Long Nguyen
- Compound Screening Facility, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Katharina Belt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | | | - Pierre Hilson
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Ian Small
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Samantha Vernhettes
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - James Whelan
- Department of Botany, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Elsayad K, Werner S, Gallemí M, Kong J, Sánchez Guajardo ER, Zhang L, Jaillais Y, Greb T, Belkhadir Y. Mapping the subcellular mechanical properties of live cells in tissues with fluorescence emission-Brillouin imaging. Sci Signal 2016; 9:rs5. [PMID: 27382028 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf6326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrices (ECMs) are central to the advent of multicellular life, and their mechanical properties are modulated by and impinge on intracellular signaling pathways that regulate vital cellular functions. High spatial-resolution mapping of mechanical properties in live cells is, however, extremely challenging. Thus, our understanding of how signaling pathways process physiological signals to generate appropriate mechanical responses is limited. We introduce fluorescence emission-Brillouin scattering imaging (FBi), a method for the parallel and all-optical measurements of mechanical properties and fluorescence at the submicrometer scale in living organisms. Using FBi, we showed that changes in cellular hydrostatic pressure and cytoplasm viscoelasticity modulate the mechanical signatures of plant ECMs. We further established that the measured "stiffness" of plant ECMs is symmetrically patterned in hypocotyl cells undergoing directional growth. Finally, application of this method to Arabidopsis thaliana with photoreceptor mutants revealed that red and far-red light signals are essential modulators of ECM viscoelasticity. By mapping the viscoelastic signatures of a complex ECM, we provide proof of principle for the organism-wide applicability of FBi for measuring the mechanical outputs of intracellular signaling pathways. As such, our work has implications for investigations of mechanosignaling pathways and developmental biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Elsayad
- Advanced Microscopy Facility, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stephanie Werner
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marçal Gallemí
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jixiang Kong
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lijuan Zhang
- Advanced Microscopy Facility, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Greb
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Zhang SS, Sun L, Dong X, Lu SJ, Tian W, Liu JX. Cellulose synthesis genes CESA6 and CSI1 are important for salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:623-6. [PMID: 26503768 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Two salt hypersensitive mutants she1 and she2 were identified through genetic screening. SHE1 encodes a cellulose synthase CESA6 while SHE2 encodes a cellulose synthase-interactive protein CSI1. Both of them are involved in cellulose deposition. Our results demonstrated that the sustained cellulose synthesis is important for salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Le Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinran Dong
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Sun-Jie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jian-Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Biot E, Crowell E, Burguet J, Höfte H, Vernhettes S, Andrey P. Strategy and software for the statistical spatial analysis of 3D intracellular distributions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:230-242. [PMID: 27121260 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The localization of proteins in specific domains or compartments in the 3D cellular space is essential for many fundamental processes in eukaryotic cells. Deciphering spatial organization principles within cells is a challenging task, in particular because of the large morphological variations between individual cells. We present here an approach for normalizing variations in cell morphology and for statistically analyzing spatial distributions of intracellular compartments from collections of 3D images. The method relies on the processing and analysis of 3D geometrical models that are generated from image stacks and that are used to build representations at progressively increasing levels of integration, ultimately revealing statistical significant traits of spatial distributions. To make this methodology widely available to end-users, we implemented our algorithmic pipeline into a user-friendly, multi-platform, and freely available software. To validate our approach, we generated 3D statistical maps of endomembrane compartments at subcellular resolution within an average epidermal root cell from collections of image stacks. This revealed unsuspected polar distribution patterns of organelles that were not detectable in individual images. By reversing the classical 'measure-then-average' paradigm, one major benefit of the proposed strategy is the production and display of statistical 3D representations of spatial organizations, thus fully preserving the spatial dimension of image data and at the same time allowing their integration over individual observations. The approach and software are generic and should be of general interest for experimental and modeling studies of spatial organizations at multiple scales (subcellular, cellular, tissular) in biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Biot
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Elizabeth Crowell
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Jasmine Burguet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78000, Versailles, France
- INRA, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, UR1197, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Samantha Vernhettes
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Philippe Andrey
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78000, Versailles, France
- INRA, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, UR1197, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UFR927, F-75005, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Characterization of Cellulose Synthesis in Plant Cells. ScientificWorldJournal 2016; 2016:8641373. [PMID: 27314060 PMCID: PMC4897727 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8641373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is the most significant structural component of plant cell wall. Cellulose, polysaccharide containing repeated unbranched β (1-4) D-glucose units, is synthesized at the plasma membrane by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC) from bacteria to plants. The CSC is involved in biosynthesis of cellulose microfibrils containing 18 cellulose synthase (CesA) proteins. Macrofibrils can be formed with side by side arrangement of microfibrils. In addition, beside CesA, various proteins like the KORRIGAN, sucrose synthase, cytoskeletal components, and COBRA-like proteins have been involved in cellulose biosynthesis. Understanding the mechanisms of cellulose biosynthesis is of great importance not only for improving wood production in economically important forest trees to mankind but also for plant development. This review article covers the current knowledge about the cellulose biosynthesis-related gene family.
