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Zumajo-Cardona C, Aguirre M, Castillo-Bravo R, Mizzotti C, Di Marzo M, Banfi C, Mendes MA, Spillane C, Colombo L, Ezquer I. Maternal control of triploid seed development by the TRANSPARENT TESTA 8 (TT8) transcription factor in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1316. [PMID: 36693864 PMCID: PMC9873634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between parental genome dosage is critical to offspring development in both animals and plants. In some angiosperm species, despite the imbalance between maternally and paternally inherited chromosome sets, crosses between parental lines of different ploidy may result in viable offspring. However, many plant species, like Arabidopsis thaliana, present a post-zygotic reproductive barrier, known as triploid block which results in the inability of crosses between individuals of different ploidy to generate viable seeds but also, in defective development of the seed. Several paternal regulators have been proposed as active players in establishing the triploid block. Maternal regulators known to be involved in this process are some flavonoid biosynthetic (FB) genes, expressed in the innermost layer of the seed coat. Here we explore the role of selected flavonoid pathway genes in triploid block, including TRANSPARENT TESTA 4 (TT4), TRANSPARENT TESTA 7 (TT7), SEEDSTICK (STK), TRANSPARENT TESTA 16 (TT16), TT8 and TRANSPARENT TESTA 13 (TT13). This approach allowed us to detect that TT8, a bHLH transcription factor, member of this FB pathway is required for the paternal genome dosage, as loss of function tt8, leads to complete rescue of the triploid block to seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Zumajo-Cardona
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Manuel Aguirre
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Translational Plant & Microbial Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosa Castillo-Bravo
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBioscience Research Centre (PABC), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 REW4, Ireland
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Di Marzo
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Camilla Banfi
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta A Mendes
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Charles Spillane
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBioscience Research Centre (PABC), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 REW4, Ireland
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento Di BioScienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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52
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Kurepa J, Shull TE, Smalle JA. Friends in Arms: Flavonoids and the Auxin/Cytokinin Balance in Terrestrialization. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:517. [PMID: 36771601 PMCID: PMC9921348 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Land plants survive the challenges of new environments by evolving mechanisms that protect them from excess irradiation, nutrient deficiency, and temperature and water availability fluctuations. One such evolved mechanism is the regulation of the shoot/root growth ratio in response to water and nutrient availability by balancing the actions of the hormones auxin and cytokinin. Plant terrestrialization co-occurred with a dramatic expansion in secondary metabolism, particularly with the evolution and establishment of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Flavonoid biosynthesis is responsive to a wide range of stresses, and the numerous synthesized flavonoid species offer two main evolutionary advantages to land plants. First, flavonoids are antioxidants and thus defend plants against those adverse conditions that lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Second, flavonoids aid in protecting plants against water and nutrient deficiency by modulating root development and establishing symbiotic relations with beneficial soil fungi and bacteria. Here, we review different aspects of the relationships between the auxin/cytokinin module and flavonoids. The current body of knowledge suggests that whereas both auxin and cytokinin regulate flavonoid biosynthesis, flavonoids act to fine-tune only auxin, which in turn regulates cytokinin action. This conclusion agrees with the established master regulatory function of auxin in controlling the shoot/root growth ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan A. Smalle
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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53
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Negi S, Bhakta S, Ganapathi TR, Tak H. MusaNAC29-like transcription factor improves stress tolerance through modulation of phytohormone content and expression of stress responsive genes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 326:111507. [PMID: 36332768 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms governed by genes and cross-talks among stress signaling pathways is vital for generating a broad view on stress responses in plants. Here, we analysed the effects of MusaNAC29-like transcription factor of banana on stress responses and report the quantitative modulation of phytohormone and flavonoid content and analysed the growth parameters and yield trait in transgenic banana plants. Expression of MusaNAC29-like transcription factor was strongly altered in responses to stress conditions and application of signaling molecules. Under control conditions, PMusaNAC29-like-GUS is activated in cells bordering xylem vessel elements and is strongly triggered in other cells types after influence of salicylic acid and abscisic acid. Transgenic banana plants of cultivar Rasthali and Grand Naine overexpressing MusaNAC29-like transcription factor displayed superior tolerance towards drought and salinity stress. LC-MS analysis indicated elevated levels of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid while content of zeatin was significantly reduced in leaves of transgenic banana lines. Transgenic banana lines displayed increased levels of gallic acid, coumaric acid, naringenin, chlorogenic acid while levels of vanillic acid and piperine were significantly reduced. Expression of stress related genes coding for antioxidants, thiol peptidase proteins, cold-regulated proteins, late embryogenesis abundant proteins, ethylene-responsive transcription factors, bHLH proteins, jasmonate-zim-domain proteins and WRKY transcription factors were significantly induced in transgenic banana lines. Though MusaNAC29-like transcription factor improved stress tolerance, its overexpression resulted in retarded growth of transgenic lines resulting in reduced yield of banana fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Negi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Mumbai, Mumbai 400098, India.
| | - Subham Bhakta
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - T R Ganapathi
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Himanshu Tak
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
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54
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Biosynthetic regulatory network of flavonoid metabolites in stems and leaves of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18212. [PMID: 36307498 PMCID: PMC9616839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoid secondary metabolites can treat and prevent many diseases, but systematic studies on regulation of the biosynthesis of such metabolites in aboveground parts of Salvia miltiorrhiza are lacking. In this study, metabonomic and transcriptomic analyses of different S. miltiorrhiza phenotypes were conducted to explore pathways of synthesis, catalysis, accumulation, and transport of the main flavonoid secondary metabolites regulating pigment accumulation. Tissue localization and quantitative analysis of flavonoid secondary metabolites were conducted by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). A total 3090 differentially expressed genes were obtained from 114,431 full-length unigenes in purple and green phenotypes, and 108 functional genes were involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. Five key phenylpropane structural genes (PAL, 4CL, ANS, 3AT, HCT) were highly differentially expressed, and four transcription factor genes (MYB, WRKY, bHLH, bZiP) were identified. In addition, six GST genes, nine ABC transporters, 22 MATE genes, and three SNARE genes were detected with key roles in flavonoid transport. According to LSCM, flavonoids were mainly distributed in epidermis, cortex, and collenchyma. Thus, comprehensive and systematic analyses were used to determine biosynthesis, accumulation, and transport of flavonoids in stems and leaves of different S. miltiorrhiza phenotypes. The findings will provide a reference for flavonoid production and cultivar selection.
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Jan R, Khan M, Asaf S, Lubna, Asif S, Kim KM. Bioactivity and Therapeutic Potential of Kaempferol and Quercetin: New Insights for Plant and Human Health. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2623. [PMID: 36235488 PMCID: PMC9571405 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids, are major metabolites widely found in plants that play several key roles in plant defence and signalling in response to stress conditions. The most studied among these flavonoids are kaempferol and quercetin due to their anti-oxidative potential and their key roles in the defence system, making them more critical for plant adaptation in stress environments. Kaempferol and quercetin in plants have great therapeutic potential for human health. Despite being well-studied, some of their functional aspects regarding plants and human health need further evaluation. This review summarizes the emerging potential of kaempferol and quercetin in terms of antimicrobial activity, bioavailability and bioactivity in the human body as well as in the regulation of plant defence in response to stresses and as a signalling molecule in terms of hormonal modulation under stress conditions. We also evaluated the safe use of both metabolites in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmatullah Jan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Murtaza Khan
- Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Sajjad Asaf
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Lubna
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Saleem Asif
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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56
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Jeon JS, Rybka D, Carreno-Quintero N, De Vos R, Raaijmakers JM, Etalo DW. Metabolic signatures of rhizobacteria-induced plant growth promotion. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:3086-3099. [PMID: 35751418 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Various root-colonizing bacterial species can promote plant growth and trigger systemic resistance against aboveground leaf pathogens and herbivore insects. To date, the underlying metabolic signatures of these rhizobacteria-induced plant phenotypes are poorly understood. To identify core metabolic pathways that are targeted by growth-promoting rhizobacteria, we used combinations of three plant species and three rhizobacterial species and interrogated plant shoot chemistry by untargeted metabolomics. A substantial part (50%-64%) of the metabolites detected in plant shoot tissue was differentially affected by the rhizobacteria. Among others, the phenylpropanoid pathway was targeted by the rhizobacteria in each of the three plant species. Differential regulation of the various branches of the phenylpropanoid pathways showed an association with either plant growth promotion or growth reduction. Overall, suppression of flavonoid biosynthesis was associated with growth promotion, while growth reduction showed elevated levels of flavonoids. Subsequent assays with 12 Arabidopsis flavonoid biosynthetic mutants revealed that the proanthocyanidin branch plays an essential role in rhizobacteria-mediated growth promotion. Our study also showed that a number of pharmaceutically and nutritionally relevant metabolites in the plant shoot were significantly increased by rhizobacterial treatment, providing new avenues to use rhizobacteria to tilt plant metabolism towards the biosynthesis of valuable natural plant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Seung Jeon
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology NIOO-KNAW, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dominika Rybka
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology NIOO-KNAW, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Carreno-Quintero
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology NIOO-KNAW, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- KeyGene, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ric De Vos
- Wageningen Plant Research, Bioscience, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M Raaijmakers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology NIOO-KNAW, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Desalegn W Etalo
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology NIOO-KNAW, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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57
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Chen Q, Hou S, Pu X, Li X, Li R, Yang Q, Wang X, Guan M, Rengel Z. Dark secrets of phytomelatonin. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5828-5839. [PMID: 35522068 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytomelatonin is a newly identified plant hormone, and its primary functions in plant growth and development remain relatively poorly appraised. Phytomelatonin is a master regulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling and acts as a darkness signal in circadian stomatal closure. Plants exhibit at least three interrelated patterns of interaction between phytomelatonin and ROS production. Exogenous melatonin can induce flavonoid biosynthesis, which might be required for maintenance of antioxidant capacity under stress, after harvest, and in leaf senescence conditions. However, several genetic studies have provided direct evidence that phytomelatonin plays a negative role in the biosynthesis of flavonoids under non-stress conditions. Phytomelatonin delays flowering time in both dicot and monocot plants, probably via its receptor PMTR1 and interactions with the gibberellin, strigolactone, and ROS signaling pathways. Furthermore, phytomelatonin signaling also functions in hypocotyl and shoot growth in skotomorphogenesis and ultraviolet B (UV-B) exposure; the G protein α-subunit (Arabidopsis GPA1 and rice RGA1) and constitutive photomorphogenic1 (COP1) are important signal components during this process. Taken together, these findings indicate that phytomelatonin acts as a darkness signal with important regulatory roles in circadian stomatal closure, flavonoid biosynthesis, flowering, and hypocotyl and shoot growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Suying Hou
