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Comprehensive Characterization of Fruit Volatiles and Nutritional Quality of Three Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) Genotypes from Different Geographic Groups after Bagging Treatment. Foods 2020; 9:foods9030294. [PMID: 32150913 PMCID: PMC7143270 DOI: 10.3390/foods9030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bagging is widely practiced to produce high quality and unblemished fruit; however, little is currently known about the effect of bagging on flavor and nutritional quality of cucumber fruits. Here we determined the influence of bagging on fruit quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) using three genotypes from different geographic groups. Exocarp chlorophyll and carotenoid levels were significantly decreased by bagging, accompanied by color change. Ascorbate content in bagged fruits decreased to some extent, while contents of soluble sugars, starch, and cellulose were comparable with those of control fruits. Compositions related to fruit flavor quality could be enhanced largely through bagging treatment, with elevation of the relative proportion of C6 aldehyde, as well as (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal/(E)-2-nonenal ratio, and linoleic/α-linolenic acid ratio. Lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase, two key enzymes in the production of volatiles, displayed distinctive transcript expression patterns and trends in changes of enzymatic activity in the bagged fruits of different genotypes. Overall, this study assesses the information on changing characteristics of fruit volatile composition and nutritional quality among different cucumber genotypes after bagging treatment. Results of this study would contribute to providing reference for mechanism study and cultivation conditions to improve cucumber fruit flavor to a considerable degree.
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Comprehensive Genomic Analysis and Expression Profiling of the C2H2 Zinc Finger Protein Family Under Abiotic Stresses in Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.). Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020171. [PMID: 32041281 PMCID: PMC7074296 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber is one of the most important vegetables in the world. The C2H2 zinc finger protein (C2H2-ZFP) family plays an important role in the growth development and abiotic stress responses of plants. However, there have been no systematic studies on cucumber. In this study, we performed a genome-wide study of C2H2-ZFP genes and analyzed their chromosomal location, gene structure, conservation motif, and transcriptional expression. In total, 101 putative cucumber C2H2-ZFP genes were identified and divided into six groups (I–VI). RNA-seq transcriptome data on different organs revealed temporal and spatial expression specificity of the C2H2-ZFP genes. Expression analysis of sixteen selected C2H2-ZFP genes in response to cold, drought, salt, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that C2H2-ZFP genes may be involved in different signaling pathways. These results provide valuable information for studying the function of cucumber C2H2-ZFP genes in the future.
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Hui WK, Zhao FY, Wang JY, Chen XY, Li JW, Zhong Y, Li HY, Zheng JX, Zhang LZ, Que QM, Wu AM, Gong W. De novo transcriptome assembly for the five major organs of Zanthoxylum armatum and the identification of genes involved in terpenoid compound and fatty acid metabolism. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:81. [PMID: 31992199 PMCID: PMC6986037 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zanthoxylum armatum (Z. armatum) is a highly economically important tree that presents a special numbing taste. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism of the numbing taste remains poorly understood. Thus, the elucidation of the key genes associated with numbing taste biosynthesis pathways is critical for providing genetic information on Z. armatumand the breeding of high-quality germplasms of this species. Results Here, de novo transcriptome assembly was performed for the five major organs of Z. armatum, including the roots, stems, leaf buds, mature leaves and fruits. A total of 111,318 unigenes were generated with an average length of 1014 bp. Additionally, a large number of SSRs were obtained to improve our understanding of the phylogeny and genetics of Z. armatum. The organ-specific unigenes of the five major samples were screened and annotated via GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. A total of 53 and 34 unigenes that were exclusively upregulated in fruit samples were identified as candidate unigenes for terpenoid biosynthesis or fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation and degradation pathways, respectively. Moreover, 40 days after fertilization (Fr4 stage) could be an important period for the accumulation of terpenoid compounds during the fruit development and maturation of Z. armatum. The Fr4 stage could be a key point at which the first few steps of the fatty acid biosynthesis process are promoted, and the catalysis of subsequent reactions could be significantly induced at 62 days after fertilization (Fr6 stage). Conclusions The present study realized de novo transcriptome assembly for the five major organs of Z. armatum. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first comprehensive analysis revealing the genes underlying the special numbing taste of Z. armatum. The assembled transcriptome profiles expand the available genetic information on this species and will contribute to gene functional studies, which will aid in the engineering of high-quality cultivars of Z. armatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kai Hui
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Fei-Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jing-Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jue-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hong-Yun Li
