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Borysiuk K, Ostaszewska-Bugajska M, Vaultier MN, Hasenfratz-Sauder MP, Szal B. Enhanced Formation of Methylglyoxal-Derived Advanced Glycation End Products in Arabidopsis Under Ammonium Nutrition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:667. [PMID: 29881392 PMCID: PMC5976750 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) are prevalent nitrogen (N) sources for plants. Although NH4+ should be the preferred form of N from the energetic point of view, ammonium nutrition often exhibits adverse effects on plant physiological functions and induces an important growth-limiting stress referred as ammonium syndrome. The effective incorporation of NH4+ into amino acid structures requires high activity of the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle and the glycolytic pathway. An unavoidable consequence of glycolytic metabolism is the production of methylglyoxal (MG), which is very toxic and inhibits cell growth in all types of organisms. Here, we aimed to investigate MG metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown on NH4+ as a sole N source. We found that changes in activities of glycolytic enzymes enhanced MG production and that markedly elevated MG levels superseded the detoxification capability of the glyoxalase pathway. Consequently, the excessive accumulation of MG was directly involved in the induction of dicarbonyl stress by introducing MG-derived advanced glycation end products (MAGEs) to proteins. The severe damage to proteins was not within the repair capacity of proteolytic enzymes. Collectively, our results suggest the impact of MG (mediated by MAGEs formation in proteins) in the contribution to NH4+ toxicity symptoms in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Borysiuk
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Ostaszewska-Bugajska
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Monika Ostaszewska-Bugajska, Bożena Szal,
| | - Marie-Noëlle Vaultier
- UMR 1137, INRA, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | | | - Bożena Szal
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Monika Ostaszewska-Bugajska, Bożena Szal,
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Hossain MA, Li ZG, Hoque TS, Burritt DJ, Fujita M, Munné-Bosch S. Heat or cold priming-induced cross-tolerance to abiotic stresses in plants: key regulators and possible mechanisms. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:399-412. [PMID: 28776104 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants growing under field conditions are constantly exposed, either simultaneously or sequentially, to more than one abiotic stress factor. Plants have evolved sophisticated sensory systems to perceive a number of stress signals that allow them to activate the most adequate response to grow and survive in a given environment. Recently, cross-stress tolerance (i.e. tolerance to a second, strong stress after a different type of mild primary stress) has gained attention as a potential means of producing stress-resistant crops to aid with global food security. Heat or cold priming-induced cross-tolerance is very common in plants and often results from the synergistic co-activation of multiple stress signalling pathways, which involve reactive nitrogen species (RNS), reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive carbonyl species (RCS), plant hormones and transcription factors. Recent studies have shown that the signalling functions of ROS, RNS and RCS, most particularly hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide (NO) and methylglyoxal (MG), provide resistance to abiotic stresses and underpin cross-stress tolerance in plants by modulating the expression of genes as well as the post-translational modification of proteins. The current review highlights the key regulators and mechanisms underlying heat or cold priming-induced cross-stress tolerance in plants, with a focus on ROS, MG and NO signalling, as well as on the role of antioxidant and glyoxalase systems, osmolytes, heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and hormones. Our aim is also to provide a comprehensive idea on the topic for researchers using heat or cold priming-induced cross-tolerance as a mechanism to improve crop yields under multiple abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Anwar Hossain
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Zhong-Guang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Tahsina Sharmin Hoque
- Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - David J Burritt
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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53
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An B, Lan J, Deng X, Chen S, Ouyang C, Shi H, Yang J, Li Y. Silencing of D-Lactate Dehydrogenase Impedes Glyoxalase System and Leads to Methylglyoxal Accumulation and Growth Inhibition in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2071. [PMID: 29259615 PMCID: PMC5723347 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
D-Lactate is oxidized by two classes of D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH), namely, NAD-dependent and NAD-independent D-LDHs. Little is known about the characteristics and biological functions of D-LDHs in rice. In this study, a functional NAD-independent D-LDH (LOC_Os07g06890) was identified in rice, as a result of alternative splicing events. Characterization of the expression profile, subcellular localization, and enzymatic properties of the functional OsD-LDH revealed that it is a mitochondrial cytochrome-c-dependent D-LDH with high affinity and catalytic efficiency. Functional analysis of OsD-LDH RNAi transgenic rice demonstrated that OsD-LDH participates in methylglyoxal metabolism by affecting the activity of the glyoxalase system and aldo-keto reductases. Under methylglyoxal treatment, silencing of OsD-LDH in rice resulted in the accumulation of methylglyoxal and D-lactate, the decrease of reduced glutathione in leaves, and ultimately severe growth inhibition. Moreover, the detached leaves of OsD-LDH RNAi plants were more sensitive to salt stress. However, the silencing of OsD-LDH did not affect the growth under photorespiration conditions. Our results provide new insights into the role of NAD-independent D-LDHs in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoguang An
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice, Ministry of Agriculture, The Yangtze River Valley Hybrid Rice Collaboration Innovation Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Jie Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice, Ministry of Agriculture, The Yangtze River Valley Hybrid Rice Collaboration Innovation Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice, Ministry of Agriculture, The Yangtze River Valley Hybrid Rice Collaboration Innovation Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Silan Chen
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Chao Ouyang
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Huiyun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice, Ministry of Agriculture, The Yangtze River Valley Hybrid Rice Collaboration Innovation Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice, Ministry of Agriculture, The Yangtze River Valley Hybrid Rice Collaboration Innovation Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice, Ministry of Agriculture, The Yangtze River Valley Hybrid Rice Collaboration Innovation Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Jain M, Munoz-Bodnar A, Gabriel DW. Concomitant Loss of the Glyoxalase System and Glycolysis Makes the Uncultured Pathogen "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" an Energy Scavenger. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e01670-17. [PMID: 28939611 PMCID: PMC5691416 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01670-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a cytotoxic, nonenzymatic by-product of glycolysis that readily glycates proteins and DNA, resulting in carbonyl stress. Glyoxalase I and II (GloA and GloB) sequentially convert MG into d-lactic acid using glutathione (GSH) as a cofactor. The glyoxalase system is essential for the mitigation of MG-induced carbonyl stress, preventing subsequent cell death, and recycling GSH for maintenance of cellular redox poise. All pathogenic liberibacters identified to date are uncultured, including "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus," a psyllid endosymbiont and causal agent of the severely damaging citrus disease "huanglongbing." In silico analysis revealed the absence of gloA in "Ca Liberibacter asiaticus" and all other pathogenic liberibacters. Both gloA and gloB are present in Liberibacter crescens, the only liberibacter that has been cultured. L. crescens GloA was functional in a heterologous host. Marker interruption of gloA in L. crescens appeared to be lethal. Key glycolytic enzymes were either missing or significantly downregulated in "Ca Liberibacter asiaticus" compared to (cultured) L. crescens Marker interruption of sut, a sucrose transporter gene in L. crescens, decreased its ability to take up exogenously supplied sucrose in culture. "Ca Liberibacter asiaticus" lacks a homologous sugar transporter but has a functional ATP/ADP translocase, enabling it to thrive both in psyllids and in the sugar-rich citrus phloem by (i) avoiding sucrose uptake, (ii) avoiding MG generation via glycolysis, and (iii) directly importing ATP from the host cell. MG detoxification enzymes appear to be predictive of "Candidatus" status for many uncultured pathogenic and environmental bacteria.IMPORTANCE Discovered more than 100 years ago, the glyoxalase system is thought to be present across all domains of life and fundamental to cellular growth and viability. The glyoxalase system protects against carbonyl stress caused by methylglyoxal (MG), a highly reactive, mutagenic and cytotoxic compound that is nonenzymatically formed as a by-product of glycolysis. The uncultured alphaproteobacterium "Ca Liberibacter asiaticus" is a well-adapted endosymbiont of the Asian citrus psyllid, which transmits the severely damaging citrus disease "huanglongbing." "Ca Liberibacter asiaticus" lacks a functional glyoxalase pathway. We report here that the bacterium is able to thrive both in psyllids and in the sugar-rich citrus phloem by (i) avoiding sucrose uptake, (ii) avoiding (significant) MG generation via glycolysis, and (iii) directly importing ATP from the host cell. We hypothesize that failure to culture "Ca Liberibacter asiaticus" is at least partly due to its dependence on host cells for both ATP and MG detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Jain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Dean W Gabriel
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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55
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Wani SH, Dutta T, Neelapu NRR, Surekha C. Transgenic approaches to enhance salt and drought tolerance in plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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56
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Auiyawong B, Narawongsanont R, Tantitadapitak C. Characterization of AKR4C15, a Novel Member of Aldo-Keto Reductase, in Comparison with Other Rice AKR(s). Protein J 2017; 36:257-269. [PMID: 28699078 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-017-9732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stresses often cause a rapid and excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the toxicity of which is further amplified by downstream aldehyde production. Aldo-keto reductase (AKR) is a group of enzymes metabolizing aldehyde/ketone to the corresponding alcohol using NADPH as the cofactor. In this study, OsI_20197 (AKR4C15), a novel member of AKR4 subfamily C, was isolated and biochemically characterized. Kinetic studies on bacterially-expressed recombinant AKR4C15 revealed that the enzyme was capable of metabolizing a wide variety of aldehydes but clearly exhibited a preference for three carbon compounds, i.e. methylglyoxal, malondialdehyde and glyceraldehyde. In comparison with His-tagged proteins of AKR4C9 from Arabidopsis and several other rice AKR(s): OsI_04426, OsI_04428, OsI_04429, and OsI_15387, AKR4C15 was the one capable of most efficiently metabolizing MDA and had the highest value of catalytic efficiency, which was higher than the value of AKR4C9, approximately, by 30-fold; while its capability of metabolizing MG was on par with AKR4C9, OsI_04426 and OsI_04428 (AKR4C14); and was considerably higher than the activity of OsI_04429 and OsI_15387. In vivo research on transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings ectopically-expressing AKR4C15 showed that the levels of both MDA and MG were also significantly lower than the levels in wild-type seedlings under both normal and stress conditions, emphasizing the role of AKR4C15 in MG and MDA metabolism. In conclusion, AKR4C15, together with OsI_04426 and AKR4C14, may play protective roles against small reactive aldehydes and medium-chain aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budsakorn Auiyawong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Rawint Narawongsanont
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
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57
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Sankaranarayanan S, Jamshed M, Kumar A, Skori L, Scandola S, Wang T, Spiegel D, Samuel MA. Glyoxalase Goes Green: The Expanding Roles of Glyoxalase in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040898. [PMID: 28441779 PMCID: PMC5412477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous glyoxalase enzymatic pathway is involved in the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG), a cytotoxic byproduct of glycolysis. The glyoxalase system has been more extensively studied in animals versus plants. Plant glyoxalases have been primarily associated with stress responses and their overexpression is known to impart tolerance to various abiotic stresses. In plants, glyoxalases exist as multigene families, and new roles for glyoxalases in various developmental and signaling pathways have started to emerge. Glyoxalase-based MG detoxification has now been shown to be important for pollination responses. During self-incompatibility response in Brassicaceae, MG is required to target compatibility factors for proteasomal degradation, while accumulation of glyoxalase leads to MG detoxification and efficient pollination. In this review, we discuss the importance of glyoxalase systems and their emerging biological roles in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Muhammad Jamshed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Abhinandan Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Logan Skori