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaojun Pu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Rongrong Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xinjia Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Miao Guan
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zed Rengel
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth WA, Australia
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split, Croatia
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58
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Bellés-Sancho P, Liu Y, Heiniger B, von Salis E, Eberl L, Ahrens CH, Zamboni N, Bailly A, Pessi G. A novel function of the key nitrogen-fixation activator NifA in beta-rhizobia: Repression of bacterial auxin synthesis during symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:991548. [PMID: 36247538 PMCID: PMC9554594 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.991548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobia fix nitrogen within root nodules of host plants where nitrogenase expression is strictly controlled by its key regulator NifA. We recently discovered that in nodules infected by the beta-rhizobial strain Paraburkholderia phymatum STM815, NifA controls expression of two bacterial auxin synthesis genes. Both the iaaM and iaaH transcripts, as well as the metabolites indole-acetamide (IAM) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) showed increased abundance in nodules occupied by a nifA mutant compared to wild-type nodules. Here, we document the structural changes that a P. phymatum nifA mutant induces in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) nodules, eventually leading to hypernodulation. To investigate the role of the P. phymatum iaaMH genes during symbiosis, we monitored their expression in presence and absence of NifA over different stages of the symbiosis. The iaaMH genes were found to be under negative control of NifA in all symbiotic stages. While a P. phymatum iaaMH mutant produced the same number of nodules and nitrogenase activity as the wild-type strain, the nifA mutant produced more nodules than the wild-type that clustered into regularly-patterned root zones. Mutation of the iaaMH genes in a nifA mutant background reduced the presence of these nodule clusters on the root. We further show that the P. phymatum iaaMH genes are located in a region of the symbiotic plasmid with a significantly lower GC content and exhibit high similarity to two genes of the IAM pathway often used by bacterial phytopathogens to deploy IAA as a virulence factor. Overall, our data suggest that the increased abundance of rhizobial auxin in the non-fixing nifA mutant strain enables greater root infection rates and a role for bacterial auxin production in the control of early stage symbiotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Bellés-Sancho
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yilei Liu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Heiniger
- Agroscope, Molecular Ecology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elia von Salis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Eberl
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian H. Ahrens
- Agroscope, Molecular Ecology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Bailly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Pessi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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59
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Liu W, Chen T, Liu Y, Le QT, Wang R, Lee H, Xiong L. The Plastidial DIG5 Protein Affects Lateral Root Development by Regulating Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Auxin Transport in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810642. [PMID: 36142550 PMCID: PMC9501241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal the mechanisms underlying root adaptation to drought stress, we isolated and characterized an Arabidopsis mutant, dig5 (drought inhibition of lateral root growth 5), which exhibited increased sensitivity to the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) for the inhibition of lateral root growth. The dig5 mutant also had fewer lateral roots under normal conditions and the aerial parts were yellowish with a lower level of chlorophylls. The mutant seedlings also displayed phenotypes indicative of impaired auxin transport, such as abnormal root curling, leaf venation defects, absence of apical hook formation, and reduced hypocotyl elongation in darkness. Auxin transport assays with [3H]-labeled indole acetic acid (IAA) confirmed that dig5 roots were impaired in polar auxin transport. Map-based cloning and complementation assays indicated that the DIG5 locus encodes a chloroplast-localized tRNA adenosine deaminase arginine (TADA) that is involved in chloroplast protein translation. The levels of flavonoids, which are naturally occurring auxin transport inhibitors in plants, were significantly higher in dig5 roots than in the wild type roots. Further investigation showed that flavonoid biosynthetic genes were upregulated in dig5. Introduction of the flavonoid biosynthetic mutation transparent testa 4 (tt4) into dig5 restored the lateral root growth of dig5. Our study uncovers an important role of DIG5/TADA in retrogradely controlling flavonoid biosynthesis and lateral root development. We suggest that the DIG5-related signaling pathways, triggered likely by drought-induced chlorophyll breakdown and leaf senescence, may potentially help the plants to adapt to drought stress through optimizing the root system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
- High-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tang, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quang Tri Le
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Ruigang Wang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Hojoung Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Liming Xiong
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tang, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Agribiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
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60
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Xu P, Wu T, Ali A, Wang J, Fang Y, Qiang R, Liu Y, Tian Y, Liu S, Zhang H, Liao Y, Chen X, Shoaib F, Sun C, Xu Z, Xia D, Zhou H, Wu X. Rice β-Glucosidase 4 (Os1βGlu4) Regulates the Hull Pigmentation via Accumulation of Salicylic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10646. [PMID: 36142555 PMCID: PMC9504040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a stress hormone synthesized in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and the branching acid pathway. SA has two interconvertible forms in plants: SAG (SA O-β-glucoside) and SA (free form). The molecular mechanism of conversion of SA to SAG had been reported previously. However, which genes regulate SAG to SA remained unknown. Here, we report a cytoplasmic β-glucosidase (β-Glu) which participates in the SA pathway and is involved in the brown hull pigmentation in rice grain. In the current study, an EMS-generated mutant brown hull 1 (bh1) displayed decreased contents of SA in hulls, a lower photosynthesis rate, and high-temperature sensitivity compared to the wild type (WT). A plaque-like phenotype (brown pigmentation) was present on the hulls of bh1, which causes a significant decrease in the seed setting rate. Genetic analysis revealed a mutation in LOC_Os01g67220, which encodes a cytoplasmic Os1βGlu4. The knock-out lines displayed the phenotype of brown pigmentation on hulls and decreased seed setting rate comparable with bh1. Overexpression and complementation lines of Os1βGlu4 restored the phenotype of hulls and normal seed setting rate comparable with WT. Subcellular localization revealed that the protein of Os1βGlu4 was localized in the cytoplasm. In contrast to WT, bh1 could not hydrolyze SAG into SA in vivo. Together, our results revealed the novel role of Os1βGlu4 in the accumulation of flavonoids in hulls by regulating the level of free SA in the cellular pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Xu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tingkai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Asif Ali
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jinhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yongqiong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Runrun Qiang
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yunfeng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Su Liu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yongxiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Farwa Shoaib
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Changhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhengjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Duo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xianjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Baba AI, Mir MY, Riyazuddin R, Cséplő Á, Rigó G, Fehér A. Plants in Microgravity: Molecular and Technological Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10548. [PMID: 36142459 PMCID: PMC9505700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are vital components of our ecosystem for a balanced life here on Earth, as a source of both food and oxygen for survival. Recent space exploration has extended the field of plant biology, allowing for future studies on life support farming on distant planets. This exploration will utilize life support technologies for long-term human space flights and settlements. Such longer space missions will depend on the supply of clean air, food, and proper waste management. The ubiquitous force of gravity is known to impact plant growth and development. Despite this, we still have limited knowledge about how plants can sense and adapt to microgravity in space. Thus, the ability of plants to survive in microgravity in space settings becomes an intriguing topic to be investigated in detail. The new knowledge could be applied to provide food for astronaut missions to space and could also teach us more about how plants can adapt to unique environments. Here, we briefly review and discuss the current knowledge about plant gravity-sensing mechanisms and the experimental possibilities to research microgravity-effects on plants either on the Earth or in orbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Imran Baba
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mohd Yaqub Mir
- Doctoral School of Neuroscience, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Theoretical Neuroscience and Complex Systems Group, Department of Computational Sciences, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Riyazuddin Riyazuddin
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Cséplő
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Fehér
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Zhang W, Xia L, Peng F, Song C, Manzoor MA, Cai Y, Jin Q. Transcriptomics and metabolomics changes triggered by exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine in relieving epicotyl dormancy of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:961899. [PMID: 35958203 PMCID: PMC9358440 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.961899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua is one of the most useful herbs in traditional Chinese medicine and widely used in medicinal and edible perennial plant. However, the seeds have the characteristics of epicotyl dormancy. In this study, the molecular basis for relieving epicotyl dormancy of P. cyrtonema seeds under exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) treatment was revealed for the first time through transcriptome and metabolomics analysis. We determined the elongation of epicotyl buds as a critical period for dormancy release and found that the content of trans-zeatin, proline, auxin and gibberellin was higher, while flavonoids and arginine were lower in the treatment group. Transcriptome analysis showed that there were significant differences in gene expression in related pathways, and the expression patterns were highly consistent with the change of metabolites in corresponding pathways. Co-expression analysis showed that cytokinin dehydrogenase of P. cyrtonema (PcCKXs) and pelargonidin in flavonoid biosynthesis, as well as L-proline, L-ornithine, and L-citrulline in arginine and proline metabolism form network modules, indicating that they have related regulatory roles. Above all, our findings provide new insight into the exogenous 6-BA relieving epicotyl dormancy of P. cyrtonema seeds.
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Zhang Y, Yang L, Yang J, Hu H, Wei G, Cui J, Xu J. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Differences in Terpenoid and Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Cryptomeria fortunei Needles Across Different Seasons. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:862746. [PMID: 35937363 PMCID: PMC9355645 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.862746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cryptomeria fortunei (Chinese cedar) has outstanding medicinal value due to its abundant flavonoid and terpenoid contents. The metabolite contents of C. fortunei needles differ across different seasons. However, the biosynthetic mechanism of these differentially synthesized metabolites (DSMs) is poorly understood. To improve our understanding of this process, we performed integrated non-targeted metabolomic liquid chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS and GC-MS), and transcriptomic analyses of summer and winter needles. In winter, the C. fortunei needle ultrastructure was damaged, and the chlorophyll content and F v/F m were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced. Based on GC-MS and LC-MS, we obtained 106 and 413 DSMs, respectively; based on transcriptome analysis, we obtained a total of 41.17 Gb of clean data and assembled 33,063 unigenes, including 14,057 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that these DSMs/DEGs were significantly (p < 0.05) enriched in many biosynthesis pathways, such as terpenoids, photosynthates, and flavonoids. Integrated transcriptomic and metabonomic analyses showed that seasonal changes have the greatest impact on photosynthesis pathways, followed by terpenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. In summer Chinese cedar (SCC) needles, DXS, DXR, and ispH in the 2-methyl-pentaerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway and GGPS were highly expressed and promoted the accumulation of terpenoids, especially diterpenoids. In winter Chinese cedar (WCC) needles, 9 genes (HCT, CHS, CHI, F3H, F3'H, F3'5'H, FLS, DFR, and LAR) involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were highly expressed and promoted flavonoid accumulation. This study broadens our understanding of the metabolic and transcriptomic changes in C. fortunei needles caused by seasonal changes and provides a reference regarding the adaptive mechanisms of C. fortunei and the extraction of its metabolites.