Collapse
|
70
|
Wang D, Qin Y, Fang J, Yuan S, Peng L, Zhao J, Li X. A Missense Mutation in the Zinc Finger Domain of OsCESA7 Deleteriously Affects Cellulose Biosynthesis and Plant Growth in Rice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153993. [PMID: 27092937 PMCID: PMC4836682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice is a model plant species for the study of cellulose biosynthesis. We isolated a mutant, S1-24, from ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-treated plants of the japonica rice cultivar, Nipponbare. The mutant exhibited brittle culms and other pleiotropic phenotypes such as dwarfism and partial sterility. The brittle culms resulted from reduced mechanical strength due to a defect in thickening of the sclerenchyma cell wall and reduced cellulose content in the culms of the S1-24 mutant. Map-based gene cloning and a complementation assay showed that phenotypes of the S1-24 mutant were caused by a recessive point mutation in the OsCESA7 gene, which encodes cellulose synthase A subunit 7. The missense mutation changed the highly conserved C40 to Y in the zinc finger domain. The OsCESA7 gene is expressed predominantly in the culm at the mature stage, particularly in mechanical tissues such as vascular bundles and sclerenchyma cells, consistent with the brittle phenotype in the culm. These results indicate that OsCESA7 plays an important role in cellulose biosynthesis and plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daofeng Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Qin
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Fang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lixiang Peng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyong Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Kooke R, Kruijer W, Bours R, Becker F, Kuhn A, van de Geest H, Buntjer J, Doeswijk T, Guerra J, Bouwmeester H, Vreugdenhil D, Keurentjes JJB. Genome-Wide Association Mapping and Genomic Prediction Elucidate the Genetic Architecture of Morphological Traits in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:2187-203. [PMID: 26869705 PMCID: PMC4825126 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative traits in plants are controlled by a large number of genes and their interaction with the environment. To disentangle the genetic architecture of such traits, natural variation within species can be explored by studying genotype-phenotype relationships. Genome-wide association studies that link phenotypes to thousands of single nucleotide polymorphism markers are nowadays common practice for such analyses. In many cases, however, the identified individual loci cannot fully explain the heritability estimates, suggesting missing heritability. We analyzed 349 Arabidopsis accessions and found extensive variation and high heritabilities for different morphological traits. The number of significant genome-wide associations was, however, very low. The application of genomic prediction models that take into account the effects of all individual loci may greatly enhance the elucidation of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits in plants. Here, genomic prediction models revealed different genetic architectures for the morphological traits. Integrating genomic prediction and association mapping enabled the assignment of many plausible candidate genes explaining the observed variation. These genes were analyzed for functional and sequence diversity, and good indications that natural allelic variation in many of these genes contributes to phenotypic variation were obtained. For ACS11, an ethylene biosynthesis gene, haplotype differences explaining variation in the ratio of petiole and leaf length could be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rik Kooke
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Willem Kruijer
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Ralph Bours
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Frank Becker
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - André Kuhn
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Henri van de Geest
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Jaap Buntjer
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Timo Doeswijk
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - José Guerra
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Dick Vreugdenhil
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Joost J B Keurentjes
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Tegg RS, Shabala S, Cuin TA, Wilson CR. Mechanisms of thaxtomin A-induced root toxicity revealed by a thaxtomin A sensitive Arabidopsis mutant (ucu2-2/gi-2). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:347-356. [PMID: 26518425 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis mutant ( ucu2 - 2/gi - 2 ) is thaxtomin A, isoxaben and NPA-sensitive indicated by root growth and ion flux responses providing new insights into these compounds mode of action and interactions. Thaxtomin A (TA) is a cellulose biosynthetic inhibitor (CBI) that promotes plant cell hypertrophy and cell death. Electrophysiological analysis of steady-state K(+) and Ca(2+) fluxes in Arabidopsis thaliana roots pretreated with TA for 24 h indicated a disturbance in the regulation of ion movement across the plant cell membrane. The observed inability to control solute movement, recorded in rapidly growing meristematic and elongation root zones, may partly explain typical root toxicity responses to TA treatment. Of note, the TA-sensitive mutant (ucu2-2/gi-2) was more susceptible with K(+) and Ca(2+) fluxes altered between 1.3 and eightfold compared to the wild-type control where fluxes altered between 1.2 and threefold. Root growth inhibition assays showed that the ucu2-2/gi-2 mutant had an increased sensitivity to the auxin 2,4-D, but not IAA or NAA; it also had increased sensitivity to the auxin efflux transport inhibitor, 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), but not 2,3,5- Triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), when compared to the WT. The NPA sensitivity data were supported by electrophysiological analysis of H(+) fluxes in the mature (but not elongation) root zone. Increased sensitivity to the CBI, isoxaben (IXB), but not dichlobenil was recorded. Increased sensitivity to both TA and IXB corresponded with higher levels of accumulation of these toxins in the root tissue, compared to the WT. Further root growth inhibition assays showed no altered sensitivity of ucu2-2/gi-2 to two other plant pathogen toxins, alternariol and fusaric acid. Identification of a TA-sensitive Arabidopsis mutant provides further insight into how this CBI toxin interacts with plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Tegg
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, 13 St. Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia.
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, 13 St. Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia
| | - Tracey A Cuin
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Calum R Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, 13 St. Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Petti C, Hirano K, Stork J, DeBolt S. Mapping of a Cellulose-Deficient Mutant Named dwarf1-1 in Sorghum bicolor to the Green Revolution Gene gibberellin20-oxidase Reveals a Positive Regulatory Association between Gibberellin and Cellulose Biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169. [PMID: 26198258 PMCID: PMC4577427 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Here, we show a mechanism for expansion regulation through mutations in the green revolution gene gibberellin20 (GA20)-oxidase and show that GAs control biosynthesis of the plants main structural polymer cellulose. Within a 12,000 mutagenized Sorghum bicolor plant population, we identified a single cellulose-deficient and male gametophyte-dysfunctional mutant named dwarf1-1 (dwf1-1). Through the Sorghum propinquum male/dwf1-1 female F2 population, we mapped dwf1-1 to a frameshift in GA20-oxidase. Assessment of GAs in dwf1-1 revealed ablation of GA. GA ablation was antagonistic to the expression of three specific cellulose synthase genes resulting in cellulose deficiency and growth dwarfism, which were complemented by exogenous bioactive gibberellic acid application. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we found that GA was positively regulating the expression of a subset of specific cellulose synthase genes. To cross reference data from our mapped Sorghum sp. allele with another monocotyledonous plant, a series of rice (Oryza sativa) mutants involved in GA biosynthesis and signaling were isolated, and these too displayed cellulose deficit. Taken together, data support a model whereby suppressed expansion in green revolution GA genes involves regulation of cellulose biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carloalberto Petti
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546 (C.P., J.S., S.D.); andBioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (K.H.)
| | - Ko Hirano
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546 (C.P., J.S., S.D.); andBioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (K.H.)
| | - Jozsef Stork
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546 (C.P., J.S., S.D.); andBioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (K.H.)