- Agricultural Technology Extension Center in Yantan District, Zigong, 643030, China
| | - Jun-Xing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Liang-Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qing-Min Que
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Wei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Xie P, Shi J, Tang S, Chen C, Khan A, Zhang F, Xiong Y, Li C, He W, Wang G, Lei F, Wu Y, Xie Q. Control of Bird Feeding Behavior by Tannin1 through Modulating the Biosynthesis of Polyphenols and Fatty Acid-Derived Volatiles in Sorghum. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1315-1324. [PMID: 31557534 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bird predation during seed maturation causes great loss to agricultural production. In this study, through GWAS analysis of a large-scale sorghum germplasm diversity panel, we identified that Tannin1, which encodes a WD40 protein functioning in the WD40/MYB/bHLH complex, controls bird feeding behavior in sorghum. Metabolic profiling analysis showed that a group of sorghum accessions preferred by birds contain mutated tan1-a/b alleles and accumulate significantly lower levels of anthocyanins and condensed tannin compounds. In contrast, a variety of aromatic and fatty acid-derived volatiles accumulate at significantly higher levels in these bird-preference accessions. We subsequently conducted both sparrow feeding and sparrow volatile attractant assays, which confirmed, respectively, the antifeedant and attractant functions of these differentially accumulated metabolites. In addition, the connection between the biosynthesis pathway of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin and the pathway of fatty acid-derived volatile biosynthesis was demonstrated by discovering that Tannin1 complex modulates fatty acid biosynthesis by regulating the expression of SbGL2 in sorghum, thus affecting the accumulation of fatty acid-derived volatiles. Taken together, our study identified Tannin1 as the gene underlying the major locus controlling bird feeding behavior in sorghum, illustrating an example of the identification of an ecologically impactful molecular mechanism from field observation and providing significant insights into the chemistry of bird-plant ecological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jiayang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Sanyuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Chengxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Aimal Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Wei He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fumin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Yaorong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.
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Feng G, Wu J, Yi H. Global tissue-specific transcriptome analysis of Citrus sinensis fruit across six developmental stages. Sci Data 2019; 6:153. [PMID: 31434903 PMCID: PMC6704135 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus sinensis fruit is a type of nonclimacteric fruit that mainly consists of four tissues: the epicarp, albedo, segment membrane and juice sac. The fruit quality is determined by the characteristics of these four tissues. However, our knowledge of the molecular processes that occur in these four tissues during citrus fruit development and ripening is limited. Tissue-specific transcriptomes provide a comprehensive and detailed molecular regulatory network of citrus fruit development and ripening. In our study, we collected four types of tissue from C. sinensis fruits at six developmental stages. A total of 72 libraries were constructed from 24 samples (each sample had three replicates), and the transcriptomes were sequenced by an Illumina HiSeq 4000. The comprehensive analyses of the transcriptomes from the four tissues and six developmental stages presented here provide a valuable resource for the discovery of the molecular networks underlying citrus fruit development and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Juxun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Hualin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Miao L, Di Q, Sun T, Li Y, Duan Y, Wang J, Yan Y, He C, Wang C, Yu X. Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Provide Insights into the Effects of Grafting on Fruit Flavor of Cucumber with Different Rootstocks. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143592. [PMID: 31340498 PMCID: PMC6678626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rootstocks frequently exert detrimental effects on the fruit quality of grafted cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants. To understand and ultimately correct this deficiency, a transcriptomic and metabolomic comparative analysis was performed among cucumber fruits from non-grafted plants (NG), and fruits from plants grafted onto different rootstocks of No.96 and No.45 (Cucurbita moschata. Duch), known to confer a different aroma and taste. We found remarkable changes in the primary metabolites of sugars, organic acids, amino acids, and alcohols in the fruit of the grafted cucumber plants with different rootstocks, compared to the non-grafted ones, especially No.45. We identified 140, 131, and 244 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the comparisons of GNo.96 vs. NG, GNo.45 vs. NG, and GNo.45 vs. GNo.96. The identified DEGs have functions involved in many metabolic processes, such as starch and sucrose metabolism; the biosynthesis of diterpenoid, carotenoid, and zeatin compounds; and plant hormone signal transduction. Members of the HSF, AP2/ERF-ERF, HB-HD-ZIP, and MYB transcription factor families were triggered in the grafted cucumbers, especially in the cucumber grafted on No.96. Based on a correlation analysis of the relationships between the metabolites and genes, we screened 10 candidate genes likely to be involved in sugar metabolism (Fructose-6-phosphate and trehalose), linoleic acid, and amino-acid (isoleucine, proline, and valine) biosynthesis in grafted cucumbers, and then confirmed the gene expression patterns of these genes by qRT-PCR. The levels of TPS15 (Csa3G040850) were remarkably increased in cucumber fruit with No.96 rootstock compared with No.45, suggesting changes in the volatile chemical production. Together, the results of this study improve our understanding of flavor changes in grafted cucumbers, and identify the candidate genes involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Miao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qinghua Di