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Jiang W, Xia Y, Su X, Pang Y. ARF2 positively regulates flavonols and proanthocyanidins biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2022; 256:44. [PMID: 35857143 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03936-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Auxin response factor 2 acts as a positive regulator to fine-tune the spatial and temporal accumulation of flavonoid compounds, mainly flavonols and proanthocyanidins in Arabidopsis. Auxin response factor (ARF) proteins are reported to involve in auxin-mediated regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. However, the detailed regulation mechanism of ARF remains still unknown. Here, we provide genetic and molecular evidence that one of the twenty-three ARF members-ARF2-positively regulates flavonoid biosynthesis at multi-level in tissue-specific manner in Arabidopsis thaliana. Loss-of-function mutation of ARF2 led to significant reduction in flavonoid content (e.g., flavonols and proanthocyanidins) in the seedlings and seeds of the Arabidopsis arf2 mutants. Over-expression of ARF2 increased flavonols and proanthocyanidins content in Arabidopsis. Additionally, the changes of flavonoid content correlate well with the transcript abundance of several regulatory genes (e.g., MYB11, MYB12, MYB111, TT2, and GL3), and key biosynthetic genes (e.g., CHS, F3'H, FLS, ANS, ANR, TT12, TT19, and TT15), in the arf2 mutant and ARF2 over-expression lines. Transient transactivation assays with site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that ARF2 directly regulates the expression of MYB12 and FLS genes in the flavonol pathway and ANR in the proanthocyanidin pathway, and indirectly regulates MYB11 and MYB111 genes in the flavonol pathway, and ANS, TT12, TT19 and TT15 genes in the proanthocyanidin pathway. Further genetic results indicated that ARF2 acts upstream of MYB12 to regulate flavonol accumulation, and of TT2 to regulate proanthocyanidins accumulation. In particular, yeast two-hybrid assays revealed that ARF2 physically interacts with TT2, a master regulator of proanthocyanidins biosynthesis. Combined together, these results indicated that ARF2 functions as a positive regulator for the fine-tuned spatial and temporal regulation of flavonoids (mainly flavonols and proanthocyanidins) accumulation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaying Xia
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaojia Su
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yongzhen Pang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Foliar and Root Comparative Metabolomics and Phenolic Profiling of Micro-Tom Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Plants Associated with a Gene Expression Analysis in Response to Short Daily UV Treatments. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141829. [PMID: 35890464 PMCID: PMC9319050 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is globally recognised as a high-value crop both for commercial profit and nutritional benefits. In contrast to the extensive data regarding the changes in the metabolism of tomato fruit exposed to UV radiation, less is known about the foliar and root metabolome. Using an untargeted metabolomic approach through UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis, we detected thousands of metabolites in the leaves (3000) and roots (2800) of Micro-Tom tomato plants exposed to 11 days of short daily UV radiation, applied only on the aboveground organs. Multivariate statistical analysis, such as OPLS-DA and volcano, were performed to allow a better understanding of the modifications caused by the treatment. Based on the unexpected modulation to the secondary metabolism, especially the phenylpropanoid pathway, of which compounds were down and up accumulated respectively in leaves and roots of treated plants, a phenolic profiling was carried out for both organs. The phenolic profile was associated with a gene expression analysis to check the transcription trend of genes involved in the UVR8 signalling pathway and the early steps of the phenolic biosynthesis. The retention of the modifications at metabolic and phenolic levels was also investigated 3 days after the UV treatment, showing a prolonged effect on the modulation once the UV treatment had ceased.
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Smailagić D, Banjac N, Ninković S, Savić J, Ćosić T, Pěnčík A, Ćalić D, Bogdanović M, Trajković M, Stanišić M. New Insights Into the Activity of Apple Dihydrochalcone Phloretin: Disturbance of Auxin Homeostasis as Physiological Basis of Phloretin Phytotoxic Action. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:875528. [PMID: 35873993 PMCID: PMC9302884 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.875528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Apple species are the unique naturally rich source of dihydrochalcones, phenolic compounds with an elusive role in planta, but suggested auto-allelochemical features related to "apple replant disease" (ARD). Our aim was to elucidate the physiological basis of the phytotoxic action of dihydrochalcone phloretin in the model plant Arabidopsis and to promote phloretin as a new prospective eco-friendly phytotoxic compound. Phloretin treatment induced a significant dose-dependent growth retardation and severe morphological abnormalities and agravitropic behavior in Arabidopsis seedlings. Histological examination revealed a reduced starch content in the columella cells and a serious disturbance in root architecture, which resulted in the reduction in length of meristematic and elongation zones. Significantly disturbed auxin metabolome profile in roots with a particularly increased content of IAA accumulated in the lateral parts of the root apex, accompanied by changes in the expression of auxin biosynthetic and transport genes, especially PIN1, PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB1, indicates the role of auxin in physiological basis of phloretin-induced growth retardation. The results reveal a disturbance of auxin homeostasis as the main mechanism of phytotoxic action of phloretin. This mechanism makes phloretin a prospective candidate for an eco-friendly bioherbicide and paves the way for further research of phloretin role in ARD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Smailagić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Banjac
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavica Ninković
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Savić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Ćosić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Dušica Ćalić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Bogdanović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Trajković
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mariana Stanišić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Zhang Z, Gao L, Ke M, Gao Z, Tu T, Huang L, Chen J, Guan Y, Huang X, Chen X. GmPIN1-mediated auxin asymmetry regulates leaf petiole angle and plant architecture in soybean. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1325-1338. [PMID: 35485227 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Crop breeding during the Green Revolution resulted in high yields largely due to the creation of plants with semi-dwarf architectures that could tolerate high-density planting. Although semi-dwarf varieties have been developed in rice, wheat and maize, none was reported in soybean (Glycine max), and few genes controlling plant architecture have been characterized in soybean. Here, we demonstrate that the auxin efflux transporter PINFORMED1 (GmPIN1), which determines polar auxin transport, regulates the leaf petiole angle in soybean. CRISPR-Cas9-induced Gmpin1abc and Gmpin1bc multiple mutants displayed a compact architecture with a smaller petiole angle than wild-type plants. GmPIN1 transcripts and auxin were distributed asymmetrically in the petiole base, with high levels of GmPIN1a/c transcript and auxin in the lower cells, which resulted in asymmetric cell expansion. By contrast, the (iso)flavonoid content was greater in the upper petiole cells than in the lower cells. Our results suggest that (iso)flavonoids inhibit GmPIN1a/c expression to regulate the petiole angle. Overall, our study demonstrates that a signal cascade that integrates (iso)flavonoid biosynthesis, GmPIN1a/c expression, auxin accumulation, and cell expansion in an asymmetric manner creates a desirable petiole curvature in soybean. This study provides a genetic resource for improving soybean plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Le Gao
- Department of Horticulture, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, 102442, China
| | - Meiyu Ke
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Tianli Tu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Laimei Huang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jiaomei Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yuefeng Guan
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Zou C, Lu T, Wang R, Xu P, Jing Y, Wang R, Xu J, Wan J. Comparative physiological and metabolomic analyses reveal that Fe 3O 4 and ZnO nanoparticles alleviate Cd toxicity in tobacco. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:302. [PMID: 35761340 PMCID: PMC9235244 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy metals repress tobacco growth and quality, and engineered nanomaterials have been used for sustainable agriculture. However, the underlying mechanism of nanoparticle-mediated cadmium (Cd) toxicity in tobacco remains elusive. RESULTS Herein, we investigated the effects of Fe3O4 and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) on Cd stress in tobacco cultivar 'Yunyan 87' (Nicotiana tabacum). Cd severely repressed tobacco growth, whereas foliar spraying with Fe3O4 and ZnO NPs promoted plant growth, as indicated by enhancing plant height, root length, shoot and root fresh weight under Cd toxicity. Moreover, Fe3O4 and ZnO NPs increased, including Zn, K and Mn contents, in the roots and/or leaves and facilitated seedling growth under Cd stress. Metabolomics analysis showed that 150 and 76 metabolites were differentially accumulated in roots and leaves under Cd stress, respectively. These metabolites were significantly enriched in the biosynthesis of amino acids, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. Interestingly, Fe3O4 and ZnO NPs restored 50% and 47% in the roots, while they restored 70% and 63% in the leaves to normal levels, thereby facilitating plant growth. Correlation analysis further indicated that these metabolites, including proline, 6-hydroxynicotinic acid, farrerol and quercetin-3-O-sophoroside, were significantly correlated with plant growth. CONCLUSIONS These results collectively indicate that metal nanoparticles can serve as plant growth regulators and provide insights into using them for improving crops in heavy metal-contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congming Zou
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, Yunnan, China
| | - Tianquan Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruting Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Peng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Yifen Jing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Ruling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Jinpeng Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China.
- Center of Economic Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China.