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546 (C.P., J.S., S.D.); andBioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (K.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Huang D, Wang S, Zhang B, Shang-Guan K, Shi Y, Zhang D, Liu X, Wu K, Xu Z, Fu X, Zhou Y. A Gibberellin-Mediated DELLA-NAC Signaling Cascade Regulates Cellulose Synthesis in Rice. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1681-96. [PMID: 26002868 PMCID: PMC4498200 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, which can be converted into numerous industrial products, has important impacts on the global economy. It has long been known that cellulose synthesis in plants is tightly regulated by various phytohormones. However, the underlying mechanism of cellulose synthesis regulation remains elusive. Here, we show that in rice (Oryza sativa), gibberellin (GA) signals promote cellulose synthesis by relieving the interaction between SLENDER RICE1 (SLR1), a DELLA repressor of GA signaling, and NACs, the top-layer transcription factors for secondary wall formation. Mutations in GA-related genes and physiological treatments altered the transcription of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE genes (CESAs) and the cellulose level. Multiple experiments demonstrated that transcription factors NAC29/31 and MYB61 are CESA regulators in rice; NAC29/31 directly regulates MYB61, which in turn activates CESA expression. This hierarchical regulation pathway is blocked by SLR1-NAC29/31 interactions. Based on the results of anatomical analysis and GA content examination in developing rice internodes, this signaling cascade was found to be modulated by varied endogenous GA levels and to be required for internode development. Genetic and gene expression analyses were further performed in Arabidopsis thaliana GA-related mutants. Altogether, our findings reveal a conserved mechanism by which GA regulates secondary wall cellulose synthesis in land plants and provide a strategy for manipulating cellulose production and plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaogan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Keke Shang-Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanyun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zuopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangdong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Jeong S, Kim JY, Choi H, Kim H, Lee I, Soh MS, Nam HG, Chang YT, Lim PO, Woo HR. Rootin, a compound that inhibits root development through modulating PIN-mediated auxin distribution. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 233:116-126. [PMID: 25711819 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots anchor the plant to the soil and absorb water and nutrients for growth. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating root development is essential for improving plant survival and agricultural productivity. Extensive molecular genetic studies have provided important information on crucial components for the root development control over the last few decades. However, it is becoming difficult to identify new regulatory components in root development due to the functional redundancy and lethality of genes involved in root development. In this study, we performed a chemical genetic screen to identify novel synthetic compounds that regulate root development in Arabidopsis seedlings. The screen yielded a root growth inhibitor designated as 'rootin', which inhibited Arabidopsis root development by modulating cell division and elongation, but did not significantly affect shoot development. Transcript analysis of phytohormone marker genes revealed that rootin preferentially altered the expression of auxin-regulated genes. Furthermore, rootin reduced the accumulation of PIN1, PIN3, and PIN7 proteins, and affected the auxin distribution in roots, which consequently may lead to the observed defects in root development. Our results suggest that rootin could be utilized to unravel the mechanisms underlying root development and to investigate dynamic changes in PIN-mediated auxin distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suyeong Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Hyojadong, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, NUS & Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hyunmo Choi
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Hyojadong, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilhwan Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Hyojadong, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Soo Soh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Republic of Korea; Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry, NUS & Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Pyung Ok Lim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Ryun Woo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Mélida H, Largo-Gosens A, Novo-Uzal E, Santiago R, Pomar F, García P, García-Angulo P, Acebes JL, Álvarez J, Encina A. Ectopic lignification in primary cellulose-deficient cell walls of maize cell suspension cultures. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:357-72. [PMID: 25735403 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) suspension-cultured cells with up to 70% less cellulose were obtained by stepwise habituation to dichlobenil (DCB), a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor. Cellulose deficiency was accompanied by marked changes in cell wall matrix polysaccharides and phenolics as revealed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Cell wall compositional analysis indicated that the cellulose-deficient cell walls showed an enhancement of highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans, as well as an increased content in ferulic acid, diferulates and p-coumaric acid, and the presence of a polymer that stained positive for phloroglucinol. In accordance with this, cellulose-deficient cell walls showed a fivefold increase in Klason-type lignin. Thioacidolysis/GC-MS analysis of cellulose-deficient cell walls indicated the presence of a lignin-like polymer with a Syringyl/Guaiacyl ratio of 1.45, which differed from the sensu stricto stress-related lignin that arose in response to short-term DCB-treatments. Gene expression analysis of these cells indicated an overexpression of genes specific for the biosynthesis of monolignol units of lignin. A study of stress signaling pathways revealed an overexpression of some of the jasmonate signaling pathway genes, which might trigger ectopic lignification in response to cell wall integrity disruptions. In summary, the structural plasticity of primary cell walls is proven, since a lignification process is possible in response to cellulose impoverishment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Mélida
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain; Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP), Politechnical University of Madrid, E-28223 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Hamann T. The plant cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism-concepts for organization and mode of action. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:215-23. [PMID: 25416836 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the main differences between plant and animal cells are the walls surrounding plant cells providing structural support during development and protection like an adaptive armor against biotic and abiotic stress. During recent years it has become widely accepted that plant cells use a dedicated system to monitor and maintain the functional integrity of their walls. Maintenance of integrity is achieved by modifying the cell wall and cellular metabolism in order to permit tightly controlled changes in wall composition and structure. While a substantial amount of evidence supporting the existence of the mechanism has been reported, knowledge regarding its precise mode of action is still limited. The currently available evidence suggests similarities of the plant mechanism with respect to both design principles and molecular components involved to the very well characterized system active in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There the system has been implicated in cell morphogenesis as well as response to abiotic stresses such as osmotic challenges. Here the currently available knowledge on the yeast system will be reviewed initially to provide a framework for the subsequent discussion of the plant cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism. The review will then end with a discussion on possible design principles for the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism and the function of the plant turgor pressure in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Larrieu A, Champion A, Legrand J, Lavenus J, Mast D, Brunoud G, Oh J, Guyomarc'h S, Pizot M, Farmer EE, Turnbull C, Vernoux T, Bennett MJ, Laplaze L. A fluorescent hormone biosensor reveals the dynamics of jasmonate signalling in plants. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6043. [PMID: 25592181 PMCID: PMC4338584 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated forms of jasmonic acid (JA) are central signals coordinating plant responses to stresses, yet tools to analyse their spatial and temporal distribution are lacking. Here we describe a JA perception biosensor termed Jas9-VENUS that allows the quantification of dynamic changes in JA distribution in response to stress with high spatiotemporal sensitivity. We show that Jas9-VENUS abundance is dependent on bioactive JA isoforms, the COI1 co-receptor, a functional Jas motif and proteasome activity. We demonstrate the utility of Jas9-VENUS to analyse responses to JA in planta at a cellular scale, both quantitatively and dynamically. This included using Jas9-VENUS to determine the cotyledon-to-root JA signal velocities on wounding, revealing two distinct phases of JA activity in the root. Our results demonstrate the value of developing quantitative sensors such as Jas9-VENUS to provide high-resolution spatiotemporal data about hormone distribution in response to plant abiotic and biotic stresses. Jasmonate regulates multiple aspects of plant growth, development and stress responses. Here, Larrieu et al. develop a fluorescent biosensor that allows jasmonate perception to be monitored at previously unobtainable levels of spatiotemporal resolution in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Larrieu
- 1] Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France [2] Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Antony Champion
- 1] Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France [2] Laboratoire mixte international Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, CP 18534 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jonathan Legrand
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Julien Lavenus
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - David Mast
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Géraldine Brunoud
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Jaesung Oh
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Soazig Guyomarc'h
- Université Montpellier 2, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Maxime Pizot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Université de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Colin Turnbull
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- 1] Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France [2] Laboratoire mixte international Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, CP 18534 Dakar, Senegal
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Halder V, Kombrink E. Facile high-throughput forward chemical genetic screening by in situ monitoring of glucuronidase-based reporter gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:13. [PMID: 25688251 PMCID: PMC4310277 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of biologically active small molecules to perturb biological functions holds enormous potential for investigating complex signaling networks. However, in contrast to animal systems, the search for and application of chemical tools for basic discovery in the plant sciences, generally referred to as "chemical genetics," has only recently gained momentum. In addition to cultured cells, the well-characterized, small-sized model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is suitable for cultivation in microplates, which allows employing diverse cell- or phenotype-based chemical screens. In such screens, a chemical's bioactivity is typically assessed either through scoring its impact on morphological traits or quantifying molecular attributes such as enzyme or reporter activities. Here, we describe a facile forward chemical screening methodology for intact Arabidopsis seedlings harboring the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter by directly quantifying GUS activity in situ with 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (4-MUG) as substrate. The quantitative nature of this screening assay has an obvious advantage over the also convenient histochemical GUS staining method, as it allows application of statistical procedures and unbiased hit selection based on threshold values as well as distinction between compounds with strong or weak bioactivity. At the same time, the in situ bioassay is very convenient requiring less effort and time for sample handling in comparison to the conventional quantitative in vitro GUS assay using 4-MUG, as validated with several Arabidopsis lines harboring different GUS reporter constructs. To demonstrate that the developed assays is particularly suitable for large-scale screening projects, we performed a pilot screen for chemical activators or inhibitors of salicylic acid-mediated defense signaling using the Arabidopsis PR1p::GUS line. Importantly, the screening methodology provided here can be adopted for any inducible GUS reporter line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erich Kombrink
- *Correspondence: Erich Kombrink, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
|
81
|
Worden N, Esteve VE, Domozych DS, Drakakaki G. Using chemical genomics to study cell wall formation and cell growth in Arabidopsis thaliana and Penium margaritaceum. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1242:23-39. [PMID: 25408440 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1902-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall is directly involved in cell growth, and its ability to loosen and rearrange allows for cell expansion through the existing turgor pressure. Thus, information on cell wall deposition and rearrangement can provide insights into the overall plant growth. This chapter describes two methods that can be used to evaluate cell expansion (1) in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and (2) the model alga Penium margaritaceum. These methods are further used to screen for small molecules that induce cell growth phenotypic changes affecting cell wall. Identification of such small molecules is beneficial due to their posttranslational mechanism of action that can be controlled in a temporal and spatial manner. Chemical genomics has the ability to overcome issues of genetic redundancy and lethality, which can hinder traditional genetic methods. The identification of small molecules in these screens will provide useful information on plant cell wall biology and overall plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Worden
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Brabham C, Lei L, Gu Y, Stork J, Barrett M, DeBolt S. Indaziflam herbicidal action: a potent cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1177-85. [PMID: 25077797 PMCID: PMC4226351 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.241950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose biosynthesis is a common feature of land plants. Therefore, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) have a potentially broad-acting herbicidal mode of action and are also useful tools in decoding fundamental aspects of cellulose biosynthesis. Here, we characterize the herbicide indaziflam as a CBI and provide insight into its inhibitory mechanism. Indaziflam-treated seedlings exhibited the CBI-like symptomologies of radial swelling and ectopic lignification. Furthermore, indaziflam inhibited the production of cellulose within <1 h of treatment and in a dose-dependent manner. Unlike the CBI isoxaben, indaziflam had strong CBI activity in both a monocotylonous plant (Poa annua) and a dicotyledonous plant (Arabidopsis [Arabidopsis thaliana]). Arabidopsis mutants resistant to known CBIs isoxaben or quinoxyphen were not cross resistant to indaziflam, suggesting a different molecular target for indaziflam. To explore this further, we monitored the distribution and mobility of fluorescently labeled CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (CESA) proteins in living cells of Arabidopsis during indaziflam exposure. Indaziflam caused a reduction in the velocity of YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN:CESA6 particles at the plasma membrane focal plane compared with controls. Microtubule morphology and motility were not altered after indaziflam treatment. In the hypocotyl expansion zone, indaziflam caused an atypical increase in the density of plasma membrane-localized CESA particles. Interestingly, this was accompanied by a cellulose synthase interacting1-independent reduction in the normal coincidence rate between microtubules and CESA particles. As a CBI, for which there is little evidence of evolved weed resistance, indaziflam represents an important addition to the action mechanisms available for weed management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad Brabham
