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Zhang C, Cheng Q, Wang H, Gao H, Fang X, Chen X, Zhao M, Wei W, Song B, Liu S, Wu J, Zhang S, Xu P. GmBTB/POZ promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of LHP1 to regulate the response of soybean to Phytophthora sojae. Commun Biol 2021; 4:372. [PMID: 33742112 PMCID: PMC7979691 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae is a pathogen that causes stem and root rot in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). We previously demonstrated that GmBTB/POZ, a BTB/POZ domain-containing nuclear protein, enhances resistance to P. sojae in soybean, via a process that depends on salicylic acid (SA). Here, we demonstrate that GmBTB/POZ associates directly with soybean LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 (GmLHP1) in vitro and in vivo and promotes its ubiquitination and degradation. Both overexpression and RNA interference analysis of transgenic lines demonstrate that GmLHP1 negatively regulates the response of soybean to P. sojae by reducing SA levels and repressing GmPR1 expression. The WRKY transcription factor gene, GmWRKY40, a SA-induced gene in the SA signaling pathway, is targeted by GmLHP1, which represses its expression via at least two mechanisms (directly binding to its promoter and impairing SA accumulation). Furthermore, the nuclear localization of GmLHP1 is required for the GmLHP1-mediated negative regulation of immunity, SA levels and the suppression of GmWRKY40 expression. Finally, GmBTB/POZ releases GmLHP1-regulated GmWRKY40 suppression and increases resistance to P. sojae in GmLHP1-OE hairy roots. These findings uncover a regulatory mechanism by which GmBTB/POZ-GmLHP1 modulates resistance to P. sojae in soybean, likely by regulating the expression of downstream target gene GmWRKY40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhong Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qun Cheng
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, China
| | - Huiyu Wang
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, China
| | - Wanling Wei
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Song
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, China
| | - Junjiang Wu
- Soybean Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Soybean Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, China.
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Transcriptomic profiling of susceptible and resistant flax seedlings after Fusarium oxysporum lini infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246052. [PMID: 33497403 PMCID: PMC7837494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study transcriptome was analyzed on two fibrous varieties of flax: the susceptible Regina and the resistant Nike. The experiment was carried out on 2-week-old seedlings, because in this phase of development flax is the most susceptible to infection. We analyzed the whole seedlings, which allowed us to recognize the systemic response of the plants to the infection. We decided to analyze two time points: 24h and 48h, because our goal was to learn the mechanisms activated in the initial stages of infection, these points were selected based on the previous analysis of chitinase gene expression, whose increase in time of Fusarium oxysporum lini infection has been repeatedly confirmed both in the case of flax and other plant species. The results show that although qualitatively the responses of the two varieties are similar, it is the degree of the response that plays the role in the differences of their resistance to F. oxysporum.
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Cai J, Cai W, Huang X, Yang S, Wen J, Xia X, Yang F, Shi Y, Guan D, He S. Ca14-3-3 Interacts With CaWRKY58 to Positively Modulate Pepper Response to Low-Phosphorus Starvation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:607878. [PMID: 33519860 PMCID: PMC7840522 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.607878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low-phosphorus stress (LPS) and pathogen attack are two important stresses frequently experienced by plants in their natural habitats, but how plant respond to them coordinately remains under-investigated. Here, we demonstrate that CaWRKY58, a known negative regulator of the pepper (Capsicum annuum) response to attack by Ralstonia solanacearum, is upregulated by LPS. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and overexpression of CaWRKY58 in Nicotiana benthamiana plants in combination with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated that CaWRKY58 positively regulates the response of pepper to LPS by directly targeting and regulating genes related to phosphorus-deficiency tolerance, including PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE1 (PHR1). Yeast two-hybrid assays revealed that CaWRKY58 interacts with a 14-3-3 protein (Ca14-3-3); this interaction was confirmed by pull-down, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), and microscale thermophoresis (MST) assays. The interaction between Ca14-3-3 and CaWRKY58 enhanced the activation of PHR1 expression by CaWRKY58, but did not affect the expression of the immunity-related genes CaNPR1 and CaDEF1, which are negatively regulated by CaWRKY58 in pepper upon Ralstonia solanacearum inoculation. Collectively, our data indicate that CaWRKY58 negatively regulates immunity against Ralstonia solanacearum, but positively regulates tolerance to LPS and that Ca14-3-3 transcriptionally activates CaWRKY58 in response to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsen Cai
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Cai
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xueying Huang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Wen
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Xia
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Yang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuilin He
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Gu KD, Zhang QY, Yu JQ, Wang JH, Zhang FJ, Wang CK, Zhao YW, Sun CH, You CX, Hu DG, Hao YJ. R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor MdMYB73 Confers Increased Resistance to the Fungal Pathogen Botryosphaeria dothidea in Apples via the Salicylic Acid Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:447-458. [PMID: 33347291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MYB transcription factors (TFs) participate in many biological processes. However, the molecular mechanisms by which MYB TFs affect plant resistance to apple ring rot remain poorly understood. Here, the R2R3-MYB gene MdMYB73 was cloned from "Royal Gala" apples and functionally characterized as a positive regulator of the defense response to Botryosphaeria dothidea. qRT-PCR and GUS staining demonstrated that MdMYB73 was strongly induced in apple fruits and transgenic calli after inoculation with B. dothidea. MdMYB73 overexpression improved resistance to B. dothidea in apple calli and fruits, while MdMYB73 suppression weakened. Increased resistance to B. dothidea was also observed in MdMYB73-expressing Arabidopsis thaliana. Interestingly, salicylic acid (SA) contents and the expression levels of genes related with SA synthesis and signaling were greater in MdMYB73-overexpressing plant materials compared to wild-type controls after inoculation, suggesting that MdMYB73 might enhance resistance to B. dothidea via the SA pathway. Finally, we discovered that MdMYB73 interacts with MdWRKY31, a positive regulator of B. dothidea. Together, MdWRKY31 and MdMYB73 enhanced B. dothidea resistance in apples. Our results clarify the mechanisms by which MdMYB73 improves resistance to B. dothidea and suggest that resistance may be affected by regulating the SA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Di Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Quan-Yan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jia-Hui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Fu-Jun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chu-Kun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yu-Wen Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Cui-Hui Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Da-Gang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