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Sabine Scandola
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Tina Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - David Spiegel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Marcus A Samuel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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58
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Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Anee TI, Fujita M. Glutathione in plants: biosynthesis and physiological role in environmental stress tolerance. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 23:249-268. [PMID: 28461715 PMCID: PMC5391355 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-017-0422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH; γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine) is a small intracellular thiol molecule which is considered as a strong non-enzymatic antioxidant. Glutathione regulates multiple metabolic functions; for example, it protects membranes by maintaining the reduced state of both α-tocopherol and zeaxanthin, it prevents the oxidative denaturation of proteins under stress conditions by protecting their thiol groups, and it serves as a substrate for both glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase. By acting as a precursor of phytochelatins, GSH helps in the chelating of toxic metals/metalloids which are then transported and sequestered in the vacuole. The glyoxalase pathway (consisting of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II enzymes) for detoxification of methylglyoxal, a cytotoxic molecule, also requires GSH in the first reaction step. For these reasons, much attention has recently been directed to elucidation of the role of this molecule in conferring tolerance to abiotic stress. Recently, this molecule has drawn much attention because of its interaction with other signaling molecules and phytohormones. In this review, we have discussed the recent progress in GSH biosynthesis, metabolism and its role in abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207 Bangladesh
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795 Japan
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207 Bangladesh
| | - Taufika Islam Anee
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207 Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795 Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795 Japan
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59
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Kaur C, Sharma S, Hasan MR, Pareek A, Singla-Pareek SL, Sopory SK. Characteristic Variations and Similarities in Biochemical, Molecular, and Functional Properties of Glyoxalases across Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040250. [PMID: 28358304 PMCID: PMC5412262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The glyoxalase system is the ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG) in the biological systems. It comprises two enzymes, glyoxalase I (GLYI) and glyoxalase II (GLYII), which act sequentially to convert MG into d-lactate, thereby helping living systems get rid of this otherwise cytotoxic byproduct of metabolism. In addition, a glutathione-independent GLYIII enzyme activity also exists in the biological systems that can directly convert MG to d-lactate. Humans and Escherichia coli possess a single copy of GLYI (encoding either the Ni- or Zn-dependent form) and GLYII genes, which through MG detoxification provide protection against various pathological and disease conditions. By contrast, the plant genome possesses multiple GLYI and GLYII genes with a role in abiotic stress tolerance. Plants possess both Ni2+- and Zn2+-dependent forms of GLYI, and studies on plant glyoxalases reveal the various unique features of these enzymes distinguishing them from prokaryotic and other eukaryotic glyoxalases. Through this review, we provide an overview of the plant glyoxalase family along with a comparative analysis of glyoxalases across various species, highlighting similarities as well as differences in the biochemical, molecular, and physiological properties of these enzymes. We believe that the evolution of multiple glyoxalases isoforms in plants is an important component of their robust defense strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charanpreet Kaur
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Mohammad Rokebul Hasan
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Sneh L Singla-Pareek
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
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60
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Kaur C, Tripathi AK, Nutan KK, Sharma S, Ghosh A, Tripathi JK, Pareek A, Singla-Pareek SL, Sopory SK. A nuclear-localized rice glyoxalase I enzyme, OsGLYI-8, functions in the detoxification of methylglyoxal in the nucleus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:565-576. [PMID: 27797431 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The cellular levels of methylglyoxal (MG), a toxic byproduct of glycolysis, rise under various abiotic stresses in plants. Detoxification of MG is primarily through the glyoxalase pathway. The first enzyme of the pathway, glyoxalase I (GLYI), is a cytosolic metalloenzyme requiring either Ni2+ or Zn2+ for its activity. Plants possess multiple GLYI genes, of which only some have been partially characterized; hence, the precise molecular mechanism, subcellular localization and physiological relevance of these diverse isoforms remain enigmatic. Here, we report the biochemical properties and physiological role of a putative chloroplast-localized GLYI enzyme, OsGLYI-8, from rice, which is strikingly different from all hitherto studied GLYI enzymes in terms of its intracellular localization, metal dependency and kinetics. In contrast to its predicted localization, OsGLYI-8 was found to localize in the nucleus along with its substrate, MG. Further, OsGLYI-8 does not show a strict requirement for metal ions for its activity, is functional as a dimer and exhibits unusual biphasic steady-state kinetics with a low-affinity and a high-affinity substrate-binding component. Loss of AtGLYI-2, the closest Arabidopsis ortholog of OsGLYI-8, results in severe germination defects in the presence of MG and growth retardation under salinity stress conditions. These defects were rescued upon complementation with AtGLYI-2 or OsGLYI-8. Our findings thus provide evidence for the presence of a GLYI enzyme and MG detoxification in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charanpreet Kaur
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Amit K Tripathi
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kamlesh K Nutan
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ajit Ghosh
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jayant K Tripathi
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sneh L Singla-Pareek
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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61
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Hoque TS, Uraji M, Hoque MA, Nakamura Y, Murata Y. Methylglyoxal induces inhibition of growth, accumulation of anthocyanin, and activation of glyoxalase I and II in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tahsina Sharmin Hoque
- Department of Soil Science; Bangladesh Agricultural University; Mymensingh 2202 Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Okayama University; Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Misugi Uraji
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Okayama University; Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Md. Anamul Hoque
- Department of Soil Science; Bangladesh Agricultural University; Mymensingh 2202 Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science; Okayama University; Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science; Okayama University; Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science; Okayama University; Okayama 700-8530 Japan
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62
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Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Hossain MS, Mahmud JA, Rahman A, Inafuku M, Oku H, Fujita M. Coordinated Actions of Glyoxalase and Antioxidant Defense Systems in Conferring Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010200. [PMID: 28117669 PMCID: PMC5297830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Being sessile organisms, plants are frequently exposed to various environmental stresses that cause several physiological disorders and even death. Oxidative stress is one of the common consequences of abiotic stress in plants, which is caused by excess generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sometimes ROS production exceeds the capacity of antioxidant defense systems, which leads to oxidative stress. In line with ROS, plants also produce a high amount of methylglyoxal (MG), which is an α-oxoaldehyde compound, highly reactive, cytotoxic, and produced via different enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. This MG can impair cells or cell components and can even destroy DNA or cause mutation. Under stress conditions, MG concentration in plants can be increased 2- to 6-fold compared with normal conditions depending on the plant species. However, plants have a system developed to detoxify this MG consisting of two major enzymes: glyoxalase I (Gly I) and glyoxalase II (Gly II), and hence known as the glyoxalase system. Recently, a novel glyoxalase enzyme, named glyoxalase III (Gly III), has been detected in plants, providing a shorter pathway for MG detoxification, which is also a signpost in the research of abiotic stress tolerance. Glutathione (GSH) acts as a co-factor for this system. Therefore, this system not only detoxifies MG but also plays a role in maintaining GSH homeostasis and subsequent ROS detoxification. Upregulation of both Gly I and Gly II as well as their overexpression in plant species showed enhanced tolerance to various abiotic stresses including salinity, drought, metal toxicity, and extreme temperature. In the past few decades, a considerable amount of reports have indicated that both antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems have strong interactions in conferring abiotic stress tolerance in plants through the detoxification of ROS and MG. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms of these interactions and the coordinated action of these systems towards stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Molecular Biotechnology Group, Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
| | - Md Shahadat Hossain
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
| | - Jubayer Al Mahmud
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
- Department of Agroforestry and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
| | - Masashi Inafuku
- Molecular Biotechnology Group, Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
| | - Hirosuke Oku
- Molecular Biotechnology Group, Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
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Ghosh A. Genome-Wide Identification of Glyoxalase Genes in Medicago truncatula and Their Expression Profiling in Response to Various Developmental and Environmental Stimuli. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:836. [PMID: 28620395 PMCID: PMC5452422 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxalase is an evolutionary highly conserved pathway present in all organisms. Conventional glyoxalase pathway has two enzymes, glyoxalase I (GLYI) and glyoxalase II (GLYII) that act sequentially to detoxify a highly cytotoxic compound methylglyoxal (MG) to D-lactate with the help of reduced glutathione. Recently, proteins with DJ-1/PfpI domain have been reported to perform the same conversion in a single step without the help of any cofactor and thus termed as "unique glyoxalase III" enzyme. Genome-wide analysis of glyoxalase genes have been previously conducted in Arabidopsis, rice and Soybean plants, but no such study was performed for one of the agricultural important model legume species, Medicago truncatula. A comprehensive genome-wide analysis of Medicago identified a total of putative 29 GLYI, 14 GLYII genes, and 5 glyoxalase III (DJ-1) genes. All these identified genes and their corresponding proteins were analyzed in detail including their chromosomal distribution, gene duplication, phylogenetic relationship, and the presence of conserved domain(s). Expression of all these genes was analyzed in different tissues as well as under two devastating abiotic stresses- salinity and drought using publicly available transcript data. This study revealed that MtGLYI-4, MtGLYII-6, and MtDJ-1A are the constitutive members with a high level of expression at all 17 analyzed tissues; while MtGLYI-1, MtGLYI-11, MtGLYI-5, MtGLYI-7, and MtGLYII-13 showed tissue-specific expression. Moreover, most of the genes displayed similar pattern of expression in response to both salinity and drought stress, irrespective of stress duration and tissue type. MtGLYI-8, MtGLYI-11, MtGLYI-6, MtGLYI-16, MtGLYI-21, and MtGLYII-9 showed up-regulation, while MtGLYI-17 and MtGLYI-7/9 showed down-regulation in response to both stresses. Interestingly, MtGLYI-14/15 showed completely opposite pattern of expression in these two stresses. This study provides an initial basis about the physiological significance of glyoxalase genes in plant development and stress response of Medicago that could be explored further.