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Shi Q, Li X, Du J, Liu Y, Shen B, Li X. Association of Bitter Metabolites and Flavonoid Synthesis Pathway in Jujube Fruit. Front Nutr 2022; 9:901756. [PMID: 35711542 PMCID: PMC9194943 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.901756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Jujube is rich in nutrients and can be eaten fresh or made into dried fruit, candied fruit, and preserved fruit. Its slightly bitter peel affects nutritional value and commercial value, but the mechanism of the formation of bitter substances is still unclear. We dynamically analyzed the biosynthesis of jujube peel bitterness and related nutrient metabolites through the transcriptome and metabolome. The results demonstrated that flavonoids were the main bitter substances in 'Junzao' jujube fruit skins and a total of 11,106 differentially expressed genes and 94 differentially abundant flavonoid metabolites were identified. Expression patterns of genes in the flavonoid synthesis pathway showed that flavonol synthase (FLS) expression was significantly correlated with quercetin content. Transient overexpression and virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) of ZjFLS1 and ZjFLS2 in jujube fruits and sour jujube seedlings significantly affected flavonol accumulation, especially the content of quercetin-3-O-rutinoside. Moreover, in vitro enzymatic reactions showed that ZjFLS1 and ZjFLS2 could catalyze the formation of quercetin from dihydroquercetin. These findings indicate that ZjFLS gene is the key gene in the biosynthesis of bitter substances in jujube fruit skins and provide basis for the research on the development of functional nutrients in jujube and the synthesis mechanism of bitter compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xi Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiangtao Du
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Bingqi Shen
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xingang Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
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Yuan J, Kaur D, Zhou Z, Nagle M, Kiddle NG, Doshi NA, Behnoudfar A, Peremyslova E, Ma C, Strauss SH, Li F. Robust High-Throughput Phenotyping with Deep Segmentation Enabled by a Web-Based Annotator. PLANT PHENOMICS 2022; 2022:9893639. [PMID: 36059601 PMCID: PMC9394117 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9893639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The abilities of plant biologists and breeders to characterize the genetic basis of physiological traits are limited by their abilities to obtain quantitative data representing precise details of trait variation, and particularly to collect this data at a high-throughput scale with low cost. Although deep learning methods have demonstrated unprecedented potential to automate plant phenotyping, these methods commonly rely on large training sets that can be time-consuming to generate. Intelligent algorithms have therefore been proposed to enhance the productivity of these annotations and reduce human efforts. We propose a high-throughput phenotyping system which features a Graphical User Interface (GUI) and a novel interactive segmentation algorithm: Semantic-Guided Interactive Object Segmentation (SGIOS). By providing a user-friendly interface and intelligent assistance with annotation, this system offers potential to streamline and accelerate the generation of training sets, reducing the effort required by the user. Our evaluation shows that our proposed SGIOS model requires fewer user inputs compared to the state-of-art models for interactive segmentation. As a case study of the use of the GUI applied for genetic discovery in plants, we present an example of results from a preliminary genome-wide association study (GWAS) of in planta regeneration in Populus trichocarpa (poplar). We further demonstrate that the inclusion of a semantic prior map with SGIOS can accelerate the training process for future GWAS, using a sample of a dataset extracted from a poplar GWAS of in vitro regeneration. The capabilities of our phenotyping system surpass those of unassisted humans to rapidly and precisely phenotype our traits of interest. The scalability of this system enables large-scale phenomic screens that would otherwise be time-prohibitive, thereby providing increased power for GWAS, mutant screens, and other studies relying on large sample sizes to characterize the genetic basis of trait variation. Our user-friendly system can be used by researchers lacking a computational background, thus helping to democratize the use of deep segmentation as a tool for plant phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zheng Zhou
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fuxin Li
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Zhao X, Yan Y, Zhou WH, Feng RZ, Shuai YK, Yang L, Liu MJ, He XY, Wei Q. Transcriptome and metabolome reveal the accumulation of secondary metabolites in different varieties of Cinnamomum longepaniculatum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:243. [PMID: 35585490 PMCID: PMC9116011 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamomum longepaniculatum (Gamble) N. Chao ex H. W. Li, whose leaves produce essential oils, is a traditional Chinese medicine and economically important tree species. In our study, two C. longepaniculatum varieties that have significantly different essential oil contents and leaf phenotypes were selected as the materials to investigate secondary metabolism. RESULT The essential oil content and leaf phenotypes were different between the two varieties. When the results of both transcriptome and metabolomic analyses were combined, it was found that the differences were related to phenylalanine metabolic pathways, particularly the metabolism of flavonoids and terpenoids. The transcriptome results based on KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that pathways involving phenylpropanoids, tryptophan biosynthesis and terpenoids significantly differed between the two varieties; 11 DEGs (2 upregulated and 9 downregulated) were associated with the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, and 12 DEGs (2 upregulated and 10 downregulated) were related to the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides. Through further analysis of the leaves, we detected 196 metabolites in C. longepaniculatum. The abundance of 49 (26 downregulated and 23 upregulated) metabolites differed between the two varieties, which is likely related to the differences in the accumulation of these metabolites. We identified 12 flavonoids, 8 terpenoids and 8 alkaloids and identified 4 kinds of PMFs from the leaves of C. longepaniculatum. CONCLUSIONS The combined results of transcriptome and metabolomic analyses revealed a strong correlation between metabolite contents and gene expression. We speculate that light leads to differences in the secondary metabolism and phenotypes of leaves of different varieties of C. longepaniculatum. This research provides data for secondary metabolite studies and lays a solid foundation for breeding ideal C. longepaniculatum plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Yan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Wan-hai Zhou
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-zhang Feng
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Oil Cinnamon Engineering Technology Research Center, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-kang Shuai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Oil Cinnamon Engineering Technology Research Center, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Oil Cinnamon Engineering Technology Research Center, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-jie Liu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-yan He
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Wei
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Oil Cinnamon Engineering Technology Research Center, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
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72
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Villacampa A, Fañanás‐Pueyo I, Medina FJ, Ciska M. Root growth direction in simulated microgravity is modulated by a light avoidance mechanism mediated by flavonols. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13722. [PMID: 35606933 PMCID: PMC9327515 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In a microgravity environment, without any gravitropic signal, plants are not able to define and establish a longitudinal growth axis. Consequently, absorption of water and nutrients by the root and exposure of leaves to sunlight for efficient photosynthesis is hindered. In these conditions, other external cues can be explored to guide the direction of organ growth. Providing a unilateral light source can guide the shoot growth, but prolonged root exposure to light causes a stress response, affecting growth and development, and also affecting the response to other environmental factors. Here, we have investigated how the protection of the root from light exposure, while the shoot is illuminated, influences the direction of root growth in microgravity. We report that the light avoidance mechanism existing in roots guides their growth towards diminishing light and helps establish the proper longitudinal seedling axis in simulated microgravity conditions. This process is regulated by flavonols, as shown in the flavonoid-accumulating mutant transparent testa 3, which shows an increased correction of the root growth direction in microgravity, when the seedling is grown with the root protected from light. This finding may improve the efficiency of water and nutrient sourcing and photosynthesis under microgravity conditions, as they exist in space, contributing to better plant fitness and biomass production in space farming enterprises, necessary for space exploration by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Villacampa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas – CSICMadridSpain
| | | | - F. Javier Medina
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas – CSICMadridSpain
| | - Malgorzata Ciska
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas – CSICMadridSpain
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73
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Bhakta S, Negi S, Tak H, Singh S, Ganapathi TR. MusaATAF2-like protein regulates shoot development and multiplication by inducing cytokinin hypersensitivity and flavonoid accumulation in banana plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1197-1208. [PMID: 35244754 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Senescence-associated transcription factor ATAF2 regulates cytokinin signalling and in vitro shoot multiplication in banana plants. MusaATAF2-like protein is a stress-related NAC transcription factor of banana. It regulates senescence in rooted banana plants. During the early stages of plant development under in vitro conditions, the presence of 6-benzylaminopurine leads to vigorous shoot multiplication. The major contributor to plant shoot multiplication is auxin to cytokinin ratio and their signalling components. The LC-MS analysis of transgenic banana plants overexpressing MusaATAF2 indicated significantly higher cytokinin content and remarkably lower auxin content. Auxin transport has been reported to be inhibited by flavonoids. Their significantly higher abundance in the shoot tissues in transgenic lines suggested potential negative regulation of auxin signalling in transgenic plants. Enhanced shoot multiplication in transgenic lines was further corroborated by reduced transcript abundance of type-A Arabidopsis response regulator-like genes (inhibitors of cytokinin signalling pathway) and higher expression of Arabidopsis histidine kinase-like genes and type-B Arabidopsis response regulator-like genes (positive regulators of cytokinin signalling pathway) in transgenic lines. Altogether, the data concludes that MusaATAF2 induces cytokinin hypersensitivity in banana shoots by modulating/regulating the cytokinin signalling components and flavonoids content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Bhakta
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjana Negi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Himanshu Tak
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Sudhir Singh
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Plant Biotechnology and Secondary Metabolites Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - T R Ganapathi
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India.
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74
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Berger A, Latimer S, Stutts LR, Soubeyrand E, Block AK, Basset GJ. Kaempferol as a precursor for ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) biosynthesis: An atypical node between specialized metabolism and primary metabolism. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 66:102165. [PMID: 35026487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) is a vital respiratory cofactor and liposoluble antioxidant. Studies have shown that plants derive approximately a quarter of 4-hydroxybenzoate, which serves as the direct ring precursor of ubiquinone, from the catabolism of kaempferol. Biochemical and genetic evidence suggests that the release of 4-hydroxybenzoate from kaempferol is catalyzed by heme-dependent peroxidases and that 3-O-glycosylations of kaempferol act as a negative regulator of this process. These findings not only represent an atypical instance of primary metabolite being derived from specialized metabolism but also raise the question as to whether ubiquinone contributes to the ROS scavenging and signaling functions already established for flavonols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Berger
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Scott Latimer
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Lauren R Stutts
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Eric Soubeyrand
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Anna K Block
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Chemistry Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Gilles J Basset
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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75
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Lv YQ, Li D, Wu LY, Zhu YM, Ye Y, Zheng XQ, Lu JL, Liang YR, Li QS, Ye JH. Sugar signal mediates flavonoid biosynthesis in tea leaves. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac049. [PMID: 35591928 PMCID: PMC9113228 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sugar metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis vary with the development of tea leaves. In order to understand the regulatory mechanisms underlying the associations between them, a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of naturally growing tea leaves at different stages of maturity was carried out. Based on weighted gene coexpression network analysis, the key gene modules (Modules 2 and 3) related to the varying relationship between sugar metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis as well as the corresponding hub genes were obtained. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analysis showed that the transcription factors (TFs) in Modules 2 and 3 were mainly enriched in the pathway of plant hormone signal transduction. An in vitro study showed that the transcriptional levels of ERF1B-like TF for hexokinase inhibitor and sucrose treatments were upregulated, being respectively 28.1- and 30.2-fold higher than in the control, suggesting that ERF1B-like TFs participate in the sugar-induced regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. The results of yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays demonstrated that CsF3'H, encoding flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, was the target flavonoid biosynthetic gene for CsERF1B-like TF. Our study identified the potential key regulators participating in the metabolism of sugars and flavonoids, providing new insights into the crosstalk between sugar metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qing Lv
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Da Li
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Liang-Yu Wu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou 350000, China
| | - Yu-Meng Zhu
- Ningbo Yinzhou District Agricultural Technical Extension Station, 55 Huifengxi Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Qiang Zheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Liang Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yue-Rong Liang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qing-Sheng Li
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jian-Hui Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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76
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Mahon EL, de Vries L, Jang SK, Middar S, Kim H, Unda F, Ralph J, Mansfield SD. Exogenous chalcone synthase expression in developing poplar xylem incorporates naringenin into lignins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:984-996. [PMID: 34718804 PMCID: PMC8825309 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, a polyphenolic polymer, is a major chemical constituent of the cell walls of terrestrial plants. The biosynthesis of lignin is a highly plastic process, as highlighted by an increasing number of noncanonical monomers that have been successfully identified in an array of plants. Here, we engineered hybrid poplar (Populus alba x grandidentata) to express chalcone synthase 3 (MdCHS3) derived from apple (Malus domestica) in lignifying xylem. Transgenic trees displayed an accumulation of the flavonoid naringenin in xylem methanolic extracts not inherently observed in wild-type trees. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed the presence of naringenin in the extract-free, cellulase-treated xylem lignin of MdCHS3-poplar, indicating the incorporation of this flavonoid-derived compound into poplar secondary cell wall lignins. The transgenic trees also displayed lower total cell wall lignin content and increased cell wall carbohydrate content and performed significantly better in limited saccharification assays than their wild-type counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Mahon
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lisanne de Vries
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Soo-Kyeong Jang
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sandeep Middar
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hoon Kim
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John Ralph
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Author for communication:
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77
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Buckwheat Milling Waste Effects on Root Morphology and Mycorrhization of Silver Fir Seedlings Inoculated with Black Summer Truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.). FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Large amounts of buckwheat waste are generated annually by the industry and are used in several different ways. To date, there has been little research regarding its suitability as a medium for growing seedlings in nurseries. The aim of this study was therefore to analyze the suitability of common and Tartary buckwheat wastes (brans and husks) as media used for raising seedlings. A pot experiment with five different treatments was carried out, in which silver fir root parameters were analyzed and compared 6 and 12 months after summer truffle-spore inoculation. A significantly higher concentration of the antioxidant rutin was confirmed in Tartary buckwheat bran compared to other buckwheat waste used. We also confirmed a significantly positive effect of added Tartary buckwheat husks on specific root length, root tip density, and specific root tip density compared to added common buckwheat husks or Tartary buckwheat bran, for which a significantly negative effect on branching density was confirmed. A significantly negative effect of added buckwheat husks and Tartary buckwheat bran was confirmed for summer truffle mycorrhization level.