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Montesinos L, Gascón B, Ruz L, Badosa E, Planas M, Feliu L, Montesinos E. A Bifunctional Synthetic Peptide With Antimicrobial and Plant Elicitation Properties That Protect Tomato Plants From Bacterial and Fungal Infections. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:756357. [PMID: 34733307 PMCID: PMC8558481 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.756357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The hybrid peptide BP178 (KKLFKKILKYLAGPAGIGKFLHSAKKDEL-OH), derived from BP100 (KKLFKKILKYL) and magainin (1-10), and engineered for plant expression, had a strong bactericidal activity but not fungicidal. Moreover, the preventive spray of tomato plants with BP178 controlled infections by the plant pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, as well as the fungus Botrytis cinerea. The treatment of tomato plants with BP178 induced the expression of several genes according to microarray and RT-qPCR analysis. Upregulated genes coded for several pathogenesis-related proteins, including PR1, PR2, PR3, PR4, PR5, PR6, PR7, PR9, PR10, and PR14, as well as transcription factors like ethylene transcription factors, WRKY, NAC and MYB, involved in the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene-signaling pathways. BP178 induced a similar gene expression pattern to flg15 according to RT-qPCR analysis, whereas the parent peptide BP100 did not trigger such as a strong plant defense response. It was concluded that BP178 was a bifunctional peptide protecting the plant against pathogen infection through a dual mechanism of action consisting of antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens and plant defense elicitation on plant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gascón
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Lidia Ruz
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Esther Badosa
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Marta Planas
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Lidia Feliu
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Emilio Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Emilio Montesinos
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A Meta-Analysis of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Multiple Disease Resistance in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111491. [PMID: 33167299 PMCID: PMC7694349 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rice blast, sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight are major rice diseases found worldwide. The development of resistant cultivars is generally perceived as the most effective way to combat these diseases. Plant disease resistance is a polygenic trait where a combinatorial effect of major and minor genes affects this trait. To locate the source of this trait, various quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping studies have been performed in the past two decades. However, investigating the congruency between the reported QTL is a daunting task due to the heterogeneity amongst the QTLs studied. Hence, the aim of our study is to integrate the reported QTLs for resistance against rice blast, sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight and objectively analyze and consolidate the location of QTL clusters in the chromosomes, reducing the QTL intervals and thus identifying candidate genes within the selected meta-QTL. A total of twenty-seven studies for resistance QTLs to rice blast (8), sheath blight (15) and bacterial leaf blight (4) was compiled for QTL projection and analyses. Cumulatively, 333 QTLs associated with rice blast (114), sheath blight (151) and bacterial leaf blight (68) resistance were compiled, where 303 QTLs could be projected onto a consensus map saturated with 7633 loci. Meta-QTL analysis on 294 QTLs yielded 48 meta-QTLs, where QTLs with membership probability lower than 60% were excluded, reducing the number of QTLs within the meta-QTL to 274. Further, three meta-QTL regions (MQTL2.5, MQTL8.1 and MQTL9.1) were selected for functional analysis on the basis that MQTL2.5 harbors the highest number of QTLs; meanwhile, MQTL8.1 and MQTL9.1 have QTLs associated with all three diseases mentioned above. The functional analysis allows for determination of enriched gene ontology and resistance gene analogs (RGAs) and other defense-related genes. To summarize, MQTL2.5, MQTL8.1 and MQTL9.1 have a considerable number of R-genes that account for 10.21%, 4.08% and 6.42% of the total genes found in these meta-QTLs, respectively. Defense genes constitute around 3.70%, 8.16% and 6.42% of the total number of genes in MQTL2.5, MQTL8.1 and MQTL9.1, respectively. This frequency is higher than the total frequency of defense genes in the rice genome, which is 0.0096% (167 defense genes/17,272 total genes). The integration of the QTLs facilitates the identification of QTL hotspots for rice blast, sheath blight and bacterial blight resistance with reduced intervals, which helps to reduce linkage drag in breeding. The candidate genes within the promising regions could be utilized for improvement through genetical engineering.
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Huang J, Shen L, Yang S, Guan D, He S. CaASR1 promotes salicylic acid- but represses jasmonic acid-dependent signaling to enhance the resistance of Capsicum annuum to bacterial wilt by modulating CabZIP63. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6538-6554. [PMID: 32720981 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
CabZIP63 acts positively in the resistance of pepper (Capsicum annuum) to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum or tolerance to high-temperature/high-humidity stress, but it is unclear how CabZIP63 achieves its functional specificity against R. solanacearum. Here, CaASR1, an abscisic acid-, stress-, and ripening-inducible protein of C. annuum, was functionally characterized in modulating the functional specificity of CabZIP63 during the defense response of pepper to R. solanacearum. In pepper plants inoculated with R. solanacearum, CaASR1 was up-regulated before 24 h post-inoculation but down-regulated thereafter, and was down-regulated by high-temperature/high-humidity stress. Data from gene silencing and transient overexpression experiments indicated that CaASR1 acts as a positive regulator in the immunity of pepper against R. solanacearum and a negative regulator of thermotolerance. Pull-down combined with mass spectrometry revealed that CaASR1 interacted with CabZIP63 upon R. solanacearum infection; the interaction was confirmed by microscale thermophoresis and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays.CaASR1 silencing upon R. solanacearum inoculation repressed CabZIP63-mediated transcription from the promoters of the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent CaPR1 and CaNPR1, but derepressed transcription of CaHSP24 and the jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent CaDEF1. Our findings suggest that CaASR1 acts as a positive regulator of the defense response of pepper to R. solanacearum by interacting with CabZIP63, enabling it to promote SA-dependent but repress JA-dependent immunity and thermotolerance during the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Deyi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shuilin He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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58
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Xu L, Zong X, Wang J, Wei H, Chen X, Liu Q. Transcriptomic analysis reveals insights into the response to Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) in sweet cherry ( Prunus avium L.) fruits. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10005. [PMID: 33005494 PMCID: PMC7513744 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) is a member of the genus Hostuviroid of the family Pospiviroidae and has been found in a wide range of herbaceous and woody hosts. It causes serious dapple fruit symptoms on infected sweet cherry, notably inducing cherry tree decay. In order to better understand the molecular mechanisms of HSVd infection in sweet cherry fruit, transcriptome analysis of HSVd-infected and healthy sweet cherry fruits was carried out. A total of 1,572 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, involving 961 upregulated DEGs and 611 downregulated DEGs. Functional analysis indicated that the DEGs were mainly involved in plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interactions, secondary metabolism, and the MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, C2H2 zinc finger, MYB, bHLH, AP2/ERF, C2C2-dof, NAC and WRKY transcription factors can respond to HSVd infection. In order to confirm the high-throughput sequencing results, 16 DEGs were verified by RT-qPCR analysis. The results provided insight into the pathways and genes of sweet cherry fruit in response to HSVd infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Biotechnology Breeding of Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Zong