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
| | - Lei Lei
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
| | - Ying Gu
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
| | - Jozsef Stork
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
| | - Michael Barrett
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Chen J, Pei Z, Dai L, Wang B, Liu L, An X, Peng D. Transcriptome profiling using pyrosequencing shows genes associated with bast fiber development in ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.). BMC Genomics 2014; 15:919. [PMID: 25339420 PMCID: PMC4326285 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.), popularly known as “China grass”, is one of the oldest crops in China and the second most important fiber crop in terms of area sown. Ramie fiber, extracted from the plant bast, is important in the textile industry. However, the molecular mechanism of ramie fiber development remains unknown. Results A whole sequencing run was performed on the 454 GS FLX + platform using four separately pooled parts of ramie bast. This generated 1,030,057 reads with an average length of 457 bp. Among the 58,369 unigenes (13,386 contigs and 44,983 isotigs) that were generated through de novo assembly, 780 were differentially expressed. As a result, 13 genes that belong to the cellulose synthase gene family (four), the expansin gene family (three) and the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) gene family (six) were up-regulated in the top part of the bast, which was in contrast to the other three parts. The identification of these 13 concurrently up-regulated unigenes indicated that the early stage (represented by the top part of the bast) might be important for the molecular regulation of ramie fiber development. Further analysis indicated that four of the 13 unigenes from the expansin (two) and XTH (two) families shared a coincident expression pattern during the whole growth season, which implied they were more relevant to ramie fiber development (fiber quality, etc.) during the different seasons than the other genes. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to characterize ramie fiber development at different developmental stages. The identified transcripts will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in ramie fiber development. Moreover, the identified differentially expressed genes will accelerate molecular research on ramie fiber growth and the breeding of ramie with better fiber yields and quality. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-919) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bo Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No, 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Park E, Díaz-Moreno SM, Davis DJ, Wilkop TE, Bulone V, Drakakaki G. Endosidin 7 Specifically Arrests Late Cytokinesis and Inhibits Callose Biosynthesis, Revealing Distinct Trafficking Events during Cell Plate Maturation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1019-1034. [PMID: 24858949 PMCID: PMC4081319 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.241497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although cytokinesis is vital for plant growth and development, our mechanistic understanding of the highly regulated membrane and cargo transport mechanisms in relation to polysaccharide deposition during this process is limited. Here, we present an in-depth characterization of the small molecule endosidin 7 (ES7) inhibiting callose synthase activity and arresting late cytokinesis both in vitro and in vivo in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). ES7 is a specific inhibitor for plant callose deposition during cytokinesis that does not affect endomembrane trafficking during interphase or cytoskeletal organization. The specificity of ES7 was demonstrated (1) by comparing its action with that of known inhibitors such as caffeine, flufenacet, and concanamycin A and (2) across kingdoms with a comparison in yeast. The interplay between cell plate-specific post-Golgi vesicle traffic and callose accumulation was analyzed using ES7, and it revealed unique and temporal contributions of secretory and endosomal vesicles in cell plate maturation. While RABA2A-labeled vesicles, which accumulate at the early stage of cell plate formation, were not affected by ES7, KNOLLE was differentially altered by the small molecule. In addition, the presence of clathrin-coated vesicles in cells containing elevated levels of callose and their reduction under ES7 treatment further support the role of endocytic membrane remodeling in the maturing cell plate while the plate is stabilized by callose. Taken together, these data show the essential role of callose during the late stages of cell plate maturation and establish the temporal relationship between vesicles and regulatory proteins at the cell plate assembly matrix during polysaccharide deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunsook Park
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (E.P., D.J.D., T.E.W., G.D.); andDivision of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (S.M.D.-M., V.B.)
| | - Sara M Díaz-Moreno
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (E.P., D.J.D., T.E.W., G.D.); andDivision of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (S.M.D.-M., V.B.)
| | - Destiny J Davis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (E.P., D.J.D., T.E.W., G.D.); andDivision of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (S.M.D.-M., V.B.)
| | - Thomas E Wilkop
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (E.P., D.J.D., T.E.W., G.D.); andDivision of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (S.M.D.-M., V.B.)
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (E.P., D.J.D., T.E.W., G.D.); andDivision of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (S.M.D.-M., V.B.)
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (E.P., D.J.D., T.E.W., G.D.); andDivision of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (S.M.D.-M., V.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Lei L, Zhang T, Strasser R, Lee CM, Gonneau M, Mach L, Vernhettes S, Kim SH, J Cosgrove D, Li S, Gu Y. The jiaoyao1 Mutant Is an Allele of korrigan1 That Abolishes Endoglucanase Activity and Affects the Organization of Both Cellulose Microfibrils and Microtubules in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2601-2616. [PMID: 24963054 PMCID: PMC4114954 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.126193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, cellulose is synthesized by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). Arabidopsis thaliana GH9A1/KORRIGAN1 is a membrane-bound, family 9 glycosyl hydrolase that is important for cellulose synthesis in both primary and secondary cell walls. Most previously identified korrigan1 mutants show severe phenotypes such as embryo lethality; therefore, the role of GH9A1 in cellulose synthesis remains unclear. Here, we report a novel A577V missense mutation, designated jiaoyao1 (jia1), in the second of the glycosyl hydrolase family 9 active site signature motifs in GH9A1. jia1 is defective in cell expansion in dark-grown hypocotyls, roots, and adult plants. Consistent with its defect in cell expansion, this mutation in GH9A1 resulted in reduced cellulose content and reduced CSC velocity at the plasma membrane. Green fluorescent protein-GH9A1 is associated with CSCs at multiple locations, including the plasma membrane, Golgi, trans-Golgi network, and small CESA-containing compartments or microtubule-associated cellulose synthase compartments, indicating a tight association between GH9A1 and CSCs. GH9A1A577V abolishes the endoglucanase activity of GH9A1 in vitro but does not affect its interaction with CESAs in vitro, suggesting that endoglucanase activity is important for cellulose synthesis. Interestingly, jia1 results in both cellulose microfibril and microtubule disorganization. Our study establishes the important role of endoglucanase in cellulose synthesis and cellulose microfibril organization in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher M Lee
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Martine Gonneau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Samantha Vernhettes
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Seong H Kim