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Zeng Z, Xiong F, Yu X, Gong X, Luo J, Jiang Y, Kuang H, Gao B, Niu X, Liu Y. Overexpression of a glyoxalase gene, OsGly I, improves abiotic stress tolerance and grain yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:62-71. [PMID: 27639962 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxalase I (Gly I) is a component of the glyoxalase system which is involved in the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a byproduct of glycolysis. In the present study, a gene of rice (Oryza sativa L., cv. Nipponbare) encoding Gly I was cloned and characterized. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that rice Gly I (OsGly I) was ubiquitously expressed in root, stem, leaf, leaf sheath and spikelet with varying abundance. OsGly I was markedly upregulated in response to NaCl, ZnCl2 and mannitol in rice seedlings. For further functional investigation, OsGly I was overexpressed in rice using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic rice lines exhibited increased glyoxalase enzyme activity, decreased methylglyoxal level and improved tolerance to NaCl, ZnCl2 and mannitol compared to wild-type plants. Enhancement of stress tolerance in transgenic lines was associated with reduction of malondialdehyde content which was derived from cellular lipid peroxidation. In addition, the OsGly I-overexpression transgenic plants performed higher seed setting rate and yield. Collectively, these results indicate the potential of bioengineering the Gly I gene in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Zeng
- College of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Fangjie Xiong
- College of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- College of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xiaoping Gong
- College of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Juntao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Luzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Yudong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Luzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Haochi Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Luzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Bijun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Luzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Xiangli Niu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- College of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Pan Y, Pan Y, Zhai J, Xiong Y, Li J, Du X, Su C, Zhang X. Cucumber Metallothionein-Like 2 (CsMTL2) Exhibits Metal-Binding Properties. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:E106. [PMID: 27916887 PMCID: PMC5192482 DOI: 10.3390/genes7120106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified a novel member of the metallothionein (MT) family, Cucumis sativus metallothionein-like 2 (CsMTL2), by screening a young cucumber fruit complementary DNA (cDNA) library. The CsMTL2 encodes a putative 77-amino acid Class II MT protein that contains two cysteine (Cys)-rich domains separated by a Cys-free spacer region. We found that CsMTL2 expression was regulated by metal stress and was specifically induced by Cd2+ treatment. We investigated the metal-binding characteristics of CsMTL2 and its possible role in the homeostasis and/or detoxification of metals by heterologous overexpression in Escherichia coli cells. Furthermore, we produced a deletion mutant form of the protein, CsMTL2m, that contained the two Cys-rich clusters but lacked the spacer region, in E. coli. We compared the metal-binding properties of CsMTL2 with those of CsMTL2m, the β domain of human metallothionein-like protein 1 (HsMTXb), and phytochelatin-like (PCL) heterologously expressed in E. coli using metal-binding assays. We found that E. coli cells expressing CsMTL2 accumulated the highest levels of Zn2+ and Cd2+ of the four transformed cell types, with levels being significantly higher than those of control cells containing empty vector. E. coli cells expressing CsMTL2 had a higher tolerance for cadmium than for zinc ions. These findings show that CsMTL2 improves metal tolerance when heterologously expressed in E. coli. Future studies should examine whether CsMTL2 improves metal tolerance in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yanglu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Junpeng Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Qijiang District Bureau of Forestry, Chongqing 401420, China.
| | - Yan Xiong
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China.
| | - Jinhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Xiaobing Du
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Chenggang Su
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Xingguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Persson DP, de Bang TC, Pedas PR, Kutman UB, Cakmak I, Andersen B, Finnie C, Schjoerring JK, Husted S. Molecular speciation and tissue compartmentation of zinc in durum wheat grains with contrasting nutritional status. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1255-65. [PMID: 27159614 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Low concentration of zinc (Zn) in the endosperm of cereals is a major factor contributing to Zn deficiency in human populations. We have investigated how combined Zn and nitrogen (N) fertilization affects the speciation and localization of Zn in durum wheat (Triticum durum). Zn-binding proteins were analysed with liquid chromatography ICP-MS and Orbitrap MS(2) , respectively. Laser ablation ICP-MS with simultaneous Zn, sulphur (S) and phosphorus (P) detection was used for bioimaging of Zn and its potential ligands. Increasing the Zn and N supply had a major impact on the Zn concentration in the endosperm, reaching concentrations higher than current breeding targets. The S concentration also increased, but S was only partly co-localized with Zn. The mutual Zn and S enrichment was reflected in substantially more Zn bound to small cysteine-rich proteins (apparent size 10-30 kDa), whereas the response of larger proteins (apparent size > 50 kDa) was only modest. Most of the Zn-responsive proteins were associated with redox- and stress-related processes. This study offers a methodological platform to deepen the understanding of processes behind endosperm Zn enrichment. Novel information is provided on how the localization and speciation of Zn is modified during Zn biofortification of grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pergament Persson
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Thomas C de Bang
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Pai R Pedas
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Umit Baris Kutman
- Faculty of Engineering & Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul, TR-34956, Turkey
| | - Ismail Cakmak
- Faculty of Engineering & Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul, TR-34956, Turkey
| | - Birgit Andersen
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Christine Finnie
- Agricultural and Environmental Proteomics, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 301, Søltofts plads, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Jan K Schjoerring
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Søren Husted
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871, Denmark
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Arabidopsis thaliana Contains Both Ni2+ and Zn2+ Dependent Glyoxalase I Enzymes and Ectopic Expression of the Latter Contributes More towards Abiotic Stress Tolerance in E. coli. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159348. [PMID: 27415831 PMCID: PMC4945007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The glyoxalase pathway is ubiquitously found in all the organisms ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. It acts as a major pathway for detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG), which deleteriously affects the biological system in stress conditions. The first important enzyme of this system is Glyoxalase I (GLYI). It is a metalloenzyme which requires divalent metal ions for its activity. This divalent metal ion can be either Zn2+ as found in most of eukaryotes or Ni2+ as seen in prokaryotes. In the present study, we have found three active GLYI enzymes (AtGLYI2, AtGLYI3 and AtGLYI6) belonging to different metal activation classes coexisting in Arabidopsis thaliana. These enzymes have been found to efficiently complement the GLYI yeast mutants. These three enzymes have been characterized in terms of their activity, metal dependency, kinetic parameters and their role in conferring tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses in E. coli and yeast. AtGLYI2 was found to be Zn2+ dependent whereas AtGLYI3 and AtGLYI6 were Ni2+ dependent. Enzyme activity of Zn2+ dependent enzyme, AtGLYI2, was observed to be exceptionally high (~250–670 fold) as compared to Ni2+ dependent enzymes, AtGLYI3 and AtGLYI6. The activity of these GLYI enzymes correlated well to their role in stress tolerance. Heterologous expression of these enzymes in E. coli led to better tolerance against various stress conditions. This is the first report of a higher eukaryotic species having multiple active GLYI enzymes belonging to different metal activation classes.