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Biotechnology Breeding of Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Biotechnology Breeding of Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairong Wei
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Biotechnology Breeding of Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Biotechnology Breeding of Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Biotechnology Breeding of Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Panthapulakkal Narayanan S, Lung SC, Liao P, Lo C, Chye ML. The overexpression of OsACBP5 protects transgenic rice against necrotrophic, hemibiotrophic and biotrophic pathogens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14918. [PMID: 32913218 PMCID: PMC7483469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71851-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The most devastating diseases in rice (Oryza sativa) are sheath blight caused by the fungal necrotroph Rhizoctonia solani, rice blast by hemibiotrophic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, and leaf blight by bacterial biotroph Xanthomonas oryzae (Xoo). It has been reported that the Class III acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs) such as those from dicots (Arabidopsis and grapevine) play a role in defence against biotrophic pathogens. Of the six Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ACBPs, AtACBP3 conferred protection in transgenic Arabidopsis against Pseudomonas syringae, but not the necrotrophic fungus, Botrytis cinerea. Similar to Arabidopsis, rice possesses six ACBPs, designated OsACBPs. The aims of this study were to test whether OsACBP5, the homologue of AtACBP3, can confer resistance against representative necrotrophic, hemibiotrophic and biotrophic phytopathogens and to understand the mechanisms in protection. Herein, when OsACBP5 was overexpressed in rice, the OsACBP5-overexpressing (OsACBP5-OE) lines exhibited enhanced disease resistance against representative necrotrophic (R. solani & Cercospora oryzae), hemibiotrophic (M. oryzae & Fusarium graminearum) and biotrophic (Xoo) phytopathogens. Progeny from a cross between OsACBP5-OE9 and the jasmonate (JA)-signalling deficient mutant were more susceptible than the wild type to infection by the necrotroph R. solani. In contrast, progeny from a cross between OsACBP5-OE9 and the salicylic acid (SA)-signalling deficient mutant was more susceptible to infection by the hemibiotroph M. oryzae and biotroph Xoo. Hence, enhanced resistance of OsACBP5-OEs against representative necrotrophs appears to be JA-dependent whilst that to (hemi)biotrophs is SA-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiu-Cheung Lung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pan Liao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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Villalobos-Escobedo JM, Esparza-Reynoso S, Pelagio-Flores R, López-Ramírez F, Ruiz-Herrera LF, López-Bucio J, Herrera-Estrella A. The fungal NADPH oxidase is an essential element for the molecular dialog between Trichoderma and Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:2178-2192. [PMID: 32578269 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Members of the fungal genus Trichoderma stimulate growth and reinforce plant immunity. Nevertheless, how fungal signaling elements mediate the establishment of a successful Trichoderma-plant interaction is largely unknown. In this work, we analyzed growth, root architecture and defense in an Arabidopsis-Trichoderma co-cultivation system, including the wild-type (WT) strain of the fungus and mutants affected in NADPH oxidase. Global gene expression profiles were assessed in both the plant and the fungus during the establishment of the interaction. Trichoderma atroviride WT improved root branching and growth of seedling as previously reported. This effect diminished in co-cultivation with the ∆nox1, ∆nox2 and ∆noxR null mutants. The data gathered of the Arabidopsis interaction with the ∆noxR strain showed that the seedlings had a heightened immune response linked to jasmonic acid in roots and shoots. In the fungus, we observed repression of genes involved in complex carbohydrate degradation in the presence of the plant before contact. However, in the absence of NoxR, such repression was lost, apparently due to a poor ability to adequately utilize simple carbon sources such as sucrose, a typical plant exudate. Our results unveiled the critical role played by the Trichoderma NoxR in the establishment of a fine-tuned communication between the plant and the fungus even before physical contact. In this dialog, the fungus appears to respond to the plant by adjusting its metabolism, while in the plant, fungal perception determines a delicate growth-defense balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Villalobos-Escobedo
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Km. 9.6 libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, C. P. 36824, México
| | - Saraí Esparza-Reynoso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, C. P. 58030, México
| | - Ramón Pelagio-Flores
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Km. 9.6 libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, C. P. 36824, México
- Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, C. P. 58240, México
| | - Fabiola López-Ramírez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Km. 9.6 libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, C. P. 36824, México
| | - León F Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, C. P. 58030, México
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, C. P. 58030, México
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Km. 9.6 libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, C. P. 36824, México
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61
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Pecinka A, Chevalier C, Colas I, Kalantidis K, Varotto S, Krugman T, Michailidis C, Vallés MP, Muñoz A, Pradillo M. Chromatin dynamics during interphase and cell division: similarities and differences between model and crop plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5205-5222. [PMID: 31626285 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Genetic information in the cell nucleus controls organismal development and responses to the environment, and finally ensures its own transmission to the next generations. To achieve so many different tasks, the genetic information is associated with structural and regulatory proteins, which orchestrate nuclear functions in time and space. Furthermore, plant life strategies require chromatin plasticity to allow a rapid adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the organization of plant chromatin and dynamics of chromosomes during interphase and mitotic and meiotic cell divisions for model and crop plants differing as to genome size, ploidy, and amount of genomic resources available. The existing data indicate that chromatin changes accompany most (if not all) cellular processes and that there are both shared and unique themes in the chromatin structure and global chromosome dynamics among species. Ongoing efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in chromatin organization and remodeling have, together with the latest genome editing tools, potential to unlock crop genomes for innovative breeding strategies and improvements of various traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Pecinka
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of the Region Haná for Agricultural and Biotechnological Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Isabelle Colas
- James Hutton Institute, Cell and Molecular Science, Pr Waugh's Lab, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Kriton Kalantidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, and Institute of Molecular Biology Biotechnology, FoRTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Serena Varotto