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Fridman Y, Elkouby L, Holland N, Vragović K, Elbaum R, Savaldi-Goldstein S. Root growth is modulated by differential hormonal sensitivity in neighboring cells. Genes Dev 2014; 28:912-20. [PMID: 24736847 PMCID: PMC4003282 DOI: 10.1101/gad.239335.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Coherent plant growth requires spatial integration of hormonal pathways and cell wall remodeling activities. However, the mechanisms governing sensitivity to hormones and how cell wall structure integrates with hormonal effects are poorly understood. We found that coordination between two types of epidermal root cells, hair and nonhair cells, establishes root sensitivity to the plant hormones brassinosteroids (BRs). While expression of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) in hair cells promotes cell elongation in all tissues, its high relative expression in nonhair cells is inhibitory. Elevated ethylene and deposition of crystalline cellulose underlie the inhibitory effect of BRI1. We propose that the relative spatial distribution of BRI1, and not its absolute level, fine-tunes growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Fridman
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Steinwand BJ, Xu S, Polko JK, Doctor SM, Westafer M, Kieber JJ. Alterations in auxin homeostasis suppress defects in cell wall function. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98193. [PMID: 24859261 PMCID: PMC4032291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a highly dynamic structure that changes in response to both environmental and developmental cues. It plays important roles throughout plant growth and development in determining the orientation and extent of cell expansion, providing structural support and acting as a barrier to pathogens. Despite the importance of the cell wall, the signaling pathways regulating its function are not well understood. Two partially redundant leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), FEI1 and FEI2, regulate cell wall function in Arabidopsis thaliana roots; disruption of the FEIs results in short, swollen roots as a result of decreased cellulose synthesis. We screened for suppressors of this swollen root phenotype and identified two mutations in the putative mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α homolog, IAA-Alanine Resistant 4 (IAR4). Mutations in IAR4 were shown previously to disrupt auxin homeostasis and lead to reduced auxin function. We show that mutations in IAR4 suppress a subset of the fei1 fei2 phenotypes. Consistent with the hypothesis that the suppression of fei1 fei2 by iar4 is the result of reduced auxin function, disruption of the WEI8 and TAR2 genes, which decreases auxin biosynthesis, also suppresses fei1 fei2. In addition, iar4 suppresses the root swelling and accumulation of ectopic lignin phenotypes of other cell wall mutants, including procuste and cobra. Further, iar4 mutants display decreased sensitivity to the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor isoxaben. These results establish a role for IAR4 in the regulation of cell wall function and provide evidence of crosstalk between the cell wall and auxin during cell expansion in the root.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blaire J. Steinwand
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shouling Xu
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joanna K. Polko
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Doctor
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mike Westafer
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph J. Kieber
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Xia Y, Lei L, Brabham C, Stork J, Strickland J, Ladak A, Gu Y, Wallace I, DeBolt S. Acetobixan, an inhibitor of cellulose synthesis identified by microbial bioprospecting. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95245. [PMID: 24748166 PMCID: PMC3991599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, cellulose biosynthesis is an essential process for anisotropic growth and therefore is an ideal target for inhibition. Based on the documented utility of small-molecule inhibitors to dissect complex cellular processes we identified a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI), named acetobixan, by bio-prospecting among compounds secreted by endophytic microorganisms. Acetobixan was identified using a drug-gene interaction screen to sift through hundreds of endophytic microbial secretions for one that caused synergistic reduction in root expansion of the leaky AtcesA6prc1-1 mutant. We then mined this microbial secretion for compounds that were differentially abundant compared with Bacilli that failed to mimic CBI action to isolate a lead pharmacophore. Analogs of this lead compound were screened for CBI activity, and the most potent analog was named acetobixan. In living Arabidopsis cells visualized by confocal microscopy, acetobixan treatment caused CESA particles localized at the plasma membrane (PM) to rapidly re-localize to cytoplasmic vesicles. Acetobixan inhibited 14C-Glc uptake into crystalline cellulose. Moreover, cortical microtubule dynamics were not disrupted by acetobixan, suggesting specific activity towards cellulose synthesis. Previous CBI resistant mutants such as ixr1-2, ixr2-1 or aegeus were not cross resistant to acetobixan indicating that acetobixan targets a different aspect of cellulose biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xia
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chad Brabham
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jozsef Stork
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - James Strickland
- United State Department of Agriculture Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, University of Kentucky Campus, USDA-ARS, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Adam Ladak
- Waters Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ian Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Li S, Bashline L, Lei L, Gu Y. Cellulose synthesis and its regulation. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2014; 12:e0169. [PMID: 24465174 PMCID: PMC3894906 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer synthesized on land, is made of linear chains of ß (1-4) linked D-glucose. As a major structural component of the cell wall, cellulose is important not only for industrial use but also for plant growth and development. Cellulose microfibrils are tethered by other cell wall polysaccharides such as hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin. In higher plants, cellulose is synthesized by plasma membrane-localized rosette cellulose synthase complexes. Despite the recent advances using a combination of molecular genetics, live cell imaging, and spectroscopic tools, many aspects of the cellulose synthesis remain a mystery. In this chapter, we highlight recent research progress towards understanding the mechanism of cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Logan Bashline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Lei L, Li S, Bashline L, Gu Y. Dissecting the molecular mechanism underlying the intimate relationship between cellulose microfibrils and cortical microtubules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:90. [PMID: 24659994 PMCID: PMC3952479 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A central question in plant cell development is how the cell wall determines directional cell expansion and therefore the final shape of the cell. As the major load-bearing component of the cell wall, cellulose microfibrils are laid down transversely to the axis of elongation, thus forming a spring-like structure that reinforces the cell laterally and while favoring longitudinal expansion in most growing cells. Mounting evidence suggests that cortical microtubules organize the deposition of cellulose microfibrils, but the precise molecular mechanisms linking microtubules to cellulose organization have remained unclear until the recent discovery of cellulose synthase interactive protein 1 , a linker protein between the cortical microtubules and the cellulose biosynthesizing machinery. In this review, we will focus on the intimate relationship between cellulose microfibrils and cortical microtubules, in particular, we will discuss microtubule arrangement and cell wall architecture, the linkage between cellulose synthase complexes and microtubules, and the feedback mechanisms between cell wall and microtubules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ying Gu
- *Correspondence: Ying Gu, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Structure and Biosynthesis. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_73-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