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianshu Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yansu Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Duan
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chaoxing He
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Changlin Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xianchang Yu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Xu Y, Zhu C, Xu C, Sun J, Grierson D, Zhang B, Chen K. Integration of Metabolite Profiling and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Genes Related to Volatile Terpenoid Metabolism in Finger Citron ( C. medica var. sarcodactylis). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142564. [PMID: 31311090 PMCID: PMC6680504 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Finger citron (Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis) is a popular ornamental tree and an important source of essential oils rich in terpenoids, but the mechanisms behind volatile formation are poorly understood. We investigated gene expression changes combined with volatile profiling of ten samples from three developing organs: flower, leaf, and fruit. A total of 62 volatiles were identified with limonene and γ-terpinene being the most abundant ones. Six volatiles were identified using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) that could be used as markers for distinguishing finger citron from other citrus species. RNA-Seq revealed 1,611,966,118 high quality clean reads that were assembled into 32,579 unigenes. From these a total of 58 terpene synthase (TPS) gene family members were identified and the spatial and temporal distribution of their transcripts was measured in developing organs. Transcript levels of transcription factor genes AP2/ERF (251), bHLH (169), bZIP (76), MYB (155), NAC (184), and WRKY (66) during finger citron development were also analyzed. From extracted subnetworks of three modules constructed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), thirteen TPS genes and fifteen transcription factors were suggested to be related to volatile terpenoid formation. These results provide a framework for future investigations into the identification and regulatory network of terpenoids in finger citron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaying Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Changqing Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Zhejiang Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Bo Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Zhong ZF, Zhou XJ, Lin JB, Liu XJ, Shao J, Zhong BL, Peng T. Effects of leaf colorness, pigment contents and allelochemicals on the orientation of the Asian citrus psyllid among four Rutaceae host plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:254. [PMID: 31195973 PMCID: PMC6567656 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) is the primary vector responsible for the transmission of the phloem-limited bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter spp., associated with huanglongbing (HLB), which causes great loss to the citrus industry. Although the roles of leaf color and volatile compounds in the orientation of ACP have been proven, the quantification of color and allelochemicals in the host plant are kept unclear, especially in wild citrus germplasms. RESULTS Chongyi wild mandarin significantly attracted more ACP than wild Hong Kong kumquat, 'Gannan zao' navel orange and orange jasmine did in the four-choice and olfactometer assays. The color parameters of the tender leaves from Chongyi wild mandarin and 'Gannan zao' were similar. The yellow color in both of them was less saturated than that of the other two plants species, but Chongyi wild mandarin had significant lower carotenoid content (P < 0.05). Notably metabolic profiling differences were observed among the healthy tender shoots from the four tested plants via UPLC-QQQ-MS and GC-MS analyses. Comparing with the other three plant species, 66 and 50 metabolites with significantly different contents in Chongyi wild mandarin were selected as UPLC-identified and GC-identified metabolites of interest (P < 0.05), respectively. Flavonoids accounted for a large group of secondary metabolites of interest, which may function as stimulants or repellents of ACP. Higher content of salicylic acid o-hexoside and lower content of (+)-jasmonic acid in Chongyi wild mandarin may lead to higher amount of methyl salicylate (an ACP attractant) and lower amount of trans-ocimene (an attractant to herbivores' natural enemies) as well as the suppression of JA-mediated wounding response. This kind of synergistic or antagonistic effect among the metabolites differentially accumulated in Chongyi wild mandarin made it a more attractive host plant to ACP. CONCLUSIONS Less saturated yellow color, high amount of attractants, low amount of repellents and insensitivity of JA-mediated wounding response are the four possible reasons why Chongyi wild mandarin attracted more ACP. This work may shed light on the olfactory and visual response of ACP to wild citrus germplasm hosts, and suggest the feasibility of developing ACP attractants or repellents patterned on potential metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zao-Fa Zhong