- Department of Agronomy Animal Food Natural Resources and Environment (DAFNAE) University of Padova, Agripolis viale dell'Università, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Tamar Krugman
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Christos Michailidis
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Praha 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - María-Pilar Vallés
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Estación Experimental Aula Dei (EEAD), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aitor Muñoz
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Center of Biotechnology/Superior Council of Scientific Research, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Pradillo
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Shen L, Yang S, Yang F, Guan D, He S. CaCBL1 Acts as a Positive Regulator in Pepper Response to Ralstonia solanacearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:945-957. [PMID: 32209000 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-19-0241-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is an important disease of pepper (Capsicum annuum), an economically important solanaceous vegetable worldwide, in particular, under high temperature (HT) conditions. However, the molecular mechanism underlying pepper immunity against bacterial wilt remains poorly understood. Herein, CaCBL1, a putative calcineurin B-like protein, was functionally characterized in the pepper response to R. solanacearum inoculation (RSI) under HT (RSI/HT). CaCBL1 was significantly upregulated by RSI at room temperature (RSI/RT), HT, or RSI/HT. CaCBL1-GFP fused protein targeted to whole epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana when transiently overexpressed. CaCBL1 silencing by virus-induced gene silencing significantly enhanced pepper susceptibility to RSI under RT or HT, while its transient overexpression triggered hypersensitive response mimic cell death and upregulation of immunity-associated marker genes, including CabZIP63, CaWRKY40, and CaCDPK15, the positive regulators in the pepper response to RSI or HT found in our previous studies. In addition, by chromatin immunoprecipitation PCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, CaCBL1 was found to be directly targeted by CaWRKY40, although not by CaWRKY27 or CaWRKY58, via the W-box-2 within its promoter, and its transcription was found to be downregulated by silencing of CaWRKY40 while it was enhanced by its transient overexpression. These results suggest that CaCBL1 acts as a positive regulator in pepper immunity against R. solanacearum infection, constituting a positive feedback loop with CaWRKY40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Deyi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Shuilin He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
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Zhu Y, Saltzgiver M. A systematic analysis of apple root resistance traits to Pythium ultimum infection and the underpinned molecular regulations of defense activation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:62. [PMID: 32377353 PMCID: PMC7193572 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD), caused by a pathogen complex, significantly impacts apple orchard establishment. The molecular regulation on ARD resistance has not been investigated until recently. A systematic phenotyping effort and a series of transcriptomic analyses were performed to uncover the underpinned molecular mechanism of apple root resistance to P. ultimum, a representative member in ARD pathogen complex. Genotype-specific plant survival rates and biomass reduction corresponded with microscopic features of necrosis progression patterns along the infected root. The presence of defined boundaries separating healthy and necrotic sections likely caused delayed necrosis expansion in roots of resistant genotypes compared with swift necrosis progression and profuse hyphae growth along infected roots of susceptible genotypes. Comprehensive datasets from a series of transcriptome analyses generated the first panoramic view of genome-wide transcriptional networks of defense activation between resistant and susceptible apple roots. Earlier and stronger molecular defense activation, such as pathogen perception and hormone signaling, may differentiate resistance from susceptibility in apple root. Delayed and interrupted activation of multiple defense pathways could have led to an inadequate resistance response. Using the panel of apple rootstock germplasm with defined resistant and susceptible phenotypes, selected candidate genes are being investigated by transgenic manipulation including CRISPR/Cas9 tools for their specific roles during apple root defense toward P. ultimum infection. Individual apple genes with validated functions regulating root resistance responses can be exploited for developing molecular tools for accurate and efficient incorporation of resistance traits into new apple rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Zhu
- USDA-ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA
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64
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Yang L, Chen X, Wang Z, Sun Q, Hong A, Zhang A, Zhong X, Hua J. HOS15 and HDA9 negatively regulate immunity through histone deacetylation of intracellular immune receptor NLR genes in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:507-522. [PMID: 31854111 PMCID: PMC7080574 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant immune responses need to be tightly controlled for growth-defense balance. The mechanism underlying this tight control is not fully understood. Here we identify epigenetic regulation of nucleotide-binding leucine rich repeat or Nod-Like Receptor (NLR) genes as an important mechanism for immune responses. Through a sensitized genetic screen and molecular studies, we identified and characterized HOS15 and its associated protein HDA9 as negative regulators of immunity and NLR gene expression. The loss-of-function of HOS15 or HDA9 confers enhanced resistance to pathogen infection accompanied with increased expression of one-third of the 207 NLR genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. HOS15 and HDA9 are physically associated with some of these NLR genes and repress their expression likely through reducing the acetylation of H3K9 at these loci. In addition, these NLR genes are repressed by HOS15 under both pathogenic and nonpathogenic conditions but by HDA9 only under infection condition. Together, this study uncovers a previously uncharacterized histone deacetylase complex in plant immunity and highlights the importance of epigenetic regulation of NLR genes in modulating growth-defense balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiyun Yang
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Xiangsong Chen
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53706, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53706, USA
| | - Zhixue Wang
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Cornell Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Anna Hong
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Aiqin Zhang
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Xuehua Zhong
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53706, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53706, USA
- For correspondence: Jian Hua: Tel (+1) 607-255-5554;; Xuehua Zhong: Tel (+1) 608-316-4421;
| | - Jian Hua
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, USA
- For correspondence: Jian Hua: Tel (+1) 607-255-5554;; Xuehua Zhong: Tel (+1) 608-316-4421;
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65