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Jinadasa N, Collins D, Holford P, Milham PJ, Conroy JP. Reactions to cadmium stress in a cadmium-tolerant variety of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.): is cadmium tolerance necessarily desirable in food crops? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:5296-5306. [PMID: 26564184 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a cumulative, chronic toxicant in humans for which the main exposure pathway is via plant foods. Cadmium-tolerant plants may be used to create healthier food products, provided that the tolerance is associated with the exclusion of Cd from the edible portion of the plant. An earlier study identified the cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) variety, Pluto, as relatively Cd tolerant. We exposed the roots of intact, 4-week-old seedlings of Pluto to Cd (control ∼1 mg L(-1) treatment 500 μg L(-1)) for 4 weeks in flowing nutrient solutions and observed plant responses. Exposure began when leaf 3 started to emerge, plants were harvested after 4 weeks of Cd exposure and the high Cd treatment affected all measured parameters. The elongation rate of leaves 4-8, but not the duration of elongation was reduced; consequently, individual leaf area was also reduced (P < 0.001) and total leaf area and dry weight were approximately halved. A/C i curves immediately before harvest showed that Cd depressed the photosynthetic capacity of the last fully expanded leaf (leaf 5). Despite such large impairments of the source and sink capacities, specific leaf weight and the partitioning of photosynthate between roots, stems and leaves were unaffected (P > 0.1). Phytochelatins (PCs) and glutathione (GSH) were present in the roots even at the lowest Cd concentration in the nutrient medium, i.e. ∼1 μg Cd L(-1), which would not be considered contaminated if it were a soil solution. The Cd concentration in these roots was unexpectedly high (5 mg kg(-1) DW) and the molar ratio of -SH (in PCs plus GSH) to Cd was large (>100:1). In these control plants, the Cd concentration in the leaves was 1.1 mg kg(-1) DW, and PCs were undetectable. For the high Cd treatment, the concentration of Cd in roots exceeded 680 mg kg(-1) DW and the molar -SH to Cd ratio fell to ∼1.5:1. For these plants, Cd flooded into the leaves (107 mg kg(-1) DW) where it probably induced synthesis of PCs, and the molar -SH to Cd ratio was ∼3:1. Nonetheless, this was insufficient to sequester all the Cd, as evidenced by the toxic effects on photosynthesis and growth noted above. Lastly, Cd accumulation in the leaves was associated with lowered concentrations of some trace elements, such as Zn, a combination of traits that is highly undesirable in food plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Jinadasa
- Western Sydney University, School of Science and Health, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia
| | - Damian Collins
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Institute, PO Box 20, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Paul Holford
- Western Sydney University, School of Science and Health, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia.
| | - Paul J Milham
- Western Sydney University, School of Science and Health, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia
| | - Jann P Conroy
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia
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Hoque TS, Hossain MA, Mostofa MG, Burritt DJ, Fujita M, Tran LSP. Methylglyoxal: An Emerging Signaling Molecule in Plant Abiotic Stress Responses and Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1341. [PMID: 27679640 PMCID: PMC5020096 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The oxygenated short aldehyde methylglyoxal (MG) is produced in plants as a by-product of a number of metabolic reactions, including elimination of phosphate groups from glycolysis intermediates dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. MG is mostly detoxified by the combined actions of the enzymes glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II that together with glutathione make up the glyoxalase system. Under normal growth conditions, basal levels of MG remain low in plants; however, when plants are exposed to abiotic stress, MG can accumulate to much higher levels. Stress-induced MG functions as a toxic molecule, inhibiting different developmental processes, including seed germination, photosynthesis and root growth, whereas MG, at low levels, acts as an important signaling molecule, involved in regulating diverse events, such as cell proliferation and survival, control of the redox status of cells, and many other aspects of general metabolism and cellular homeostases. MG can modulate plant stress responses by regulating stomatal opening and closure, the production of reactive oxygen species, cytosolic calcium ion concentrations, the activation of inward rectifying potassium channels and the expression of many stress-responsive genes. MG appears to play important roles in signal transduction by transmitting and amplifying cellular signals and functions that promote adaptation of plants growing under adverse environmental conditions. Thus, MG is now considered as a potential biochemical marker for plant abiotic stress tolerance, and is receiving considerable attention by the scientific community. In this review, we will summarize recent findings regarding MG metabolism in plants under abiotic stress, and evaluate the concept of MG signaling. In addition, we will demonstrate the importance of giving consideration to MG metabolism and the glyoxalase system, when investigating plant adaptation and responses to various environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahsina S. Hoque
- Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad A. Hossain
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad G. Mostofa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGazipur, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Mohammad G. Mostofa, Lam-Son P. Tran, ;
| | | | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa UniversityKagawa, Japan
| | - Lam-Son P. Tran
- Plant Abiotic Stress Research Group & Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang UniversityHo Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Mohammad G. Mostofa, Lam-Son P. Tran, ;
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Naconsie M, Lertpanyasampatha M, Viboonjun U, Netrphan S, Kuwano M, Ogasawara N, Narangajavana J. Cassava root membrane proteome reveals activities during storage root maturation. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:51-65. [PMID: 26547558 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the most important crops of Thailand. Its storage roots are used as food, feed, starch production, and be the important source for biofuel and biodegradable plastic production. Despite the importance of cassava storage roots, little is known about the mechanisms involved in their formation. This present study has focused on comparison of the expression profiles of cassava root proteome at various developmental stages using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and LC-MS/MS. Based on an anatomical study using Toluidine Blue, the secondary growth was confirmed to be essential during the development of cassava storage root. To investigate biochemical processes occurring during storage root maturation, soluble and membrane proteins were isolated from storage roots harvested from 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month-old cassava plants. The proteins with differential expression pattern were analysed and identified to be associated with 8 functional groups: protein folding and degradation, energy, metabolism, secondary metabolism, stress response, transport facilitation, cytoskeleton, and unclassified function. The expression profiling of membrane proteins revealed the proteins involved in protein folding and degradation, energy, and cell structure were highly expressed during early stages of development. Integration of these data along with the information available in genome and transcriptome databases is critical to expand knowledge obtained solely from the field of proteomics. Possible role of identified proteins were discussed in relation with the activities during storage root maturation in cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliwan Naconsie
- Deparment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Rd.,Rajthewee, Phayathai, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Manassawe Lertpanyasampatha
- Deparment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Rd.,Rajthewee, Phayathai, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Unchera Viboonjun
- Deparment of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phayathai, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Supatcharee Netrphan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Rangsit, Pathumthani, 10210, Thailand
| | - Masayoshi Kuwano
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Naotake Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Jarunya Narangajavana
- Deparment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Rd.,Rajthewee, Phayathai, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Yan G, Lv X, Gao G, Li F, Li J, Qiao J, Xu K, Chen B, Wang L, Xiao X, Wu X. Identification and Characterization of a Glyoxalase I Gene in a Rapeseed Cultivar with Seed Thermotolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:150. [PMID: 26909093 PMCID: PMC4754733 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxalase I (GLYI) is a ubiquitous enzyme in all organisms that catalyzes the conversion of the potent cytotoxin methylglyoxal to S-D-lactoylglutathione. Although many reports suggest the importance of GLYI in the plant response to stress, its function in seeds requires further study. Here, we identified a heat-induced GLYI from Brassica napus seeds, BnGLYI, using a comparative proteomics approach. Two-dimensional gel analyses revealed that BnGLYI protein expression upon heat treatment was significantly elevated in thermotolerant seeds but was diminished in heat-sensitive seeds. The BnGLYI-2 and BnGLYI-3 genes from the heat-sensitive and thermotolerant cultivars, respectively, were characterized, and analyzed. Only two amino acid residue variations were found between the amino acid sequences of the two genes. Moreover, overexpressing BnGLYI-3 in yeast cells enhanced tolerance to heat and cold stress and significantly increased GLYI activity compared to overexpressing BnGLYI-2. In addition, BnGLYI-3 transformants showed enhanced superoxide dismutase activities under heat and cold treatment, whereas these activities were diminished for BnGLYI-2 transformants. Taken together, these results indicate that overexpression of the BnGLYI-3 gene imparts thermotolerance and cold tolerance in yeast and that the variations in BnGLYI-3 may play an important role in the responses to temperature stresses.
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Kuppusamy S, Palanisami T, Megharaj M, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R. In-Situ Remediation Approaches for the Management of Contaminated Sites: A Comprehensive Overview. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 236:1-115. [PMID: 26423073 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20013-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Though several in-situ treatment methods exist to remediate polluted sites, selecting an appropriate site-specific remediation technology is challenging and is critical for successful clean up of polluted sites. Hence, a comprehensive overview of all the available remediation technologies to date is necessary to choose the right technology for an anticipated pollutant. This review has critically evaluated the (i) technological profile of existing in-situ remediation approaches for priority and emerging pollutants, (ii) recent innovative technologies for on-site pollutant remediation, and (iii) current challenges as well as future prospects for developing innovative approaches to enhance the efficacy of remediation at contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Kuppusamy
- CERAR-Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
- CRC CARE-Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, 486, Salisbury South, SA, 5106, Australia
| | - Thavamani Palanisami
- CRC CARE-Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, 486, Salisbury South, SA, 5106, Australia
- GIER- Global Institute for Environmental Research, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- CRC CARE-Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, 486, Salisbury South, SA, 5106, Australia.