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhou
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jin-Bei Lin
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xin-Jun Liu
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jia Shao
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ba-Lian Zhong
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ting Peng
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
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Li Q, Li H, Huang W, Xu Y, Zhou Q, Wang S, Ruan J, Huang S, Zhang Z. A chromosome-scale genome assembly of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Gigascience 2019; 8:giz072. [PMID: 31216035 PMCID: PMC6582320 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate and complete reference genome assemblies are fundamental for biological research. Cucumber is an important vegetable crop and model system for sex determination and vascular biology. Low-coverage Sanger sequences and high-coverage short Illumina sequences have been used to assemble draft cucumber genomes, but the incompleteness and low quality of these genomes limit their use in comparative genomics and genetic research. A high-quality and complete cucumber genome assembly is therefore essential. FINDINGS We assembled single-molecule real-time (SMRT) long reads to generate an improved cucumber reference genome. This version contains 174 contigs with a total length of 226.2 Mb and an N50 of 8.9 Mb, and provides 29.0 Mb more sequence data than previous versions. Using 10X Genomics and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data, 89 contigs (∼211.0 Mb) were directly linked into 7 pseudo-chromosome sequences. The newly assembled regions show much higher guanine-cytosine or adenine-thymine content than found previously, which is likely to have been inaccessible to Illumina sequencing. The new assembly contains 1,374 full-length long terminal retrotransposons and 1,078 novel genes including 239 tandemly duplicated genes. For example, we found 4 tandemly duplicated tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases, in contrast to the single copy of the gene found previously and in most other plants. CONCLUSION This high-quality genome presents novel features of the cucumber genome and will serve as a valuable resource for genetic research in cucumber and plant comparative genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wu Huang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 7, Pengfei Road, Dapeng District, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Yuanchao Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 7, Pengfei Road, Dapeng District, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Shenhao Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Jue Ruan
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 7, Pengfei Road, Dapeng District, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 7, Pengfei Road, Dapeng District, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
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Abstract
Although flavor is an essential element for consumer acceptance of food, breeding programs have focused primarily on yield, leading to significant declines in flavor for many vegetables. The deterioration of flavor quality has concerned breeders; however, the complexity of this trait has hindered efforts to improve or even maintain it. Recently, the integration of flavor-associated metabolic profiling with other omics methodologies derived from big data has become a prominent trend in this research field. Here, we provide an overview of known metabolites contributing to flavor in the major vegetables as well as genetic analyses of the relevant metabolic pathways based on different approaches, especially multi-omics. We present examples demonstrating how omics analyses can help us to understand the accomplishments of historical flavor breeding practices and implement further improvements. The integration of genetics, cultivation, and postharvest practices with genome-scale data analyses will create enormous potential for further flavor quality improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtao Zhu
- The CAAS-YNNU Joint Academy of Potato Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Junbo Gou
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Harry Klee
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Plant Innovation Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture and Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
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Rett-Cadman S, Colle M, Mansfeld B, Barry CS, Wang Y, Weng Y, Gao L, Fei Z, Grumet R. QTL and Transcriptomic Analyses Implicate Cuticle Transcription Factor SHINE as a Source of Natural Variation for Epidermal Traits in Cucumber Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1536. [PMID: 31827480 PMCID: PMC6890859 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The fruit surface is a unique tissue with multiple roles influencing fruit development, post-harvest storage and quality, and consumer acceptability. Serving as the first line of protection against herbivores, pathogens, and abiotic stress, the surface can vary markedly among species, cultivars within species, and developmental stage. In this study we explore developmental changes and natural variation of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit surface properties using two cucumber lines which vary greatly for these traits and for which draft genomes and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array are available: Chinese fresh market type, Chinese Long '9930' (CL9930), and pickling type, 'Gy14'. Thin-section samples were prepared from the mid-region of fruit harvested at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 30 days post pollination (dpp), stained with Sudan IV and evaluated for cuticle thickness, depth of wax intercalation between epidermal cells, epidermal cell size and shape, and number and size of lipid droplets. 