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Li P, Lu YJ, Chen H, Day B. The Lifecycle of the Plant Immune System. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2020; 39:72-100. [PMID: 33343063 PMCID: PMC7748258 DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2020.1757829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Throughout their life span, plants confront an endless barrage of pathogens and pests. To successfully defend against biotic threats, plants have evolved a complex immune system responsible for surveillance, perception, and the activation of defense. Plant immunity requires multiple signaling processes, the outcome of which vary according to the lifestyle of the invading pathogen(s). In short, these processes require the activation of host perception, the regulation of numerous signaling cascades, and transcriptome reprograming, all of which are highly dynamic in terms of temporal and spatial scales. At the same time, the development of a single immune event is subjective to the development of plant immune system, which is co-regulated by numerous processes, including plant ontogenesis and the host microbiome. In total, insight into each of these processes provides a fuller understanding of the mechanisms that govern plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we will discuss the "lifecycle" of plant immunity: the development of individual events of defense, including both local and distal processes, as well as the development and regulation of the overall immune system by ontogenesis regulatory genes and environmental microbiota. In total, we will integrate the output of recent discoveries and theories, together with several hypothetical models, to present a dynamic portrait of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Li
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yi-Ju Lu
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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66
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Stare T, Ramšak Ž, Križnik M, Gruden K. Multiomics analysis of tolerant interaction of potato with potato virus Y. Sci Data 2019; 6:250. [PMID: 31673114 PMCID: PMC6823367 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most economically important viral pathogen of potato worldwide. Different potato cultivars react to the pathogen differently, resulting in resistant, tolerant or disease outcome of the interaction. Here we focus on tolerant interaction between potato cv. Désirée and PVYNTN. To capture the response in its full complexity, we analyzed the dynamic changes on multiple molecular levels, including transcriptomics, sRNAomics, degradomics, proteomics and hormonomics. The analysis was complemented by the measurements of viral accumulation, photosynthetic activity and phenotypisation of the symptoms. Besides cv. Désirée we also studied its transgenic counterpart depleted for the accumulation of salicylic acid (NahG-Désirée). This multiomics analysis provides better insights into the mechanisms leading to tolerant response of potato to viral infection and can be used as a base in further studies of plant immunity regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Stare
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Živa Ramšak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Križnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Madhusudhan P, Sinha P, Rajput LS, Bhattacharya M, Sharma T, Bhuvaneshwari V, Gaikwad K, Krishnan SG, Singh AK. Effect of temperature on Pi54-mediated leaf blast resistance in rice. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:148. [PMID: 31549233 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of temperature effect on plant resistance against diseases has become essential under climate change scenario as temperature rise is anticipated to modify host resistance. To determine temperature influence on resistance gene, a pair of near-isogenic rice lines differing for the Pi54 resistance gene was assessed against leaf blast. Blast resistance was determined as the extent of infection efficiency (IE) and sporulation (SP) at suboptimal (22 °C and 32 °C) and optimal temperature (27 °C) of pathogen aggressiveness. Relative resistance for IE and SP was higher at suboptimal temperature as compared to that of optimal temperature. Maximum level of resistance was at 22 °C where higher levels of expression of Pi54 and defence-regulatory transcription factor WRKY45 were also noted. At 32 °C, although some level of resistance noted, but level of Pi54 and WRKY45 expression was too low, suggesting that resistance recorded at higher temperature was due to reduced pathogen aggressiveness. At the optimal temperature for pathogen aggressiveness, comparatively lower levels of Pi54 and WRKY45 expression suggest possible temperature-induced interruption of the defence processes. The variation in resistance patterns modulated by temperature is appeared to be due to pathogen's sensitivity to temperature that leads to varying levels of Pi54 gene activation. Quick and violent activity of the pathogen at optimal temperature came into sight for the interruption of defence process activated by Pi54 gene. Evaluation of blast resistance genes under variable temperature conditions together with weather data could be applied in screening rice genotypes for selection of resistance having resilience to temperature rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Madhusudhan
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Agricultural Research Station, Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, 524003, India
| | - P Sinha
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - L S Rajput
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Division of Plant Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 452001, India
| | - M Bhattacharya
- Department of Agronomy, IOWA State University, Ames, IA, 5001-1051, USA
| | - Taru Sharma
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - V Bhuvaneshwari
- Regional Agricultural Research Station, Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Maruteru, Andhra Pradesh, 534122, India
| | - Kishore Gaikwad
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, IARI Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - S Gopala Krishnan
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - A K Singh
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Tariq R, Ji Z, Wang C, Tang Y, Zou L, Sun H, Chen G, Zhao K. RNA-Seq analysis of gene expression changes triggered by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in a susceptible rice genotype. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:44. [PMID: 31236783 PMCID: PMC6591352 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is a destructive disease in most of the rice growing regions worldwide. Xoo injects the transcriptional activator-like (TAL) effector protein into the host cell to induce the susceptibility (S) gene(s) for spreading the disease. In the current study, a susceptible rice genotype, JG30, was inoculated with wild Xoo strain PXO99A and its mutant PH without any TAL effector, to retrieve the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) having a role in susceptibility. RESULTS RNA-Seq data analysis showed that 1143 genes were significantly differentially expressed (p-value ≤0.05) at 12, 24, 36 and 48 h post inoculation (hpi). Expression patterns, evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), of randomly selected eight genes were similar to the RNA-Seq data. KEGG pathway classified the DEGs into photosynthesis and biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid pathway. Gene ontology (GO) analysis categorized the DEGs into the biological pathway, cellular component, and molecular function. We identified 43 differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs) belonging to different families. Also, clusters of the DEGs representing kinase and peroxidase responsive genes were retrieved. MapMan pathway analysis representing the expression pattern of genes expressed highly in biotic stress and metabolic pathways after PXO99A infection relative to PH. CONCLUSIONS DEGs were identified in susceptible rice genotype inoculated with PXO99A relative to mutant strain PH. The identified 1143 DEGs were predicted to be included in the different biological processes, signaling mechanism and metabolic pathways. The Jasmonic acid (JA) responsive genes were identified to be downregulated in PXO99A infected leaves. This study would be useful for the researchers to reveal the potential functions of genes involved in the rice susceptibility to PXO99A infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezwan Tariq
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ji
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlian Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongchao Tang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lifang Zou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongda Sun
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Gongyou Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kaijun Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China.