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78
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Laoué J, Fernandez C, Ormeño E. Plant Flavonoids in Mediterranean Species: A Focus on Flavonols as Protective Metabolites under Climate Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020172. [PMID: 35050060 PMCID: PMC8781291 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are specialized metabolites largely widespread in plants where they play numerous roles including defense and signaling under stress conditions. These compounds encompass several chemical subgroups such as flavonols which are one the most represented classes. The most studied flavonols are kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin to which research attributes antioxidative properties and a potential role in UV-defense through UV-screening mechanisms making them critical for plant adaptation to climate change. Despite the great interest in flavonol functions in the last decades, some functional aspects remain under debate. This review summarizes the importance of flavonoids in plant defense against climate stressors and as signal molecules with a focus on flavonols in Mediterranean plant species. The review emphasizes the relationship between flavonol location (at the organ, tissue and cellular scales) and their function as defense metabolites against climate-related stresses. It also provides evidence that biosynthesis of flavonols, or flavonoids as a whole, could be a crucial process allowing plants to adapt to climate change, especially in the Mediterranean area which is considered as one of the most sensitive regions to climate change over the globe.
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79
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Xiong C, Li X, Wang X, Wang J, Lambers H, Vance CP, Shen J, Cheng L. Flavonoids are involved in phosphorus-deficiency-induced cluster-root formation in white lupin. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:101-112. [PMID: 34668958 PMCID: PMC8829899 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Initiation of cluster roots in white lupin (Lupinus albus) under phosphorus (P) deficiency requires auxin signalling, whereas flavonoids inhibit auxin transport. However, little information is available about the interactions between P deficiency and flavonoids in terms of cluster-root formation in white lupin. METHODS Hydroponic and aeroponic systems were used to investigate the role of flavonoids in cluster-root formation, with or without 75 μm P supply. KEY RESULTS Phosphorus-deficiency-induced flavonoid accumulation in cluster roots depended on developmental stage, based on in situ determination of fluorescence of flavonoids and flavonoid concentration. LaCHS8, which codes for a chalcone synthase isoform, was highly expressed in cluster roots, and silencing LaCHS8 reduced flavonoid production and rootlet density. Exogenous flavonoids suppressed cluster-root formation. Tissue-specific distribution of flavonoids in roots was altered by P deficiency, suggesting that P deficiency induced flavonoid accumulation, thus fine-tuning the effect of flavonoids on cluster-root formation. Furthermore, naringenin inhibited expression of an auxin-responsive DR5:GUS marker, suggesting an interaction of flavonoids and auxin in regulating cluster-root formation. CONCLUSIONS Phosphorus deficiency triggered cluster-root formation through the regulation of flavonoid distribution, which fine-tuned an auxin response in the early stages of cluster-root development. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of cluster-root formation under P deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyong Xiong
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxin Wang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hans Lambers
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Carroll P Vance
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota and United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jianbo Shen
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- For correspondence. E-mail ;
| | - Lingyun Cheng
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- For correspondence. E-mail ;
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80
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Hampejsová R, Berka M, Berková V, Jersáková J, Domkářová J, von Rundstedt F, Frary A, Saiz-Fernández I, Brzobohatý B, Černý M. Interaction With Fungi Promotes the Accumulation of Specific Defense Molecules in Orchid Tubers and May Increase the Value of Tubers for Biotechnological and Medicinal Applications: The Case Study of Interaction Between Dactylorhiza sp. and Tulasnella calospora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:757852. [PMID: 35845638 PMCID: PMC9282861 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.757852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial orchids can form tubers, organs modified to store energy reserves. Tubers are an attractive source of nutrients, and salep, a flour made from dried orchid tubers, is the source of traditional beverages. Tubers also contain valuable secondary metabolites and are used in traditional medicine. The extensive harvest of wild orchids is endangering their populations in nature; however, orchids can be cultivated and tubers mass-produced. This work illustrates the importance of plant-fungus interaction in shaping the content of orchid tubers in vitro. Orchid plants of Dactylorhiza sp. grown in asymbiotic culture were inoculated with a fungal isolate from Tulasnella calospora group and, after 3 months of co-cultivation, tubers were analyzed. The fungus adopted the saprotrophic mode of life, but no visible differences in the morphology and biomass of the tubers were detected compared to the mock-treated plants. To elucidate the mechanisms protecting the tubers against fungal infestation, proteome, metabolome, and lipidome of tubers were analyzed. In total, 1,526, 174, and 108 proteins, metabolites, and lipids were quantified, respectively, providing a detailed snapshot of the molecular process underlying plant-microbe interaction. The observed changes at the molecular level showed that the tubers of inoculated plants accumulated significantly higher amounts of antifungal compounds, including phenolics, alkaloid Calystegine B2, and dihydrophenanthrenes. The promoted antimicrobial effects were validated by observing transient inhibition of Phytophthora cactorum growth. The integration of omics data highlighted the promotion of flavonoid biosynthesis, the increase in the formation of lipid droplets and associated production of oxylipins, and the accumulation of auxin in response to T. calospora. Taken together, these results provide the first insights into the molecular mechanisms of defense priming in orchid tubers and highlight the possible use of fungal interactors in biotechnology for the production of orchid secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Hampejsová
- Potato Research Institute, Ltd., Havlíčkův Brod, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Berka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Veronika Berková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Department of Biology of Ecosystems, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | | | | | - Anne Frary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Turkey
| | - Iñigo Saiz-Fernández
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Martin Černý,
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81
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Tyagi K, Lerno L, De Rosso M, Maoz I, Lichter A, Ebeler SE, Flamini R. Extraction and Analysis of Phenolic Compounds from Grape Berries. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2469:1-17. [PMID: 35508825 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2185-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phenolics are ubiquitous compounds that represent the most abundant and diverse class of plant metabolites. From an analytical point of view, phenolics can be divided into soluble phenolics such as phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and quinones, and nonsoluble compounds such as proanthocyanidins, lignins, and cell wall-bound hydroxycinnamic acids. Extraction of phenolics from the sample material is the first step toward their analysis. Biochemical methods for determination of total phenolics content were widely used in the past but modern chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods for identification and quantification of individual compounds are available in recent years. In this chapter, we describe methods for phenolic compounds extraction used in our laboratories from berries of Vitis vinifera and analytical methods including HPLC coupled to DAD detector and Q-TOF LC/MS for their analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Tyagi
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Larry Lerno
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Food Safety and Measurement Facility, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mirko De Rosso
- Chemistry Lab., Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Viticulture & Enology (CREA-VE), Conegliano, Italy
| | - Itay Maoz
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Amnon Lichter
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Susan E Ebeler
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Riccardo Flamini
- Chemistry Lab., Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Viticulture & Enology (CREA-VE), Conegliano, Italy.