92
|
Hicks GR, Raikhel NV. Plant chemical biology: are we meeting the promise? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:455. [PMID: 25250041 PMCID: PMC4157539 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As an early adopter of plant chemical genetics to the study of endomembrane trafficking, we have observed the growth of small molecule approaches. Within the field, we often describe the strengths of the approach in a broad, generic manner, such as the ability to address redundancy and lethality. But, we are now in a much better position to evaluate the demonstrated value of the approach based on examples. In this perspective, we offer an assessment of chemical genetics in plants and where its applications may be of particular utility from the perspective of the cell biologist. Beyond this, we suggest areas to be addressed to provide broader access and enhance the effectiveness of small molecule approaches in plant biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R. Hicks
- *Correspondence: Glenn R. Hicks, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, 2150 Batchelor Hall, University of California, Riverside,CA 92521, USA e-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Hirano K, Aya K, Morinaka Y, Nagamatsu S, Sato Y, Antonio BA, Namiki N, Nagamura Y, Matsuoka M. Survey of Genes Involved in Rice Secondary Cell Wall Formation Through a Co-Expression Network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 54:1803-21. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
94
|
Soliman SSM, Trobacher CP, Tsao R, Greenwood JS, Raizada MN. A fungal endophyte induces transcription of genes encoding a redundant fungicide pathway in its host plant. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:93. [PMID: 23802696 PMCID: PMC3700885 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taxol is an anti-cancer drug harvested from Taxus trees, proposed ecologically to act as a fungicide. Taxus is host to fungal endophytes, defined as organisms that inhabit plants without causing disease. The Taxus endophytes have been shown to synthesize Taxol in vitro, providing Taxus with a second potential biosynthetic route for this protective metabolite. Taxol levels in plants vary 125-fold between individual trees, but the underlying reason has remained unknown. RESULTS Comparing Taxus trees or branches within a tree, correlations were observed between Taxol content, and quantity of its resident Taxol-producing endophyte, Paraconiothyrium SSM001. Depletion of fungal endophyte in planta by fungicide reduced plant Taxol accumulation. Fungicide treatment of intact plants caused concomitant decreases in transcript and/or protein levels corresponding to two critical genes required for plant Taxol biosynthesis. Taxol showed fungicidal activity against fungal pathogens of conifer wood, the natural habitat of the Taxol-producing endophyte. Consistent with other Taxol-producing endophytes, SSM001 was resistant to Taxol. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the variation in Taxol content between intact Taxus plants and/or tissues is at least in part caused by varying degrees of transcriptional elicitation of plant Taxol biosynthetic genes by its Taxol-producing endophyte. As Taxol is a fungicide, and the endophyte is resistant to Taxol, we discuss how this endophyte strategy may be to prevent colonization by its fungal competitors but at minimal metabolic cost to itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameh SM Soliman
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Christopher P Trobacher
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rong Tsao
- The Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - John S Greenwood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Manish N Raizada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Petti C, Shearer A, Tateno M, Ruwaya M, Nokes S, Brutnell T, DeBolt S. Comparative feedstock analysis in Setaria viridis L. as a model for C4 bioenergy grasses and Panicoid crop species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:181. [PMID: 23802002 PMCID: PMC3685855 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Second generation feedstocks for bioethanol will likely include a sizable proportion of perennial C4 grasses, principally in the Panicoideae clade. The Panicoideae contain agronomically important annual grasses including Zea mays L. (maize), Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (sorghum), and Saccharum officinarum L. (sugar cane) as well as promising second generation perennial feedstocks including Miscanthus×giganteus and Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass). The underlying complexity of these polyploid grass genomes is a major limitation for their direct manipulation and thus driving a need for rapidly cycling comparative model. Setaria viridis (green millet) is a rapid cycling C4 panicoid grass with a relatively small and sequenced diploid genome and abundant seed production. Stable, transient, and protoplast transformation technologies have also been developed for Setaria viridis making it a potentially excellent model for other C4 bioenergy grasses. Here, the lignocellulosic feedstock composition, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor response and saccharification dynamics of Setaria viridis are compared with the annual sorghum and maize and the perennial switchgrass bioenergy crops as a baseline study into the applicability for translational research. A genome-wide systematic investigation of the cellulose synthase-A genes was performed identifying eight candidate sequences. Two developmental stages; (a) metabolically active young tissue and (b) metabolically plateaued (mature) material are examined to compare biomass performance metrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carloalberto Petti
- Plant Physiology, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Food and the Environment, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Andrew Shearer
- Plant Physiology, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Food and the Environment, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Mizuki Tateno
- Plant Physiology, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Food and the Environment, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Matthew Ruwaya
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Sue Nokes
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Tom Brutnell
- Enterprise Institute for Renewable Fuels, Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. Louis MO, USA
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Plant Physiology, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Food and the Environment, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Sampathkumar A, Gutierrez R, McFarlane HE, Bringmann M, Lindeboom J, Emons AM, Samuels L, Ketelaar T, Ehrhardt DW, Persson S. Patterning and lifetime of plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase is dependent on actin organization in Arabidopsis interphase cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:675-88. [PMID: 23606596 PMCID: PMC3668062 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.215277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The actin and microtubule cytoskeletons regulate cell shape across phyla, from bacteria to metazoans. In organisms with cell walls, the wall acts as a primary constraint of shape, and generation of specific cell shape depends on cytoskeletal organization for wall deposition and/or cell expansion. In higher plants, cortical microtubules help to organize cell wall construction by positioning the delivery of cellulose synthase (CesA) complexes and guiding their trajectories to orient newly synthesized cellulose microfibrils. The actin cytoskeleton is required for normal distribution of CesAs to the plasma membrane, but more specific roles for actin in cell wall assembly and organization remain largely elusive. We show that the actin cytoskeleton functions to regulate the CesA delivery rate to, and lifetime of CesAs at, the plasma membrane, which affects cellulose production. Furthermore, quantitative image analyses revealed that actin organization affects CesA tracking behavior at the plasma membrane and that small CesA compartments were associated with the actin cytoskeleton. By contrast, localized insertion of CesAs adjacent to cortical microtubules was not affected by the actin organization. Hence, both actin and microtubule cytoskeletons play important roles in regulating CesA trafficking, cellulose deposition, and organization of cell wall biogenesis.