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Song W, Qi N, Liang C, Duan F, Zhao H. Soybean root transcriptome profiling reveals a nonhost resistant response during Heterodera glycines infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217130. [PMID: 31125369 PMCID: PMC6534303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode, SCN) is one of the most devastating pathogens of soybean worldwide. The compatible and in compatible interactions between soybean and SCN have well documented. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of a nonhost resistant response in soybean against SCN infection remains obscure. Toward this end, a global transcriptional comparison was conducted between susceptible and resistant reactions of soybean roots infected by taking advantage of finding a new pathotype of SCN (SCNT). The soybean cultivar Lee, which exhibits resistant to SCNT and susceptible to HG 1.2.3.4.7 (SCNs) was utilized in the expriments. The results highlighted a nonhost resistant response of soybean. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the resistant interaction (3746) was much larger than that in the susceptible interaction (602). A great number of genes acting as intrinsic component of membrane, integral component of membrane, cell periphery and plasma membrance were remarkably enriched only in the resistant interaction, while the taurine and hypotaurine, phenylpropanoid pathway, plant-pathogen interaction and transcript factors were modulated in both interactions. This is the first study to examine genes expression patterns in a soybean genotype in response to invasion by a virulent and avirulent SCN population at the transcriptional level, which will provide insights into the complicate molecular mechanism of the nonhost resistant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Song
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Nawei Qi
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fangmeng Duan
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Honghai Zhao
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Sukumari Nath V, Kumar Mishra A, Kumar A, Matoušek J, Jakše J. Revisiting the Role of Transcription Factors in Coordinating the Defense Response Against Citrus Bark Cracking Viroid Infection in Commercial Hop ( Humulus Lupulus L.). Viruses 2019; 11:v11050419. [PMID: 31060295 PMCID: PMC6563305 DOI: 10.3390/v11050419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) play a major role in controlling gene expression by intricately regulating diverse biological processes such as growth and development, the response to external stimuli and the activation of defense responses. The systematic identification and classification of TF genes are essential to gain insight into their evolutionary history, biological roles, and regulatory networks. In this study, we performed a global mining and characterization of hop TFs and their involvement in Citrus bark cracking viroid CBCVd infection by employing a digital gene expression analysis. Our systematic analysis resulted in the identification of a total of 3,818 putative hop TFs that were classified into 99 families based on their conserved domains. A phylogenetic analysis classified the hop TFs into several subgroups based on a phylogenetic comparison with reference TF proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana providing glimpses of their evolutionary history. Members of the same subfamily and subgroup shared conserved motif compositions. The putative functions of the CBCVd-responsive hop TFs were predicted using their orthologous counterparts in A. thaliana. The analysis of the expression profiling of the CBCVd-responsive hop TFs revealed a massive differential modulation, and the expression of the selected TFs was validated using qRT-PCR. Together, the comprehensive integrated analysis in this study provides better insights into the TF regulatory networks associated with CBCVd infections in the hop, and also offers candidate TF genes for improving the resistance in hop against viroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Sukumari Nath
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Atul Kumar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Matoušek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Yan L, Fan G, Li X. Genome-wide analysis of three histone marks and gene expression in Paulownia fortunei with phytoplasma infection. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:234. [PMID: 30898112 PMCID: PMC6429711 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paulownia withes'-broom (PaWB) disease caused by phytoplasma is a serious infectious disease for Paulownia. However, the underlying molecular pathogenesis is not fully understood. Recent studies have demonstrated that histone modifications could play a role in plant defense responses to pathogens. But there is still no available genome-wide histone modification data in non-model ligneous species infected with phytoplasma. RESULTS Here, we provided the first genome-wide profiles of three histone marks (H3K4me3, H3K36me3 and H3K9ac) in Paulownia fortunei under phytoplasma stress by using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq). We found that H3K4me3, H3K36me3 and H3K9ac were mainly enriched in the genic regions in P. fortunei with (PFI) and without (PF) phytoplasma infection. ChIP-Seq analysis revealed 1738, 986, and 2577 genes were differentially modified by H3K4me3, H3K36me3 and H3K9ac marks in PFI under phytoplasma infection, respectively. The functional analysis of these genes suggested that most of them were mainly involved in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant-pathogen interaction and plant hormone signal transduction. In addition, the combinational analysis of ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq showed that differential histone methylation and acetylation only affected a small subset of phytoplasma-responsive genes. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, this is the first report of integrated analysis of histone modifications and gene expression involved in Paulownia-phytoplasma interaction. Our results will provide the valuable resources for the mechanism studies of gene regulation in non-model plants upon pathogens attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yan
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002 People’s Republic of China
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Fan
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002 People’s Republic of China
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002 People’s Republic of China
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002 People’s Republic of China
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Mou S, Gao F, Shen L, Yang S, He W, Cheng W, Wu Y, He S. CaLRR-RLK1, a novel RD receptor-like kinase from Capsicum annuum and transcriptionally activated by CaHDZ27, act as positive regulator in Ralstonia solanacearum resistance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:28. [PMID: 30654746 PMCID: PMC6337819 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most important diseases in pepper worldwide, however, the molecular mechanism underlying pepper resistance to bacterial wilt remains poorly understood. RESULTS Herein, a novel RD leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, CaLRR-RLK1, was functionally characterized in immunity against R. solanacearum. CaLRR-RLK1 was targeted exclusively to plasma membrane and was up-regulated by R. solanacearum inoculation (RSI) as well as by the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or ethephon (ETH). The silencing of CaLRR-RLK1 led to enhanced susceptibility of pepper plants to RSI, accompanied by down-regulation of immunity-related genes including CaACO1, CaHIR1, CaPR4 and CaPO2. In contrast, transient overexpression of CaLRR-RLK1 triggered hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death and H2O2 accumulation in pepper leaves, manifested by darker trypan blue and DAB staining respectively. In addition, the ectopic overexpression of CaLRR-RLK1 in tobacco plants enhanced resistance R. solanacearum, accompanied with the immunity associated marker genes including NtPR2, NtPR2, NtHSR203 and NtHSR515. Furthermore, it was found that CaHDZ27, a positive regulator in pepper response to RSI in our previous study, transcriptionally activated CaLRR-RLK1 by direct targeting its promoter probably in a CAATTATTG dependent manner. CONCLUSION The study revealed that CaLRR-RLK1 confers pepper resistance to R. solanacearum as the direct targeting of CaHDZ27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoliang Mou
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihong He
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuilin He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