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Garighan J, Dvorak E, Estevan J, Loridon K, Huettel B, Sarah G, Farrera I, Leclercq J, Grynberg P, Coiti Togawa R, Mota do Carmo Costa M, Costes E, Andrés F. The Identification of Small RNAs Differentially Expressed in Apple Buds Reveals a Potential Role of the Mir159-MYB Regulatory Module during Dormancy. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2665. [PMID: 34961136 PMCID: PMC8703471 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Winter dormancy is an adaptative mechanism that temperate and boreal trees have developed to protect their meristems against low temperatures. In apple trees (Malus domestica), cold temperatures induce bud dormancy at the end of summer/beginning of the fall. Apple buds stay dormant during winter until they are exposed to a period of cold, after which they can resume growth (budbreak) and initiate flowering in response to warmer temperatures in spring. It is well-known that small RNAs modulate temperature responses in many plant species, but however, how small RNAs are involved in genetic networks of temperature-mediated dormancy control in fruit tree species remains unclear. Here, we have made use of a recently developed ARGONAUTE (AGO)-purification technique to isolate small RNAs from apple buds. A small RNA-seq experiment resulted in the identification of 17 micro RNAs (miRNAs) that change their pattern of expression in apple buds during dormancy. Furthermore, the functional analysis of their predicted target genes suggests a main role of the 17 miRNAs in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, gene regulation, plant development and growth, and response to stimulus. Finally, we studied the conservation of the Arabidopsis thaliana regulatory miR159-MYB module in apple in the context of the plant hormone abscisic acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Garighan
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Etienne Dvorak
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Joan Estevan
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Karine Loridon
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Bruno Huettel
- Genome Centre, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Gautier Sarah
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Isabelle Farrera
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Julie Leclercq
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
- UMR AGAP Institute, CIRAD, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Priscila Grynberg
- Bioinformatica Laboratory, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia—Cenargen, Brasilia 02372, Brazil; (P.G.); (R.C.T.); (M.M.d.C.C.)
| | - Roberto Coiti Togawa
- Bioinformatica Laboratory, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia—Cenargen, Brasilia 02372, Brazil; (P.G.); (R.C.T.); (M.M.d.C.C.)
| | - Marcos Mota do Carmo Costa
- Bioinformatica Laboratory, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia—Cenargen, Brasilia 02372, Brazil; (P.G.); (R.C.T.); (M.M.d.C.C.)
| | - Evelyne Costes
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Fernando Andrés
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
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Durán-Medina Y, Ruiz-Cortés BE, Guerrero-Largo H, Marsch-Martínez N. Specialized metabolism and development: An unexpected friendship. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 64:102142. [PMID: 34856480 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a myriad of metabolites. Some of them have been regarded for a long time as secondary or specialized metabolites and are considered to have functions mostly in defense and the adaptation of plants to their environment. However, in the last years, new research has shown that these metabolites can also have roles in the regulation of plant growth and development, some acting as signals, through the interaction with hormonal pathways, and some independently of them. These reports provide a glimpse of the functional possibilities that specialized metabolites present in the modulation of plant development and encourage more research in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Durán-Medina
- Biotecnology and Biochemistry Department, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN) Irapuato Unit, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Esperanza Ruiz-Cortés
- Biotecnology and Biochemistry Department, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN) Irapuato Unit, Mexico
| | - Herenia Guerrero-Largo
- Biotecnology and Biochemistry Department, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN) Irapuato Unit, Mexico
| | - Nayelli Marsch-Martínez
- Biotecnology and Biochemistry Department, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN) Irapuato Unit, Mexico.
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84
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Morales-Quintana L, Ramos P. A Talk between Flavonoids and Hormones to Reorient the Growth of Gymnosperms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312630. [PMID: 34884435 PMCID: PMC8657560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants reorient the growth of affected organs in response to the loss of gravity vector. In trees, this phenomenon has received special attention due to its importance for the forestry industry of conifer species. Sustainable management is a key factor in improving wood quality. It is of paramount importance to understand the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying wood formation, together with the hormonal and environmental factors that affect wood formation and quality. Hormones are related to the modulation of vertical growth rectification. Many studies have resulted in a model that proposes differential growth in the stem due to unequal auxin and jasmonate allocation. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that in auxin distribution, flavonoids act as molecular controllers. It is well known that flavonoids affect auxin flux, and this is a new area of study to understand the intracellular concentrations and how these compounds can control the gravitropic response. In this review, we focused on different molecular aspects related to the hormonal role in flavonoid homeostasis and what has been done in conifer trees to identify molecular players that could take part during the gravitropic response and reduce low-quality wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Morales-Quintana
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3467987, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.M.-Q.); (P.R.); Tel.: +56-71-2735-699 (L.M.-Q.); +56-73-2213-501 (P.R.)
| | - Patricio Ramos
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (CenBio), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Centro del Secano, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.M.-Q.); (P.R.); Tel.: +56-71-2735-699 (L.M.-Q.); +56-73-2213-501 (P.R.)
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85
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Bauters L, Stojilković B, Gheysen G. Pathogens pulling the strings: Effectors manipulating salicylic acid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1436-1448. [PMID: 34414650 PMCID: PMC8518561 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, plants have developed sophisticated ways to cope with different biotic and abiotic stresses. Phytohormones and secondary metabolites are known to play pivotal roles in defence responses against invading pathogens. One of the key hormones involved in plant immunity is salicylic acid (SA), of which the role in plant defence is well established and documented. Plants produce an array of secondary metabolites categorized in different classes, with the phenylpropanoids as major players in plant immunity. Both SA and phenylpropanoids are needed for an effective immune response by the plant. To successfully infect the host, pathogens secrete proteins, called effectors, into the plant tissue to lower defence. Secreted effectors can interfere with several metabolic or signalling pathways in the host to facilitate infection. In this review, we will focus on the different strategies pathogens have developed to affect the levels of SA and phenylpropanoids to increase plant susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lander Bauters
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Boris Stojilković
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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86
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He S, Wang H, Hao X, Wu Y, Bian X, Yin M, Zhang Y, Fan W, Dai H, Yuan L, Zhang P, Chen L. Dynamic network biomarker analysis discovers IbNAC083 in the initiation and regulation of sweet potato root tuberization. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:793-813. [PMID: 34460981 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The initiation and development of storage roots (SRs) are intricately regulated by a transcriptional regulatory network. One key challenge is to accurately pinpoint the tipping point during the transition from pre-swelling to SRs and to identify the core regulators governing such a critical transition. To solve this problem, we performed a dynamic network biomarker (DNB) analysis of transcriptomic dynamics during root development in Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato). First, our analysis identified stage-specific expression patterns for a significant proportion (>9%) of the sweet potato genes and unraveled the chronology of events that happen at the early and later stages of root development. Then, the results showed that different root developmental stages can be depicted by co-expressed modules of sweet potato genes. Moreover, we identified the key components and transcriptional regulatory network that determine root development. Furthermore, through DNB analysis an early stage, with a root diameter of 3.5 mm, was identified as the critical period of SR swelling initiation, which is consistent with morphological and metabolic changes. In particular, we identified a NAM/ATAF/CUC (NAC) domain transcription factor, IbNAC083, as a core regulator of this initiation in the DNB-associated network. Further analyses and experiments showed that IbNAC083, along with its associated differentially expressed genes, induced dysfunction of metabolism processes, including the biosynthesis of lignin, flavonol and starch, thus leading to the transition to swelling roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaomeng Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yinliang Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaofeng Bian
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Minhao Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- College of Tree Peony, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Yandi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weijuan Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Luonan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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87
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A rice QTL GS3.1 regulates grain size through metabolic-flux distribution between flavonoid and lignin metabolons without affecting stress tolerance. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1171. [PMID: 34620988 PMCID: PMC8497587 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Grain size is a key component trait of grain weight and yield. Numbers of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been identified in various bioprocesses, but there is still little known about how metabolism-related QTLs influence grain size and yield. The current study report GS3.1, a QTL that regulates rice grain size via metabolic flux allocation between two branches of phenylpropanoid metabolism. GS3.1 encodes a MATE (multidrug and toxic compounds extrusion) transporter that regulates grain size by directing the transport of p-coumaric acid from the p-coumaric acid biosynthetic metabolon to the flavonoid biosynthetic metabolon. A natural allele of GS3.1 was identified from an African rice with enlarged grains, reduced flavonoid content and increased lignin content in the panicles. Notably, the natural allele of GS3.1 caused no alterations in other tissues and did not affect stress tolerance, revealing an ideal candidate for breeding efforts. This study uncovers insights into the regulation of grain size though metabolic-flux distribution. In this way, it supports a strategy of enhancing crop yield without introducing deleterious side effects on stress tolerance mechanisms.
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88
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Shi Y, Jiang X, Chen L, Li WW, Lai S, Fu Z, Liu Y, Qian Y, Gao L, Xia T. Functional Analyses of Flavonol Synthase Genes From Camellia sinensis Reveal Their Roles in Anther Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:753131. [PMID: 34659321 PMCID: PMC8517536 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.753131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids, including flavonol derivatives, are the main astringent compounds of tea and are beneficial to human health. Many researches have been conducted to comprehensively identify and characterize the phenolic compounds in the tea plant. However, the biological function of tea flavonoids is not yet understood, especially those accumulated in floral organs. In this study, the metabolic characteristics of phenolic compounds in different developmental stages of flower buds and various parts of the tea flower were investigated by using metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. Targeted metabolomic analysis revealed varying accumulation patterns of different phenolic polyphenol compounds during flowering; moreover, the content of flavonol compounds gradually increased as the flowers opened. Petals and stamens were the main sites of flavone and flavonol accumulation. Compared with those of fertile flowers, the content of certain flavonols, such as kaempferol derivatives, in anthers of hybrid sterile flowers was significantly low. Transcriptomic analysis revealed different expression patterns of genes in the same gene family in tea flowers. The CsFLSb gene was significantly increased during flowering and was highly expressed in anthers. Compared with fertile flowers, CsFLSb was significantly downregulated in sterile flowers. Further functional verification of the three CsFLS genes indicated that CsFLSb caused an increase in flavonol content in transgenic tobacco flowers and that CsFLSa acted in leaves. Taken together, this study highlighted the metabolic properties of phenolic compounds in tea flowers and determined how the three CsFLS genes have different functions in the vegetative and reproductive organs of tea plants. Furthermore, CsFLSb could regulated flavonol biosynthesis in tea flowers, thus influencing fertility. This research is of great significance for balancing the reproductive growth and vegetative growth of tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Linbo Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Tea Germplasm Innovation and Matching Cultivation, Menghai, China
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Sanyan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhouping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yumei Qian
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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89