- GIER- Global Institute for Environmental Research, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515055, India
| | - Ravi Naidu
- CRC CARE-Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, 486, Salisbury South, SA, 5106, Australia
- GIER- Global Institute for Environmental Research, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Petrova A, Smith CM. Application of Brown Planthopper Salivary Gland Extract to Rice Plants Induces Systemic Host mRNA Patterns Associated with Nutrient Remobilization. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141769. [PMID: 26641488 PMCID: PMC4671554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect saliva plays an important role in modulation of plant-insect interactions. Although this area of research has generated much attention in recent years, mechanisms of how saliva affects plant responses remain poorly understood. To address this void, the present study investigated the impact of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, Stål; hereafter BPH) salivary gland extract (SGE) on rice (Oryza sativa) systemic responses at the mRNA level. Differentially expressed rice mRNAs were generated through suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and classified into six functional groups. Those with the most representatives were from the primary metabolism (28%), signaling-defense (22%) and transcription-translation-regulation group (16%). To validate SSH library results, six genes were further analyzed by One-Step Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-PCR. Five of these genes exhibited up-regulation levels of more than 150% of those in the control group in at least one post-application time point. Results of this study allow assignment of at least two putative roles of BPH saliva: First, application of SGE induces immediate systemic responses at the mRNA level, suggesting that altering of the rice transcriptome at sites distant to hoppers feeding locations may play an important role in BPH-rice interactions. Second, 58% of SGE-responsive up-regulated genes have a secondary function associated with senescence, a process characterized by remobilization of nutrients. This suggests that BPH salivary secretions may reprogram the rice transcriptome for nutritional enhancement. When these findings are translated onto 'whole plant' scale, they indicate that BPH saliva may play the 'wise investment' role of 'minimum input today, maximum output tomorrow'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Petrova
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Charles Michael Smith
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
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Virdi AS, Singh S, Singh P. Abiotic stress responses in plants: roles of calmodulin-regulated proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:809. [PMID: 26528296 PMCID: PMC4604306 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular changes in calcium ions (Ca(2+)) in response to different biotic and abiotic stimuli are detected by various sensor proteins in the plant cell. Calmodulin (CaM) is one of the most extensively studied Ca(2+)-sensing proteins and has been shown to be involved in transduction of Ca(2+) signals. After interacting with Ca(2+), CaM undergoes conformational change and influences the activities of a diverse range of CaM-binding proteins. A number of CaM-binding proteins have also been implicated in stress responses in plants, highlighting the central role played by CaM in adaptation to adverse environmental conditions. Stress adaptation in plants is a highly complex and multigenic response. Identification and characterization of CaM-modulated proteins in relation to different abiotic stresses could, therefore, prove to be essential for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Various studies have revealed involvement of CaM in regulation of metal ions uptake, generation of reactive oxygen species and modulation of transcription factors such as CAMTA3, GTL1, and WRKY39. Activities of several kinases and phosphatases have also been shown to be modulated by CaM, thus providing further versatility to stress-associated signal transduction pathways. The results obtained from contemporary studies are consistent with the proposed role of CaM as an integrator of different stress signaling pathways, which allows plants to maintain homeostasis between different cellular processes. In this review, we have attempted to present the current state of understanding of the role of CaM in modulating different stress-regulated proteins and its implications in augmenting abiotic stress tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amardeep S. Virdi
- Texture Analysis Laboratory, Department of Food Science & Technology, Guru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsar, India
| | - Supreet Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsar, India
| | - Prabhjeet Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsar, India
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76
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Nahar K, Hasanuzzaman M, Alam MM, Fujita M. Glutathione-induced drought stress tolerance in mung bean: coordinated roles of the antioxidant defence and methylglyoxal detoxification systems. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv069. [PMID: 26134121 PMCID: PMC4526754 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Drought is considered one of the most acute environmental stresses presently affecting agriculture. We studied the role of exogenous glutathione (GSH) in conferring drought stress tolerance in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. cv. Binamoog-1) seedlings by examining the antioxidant defence and methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification systems and physiological features. Six-day-old seedlings were exposed to drought stress (-0.7 MPa), induced by polyethylene glycol alone and in combination with GSH (1 mM) for 24 and 48 h. Drought stress decreased seedling dry weight and leaf area; resulted in oxidative stress as evidenced by histochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and [Formula: see text] in the leaves; increased lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), reactive oxygen species like H2O2 content and [Formula: see text] generation rate and lipoxygenase activity; and increased the MG level. Drought decreased leaf succulence, leaf chlorophyll and relative water content (RWC); increased proline (Pro); decreased ascorbate (AsA); increased endogenous GSH and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) content; decreased the GSH/GSSG ratio; increased ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activities; and decreased the activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and catalase. The activities of glyoxalase I (Gly I) and glyoxalase II (Gly II) increased due to drought stress. In contrast to drought stress alone, exogenous GSH enhanced most of the components of the antioxidant and glyoxalase systems in drought-affected mung bean seedlings at 24 h, but GSH did not significantly affect AsA, Pro, RWC, leaf succulence and the activities of Gly I and DHAR after 48 h of stress. Thus, exogenous GSH supplementation with drought significantly enhanced the antioxidant components and successively reduced oxidative damage, and GSH up-regulated the glyoxalase system and reduced MG toxicity, which played a significant role in improving the physiological features and drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrun Nahar
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mahabub Alam
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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77
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Mostofa MG, Hossain MA, Fujita M, Tran LSP. Physiological and biochemical mechanisms associated with trehalose-induced copper-stress tolerance in rice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11433. [PMID: 26073760 PMCID: PMC4650698 DOI: 10.1038/srep11433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the possible mechanisms of trehalose (Tre) in improving copper-stress (Cu-stress) tolerance in rice seedlings. Our findings indicated that pretreatment of rice seedlings with Tre enhanced the endogenous Tre level and significantly mitigated the toxic effects of excessive Cu on photosynthesis- and plant growth-related parameters. The improved tolerance induced by Tre could be attributed to its ability to reduce Cu uptake and decrease Cu-induced oxidative damage by lowering the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde in Cu-stressed plants. Tre counteracted the Cu-induced increase in proline and glutathione content, but significantly improved ascorbic acid content and redox status. The activities of major antioxidant enzymes were largely stimulated by Tre pretreatment in rice plants exposed to excessive Cu. Additionally, increased activities of glyoxalases I and II correlated with reduced levels of methylglyoxal in Tre-pretreated Cu-stressed rice plants. These results indicate that modifying the endogenous Tre content by Tre pretreatment improved Cu tolerance in rice plants by inhibiting Cu uptake and regulating the antioxidant and glyoxalase systems, and thereby demonstrated the important role of Tre in mitigating heavy metal toxicity. Our findings provide a solid foundation for developing metal toxicity-tolerant crops by genetic engineering of Tre biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Golam Mostofa
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Anwar Hossain
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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78
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Proteomic Analysis of Immature Fraxinus mandshurica Cotyledon Tissues during Somatic Embryogenesis: Effects of Explant Browning on Somatic Embryogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13692-713. [PMID: 26084048 PMCID: PMC4490518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.) is a valuable hardwood species in Northeast China. In cultures of F. mandshurica, somatic embryos were produced mainly on browned explants. Therefore, we studied the mechanism of explant browning and its relationship with somatic embryogenesis (SE). We used explants derived from F. mandshurica immature zygotic embryo cotyledons as materials. Proteins were extracted from browned embryogenic explants, browned non-embryogenic explants, and non-brown explants, and then separated by 2-dimensional electrophoresis. Differentially and specifically expressed proteins were analyzed by mass spectrometry to identify proteins involved in the browning of explants and SE. Some stress response and defense proteins such as chitinases, peroxidases, aspartic proteinases, and an osmotin-like protein played important roles during SE of F. mandshurica. Our results indicated that explant browning might not be caused by the accumulation and oxidation of polyphenols only, but also by some stress-related processes, which were involved in programmed cell death (PCD), and then induced SE.
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79
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Abstract
The glyoxalase pathway is required for detoxification of cytotoxic metabolite MG (methylglyoxal) that would otherwise increase to lethal concentrations under adverse environmental conditions. Since its discovery 100 years ago, several roles have been assigned to glyoxalases, but, in plants, their involvement in stress response and tolerance is the most widely accepted role. The plant glyoxalases have emerged as multigene family and this expansion is considered to be important from the perspective of maintaining a robust defence machinery in these sessile species. Glyoxalases are known to be differentially regulated under stress conditions and their overexpression in plants confers tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. In the present article, we review the importance of glyoxalases in plants, discussing possible roles with emphasis on involvement of the glyoxalase pathway in plant stress tolerance.