'Gy14' is characterized by columnar shaped epidermal cells, a 2-3 fold thicker cuticular layer than CL9930, increased cuticular intercalations between cells and a larger number and larger sized lipid droplets. In both lines maximal deposition of cuticle and increase in epidermal size coincided with exponential fruit growth and was largely completed by approximately 16 dpp. Phenotyping and quantitative trait locus mapping (QTL) of fruit sampled from an F7:F8 Gy14 × CL9930 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population identified QTL regions on chromosomes 1, 4 and 5. Strong QTL for epidermal cell height, cuticle thickness, intercalation depth, and diameter of lipid droplets co-localized on chromosome 1. SSR markers on chromosome 1 were used to screen for recombinants in an extended RIL population to refine the QTL region. Further fine mapping by KASP assay combined with gene expression profiling suggested a small number of candidate genes. Tissue specificity, developmental analysis of expression, allelic diversity and gene function implicate the regulatory factor CsSHINE1/WIN1 as a source of natural variation for cucumber fruit epidermal traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rett-Cadman
- Department of Horticulture and Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Marivi Colle
- Department of Horticulture and Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Ben Mansfeld
- Department of Horticulture and Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Cornelius S. Barry
- Department of Horticulture and Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- USDA-ARS, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yiqun Weng
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- USDA-ARS, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lei Gao
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Rebecca Grumet
- Department of Horticulture and Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Rebecca Grumet,
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62
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Chang CH, Urban PL. Automated Dual-Chamber Sampling System to Follow Dynamics of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Biological Specimens. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13848-13854. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hao Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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63
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Shapiro LR, Paulson JN, Arnold BJ, Scully ED, Zhaxybayeva O, Pierce NE, Rocha J, Klepac-Ceraj V, Holton K, Kolter R. An Introduced Crop Plant Is Driving Diversification of the Virulent Bacterial Pathogen Erwinia tracheiphila. mBio 2018; 9:e01307-18. [PMID: 30279283 PMCID: PMC6168856 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01307-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Erwinia tracheiphila is the causal agent of bacterial wilt of cucurbits, an economically important phytopathogen affecting an economically important phytopathogen affecting few cultivated Cucurbitaceae few cultivated Cucurbitaceae host plant species in temperate eastern North America. However, essentially nothing is known about E. tracheiphila population structure or genetic diversity. To address this shortcoming, a representative collection of 88 E. tracheiphila isolates was gathered from throughout its geographic range, and their genomes were sequenced. Phylogenomic analysis revealed three genetic clusters with distinct hrpT3SS virulence gene repertoires, host plant association patterns, and geographic distributions. Low genetic heterogeneity within each cluster suggests a recent population bottleneck followed by population expansion. We showed that in the field and greenhouse, cucumber (Cucumis sativus), which was introduced to North America by early Spanish conquistadors, is the most susceptible host plant species and the only species susceptible to isolates from all three lineages. The establishment of large agricultural populations of highly susceptible C. sativus in temperate eastern North America may have facilitated the original emergence of E. tracheiphila into cucurbit agroecosystems, and this introduced plant species may now be acting as a highly susceptible reservoir host. Our findings have broad implications for agricultural sustainability by drawing attention to how worldwide crop plant movement, agricultural intensification, and locally unique environments may affect the emergence, evolution, and epidemic persistence of virulent microbial pathogens.IMPORTANCEErwinia tracheiphila is a virulent phytopathogen that infects two genera of cucurbit crop plants, Cucurbita spp. (pumpkin and squash) and Cucumis spp. (muskmelon and cucumber). One of the unusual ecological traits of this pathogen is that it is limited to temperate eastern North America. Here, we complete the first large-scale sequencing of an E. tracheiphila isolate collection. From phylogenomic, comparative genomic, and empirical analyses, we find that introduced Cucumis spp. crop plants are driving the diversification of E. tracheiphila into multiple lineages. Together, the results from this study show that locally unique biotic (plant population) and abiotic (climate) conditions can drive the evolutionary trajectories of locally endemic pathogens in unexpected ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori R Shapiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph N Paulson
- Department of Biostatistics, Product Development, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brian J Arnold
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin D Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Olga Zhaxybayeva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jorge Rocha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- CIDEA Consortium Conacyt-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Vanja Klepac-Ceraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristina Holton