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Gao Z, Chen Z, Cui Y, Ke M, Xu H, Xu Q, Chen J, Li Y, Huang L, Zhao H, Huang D, Mai S, Xu T, Liu X, Li S, Guan Y, Yang W, Friml J, Petrášek J, Zhang J, Chen X. GmPIN-dependent polar auxin transport is involved in soybean nodule development. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2981-3003. [PMID: 34240197 PMCID: PMC8462816 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To overcome nitrogen deficiency, legume roots establish symbiotic interactions with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia that are fostered in specialized organs (nodules). Similar to other organs, nodule formation is determined by a local maximum of the phytohormone auxin at the primordium site. However, how auxin regulates nodule development remains poorly understood. Here, we found that in soybean, (Glycine max), dynamic auxin transport driven by PIN-FORMED (PIN) transporter GmPIN1 is involved in nodule primordium formation. GmPIN1 was specifically expressed in nodule primordium cells and GmPIN1 was polarly localized in these cells. Two nodulation regulators, (iso)flavonoids trigger expanded distribution of GmPIN1b to root cortical cells, and cytokinin rearranges GmPIN1b polarity. Gmpin1abc triple mutants generated with CRISPR-Cas9 showed the impaired establishment of auxin maxima in nodule meristems and aberrant divisions in the nodule primordium cells. Moreover, overexpression of GmPIN1 suppressed nodule primordium initiation. GmPIN9d, an ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana PIN2, acts together with GmPIN1 later in nodule development to acropetally transport auxin in vascular bundles, fine-tuning the auxin supply for nodule enlargement. Our findings reveal how PIN-dependent auxin transport modulates different aspects of soybean nodule development and suggest that the establishment of auxin gradient is a prerequisite for the proper interaction between legumes and rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gao
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Meiyu Ke
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Huifang Xu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Qinzhen Xu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaomei Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Laimei Huang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Dingquan Huang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Siyuan Mai
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shujia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuefeng Guan
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Wenqiang Yang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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90
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Panda S, Kazachkova Y, Aharoni A. Catch-22 in specialized metabolism: balancing defense and growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6027-6041. [PMID: 34293097 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants are unsurpassed biochemists that synthesize a plethora of molecules in response to an ever-changing environment. The majority of these molecules, considered as specialized metabolites, effectively protect the plant against pathogens and herbivores. However, this defense most probably comes at a great expense, leading to reduction of growth (known as the 'growth-defense trade-off'). Plants employ several strategies to reduce the high metabolic costs associated with chemical defense. Production of specialized metabolites is tightly regulated by a network of transcription factors facilitating its fine-tuning in time and space. Multifunctionality of specialized metabolites-their effective recycling system by re-using carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, thus re-introducing them back to the primary metabolite pool-allows further cost reduction. Spatial separation of biosynthetic enzymes and their substrates, and sequestration of potentially toxic substances and conversion to less toxic metabolite forms are the plant's solutions to avoid the detrimental effects of metabolites they produce as well as to reduce production costs. Constant fitness pressure from herbivores, pathogens, and abiotic stressors leads to honing of specialized metabolite biosynthesis reactions to be timely, efficient, and metabolically cost-effective. In this review, we assess the costs of production of specialized metabolites for chemical defense and the different plant mechanisms to reduce the cost of such metabolic activity in terms of self-toxicity and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Panda
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Negev, Israel
| | - Yana Kazachkova
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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91
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Singh P, Arif Y, Bajguz A, Hayat S. The role of quercetin in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:10-19. [PMID: 34087741 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a special category of hydroxylated phenolic compounds having an aromatic ring structure. Quercetin is aspecial subclass of flavonoid. It is a bioactive natural compound built upon the flavon structure nC6(ring A)-C3(ring C)-C6(ring B). Quercetin facilitates several plant physiological processes, such as seed germination, pollen growth, antioxidant machinery, and photosynthesis, as well as induces proper plant growth and development. Quercetin is a powerful antioxidant, so it potently provides plant tolerance against several biotic and abiotic stresses. This review highlights quercetin's role in increasing several physiological and biochemical processes under stress and non-stress environments. Additionally, this review briefly assesses quercetin's role in mitigating biotic and abiotic stresses (e.g., salt, heavy metal, and UV stress). The biosynthesis of flavonoids, their signaling pathways, and quercetin's role in plant signaling are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Botany, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Yamshi Arif
- Department of Botany, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 1J Ciolkowskiego St., 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Shamsul Hayat
- Department of Botany, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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92
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Huang M, Xing H, Li Z, Li H, Wu L, Jiang Y. Identification and expression profile of the soil moisture and Ralstonia solanacearum response CYPome in ginger ( Zingiber officinale). PeerJ 2021; 9:e11755. [PMID: 34414026 PMCID: PMC8340902 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytochrome P450s play crucial roles in various biosynthetic reactions. Ginger (Zingiber officinale), which is often threatened by Ralstonia solanacearum, is the most economically important crop in the family Zingiberaceae. Whether the cytochrome P450 complement (CYPome) significantly responds to this pathogen has remained unclear. Methods Transcriptomic responses to R. solanacearum and soil moisture were analyzed in ginger, and expression profiles of the CYPome were determined based on transcriptome data. Results A total of 821 P450 unigenes with ORFs ≥ 300 bp were identified. Forty percent soil moisture suppressed several key P450 unigenes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, gingerols, and jasmonates, including unigenes encoding flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase, steroid 22-alpha-hydroxylase, cytochrome P450 family 724 subfamily B polypeptide 1, and allene oxide synthase. Conversely, the expression of P450 unigenes involved in gibberellin biosynthesis and abscisic acid catabolism, encoding ent-kaurene oxidase and abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase, respectively, were promoted by 40% soil moisture. Under R. solanacearum infection, the expression of P450 unigenes involved in the biosynthesis of the above secondary metabolites were changed, but divergent expression patterns were observed under different soil moisture treatments. High moisture repressed expression of genes involved in flavonoid, brassinosteroid, gingerol, and jasmonate biosynthesis, but promoted expression of genes involved in GA anabolism and ABA catabolism. These results suggest possible mechanisms for how high moisture causes elevated susceptibility to R. solanacearum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, Chongqing, China.,Research Institute for Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Haitao Xing
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhexin Li
- Research Institute for Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Honglei Li
- Research Institute for Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Yusong Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, Chongqing, China.,Research Institute for Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
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93
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Borges RM. Interactions Between Figs and Gall-Inducing Fig Wasps: Adaptations, Constraints, and Unanswered Questions. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.685542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ancient interaction between figs (Ficus, Moraceae) and their pollinating fig wasps is an unusual example of a mutualism between plants and gall-inducing insects. This review intends to offer fresh perspectives into the relationship between figs and the diversity of gall-inducing sycophiles which inhabit their enclosed globular inflorescences that function as microcosms. Besides gall-inducing pollinators, fig inflorescences are also inhabited by other gall-inducing wasps. This review evaluates the state of current knowledge on gall-induction by fig wasps and exposes the many lacunae in this area. This review makes connections between fig and gall-inducing wasp traits, and suggests relatively unexplored research avenues. This manuscript calls for an integrated approach that incorporates such diverse fields as life-history theory, plant mate choice, wasp sexual selection and local mate competition, plant embryology as well as seed and fruit dispersal. It calls for collaboration between researchers such as plant developmental biologists, insect physiologists, chemical ecologists and sensory biologists to jointly solve the many valuable questions that can be addressed in community ecology, co-evolution and species interaction biology using the fig inflorescence microcosm, that is inhabited by gall-inducing mutualistic and parasitic wasps, as a model system.
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Xu J, Nie S, Xu CQ, Liu H, Jia KH, Zhou SS, Zhao W, Zhou XQ, El-Kassaby YA, Wang XR, Porth I, Mao JF. UV-B-induced molecular mechanisms of stress physiology responses in the major northern Chinese conifer Pinus tabuliformis Carr. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1247-1263. [PMID: 33416074 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During their lifetimes, plants are exposed to different abiotic stress factors eliciting various physiological responses and triggering important defense processes. For UV-B radiation responses in forest trees, the genetics and molecular regulation remain to be elucidated. Here, we exposed Pinus tabuliformis Carr., a major conifer from northern China, to short-term high-intensity UV-B and employed a systems biology approach to characterize the early physiological processes and the hierarchical gene regulation, which revealed a temporal transition from primary to secondary metabolism, the buildup of enhanced antioxidant capacity and stress-signaling activation. Our findings showed that photosynthesis and biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments were inhibited, while flavonoids and their related derivates biosynthesis, as well as glutathione and glutathione S-transferase mediated antioxidant processes, were enhanced. Likewise, stress-related phytohormones (jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and ethylene), kinase and reactive oxygen species signal transduction pathways were activated. Biological processes regulated by auxin and karrikin were, for the first time, found to be involved in plant defense against UV-B by promoting the biosynthesis of flavonoids and the improvement of antioxidant capacity in our research system. Our work evaluated the physiological and transcriptome perturbations in a conifer's response to UV-B, and generally, highlighted the necessity of a systems biology approach in addressing plant stress biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua E Rd, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuai Nie
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua E Rd, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chao-Qun Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua E Rd, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua E Rd, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kai-Hua Jia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua E Rd, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua E Rd, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua E Rd, Beijing 100083, China
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Xian-Qing Zhou
- Qigou State-owned Forest Farm, Qigou Village, Qigou Town, Pingquan County, Chengde City, Hebei Province, 067509, China
| | - Yousry A El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Xiao-Ru Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua E Rd, Beijing 100083, China
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ilga Porth
- Départment des Sciences du Bois et de la Forêt, Faculté de Foresterie, de Géographie et Géomatique, Université Laval Québec, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jian-Feng Mao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua E Rd, Beijing 100083, China
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Genomic regions associated with heat stress tolerance in tropical maize (Zea mays L.). Sci Rep 2021; 11:13730. [PMID: 34215789 PMCID: PMC8253795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With progressive climate change and the associated increase in mean temperature, heat stress tolerance has emerged as one of the key traits in the product profile of the maize breeding pipeline for lowland tropics. The present study aims to identify the genomic regions associated with heat stress tolerance in tropical maize. An association mapping panel, called the heat tolerant association mapping (HTAM) panel, was constituted by involving a total of 543 tropical maize inbred lines from diverse genetic backgrounds, test-crossed and phenotyped across nine locations in South Asia under natural heat stress. The panel was genotyped using a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) platform. Considering the large variations in vapor pressure deficit (VPD) at high temperature (Tmax) across different phenotyping locations, genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted separately for each location. The individual location GWAS identified a total of 269 novel significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for grain yield under heat stress at a p value of < 10–5. A total of 175 SNPs were found in 140 unique gene models implicated in various biological pathway responses to different abiotic stresses. Haplotype trend regression (HTR) analysis of the significant SNPs identified 26 haplotype blocks and 96 single SNP variants significant across one to five locations. The genomic regions identified based on GWAS and HTR analysis considering genomic region x environment interactions are useful for breeding efforts aimed at developing heat stress resilient maize cultivars for current and future climatic conditions through marker-assisted introgression into elite genetic backgrounds and/or genome-wide selection.