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80
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Kaur C, Kushwaha HR, Mustafiz A, Pareek A, Sopory SK, Singla-Pareek SL. Analysis of global gene expression profile of rice in response to methylglyoxal indicates its possible role as a stress signal molecule. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:682. [PMID: 26388885 PMCID: PMC4558467 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a toxic metabolite produced primarily as a byproduct of glycolysis. Being a potent glycating agent, it can readily bind macromolecules like DNA, RNA, or proteins, modulating their expression and activity. In plants, despite the known inhibitory effects of MG on growth and development, still limited information is available about the molecular mechanisms and response pathways elicited upon elevation in MG levels. To gain insight into the molecular basis of MG response, we have investigated changes in global gene expression profiles in rice upon exposure to exogenous MG using GeneChip microarrays. Initially, growth of rice seedlings was monitored in response to increasing MG concentrations which could retard plant growth in a dose-dependent manner. Upon exposure to 10 mM concentration of MG, a total of 1685 probe sets were up- or down-regulated by more than 1.5-fold in shoot tissues within 16 h. These were classified into 10 functional categories. The genes involved in signal transduction such as, protein kinases and transcription factors, were significantly over-represented in the perturbed transcriptome, of which several are known to be involved in abiotic and biotic stress response indicating a cross-talk between MG-responsive and stress-responsive signal transduction pathways. Through in silico studies, we could predict 7-8 bp long conserved motif as a possible MG-responsive element (MGRE) in the 1 kb upstream region of genes that were more than 10-fold up- or down-regulated in the analysis. Since several perturbations were found in signaling cascades in response to MG, we hereby suggest that it plays an important role in signal transduction probably acting as a stress signal molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charanpreet Kaur
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Hemant R. Kushwaha
- Synthetic Biology and Biofuels Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Ananda Mustafiz
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir K. Sopory
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Sneh L. Singla-Pareek
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Sneh L. Singla-Pareek, Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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81
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Fabiano CC, Tezotto T, Favarin JL, Polacco JC, Mazzafera P. Essentiality of nickel in plants: a role in plant stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:754. [PMID: 26442067 PMCID: PMC4585283 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The element Ni is considered an essential plant micronutrient because it acts as an activator of the enzyme urease. Recent studies have shown that Ni may activate an isoform of glyoxalase I, which performs an important step in the degradation of methylglyoxal (MG), a potent cytotoxic compound naturally produced by cellular metabolism. Reduced glutathione (GSH) is consumed and regenerated in the process of detoxification of MG, which is produced during stress (stress-induced production). We examine the role of Ni in the relationship between the MG cycle and GSH homeostasis and suggest that Ni may have a key participation in plant antioxidant metabolism, especially in stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio C. Fabiano
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de CampinasCampinas, Brazil
| | - Tiago Tezotto
- Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de QueirozPiracicaba, Brazil
| | - José L. Favarin
- Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de QueirozPiracicaba, Brazil
| | - Joseph C. Polacco
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de CampinasCampinas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Paulo Mazzafera, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, CEP 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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82
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Mostofa MG, Seraj ZI, Fujita M. Exogenous sodium nitroprusside and glutathione alleviate copper toxicity by reducing copper uptake and oxidative damage in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:1373-86. [PMID: 24752795 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and glutathione (GSH) regulate a variety of physiological processes and stress responses; however, their involvement in mitigating Cu toxicity in plants has not been extensively studied. This study investigated the interactive effect of exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and GSH on Cu homeostasis and Cu-induced oxidative damage in rice seedlings. Hydroponically grown 12-day-old seedlings were subjected to 100 μM CuSO4 alone and in combination with 200 μM SNP (an NO donor) and 200 μM GSH. Cu exposure for 48 h resulted in toxicity symptoms such as stunted growth, chlorosis, and rolling in leaves. Cu toxicity was also manifested by a sharp increase in lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, lipid peroxidation (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), proline (Pro) content, and rapid reductions in biomass, chlorophyll (Chl), and relative water content (RWC). Cu-caused oxidative stress was evident by overaccumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS; superoxide (O2 (•-)) and H2O2). Ascorbate (AsA) content decreased while GSH and phytochelatin (PC) content increased significantly in Cu-stressed seedlings. Exogenous SNP, GSH, or SNP + GSH decreased toxicity symptoms and diminished a Cu-induced increase in LOX activity, O2 (•-), H2O2, MDA, and Pro content. They also counteracted a Cu-induced increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II activities, which paralleled changes in ROS and MDA levels. These seedlings also showed a significant increase in catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, and AsA and PC content compared with the seedlings stressed with Cu alone. Cu analysis revealed that SNP and GSH restricted the accumulation of Cu in the roots and leaves of Cu-stressed seedlings. Our results suggest that Cu exposure provoked an oxidative burden while reduced Cu uptake and modulating the antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems by adding SNP and GSH play an important role in alleviating Cu toxicity. Furthermore, the protective action of GSH and SNP + GSH was more efficient than SNP alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Golam Mostofa
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan,
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Ghosh A, Pareek A, Sopory SK, Singla-Pareek SL. A glutathione responsive rice glyoxalase II, OsGLYII-2, functions in salinity adaptation by maintaining better photosynthesis efficiency and anti-oxidant pool. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:93-105. [PMID: 25039836 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxalase II (GLY II), the second enzyme of glyoxalase pathway that detoxifies cytotoxic metabolite methylglyoxal (MG), belongs to the superfamily of metallo-β-lactamases. Here, detailed analysis of one of the uncharacterized rice glyoxalase II family members, OsGLYII-2 was conducted in terms of its metal content, enzyme kinetics and stress tolerance potential. Functional complementation of yeast GLY II mutant (∆GLO2) and enzyme kinetics data suggested that OsGLYII-2 possesses characteristic GLY II activity using S-lactoylglutathione (SLG) as the substrate. Further, Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission spectroscopy and modelled structure revealed that OsGLYII-2 contains a binuclear Zn/Fe centre in its active site and chelation studies indicated that these are essential for its activity. Interestingly, reconstitution of chelated enzyme with Zn(2+), and/or Fe(2+) could not reactivate the enzyme, while addition of Co(2+) was able to do so. End product inhibition study provides insight into the kinetics of GLY II enzyme and assigns hitherto unknown function to reduced glutathione (GSH). Ectopic expression of OsGLYII-2 in Escherichia coli and tobacco provides improved tolerance against salinity and dicarbonyl stress indicating towards its role in abiotic stress tolerance. Maintained levels of MG and GSH as well as better photosynthesis rate and reduced oxidative damage in transgenic plants under stress conditions seems to be the possible mechanism facilitating enhanced stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Ghosh
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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84
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Barrameda-Medina Y, Montesinos-Pereira D, Romero L, Blasco B, Ruiz JM. Role of GSH homeostasis under Zn toxicity in plants with different Zn tolerance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 227:110-21. [PMID: 25219313 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tripepthide glutathione (GSH) is a pivotal molecule in tolerance to heavy metals, including Zinc (Zn). The aim of our work is to examine the role of GSH metabolism in two different horticultural plants under Zn toxicity in order to select and/or generate plants tolerant to Zn toxicity. We show a comparative analysis of the toxic effect of 0.5mM Zn between Lactuca sativa cv. Phillipus and Brassica oleracea cv. Bronco. In L. sativa the accumulation of Zn resulted in an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), while enzymes of GSH metabolism and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes were negatively affected. On the contrary, B. oleracea showed the existence of a detoxification mechanism of these ROS. Moreover, while in L. sativa increased the oxidized GSH (GSSG) and phytochelatins (PCs) concentration with the reduction of leaves biomass, in B. oleracea the higher concentration of reduced GSH and its use in the detoxification of ROS seems to be a major mechanism to provide tolerance to Zn toxicity without reducing leaf biomass. Our results suggested that under Zn toxicity, B. oleracea is more efficient and tolerant than L. sativa through the detoxification of lipid peroxidation products due to the reduced GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurena Barrameda-Medina
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - David Montesinos-Pereira
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Romero
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Begoña Blasco
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan M Ruiz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Hasanuzzaman M, Alam MM, Rahman A, Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Fujita M. Exogenous proline and glycine betaine mediated upregulation of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems provides better protection against salt-induced oxidative stress in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:757219. [PMID: 24991566 PMCID: PMC4065706 DOI: 10.1155/2014/757219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the roles of exogenous proline (Pro, 5 mM) and glycine betaine (GB, 5 mM) in improving salt stress tolerance in salt sensitive (BRRI dhan49) and salt tolerant (BRRI dhan54) rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Salt stresses (150 and 300 mM NaCl for 48 h) significantly reduced leaf relative water (RWC) and chlorophyll (chl) content and increased endogenous Pro and increased lipid peroxidation and H2O2 levels. Ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH) and GSH/GSSG, ascorbate peroxidae (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), and glyoxalase I (Gly I) activities were reduced in sensitive variety and these were increased in tolerant variety due to salt stress. The glyoxalase II (Gly II), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were increased in both cultivars by salt stress. Exogenous Pro and GB application with salt stress improved physiological parameters and reduced oxidative damage in both cultivars where BRRI dhan54 showed better tolerance. The result suggests that exogenous application of Pro and GB increased rice seedlings' tolerance to salt-induced oxidative damage by upregulating their antioxidant defense system where these protectants rendered better performance to BRRI dhan54 and Pro can be considered as better protectant than GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mahabub Alam
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Md. Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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86
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Mustafiz A, Ghosh A, Tripathi AK, Kaur C, Ganguly AK, Bhavesh NS, Tripathi JK, Pareek A, Sopory SK, Singla-Pareek SL. A unique Ni2+ -dependent and methylglyoxal-inducible rice glyoxalase I possesses a single active site and functions in abiotic stress response. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:951-63. [PMID: 24661284 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The glyoxalase system constitutes the major pathway for the detoxification of metabolically produced cytotoxin methylglyoxal (MG) into a non-toxic metabolite D-lactate. Glyoxalase I (GLY I) is an evolutionarily conserved metalloenzyme requiring divalent metal ions for its activity: Zn(2+) in the case of eukaryotes or Ni(2+) for enzymes of prokaryotic origin. Plant GLY I proteins are part of a multimember family; however, not much is known about their physiological function, structure and metal dependency. In this study, we report a unique GLY I (OsGLYI-11.2) from Oryza sativa (rice) that requires Ni(2+) for its activity. Its biochemical, structural and functional characterization revealed it to be a monomeric enzyme, possessing a single Ni(2+) coordination site despite containing two GLY I domains. The requirement of Ni(2+) as a cofactor by an enzyme involved in cellular detoxification suggests an essential role for this otherwise toxic heavy metal in the stress response. Intriguingly, the expression of OsGLYI-11.2 was found to be highly substrate inducible, suggesting an important mode of regulation for its cellular levels. Heterologous expression of OsGLYI-11.2 in Escherichia coli and model plant Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) resulted in improved adaptation to various abiotic stresses caused by increased scavenging of MG, lower Na(+) /K(+) ratio and maintenance of reduced glutathione levels. Together, our results suggest interesting links between MG cellular levels, its detoxification by GLY I, and Ni(2+) - the heavy metal cofactor of OsGLYI-11.2, in relation to stress response and adaptation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Mustafiz
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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87