Collapse
|
97
|
Tegg RS, Shabala SN, Cuin TA, Davies NW, Wilson CR. Enhanced resistance to the cellulose biosynthetic inhibitors, thaxtomin A and isoxaben in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, also provides specific co-resistance to the auxin transport inhibitor, 1-NPA. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:76. [PMID: 23638731 PMCID: PMC3655924 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thaxtomin A (TA) is a phytotoxin produced by plant pathogenic Streptomyces spp. responsible for potato common scab. TA inhibits cellulose biosynthesis in expanding plant tissues and is essential for disease induction. Auxin treatment of various plant tissues has been repeatedly demonstrated to inhibit TA toxicity and to reduce common scab. This work utilises Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with resistance to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) to investigate the interaction between TA, other CBIs and auxins. RESULTS Three CBI resistant A. thaliana mutants; txr1-1 (tolerance to TA), ixr1-1 (tolerance to isoxaben - IXB) and KOR1 (cellulose deficiency), showed no altered root growth response to treatment with natural or synthetic auxins, nor with the auxin efflux transport inhibitor 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA). However, all mutants had significantly enhanced tolerance to 1-napthylphthalamic acid (NPA), another auxin efflux transport inhibitor, which blocks polar auxin transport at a site distinct from TIBA. NPA tolerance of txr1-1 and ixr1-1 was further supported by electrophysiological analysis of net H+ fluxes in the mature, but not elongation zone of roots. All three mutants showed increased tolerance to IXB, but only txr1-1 showed tolerance to TA. No mutant showed enhanced tolerance to a third CBI, dichlobenil (DCB). CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that plant tolerance to TA and IXB, as well as cell wall synthesis modifications in roots, have resulted in specific co-resistance to NPA but not TIBA. This suggests that CBI resistance has an impact on polar auxin efflux transport processes associated with the NPA binding protein. We also show that NPA inhibitory response in roots occurs in the mature root zone but not the elongation zone. Responses of mutants to CBIs indicate a similar, but not identical mode of action of TA and IXB, in contrast to DCB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Tegg
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), University of Tasmania (UTAS), 13 St John’s Ave, New Town, Tasmania, 7008, Australia
| | - Sergey N Shabala
- TIA, UTAS, Private Bag 54, Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Tracey A Cuin
- TIA, UTAS, Private Bag 54, Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Noel W Davies
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 74, Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Calum R Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), University of Tasmania (UTAS), 13 St John’s Ave, New Town, Tasmania, 7008, Australia
- TIA, UTAS, Private Bag 54, Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Song XQ, Liu LF, Jiang YJ, Zhang BC, Gao YP, Liu XL, Lin QS, Ling HQ, Zhou YH. Disruption of secondary wall cellulose biosynthesis alters cadmium translocation and tolerance in rice plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:768-80. [PMID: 23376772 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tricheary elements (TEs), wrapped by secondary cell wall, play essential roles in water, mineral, and nutrient transduction. Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that is absorbed by roots and transported to shoot, leaves, and grains through vascular systems in plants. As rice is a major source of Cd intake, many efforts have been made to establish 'low-Cd rice'. However, no links have been found between cellulose biosynthesis and cadmium accumulation. We report here a rice brittle culm13 mutant, resulting from a novel missense mutation (E101K) [corrected] in the N-terminus of cellulose synthase subunit 9 (CESA9). Except for the abnormal mechanical strength, the mutant plants are morphologically indistinguishable from the wild-type plants. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and chemical analyses showed a slight reduction in secondary wall thickness and 22% decrease in cellulose content in bc13 plants. Moreover, this mutation unexpectedly confers the mutant plants Cd tolerance due to less Cd accumulation in leaves. Expression analysis of the genes required for Cd uptake and transport revealed complicated alterations after applying Cd to wild-type and bc13. The mutants were further found to have altered vascular structure. More importantly, Cd concentration in the xylem saps from the bc13 plants was significantly lower than that from the wild-type. Combining the analyses of CESA9 gene expression and Cd content retention in the cell-wall residues, we conclude that CESA9(E101K) [corrected] mutation alters cell-wall properties in the conducting tissues, which consequently affects Cd translocation efficiency that largely contributes to the low Cd accumulation in the mutant plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Sahoo DK, Stork J, DeBolt S, Maiti IB. Manipulating cellulose biosynthesis by expression of mutant Arabidopsis proM24::CESA3(ixr1-2) gene in transgenic tobacco. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:362-72. [PMID: 23527628 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of the cellulose biosynthetic machinery in plants has the potential to provide insight into plant growth, morphogenesis and to create modified cellulose for anthropogenic use. Evidence exists that cellulose microfibril structure and its recalcitrance to enzymatic digestion can ameliorated via mis-sense mutation in the primary cell wall-specific gene AtCELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA)3. This mis-sense mutation has been identified based on conferring drug resistance to the cellulose inhibitory herbicide isoxaben. To examine whether it would be possible to introduce mutant CESA alleles via a transgenic approach, we overexpressed a modified version of CESA3, AtCESA3(ixr1-2) derived from Arabidopsis thaliana L. Heynh into a different plant family, the Solanceae dicotyledon tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. variety Samsun NN). Specifically, a chimeric gene construct of CESA3(ixr1-2) , codon optimized for tobacco, was placed between the heterologous M24 promoter and the rbcSE9 gene terminator. The results demonstrated that the tobacco plants expressing M24-CESA3(ixr1-2) displayed isoxaben resistance, consistent with functionality of the mutated AtCESA3(ixr1-2) in tobacco. Secondly, during enzymatic saccharification, transgenic leaf- and stem-derived cellulose is 54%-66% and 40%-51% more efficient, respectively, compared to the wild type, illustrating translational potential of modified CESA loci. Moreover, the introduction of M24-AtCESA3(ixr1-2) caused aberrant spatial distribution of lignified secondary cell wall tissue and a reduction in the zone occupied by parenchyma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipak K Sahoo
- KTRDC, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Creux NM, Bossinger G, Myburg AA, Spokevicius AV. Induced somatic sector analysis of cellulose synthase (CesA) promoter regions in woody stem tissues. PLANTA 2013; 237:799-812. [PMID: 23132521 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The increasing focus on plantation forestry as a renewable source of cellulosic biomass has emphasized the need for tools to study the unique biology of woody genera such as Eucalyptus, Populus and Pinus. The domestication of these woody crops is hampered by long generation times, and breeders are now looking to molecular approaches such as marker-assisted breeding and genetic modification to accelerate tree improvement. Much of what is known about genes involved in the growth and development of plants has come from studies of herbaceous models such as Arabidopsis and rice. However, transferring this information to woody plants often proves difficult, especially for genes expressed in woody stems. Here we report the use of induced somatic sector analysis (ISSA) for characterization of promoter expression patterns directly in the stems of Populus and Eucalyptus trees. As a case study, we used previously characterized primary and secondary cell wall-related cellulose synthase (CesA) promoters cloned from Eucalyptus grandis. We show that ISSA can be used to elucidate the phloem and xylem expression patterns of the CesA genes in Eucalyptus and Populus stems and also show that the staining patterns differ in Eucalyptus and Populus stems. These findings show that ISSA is an efficient approach to investigate promoter function in the developmental context of woody plant tissues and raise questions about the suitability of heterologous promoters for genetic manipulation in plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicky M Creux
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|