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Zhu Y, Shao J, Zhou Z, Davis RE. Genotype-specific suppression of multiple defense pathways in apple root during infection by Pythium ultimum. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:10. [PMID: 30603095 PMCID: PMC6312547 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The genotype-specific defense activation in the roots of perennial tree crops to soilborne necrotrophic pathogens remains largely unknown. A recent phenotyping study indicated that the apple rootstock genotypes B.9 and G.935 have contrasting resistance responses to infection by Pythium ultimum. In the current study, a comparative transcriptome analysis by Illumina Solexa HiSeq 3000 platform was carried out to identify the global transcriptional regulation networks between the susceptible B.9 and the resistant G.935 to P. ultimum infection. Thirty-six libraries were sequenced to cover three timepoints after pathogen inoculation, with three biological replicates for each sample. The transcriptomes in the roots of the susceptible genotype B.9 were reflected by overrepresented differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with downregulated patterns and systematic suppression of cellular processes at 48 h post inoculation (hpi). In contrast, DEGs with annotated functions, such as kinase receptors, MAPK signaling, JA biosynthesis enzymes, transcription factors, and transporters, were readily induced at 24 hpi and continued up-regulation at 48 hpi in G.935 roots. The earlier and stronger defense activation is likely associated with an effective inhibition of necrosis progression in G.935 roots. Lack of effector-triggered immunity or existence of a susceptibility gene could contribute to the severely disturbed transcriptome and susceptibility in B.9 roots. The identified DEGs constitute a valuable resource for hypothesis-driven studies to elucidate the resistance/tolerance mechanisms in apple roots and validating their potential association with resistance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Zhu
- USDA-ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA
| | - Jonathan Shao
- USDA-ARS, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xingcheng, Liaoning 125100 P. R. China
| | - Robert E. Davis
- USDA-ARS, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
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Ullah C, Tsai C, Unsicker SB, Xue L, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Hammerbacher A. Salicylic acid activates poplar defense against the biotrophic rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina via increased biosynthesis of catechin and proanthocyanidins. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:960-975. [PMID: 30168132 PMCID: PMC6585937 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Poplar trees synthesize flavan-3-ols (catechin and proanthocyanidins) as a defense against foliar rust fungi, but the regulation of this defense response is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of hormones in regulating flavan-3-ol accumulation in poplar during rust infection. We profiled levels of defense hormones, signaling genes, and flavan-3-ol metabolites in black poplar leaves at different stages of rust infection. Hormone levels were manipulated by external sprays, genetic engineering, and drought to reveal their role in rust fungal defenses. Levels of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid increased in rust-infected leaves and activated downstream signaling, with SA levels correlating closely with those of flavan-3-ols. Pretreatment with the SA analog benzothiadiazole increased flavan-3-ol accumulation by activating the MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex and reduced rust proliferation. Furthermore, transgenic poplar lines overproducing SA exhibited higher amounts of flavan-3-ols constitutively via the same transcriptional activation mechanism. These findings suggest a strong association among SA, flavan-3-ol biosynthesis, and rust resistance in poplars. Abscisic acid also promoted poplar defense against rust infection, but likely through stomatal immunity independent of flavan-3-ols. Jasmonic acid did not confer any apparent defense responses to the fungal pathogen. We conclude that SA activates flavan-3-ol biosynthesis in poplar against rust infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhana Ullah
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans‐Knöll‐Straße 807745JenaGermany
| | - Chung‐Jui Tsai
- School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesDepartment of GeneticsDepartment of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
| | - Sybille B. Unsicker
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans‐Knöll‐Straße 807745JenaGermany
| | - Liangjiao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and BiotechnologyCo‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaCollege of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingJiangsu210037China
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans‐Knöll‐Straße 807745JenaGermany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans‐Knöll‐Straße 807745JenaGermany
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of PretoriaPrivate Bag X20Pretoria0028South Africa
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Safaeizadeh M, Boller T. Differential and tissue-specific activation pattern of the AtPROPEP and AtPEPR genes in response to biotic and abiotic stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:e1590094. [PMID: 30907222 PMCID: PMC6512929 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1590094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana AtPEPR1 and AtPEPR2 act as the receptors for the endogenous AtPROPEP-derived Pep peptides and subsequently initiate defense-signaling cascades. In the previous work,9 the expression pattern of the genes encoding the PEPR receptors and the AtPROPEP peptide precursor proteins was studied using promoter-GUS reporter constructs. Here, using the same constructs to study their expression pattern under biotic and abiotic stress, including AtPep1, flg22, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and NaCl treatments, we observed that in response to AtPep1 and flg22, the activation of AtPEPR1 promoter was different from AtPEPR2. We also found that these promoters were differentially activated in response to NaCl. Remarkably, we showed that it is possible to classify the genes of the AtPROPEP family, based on the response of their promoters to the various stimuli employed: thus, we classify AtPROPEP1 in one group; AtPROPEP2 and AtPROPEP3 in a second group; AtPROPEP4, AtPROPEP7 and AtPROPEP8 in a third group and AtPROPEP5 in a fourth group. Our finding, confirm non-redundant roles among the members of the AtPROPEP family and their corresponding receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Safaeizadeh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Part of the Swiss Plant Science Web, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- CONTACT Mehdi Safaeizadeh ; ; Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Part of the Swiss Plant Science Web, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Part of the Swiss Plant Science Web, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Ashraf MF, Yang S, Wu R, Wang Y, Hussain A, Noman A, Khan MI, Liu Z, Qiu A, Guan D, He S. Capsicum annuum HsfB2a Positively Regulates the Response to Ralstonia solanacearum Infection or High Temperature and High Humidity Forming Transcriptional Cascade with CaWRKY6 and CaWRKY40. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2608-2623. [PMID: 30169791 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The responses of pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants to inoculation with the pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum and to high-temperature-high-humidity (HTHH) conditions were previously found to be coordinated by the transcription factors CaWRKY6 and CaWRKY40; however, the underlying molecular mechanism was unclear. Herein, we identified and functionally characterized CaHsfB2a, a nuclear-localized heat shock factor involved in pepper immunity to R. solanacearum inoculation (RSI) and tolerance to HTHH. CaHsfB2a is transcriptionally induced in pepper plants by RSI or HTHH and by exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ethylene (ETH), or abscisic acid (ABA). Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of CaHsfB2a significantly impaired pepper immunity to RSI, hampered HTHH tolerance, and curtailed expression of immunity- and thermotolerance-associated marker genes such as CaHIR1, CaNPR1, CaABR1, and CaHSP24. Likewise, transient overexpression of CaHsfB2a in pepper leaves induced hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death and H2O2 accumulation and upregulated the above-mentioned marker genes as well as CaWRKY6 and CaWRKY40. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and microscale thermophoresis (MST) analysis revealed that CaHsfB2a bound the promoters of both CaWRKY6 and CaWRKY40. In a parallel experiment, we determined by ChIP-PCR and MST that CaHsfB2a was regulated directly by CaWRKY40 but indirectly by CaWRKY6. Cumulatively, our results suggest that CaHsfB2a positively regulates plant immunity against RSI and tolerance to HTHH, via transcriptional cascades and positive feedback loops involving CaWRKY6 and CaWRKY40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Furqan Ashraf
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ruijie Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ansar Hussain