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Shahid M, Pourrut B, Dumat C, Nadeem M, Aslam M, Pinelli E. Heavy-metal-induced reactive oxygen species: phytotoxicity and physicochemical changes in plants. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 232:1-44. [PMID: 24984833 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06746-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the industrial revolution, anthropogenic activities have enhanced there distribution of many toxic heavy metals from the earth's crust to different environmental compartments. Environmental pollution by toxic heavy metals is increasing worldwide, and poses a rising threat to both the environment and to human health.Plants are exposed to heavy metals from various sources: mining and refining of ores, fertilizer and pesticide applications, battery chemicals, disposal of solid wastes(including sewage sludge), irrigation with wastewater, vehicular exhaust emissions and adjacent industrial activity.Heavy metals induce various morphological, physiological, and biochemical dysfunctions in plants, either directly or indirectly, and cause various damaging effects. The most frequently documented and earliest consequence of heavy metal toxicity in plants cells is the overproduction of ROS. Unlike redox-active metals such as iron and copper, heavy metals (e.g, Pb, Cd, Ni, AI, Mn and Zn) cannot generate ROS directly by participating in biological redox reactions such as Haber Weiss/Fenton reactions. However, these metals induce ROS generation via different indirect mechanisms, such as stimulating the activity of NADPH oxidases, displacing essential cations from specific binding sites of enzymes and inhibiting enzymatic activities from their affinity for -SH groups on the enzyme.Under normal conditions, ROS play several essential roles in regulating the expression of different genes. Reactive oxygen species control numerous processes like the cell cycle, plant growth, abiotic stress responses, systemic signalling, programmed cell death, pathogen defence and development. Enhanced generation of these species from heavy metal toxicity deteriorates the intrinsic antioxidant defense system of cells, and causes oxidative stress. Cells with oxidative stress display various chemical,biological and physiological toxic symptoms as a result of the interaction between ROS and biomolecules. Heavy-metal-induced ROS cause lipid peroxidation, membrane dismantling and damage to DNA, protein and carbohydrates. Plants have very well-organized defense systems, consisting of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidation processes. The primary defense mechanism for heavy metal detoxification is the reduced absorption of these metals into plants or their sequestration in root cells.Secondary heavy metal tolerance mechanisms include activation of antioxidant enzymes and the binding of heavy metals by phytochelatins, glutathione and amino acids. These defense systems work in combination to manage the cascades of oxidative stress and to defend plant cells from the toxic effects of ROS.In this review, we summarized the biochemiCal processes involved in the over production of ROS as an aftermath to heavy metal exposure. We also described the ROS scavenging process that is associated with the antioxidant defense machinery.Despite considerable progress in understanding the biochemistry of ROS overproduction and scavenging, we still lack in-depth studies on the parameters associated with heavy metal exclusion and tolerance capacity of plants. For example, data about the role of glutathione-glutaredoxin-thioredoxin system in ROS detoxification in plant cells are scarce. Moreover, how ROS mediate glutathionylation (redox signalling)is still not completely understood. Similarly, induction of glutathione and phytochelatins under oxidative stress is very well reported, but it is still unexplained that some studied compounds are not involved in the detoxification mechanisms. Moreover,although the role of metal transporters and gene expression is well established for a few metals and plants, much more research is needed. Eventually, when results for more metals and plants are available, the mechanism of the biochemical and genetic basis of heavy metal detoxification in plants will be better understood. Moreover, by using recently developed genetic and biotechnological tools it may be possible to produce plants that have traits desirable for imparting heavy metal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
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88
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Kaur C, Vishnoi A, Ariyadasa TU, Bhattacharya A, Singla-Pareek SL, Sopory SK. Episodes of horizontal gene-transfer and gene-fusion led to co-existence of different metal-ion specific glyoxalase I. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3076. [PMID: 24220130 PMCID: PMC3826101 DOI: 10.1038/srep03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyoxalase pathway plays an important role in stress adaptation and many clinical disorders. The first enzyme of this pathway, glyoxalase I (GlxI), uses methylglyoxal as a substrate and requires either Ni(II)/Co(II) or Zn(II) for activity. Here we have investigated the origin of different metal ion specificities of GlxI and subsequent pattern of inheritance during evolution. Our results suggest a primitive origin of single-domain Ni dependent GlxI [Ni-GlxI]. This subsequently evolved into Zn activated GlxI [Zn-GlxI] in deltaproteobacteria. However, origin of eukaryotic Zn-GlxI is different and can be traced to GlxI from Candidatus pelagibacter and Sphingomonas. In eukaryotes GlxI has evolved as two-domain protein but the corresponding Zn form is lost in plants/higher eukaryotes. In plants gene expansion has given rise to multiple two-domain Ni-GlxI which are differentially regulated under abiotic stress conditions. Our results suggest that different forms of GlxI have evolved to help plants adapt to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charanpreet Kaur
- 1] International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Aruna Asaf Ali Marg 110 067 New Delhi, India [2] [3]
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89
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Mostofa MG, Fujita M. Salicylic acid alleviates copper toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings by up-regulating antioxidative and glyoxalase systems. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 22:959-73. [PMID: 23579392 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on toxic symptoms, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species generation and responses of antioxidative and glyoxalase systems in rice seedlings grown hydroponically under copper (Cu) stress for 48 h. Exposures of 75 and 150 μM Cu(2+) caused toxicity symptoms (chlorosis, necrosis and rolling in leaves), sharp increases in malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity with concomitant reductions of chlorophyll (Chl) and relative water content (RWC). Both levels of Cu decreased ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH), non-protein thiol (NPT) and proline contents in roots but rather increased in leaves except that AsA decreased in leaves too. These results together with overaccumulation of superoxide (O 2 (•-) ) and H2O2 in leaves revealed that Cu exposures induced oxidative stress. Contrary, SA-pretreatment (100 μM for 24 h) reduced toxicity symptoms and diminished Cu-induced increases in LOX activity, H2O2, MDA and proline contents while the levels of RWC, Chl, AsA and redox ratios were elevated. Higher levels of GSH and NPT were also observed in roots of SA-pretreated Cu-exposed seedlings. SA-pretreatment also exerted its beneficial role by inhibiting the Cu upward process. Studies on antioxidant enzymes showed that SA further enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase, and also elevated the depressed activities of catalase, dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione S-transferase particularly at 150 μM Cu(2+) stress. In addition, the activity of glyoxalase system (glyoxalase I and II) was further elevated by SA pretreatment in the Cu-exposed seedlings. These results concluded that SA-mediated retention of Cu in roots and enhanced capacity of both antioxidative and glyoxalase systems might be associated with the alleviation of Cu-toxicity in rice seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Golam Mostofa
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan.
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90
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Kumar D, Singh P, Yusuf MA, Upadhyaya CP, Roy SD, Hohn T, Sarin NB. The Xerophyta viscosa aldose reductase (ALDRXV4) confers enhanced drought and salinity tolerance to transgenic tobacco plants by scavenging methylglyoxal and reducing the membrane damage. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 54:292-303. [PMID: 22678928 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9567-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the efficacy of an aldose reductase (ALDRXV4) enzyme from Xerophyta viscosa Baker in enhancing the prospects of plant's survival under abiotic stress. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing ALDRXV4 cDNA showed alleviation of NaCl and mannitol-induced abiotic stress. The transgenic plants survived longer periods of water deficiency and salinity stress and exhibited improved recovery after rehydration as compared to the wild type plants. The increased synthesis of aldose reductase in transgenic plants correlated with reduced methylglyoxal and malondialdehyde accumulation and an elevated level of sorbitol under stress conditions. In addition, the transgenic lines showed better photosynthetic efficiency, less electrolyte damage, greater water retention, higher proline accumulation, and favorable ionic balance under stress conditions. Together, these findings suggest the potential of engineering aldose reductase levels for better performance of crop plants growing under drought and salt stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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91
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Wu C, Ma C, Pan Y, Gong S, Zhao C, Chen S, Li H. Sugar beet M14 glyoxalase I gene can enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2013; 126:415-25. [PMID: 23203352 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-012-0532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxalase I is the first enzyme of the glyoxalase system that can detoxify methylglyoxal, a cytotoxic compound increased rapidly under stress conditions. Here we report cloning and characterization of a glyoxalase I from sugar beet M14 line (an interspecific hybrid between a wild species Beta corolliflora Zoss and a cultivated species B. vulgaris L). The full-length gene BvM14-glyoxalase I has 1,449 bp in length with an open reading frame of 1,065 bp encoding 354 amino acids. Sequence analysis shows the conserved glyoxalase I domains, metal and glutathione binding sites and secondary structure (α-helixes and β-sheets). The BvM14-glyoxalase I gene was ubiquitously expressed in different tissues of sugar beet M14 line and up-regulated in response to salt, mannitol and oxidative stresses. Heterologous expression of BvM14-glyoxalase I could increase E. coli tolerance to methylglyoxal. Transgenic tobacco plants constitutively expressing BvM14-glyoxalase I were generated. Both leaf discs and seedlings showed significant tolerance to methylglyoxal, salt, mannitol and H2O2. These results suggest an important role of BvM14-glyoxalase I in cellular detoxification and tolerance to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.
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92
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Alvarez Viveros MF, Inostroza-Blancheteau C, Timmermann T, González M, Arce-Johnson P. Overexpression of GlyI and GlyII genes in transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) plants confers salt tolerance by decreasing oxidative stress. Mol Biol Rep 2013. [PMID: 23283739 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2403-2404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The glyoxalase system plays an important role in various physiological processes in plants, including salt stress tolerance. We report the effects of overexpressing glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II genes in transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) cv. Ailsa Craig. Stable expression of both transgenes was detected in the transformed tomato plants under salt stress. The transgenic lines overexpressing GlyI and GlyII under a high NaCl concentration (800 mM) showed reduced lipid peroxidation and the production of H2O2 in leaf tissues. A greater decrease in the chlorophyll a+b content in wild-type (WT) compared with transgenic lines was also observed. These results suggest that the over expression of two genes, GlyI and GlyII, may enhance salt stress tolerance by decreasing oxidative stress in transformed tomato plants. This work will help our understanding of the putative role of the glyoxalase system in the tolerance to abiotic stress in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Alvarez Viveros
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Alameda 340, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
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93
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Nitric oxide (NO) in alleviation of heavy metal induced phytotoxicity and its role in protein nitration. Nitric Oxide 2013; 32:13-20. [PMID: 23545403 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is recognized as a biological messenger in various tissues to regulate diverse range of physiological process including growth, development and response to abiotic and biotic factors. The NO emission from plants is known since the 1970s, and there is copious information on the multiple effects of exogenously applied NO on different physiological and biochemical processes of plants. Heavy metal toxicity is one of the major abiotic stresses leading to hazardous effects in plants and its toxicity is based on chemical and physical property. A common consequence of heavy metal toxicity is the uncontrolled and excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which leads to peroxidation of lipids, oxidation of protein, inactivation of enzymes, DNA damage and/or interact with other vital constituents of plant cells. Recently, an increasing number of articles have reported the effects of exogenous NO on alleviating heavy metal toxicity in plants but knowledge of physiological mechanisms of NO in alleviating heavy metal toxicity is quite limited, and some results contradict one another. Therefore, to help clarify the roles of NO in heavy metal tolerance, it is important to review and discuss the recent advances on this area of research. NO can provoke both beneficial and harmful effects, which depend on the concentration and location of NO in the plant cells. NO alleviates the harmfulness of the ROS, and reacts with other target molecules, and regulates the expression of stress responsive genes under various stress conditions. This manuscript includes, the latest advances in understanding the effects of endogenous NO on heavy metal toxicity and the mechanisms and role of NO as an antioxidant as well as in protein nitration are highlighted.