- Department of Biostatistics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roberto Kolter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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64
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Gao F, Liu B, Li M, Gao X, Fang Q, Liu C, Ding H, Wang L, Gao X. Identification and characterization of terpene synthase genes accounting for volatile terpene emissions in flowers of Freesia x hybrida. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4249-4265. [PMID: 29901784 PMCID: PMC6093421 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of flower scents was a crucial event in biological evolution, providing olfactory signals by which plants can attract pollinators. In this study, bioinformatics, metabolomics, and biochemical and molecular methodologies were integrated to investigate the candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of volatile components in two cultivars of Freesia x hybrida, Red River® and Ambiance, which release different categories of compounds. We found that terpene synthase (TPS) genes were the pivotal genes determining spatiotemporal release of volatile compounds in both cultivars. Eight FhTPS genes were isolated and six were found to be functional: FhTPS1 was a single-product enzyme catalyzing the formation of linalool, whereas the other four FhTPS proteins were multi-product enzymes, among which FhTPS4, FhTPS6, and FhTPS7 could recognize geranyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate simultaneously. The FhTPS enzymatic products closely matched the volatile terpenes emitted from flowers, and significant correlations were found between release of volatile terpenes and FhTPS gene expression. Graphical models based on these results are proposed that summarize the biosynthesis of Freesia floral volatile terpenes. The characterization of FhTPS genes paves the way to decipher their roles in the speciation and fitness of Freesia, and this knowledge could also be used to introduce or enhance scent in other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Baofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Correspondence: or
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65
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Borghi M, Xie DY. Cloning and characterization of a monoterpene synthase gene from flowers of Camelina sativa. PLANTA 2018; 247:443-457. [PMID: 29075872 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
CsTPS1 encodes for a monoterpene synthase that contributes to the emission of a blend of volatile compounds emitted from flowers of Camelina sativa. The work describes the in vitro characterization of a monoterpene synthase and its regulatory region that we cloned from Camelina sativa (Camelina). Here, we named this gene as C. sativa terpene synthase 1 (CsTPS1). In vitro experiments performed with the CsTPS1 protein after expression and purification from Escherichia coli (E. coli) showed production of a blend of monoterpene volatile organic compounds, of which the emission was also detected in the floral bouquet of wild-type Camelina plants. Quantitative-PCR measurements revealed a high abundance of CsTPS1 transcripts in flowers and experiments performed with the GUS reporter showed high CsTPS1 expression in the pistil, in the cells of the wall of the ovary and in the stigma. Subcellular localization of the CsTPS1 protein was investigated with a GFP reporter construct that showed expression in plastids. The CsTPS1 gene identified in this study belongs to a mid-size family of 60 genes putatively codifying for TPS enzymes. This enlarged family of TPS genes suggests that Camelina has the structural framework for the production of terpenes and other secondary metabolites of relevance for the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Borghi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - De-Yu Xie
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Wang H, Ma D, Yang J, Deng K, Li M, Ji X, Zhong L, Zhao H. An Integrative Volatile Terpenoid Profiling and Transcriptomics Analysis for Gene Mining and Functional Characterization of AvBPPS and AvPS Involved in the Monoterpenoid Biosynthesis in Amomum villosum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:846. [PMID: 29973947 PMCID: PMC6020762 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Amomum villosum, also known as Fructus Amomi, has been used to treat digestive diseases such as abdominal pain, vomiting, and dysentery. Volatile terpenoids are the active metabolites in the essential oil of Fructus Amomi. Nevertheless, downstream genes responsible for activating metabolites biosynthesis in A. villosum still remain unclear. Here, we report the use of an integrative volatile terpenoid profiling and transcriptomics analysis for mining the corresponding genes involved in volatile terpenoid biosynthesis. Ten terpene synthase (TPS) genes were discovered, and two of them were cloned and functionally characterized. AvTPS1 (AvPS: pinene synthase) catalyzed GPP to form α-pinene and β-pinene; AvTPS3 (AvBPPS: bornyl diphosphate synthase) produced bornyl diphosphate as major product and the other three monoterpenoids as minor products. Metabolite accumulation and gene expression pattern combined with AvPS biochemical characterization suggested that AvPS might play a role in biotic defense. On the other hand, the most active ingredient, bornyl acetate, was highly accumulated in seeds and was consistent with the high expression of AvBPPS, which further indicated that AvBPPS is responsible for the biosynthesis of bornyl acetate, the final metabolite of bornyl diphosphate in A. villosum. This study can be used to improve the quality of A. villosum through metabolic engineering, and for the sustainable production of bornyl acetate in heterologous hosts.