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Lazcano-Ramírez HG, Gamboa-Becerra R, García-López IJ, Montes RAC, Díaz-Ramírez D, de la Vega OM, Ordaz-Ortíz JJ, de Folter S, Tiessen-Favier A, Winkler R, Marsch-Martínez N. Effects of the Developmental Regulator BOLITA on the Plant Metabolome. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070995. [PMID: 34209960 PMCID: PMC8305173 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors are important regulators of gene expression. They can orchestrate the activation or repression of hundreds or thousands of genes and control diverse processes in a coordinated way. This work explores the effect of a master regulator of plant development, BOLITA (BOL), in plant metabolism, with a special focus on specialized metabolism. For this, we used an Arabidopsis thaliana line in which the transcription factor activity can be induced. Fingerprinting metabolomic analyses of whole plantlets were performed at different times after induction. After 96 h, all induced replicas clustered as a single group, in contrast with all controls which did not cluster. Metabolomic analyses of shoot and root tissues enabled the putative identification of differentially accumulated metabolites in each tissue. Finally, the analysis of global gene expression in induced vs. non-induced root samples, together with enrichment analyses, allowed the identification of enriched metabolic pathways among the differentially expressed genes and accumulated metabolites after the induction. We concluded that the induction of BOL activity can modify the Arabidopsis metabolome. Future work should investigate whether its action is direct or indirect, and the implications of the metabolic changes for development regulation and bioprospection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Gerardo Lazcano-Ramírez
- Cell Identity Laboratory, Biotechnology and Biochemistry Department, CINVESTAV-IPN Irapuato Unit, Irapuato 36824, Mexico; (H.G.L.-R.); (D.D.-R.)
| | - Roberto Gamboa-Becerra
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Instrumental Analysis, Biotechnology and Biochemistry Department, CINVESTAV-IPN Irapuato Unit, Irapuato 36824, Mexico;
- Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Irving J. García-López
- Genetic Engineering Department, CINVESTAV-IPN Irapuato Unit, Irapuato 36824, Mexico; (I.J.G.-L.); (A.T.-F.)
| | - Ricardo A. Chávez Montes
- Advanced Genomics Unit (UGA-Langebio), CINVESTAV-IPN, Irapuato 36824, Mexico; (R.A.C.M.); (O.M.d.l.V.); (J.J.O.-O.); (S.d.F.)
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - David Díaz-Ramírez
- Cell Identity Laboratory, Biotechnology and Biochemistry Department, CINVESTAV-IPN Irapuato Unit, Irapuato 36824, Mexico; (H.G.L.-R.); (D.D.-R.)
| | - Octavio Martínez de la Vega
- Advanced Genomics Unit (UGA-Langebio), CINVESTAV-IPN, Irapuato 36824, Mexico; (R.A.C.M.); (O.M.d.l.V.); (J.J.O.-O.); (S.d.F.)
| | - José Juan Ordaz-Ortíz
- Advanced Genomics Unit (UGA-Langebio), CINVESTAV-IPN, Irapuato 36824, Mexico; (R.A.C.M.); (O.M.d.l.V.); (J.J.O.-O.); (S.d.F.)
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Advanced Genomics Unit (UGA-Langebio), CINVESTAV-IPN, Irapuato 36824, Mexico; (R.A.C.M.); (O.M.d.l.V.); (J.J.O.-O.); (S.d.F.)
| | - Axel Tiessen-Favier
- Genetic Engineering Department, CINVESTAV-IPN Irapuato Unit, Irapuato 36824, Mexico; (I.J.G.-L.); (A.T.-F.)
| | - Robert Winkler
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Instrumental Analysis, Biotechnology and Biochemistry Department, CINVESTAV-IPN Irapuato Unit, Irapuato 36824, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (N.M.-M.); Tel.: +52-(462)-623-9635 (R.W.); +52-462-623-9671 (N.M.-M.)
| | - Nayelli Marsch-Martínez
- Cell Identity Laboratory, Biotechnology and Biochemistry Department, CINVESTAV-IPN Irapuato Unit, Irapuato 36824, Mexico; (H.G.L.-R.); (D.D.-R.)
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (N.M.-M.); Tel.: +52-(462)-623-9635 (R.W.); +52-462-623-9671 (N.M.-M.)
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97
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The Effect of Exogenous Application of Quercetin Derivative Solutions on the Course of Physiological and Biochemical Processes in Wheat Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136882. [PMID: 34206953 PMCID: PMC8269177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, classified as a flavonoid, is a strong antioxidant that plays a significant role in the regulation of physiological processes in plants, which is particularly important in the case of biotic and abiotic stresses. The study investigated the effect of the use of potassium quercetin solutions in various concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0% and 5.0%) on the physiological and biochemical properties of wheat seedlings. A pot experiment was carried out in order to determine the most beneficial dose of this flavonoid acting as a bio-stimulant for wheat plants. Spraying with quercetin derivative solutions was performed twice, and physiological measurements (chlorophyll content and fluorescence as well as gas exchange) were carried out on the first and seventh days after each application. The total phenolic compounds content and the total antioxidant capacity were also determined. It was shown that the concentrations of potassium quercetin applied have a stimulating effect on the course of physiological processes. In the case of most of the tested physiological parameters (chlorophyll content and fluorescence and gas exchange) and the total antioxidant capacity, no significant differences were observed in their increase as a result of application with concentrations of 3.0 and 5.0%. Therefore, the beneficial effect of quercetin on the analysed parameters is already observed when spraying with a concentration of 3.0%.
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98
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Wang Y, Sun H, Wang H, Yang X, Xu Y, Yang Z, Xu C, Li P. Integrating transcriptome, co-expression and QTL-seq analysis reveals that primary root growth in maize is regulated via flavonoid biosynthesis and auxin signal transduction. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4773-4795. [PMID: 33909071 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The primary root is critical for early seedling growth and survival. To understand the molecular mechanisms governing primary root development, we performed a dynamic transcriptome analysis of two maize (Zea mays) inbred lines with contrasting primary root length at nine time points over a 12-day period. A total of 18 702 genes were differentially expressed between two lines or different time points. Gene enrichment, phytohormone content determination, and metabolomics analysis showed that auxin biosynthesis and signal transduction, as well as the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, were associated with root development. Co-expression network analysis revealed that eight modules were associated with lines/stages, as well as primary or lateral root length. In root-related modules, flavonoid metabolism accompanied by auxin biosynthesis and signal transduction constituted a complex gene regulatory network during primary root development. Two candidate genes (rootless concerning crown and seminal roots, rtcs and Zm00001d012781) involved in auxin signaling and flavonoid biosynthesis were identified by co-expression network analysis, QTL-seq and functional annotation. These results increase our understanding of the regulatory network controlling the development of primary and lateral root length, and provide a valuable genetic resource for improvement of root performance in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Houmiao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zefeng Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Chenwu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/ Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Shi J, Zhou H, Liu X, Wang N, Xu Q, Yan G. Correlation analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome reveals the role of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in regulating axillary buds in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). PLANTA 2021; 254:7. [PMID: 34142246 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are involved in axillary bud development in upland cotton. The phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways regulate axillary bud growth by promoting the transport of auxin in upland cotton. In cotton production, simplified cultivation and mechanical harvesting are emerging trends that depend on whether the cotton plant type meets production requirements. The axillary bud is an important index of cotton plant-type traits, and the molecular mechanism of axillary bud development in upland cotton has not yet been completely studied. Here, a combined investigation of transcriptome and metabolome analyses in G. hirsutum CCRI 117 at the fourth week (stage 1), fifth week (stage 2) and sixth week (stage 3) after seedling emergence was performed. The metabolome results showed that the total lipid, amino acid and organic acid contents in the first stalk node decreased during axillary bud development. The abundance of 71 metabolites was altered between stage 2 and stage 1, and 32 metabolites exhibited significantly altered abundance between stage 3 and stage 2. According to the correlation analysis of metabolome and transcriptome profiles, we found that phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways exhibit high enrichment degrees of both differential metabolites and differential genes in three stages. Based on the verification of hormone, soluble sugar and flavonoid detection, we propose a model for flavonoid-mediated regulation of axillary bud development in upland cotton, revealing that the decrease in secondary metabolites of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis is an essential factor to promote the transport of auxin and subsequently promote the growth of axillary buds. Our findings provide novel insights into the regulation of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis in axillary bud development and could prove useful for cultivating machine-harvested cotton varieties with low axillary buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Xinjiang Qianhai Seed Industry Limited Liability Company, Tumsuk, 843901, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Qinghua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Gentu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
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Zhou Y, Underhill SJR. Differential transcription pathways associated with rootstock-induced dwarfing in breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) scions. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:261. [PMID: 34090350 PMCID: PMC8178858 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a traditional staple tree crop throughout the tropics. Through interspecific grafting, a dwarf phenotype with over 50% reduction in plant height was identified when marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus) rootstocks were used. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the rootstock-induced breadfruit dwarfing is poorly understood. RESULTS An RNA-sequencing study of breadfruit scions at 22 months after grafting identified 5409 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of which 2069 were upregulated and 3339 were downregulated in scion stems on marang rootstocks compared to those on self-graft. The DEGs were predominantly enriched for biological processes involved in carbon metabolism, cell wall organization, plant hormone signal transduction and redox homeostasis. The down-regulation of genes encoding vacuolar acid invertases and alkaline/neutral invertases, was consistent with the decreased activity of both enzymes, accompanying with a higher sucrose but lower glucose and fructose levels in the tissues. Key genes of biosynthetic pathways for amino acids, lipids and cell wall were down regulated, reflecting reduction of sucrose utilisation for stem growth on dwarfing rootstocks. Genes encoding sugar transporters, amino acid transporters, choline transporters, along with large number of potassium channels and aquaporin family members were down-regulated in scion stems on marang rootstocks. Lower activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPase, together with the predominance of genes encoding expansins, wall-associated receptor kinases and key enzymes for biosynthesis and re-modelling of cellulose, xyloglucans and pectins in down-regulated DGEs suggested impairment of cell expansion. Signalling pathways of auxin and gibberellin, along with strigolacton and brassinosteroid biosynthetic genes dominated the down-regulated DEGs. Phenylpropanoid pathway was enriched, with key lignin biosynthetic genes down-regulated, and flavonoid biosynthetic genes upregulated in scions on marang rootstocks. Signalling pathways of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene and MAPK cascade were significantly enriched in the upregulated DEGs. CONCLUSIONS Rootstock-induced disruption in pathways regulating nutrient transport, sucrose utilisation, cell wall biosynthesis and networks of hormone transduction are proposed to impair cell expansion and stem elongation, leading to dwarf phenotype in breadfruit scions. The information provides opportunity to develop screening strategy for rootstock breeding and selection for breadfruit dwarfing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchan Zhou
- Australian Centre for Pacific Islands Research, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, 4556, Australia.
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Steven J R Underhill
- Australian Centre for Pacific Islands Research, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, 4556, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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