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94
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Álvarez Viveros MF, Inostroza-Blancheteau C, Timmermann T, González M, Arce-Johnson P. Overexpression of GlyI and GlyII genes in transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) plants confers salt tolerance by decreasing oxidative stress. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:3281-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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95
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Gómez Ojeda A, Corrales Escobosa AR, Wrobel K, Yanez Barrientos E, Wrobel K. Effect of Cd(ii) and Se(iv) exposure on cellular distribution of both elements and concentration levels of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in Lepidium sativum. Metallomics 2013; 5:1254-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00058c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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96
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Singh AK, Kumar R, Pareek A, Sopory SK, Singla-Pareek SL. Overexpression of rice CBS domain containing protein improves salinity, oxidative, and heavy metal tolerance in transgenic tobacco. Mol Biotechnol 2012; 52:205-16. [PMID: 22302312 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-011-9487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have recently identified and classified a cystathionine β-synthase domain containing protein family in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). Based on the microarray and MPSS data, we have suggested their involvement in stress tolerance. In this study, we have characterized a rice protein of unknown function, OsCBSX4. This gene was found to be upregulated under high salinity, heavy metal, and oxidative stresses at seedling stage. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing OsCBSX4 exhibited improved tolerance toward salinity, heavy metal, and oxidative stress. This enhanced stress tolerance in transgenic plants could directly be correlated with higher accumulation of OsCBSX4 protein. Transgenic plants could grow and set seeds under continuous presence of 150 mM NaCl. The total seed yield in WT plants was reduced by 80%, while in transgenic plants, it was reduced only by 15-17%. The transgenic plants accumulated less Na+, especially in seeds and maintained higher net photosynthesis rate and Fv/Fm than WT plants under NaCl stress. Transgenic seedlings also accumulated significantly less H2O2 as compared to WT under salinity, heavy metal, and oxidative stress. OsCBSX4 overexpressing transgenic plants exhibit higher abiotic stress tolerance than WT plants suggesting its role in abiotic stress tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology, International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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97
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Hasanuzzaman M, Hossain MA, Fujita M. Exogenous selenium pretreatment protects rapeseed seedlings from cadmium-induced oxidative stress by upregulating antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification systems. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 149:248-61. [PMID: 22535598 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of selenium (Se) on antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification systems was investigated in leaves of rapeseed (Brassica napus cv. BINA sharisha 3) seedlings under cadmium (Cd)-induced oxidative stress. Two sets of 11-day-old seedlings were pretreated with both 50 and 100 μM Se (Na(2)SeO(4), sodium selenate) for 24 h. Two concentrations of CdCl(2) (0.5 and 1.0 mM) were imposed separately or on the Se-pretreated seedlings, which were grown for another 48 h. Cadmium stress at any levels resulted in the substantial increase in malondialdehyde and H(2)O(2) levels. The ascorbate (AsA) content of the seedlings decreased significantly upon exposure to Cd stress. The amount of reduced glutathione (GSH) increased only at 0.5 mM CdCl(2), while glutathione disulfide (GSSG) increased at any level of Cd, with concomitant decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) increased significantly with increased concentration of Cd (both at 0.5 and 1.0 mM CdCl(2)), while the activities of glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) increased only at moderate stress (0.5 mM CdCl(2)) and then decreased at 1.0 mM severe stress (1.0 mM CdCl(2)). Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), catalase (CAT), glyoxalase I (Gly I), and glyoxalase II (Gly II) activities decreased upon exposure to any levels of Cd. Selenium pretreatment had little effect on the nonenzymatic and enzymatic components of seedlings grown under normal conditions; i.e., they slightly increased the GSH content and the activities of APX, GR, GST, and GPX. On the other hand, Se pretreatment of seedlings under Cd-induced stress showed a synergistic effect; it increased the AsA and GSH contents, the GSH/GSSG ratio, and the activities of APX, MDHAR, DHAR, GR, GPX, CAT, Gly I, and Gly II which ultimately reduced the MDA and H(2)O(2) levels. However, in most cases, pretreatment with 50 μM Se showed better results compared to pretreatment with 100 μM Se. The results indicate that the exogenous application of Se at low concentrations increases the tolerance of plants to Cd-induced oxidative damage by enhancing their antioxidant defense and MG detoxification systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan.
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98
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Holdorf MM, Owen HA, Lieber SR, Yuan L, Adams N, Dabney-Smith C, Makaroff CA. Arabidopsis ETHE1 encodes a sulfur dioxygenase that is essential for embryo and endosperm development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:226-36. [PMID: 22786886 PMCID: PMC3440201 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.201855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in human (Homo sapiens) ETHYLMALONIC ENCEPHALOPATHY PROTEIN1 (ETHE1) result in the complex metabolic disease ethylmalonic encephalopathy, which is characterized in part by brain lesions, lactic acidemia, excretion of ethylmalonic acid, and ultimately death. ETHE1-like genes are found in a wide range of organisms; however, the biochemical and physiological role(s) of ETHE1 have not been examined outside the context of ethylmalonic encephalopathy. In this study we characterized Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ETHE1 and determined the effect of an ETHE1 loss-of-function mutation to investigate the role(s) of ETHE1 in plants. Arabidopsis ETHE1 is localized in the mitochondrion and exhibits sulfur dioxygenase activity. Seeds homozygous for a DNA insertion in ETHE1 exhibit alterations in endosperm development that are accompanied by a delay in embryo development followed by embryo arrest by early heart stage. Strong ETHE1 labeling was observed in the peripheral and chalazal endosperm of wild-type seeds prior to cellularization. Therefore, ETHE1 appears to play an essential role in regulating sulfide levels in seeds.
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99
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Bhargava A, Carmona FF, Bhargava M, Srivastava S. Approaches for enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 105:103-20. [PMID: 22542973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of the environment with toxic metals has become a worldwide problem. Metal toxicity affects crop yields, soil biomass and fertility. Soils polluted with heavy metals pose a serious health hazard to humans as well as plants and animals, and often requires soil remediation practices. Phytoextraction refers to the uptake of contaminants from soil or water by plant roots and their translocation to any harvestable plant part. Phytoextraction has the potential to remove contaminants and promote long-term cleanup of soil or wastewater. The success of phytoextraction as a potential environmental cleanup technology depends on factors like metal availability for uptake, as well as plants ability to absorb and accumulate metals in aerial parts. Efforts are ongoing to understand the genetics and biochemistry of metal uptake, transport and storage in hyperaccumulator plants so as to be able to develop transgenic plants with improved phytoremediation capability. Many plant species are being investigated to determine their usefulness for phytoextraction, especially high biomass crops. The present review aims to give an updated version of information available with respect to metal tolerance and accumulation mechanisms in plants, as well as on the environmental and genetic factors affecting heavy metal uptake. The genetic tools of classical breeding and genetic engineering have opened the door to creation of 'remediation' cultivars. An overview is presented on the possible strategies for developing novel genotypes with increased metal accumulation and tolerance to toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Bhargava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, UP, India.
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Kumar G, Kushwaha HR, Panjabi-Sabharwal V, Kumari S, Joshi R, Karan R, Mittal S, Pareek SLS, Pareek A. Clustered metallothionein genes are co-regulated in rice and ectopic expression of OsMT1e-P confers multiple abiotic stress tolerance in tobacco via ROS scavenging. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:107. [PMID: 22780875 PMCID: PMC3491035 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metallothioneins (MT) are low molecular weight, cysteine rich metal binding proteins, found across genera and species, but their function(s) in abiotic stress tolerance are not well documented. RESULTS We have characterized a rice MT gene, OsMT1e-P, isolated from a subtractive library generated from a stressed salinity tolerant rice genotype, Pokkali. Bioinformatics analysis of the rice genome sequence revealed that this gene belongs to a multigenic family, which consists of 13 genes with 15 protein products. OsMT1e-P is located on chromosome XI, away from the majority of other type I genes that are clustered on chromosome XII. Various members of this MT gene cluster showed a tight co-regulation pattern under several abiotic stresses. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of conserved cysteine residues in OsMT1e-P protein. Salinity stress was found to regulate the transcript abundance of OsMT1e-P in a developmental and organ specific manner. Using transgenic approach, we found a positive correlation between ectopic expression of OsMT1e-P and stress tolerance. Our experiments further suggest ROS scavenging to be the possible mechanism for multiple stress tolerance conferred by OsMT1e-P. CONCLUSION We present an overview of MTs, describing their gene structure, genome localization and expression patterns under salinity and development in rice. We have found that ectopic expression of OsMT1e-P enhances tolerance towards multiple abiotic stresses in transgenic tobacco and the resultant plants could survive and set viable seeds under saline conditions. Taken together, the experiments presented here have indicated that ectopic expression of OsMT1e-P protects against oxidative stress primarily through efficient scavenging of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Hemant Ritturaj Kushwaha
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vaishali Panjabi-Sabharwal
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sumita Kumari
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rohit Joshi
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ratna Karan
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shweta Mittal
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sneh L Singla Pareek
- Plant Molecular Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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