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Spyropoulou EA, Dekker HL, Steemers L, van Maarseveen JH, de Koster CG, Haring MA, Schuurink RC, Allmann S. Identification and Characterization of (3 Z):(2 E)-Hexenal Isomerases from Cucumber. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1342. [PMID: 28824678 PMCID: PMC5539243 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
E-2-hexenal is a volatile compound that is commonly emitted by wounded or stressed plants. It belongs to the group of so-called green leaf volatiles (GLVs), which play an important role in transferring information to plants and insects. While most biosynthetic enzymes upstream of E-2-hexenal have been studied extensively, much less is known about the enzyme responsible for the conversion from Z-3- to E-2-hexenal. In this study we have identified two (3Z):(2E)-hexenal isomerases (HIs) from cucumber fruits by classical biochemical fractionation techniques and we were able to confirm their activity by heterologous expression. Recombinant protein of the HIs did not only convert the leaf aldehyde Z-3-hexenal to E-2-hexenal, but also (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadienal to (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, these last two representing major flavor volatiles of cucumber fruits. Transient expression of the cucumber HIs in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves drastically changed the GLV bouquet of damaged plants from a Z-3- to an E-2-enriched GLV profile. Furthermore, transcriptional analysis revealed that the two HIs showed distinct expression patterns. While HI-1 was specifically expressed in the flesh of cucumber fruits HI-2 was expressed in leaves as well. Interestingly, wounding of cucumber leaves caused only a slight increase in HI-2 transcript levels. These results demonstrate that cucumber HIs are responsible for the rearrangement of Z-3-aldehydes in both leaves and fruits. Future research will reveal the physiological importance of an increased conversion to E-2-aldehydes for plants and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni A. Spyropoulou
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henk L. Dekker
- Department of Mass Spectrometry of Biomacromolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Luuk Steemers
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan H. van Maarseveen
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chris G. de Koster
- Department of Mass Spectrometry of Biomacromolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michel A. Haring
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Schuurink
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Silke Allmann
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
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68
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Mansfeld BN, Colle M, Kang Y, Jones AD, Grumet R. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of cucumber fruit peels reveal a developmental increase in terpenoid glycosides associated with age-related resistance to Phytophthora capsici. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2017; 4:17022. [PMID: 28580151 PMCID: PMC5442961 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete, Phytophthora capsici, infects cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit. An age-related resistance (ARR) to this pathogen was previously observed in fruit of cultivar 'Vlaspik' and shown to be associated with the peel. Young fruits are highly susceptible, but develop resistance at ~10-12 days post pollination (dpp). Peels from resistant (16 dpp) versus susceptible (8 dpp) age fruit are enriched with genes associated with defense, and methanolic extracts from resistant age peels inhibit pathogen growth. Here we compared developing fruits from 'Vlaspik' with those of 'Gy14', a line that does not exhibit ARR. Transcriptomic analysis of peels of the two lines at 8 and 16 dpp identified 80 genes that were developmentally upregulated in resistant 'Vlaspik' 16 dpp versus 8 dpp, but not in susceptible 'Gy14' at 16 dpp. A large number of these genes are annotated to be associated with defense and/or specialized metabolism, including four putative resistance (R) genes, and numerous genes involved in flavonoid and terpenoid synthesis and decoration. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed on extracts from 8 and 16 dpp 'Vlaspik' and 'Gy14' fruit peels using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Multivariate analysis of the metabolomes identified 113 ions uniquely abundant in resistant 'Vlaspik' 16 dpp peel extracts. The most abundant compounds in this group had relative mass defects consistent with terpenoid glycosides. Two of the three most abundant ions were annotated as glycosylated nor-terpenoid esters. Together, these analyses reveal potential mechanisms by which ARR to P. capsici may be conferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben N Mansfeld
- Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Marivi Colle
- Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yunyan Kang
- Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Rebecca Grumet
- Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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