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ifnan Khan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ailian Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Deyi Guan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuilin He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Altmann S, Muino JM, Lortzing V, Brandt R, Himmelbach A, Altschmied L, Hilker M. Transcriptomic basis for reinforcement of elm antiherbivore defence mediated by insect egg deposition. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:4901-4915. [PMID: 30329187 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant responses to insect egg depositions are known to shape subsequent defensive responses to larvae hatching from the eggs. Elm (Ulmus minor) leaves, on which elm leaf beetles laid their eggs, mount a more efficient defence against larvae hatching from the eggs. However, the molecular mechanisms of this egg-mediated, improved defence are insufficiently understood and have so far only been studied in annual plants. We analysed the dynamics of transcriptomic changes in larval feeding-damaged elm leaves with and without prior egg deposition using de novo assembled RNA-seq data. Compared to egg-free leaves, egg deposition-treated leaves showed earlier and/or faster transcriptional regulations, as well as slightly enhanced differential transcriptional regulation after the onset of larval feeding. These early responding transcripts were overrepresented in gene ontology terms associated with post-translational protein modification, signalling and stress (defence) responses. We found evidence of transcriptional memory in initially egg deposition-induced transcripts whose differential expression was reset prior to larval hatching, but was more rapidly induced again by subsequent larval feeding. This potential memory effect of prior egg deposition, as well as the earlier/faster and enhanced feeding-induced differential regulation of transcripts in egg deposition-treated leaves, may contribute to the egg-mediated reinforcing effect on the elm's defence against larvae. Hence, our study shows that a plant's experience of a stress-indicating environmental cue (here: insect eggs) can push the dynamics of the plant's transcriptomic response to subsequent stress (here: larval feeding). Such experience-mediated acceleration of a stress-induced plant response may result in improved stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Altmann
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jose M Muino
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivien Lortzing
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronny Brandt
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Lothar Altschmied
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Shu LJ, Liao JY, Lin NC, Chung CL. Identification of a strawberry NPR-like gene involved in negative regulation of the salicylic acid-mediated defense pathway. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205790. [PMID: 30312354 PMCID: PMC6185849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormonal modulation plays a central role in triggering various resistant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. In cultivated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent defense pathway has been associated with resistance to Colletotrichum spp. and the other pathogens. To better understand the SA-mediated defense mechanisms in strawberry, we analyzed two strawberry cultivars treated with SA for their resistance to anthracnose and gene expression profiles at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr post-treatment. Strawberry genes related to SA biosynthesis, perception, and signaling were identified from SA-responsive transcriptomes of the two cultivars, and the induction of 17 candidate genes upon SA treatment was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Given the pivotal role of the non-expressor of pathogenesis-related (NPR) family in controlling the SA-mediated defense signaling pathway, we then analyzed NPR orthologous genes in strawberry. From the expression profile, FaNPRL-1 [ortholog of FvNPRL-1 (gene20070 in F. vesca)] was identified as an NPR-like gene significantly induced after SA treatment in both cultivars. With a conserved BTB/POZ domain, ankyrin repeat domain, and nuclear localization signal, FvNPRL-1 was found phylogenetically closer to NPR3/NPR4 than NPR1 in Arabidopsis. Ectopic expression of FvNPRL-1 in the Arabidopsis thaliana wild type suppressed the SA-mediated PR1 expression and the resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Transient expression of FvNPRL-1 fused with green fluorescent protein in Arabidopsis protoplasts showed that SA affected nuclear translocation of FvNPRL-1. FvNPRL-1 likely functions similar to Arabidopsis NPR3/NPR4 as a negative regulator of the SA-mediated defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Jie Shu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Liao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chun Lin
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hartmann M, Zeier J. l-lysine metabolism to N-hydroxypipecolic acid: an integral immune-activating pathway in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:5-21. [PMID: 30035374 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
l-lysine catabolic routes in plants include the saccharopine pathway to α-aminoadipate and decarboxylation of lysine to cadaverine. The current review will cover a third l-lysine metabolic pathway having a major role in plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to pathogen infection that was recently discovered in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this pathway, the aminotransferase AGD2-like defense response protein (ALD1) α-transaminates l-lysine and generates cyclic dehydropipecolic (DP) intermediates that are subsequently reduced to pipecolic acid (Pip) by the reductase SAR-deficient 4 (SARD4). l-pipecolic acid, which occurs ubiquitously in the plant kingdom, is further N-hydroxylated to the systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-activating metabolite N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) by flavin-dependent monooxygenase1 (FMO1). N-hydroxypipecolic acid induces the expression of a set of major plant immune genes to enhance defense readiness, amplifies resistance responses, acts synergistically with the defense hormone salicylic acid, promotes the hypersensitive cell death response and primes plants for effective immune mobilization in cases of future pathogen challenge. This pathogen-inducible NHP biosynthetic pathway is activated at the transcriptional level and involves feedback amplification. Apart from FMO1, some cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in secondary metabolism catalyze N-hydroxylation reactions in plants. In specific taxa, pipecolic acid might also serve as a precursor in the biosynthesis of specialized natural products, leading to C-hydroxylated and otherwise modified piperidine derivatives, including indolizidine alkaloids. Finally, we show that NHP is glycosylated in Arabidopsis to form a hexose-conjugate, and then discuss open questions in Pip/NHP-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hartmann
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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80
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Qiu A, Lei Y, Yang S, Wu J, Li J, Bao B, Cai Y, Wang S, Lin J, Wang Y, Shen L, Cai J, Guan D, He S. CaC3H14 encoding a tandem CCCH zinc finger protein is directly targeted by CaWRKY40 and positively regulates the response of pepper to inoculation by Ralstonia solanacearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2221-2235. [PMID: 29683552 PMCID: PMC6638151 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tandem CCCH zinc finger (TZnF) proteins have been implicated in plant defence, but their role in pepper (Capsicum annuum) is unclear. In the present study, the role of CaC3H14, a pepper TZnF protein, in the immune response of pepper plants to Ralstonia solanacearum infection was characterized. When fused to the green fluorescent protein, CaC3H14 was localized exclusively to the nuclei in leaf cells of Nicotiana benthamiana plants transiently overexpressing CaC3H14. Transcript abundance of CaC3H14 was up-regulated by inoculation with R. solanacearum. Virus-induced silencing of CaC3H14 increased the susceptibility of the plants to R. solanacearum and down-regulated the genes associated with the hypersensitive response (HR), specifically HIR1 and salicylic acid (SA)-dependent PR1a. By contrast, silencing resulted in the up-regulation of jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent DEF1 and ethylene (ET) biosynthesis-associated ACO1. Transient overexpression of CaC3H14 in pepper triggered an intensive HR, indicated by cell death and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) accumulation, up-regulated PR1a and down-regulated DEF1 and ACO1. Ectopic overexpression of CaC3H14 in tobacco plants significantly decreased the susceptibility of tobacco plants to R. solanacearum. It also up-regulated HR-associated HSR515, immunity-associated GST1 and the SA-dependent marker genes NPR1 and PR2, but down-regulated JA-dependent PR1b and ET-dependent EFE26. The CaC3H14 promoter and was bound and its transcription was up-regulated by CaWRKY40. Collectively, these results indicate that CaC3H14 is transcriptionally targeted by CaWRKY40, is a modulator of the antagonistic interaction between SA and JA/ET signalling, and enhances the defence response of pepper plants to infection by R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailian Qiu
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Life ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Yufen Lei
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Life ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Life ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Ji Wu
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Jiazhi Li
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Bingjin Bao
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Yiting Cai
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Song Wang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Jinhui Lin
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Lei Shen
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Jinsen Cai
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Shuilin He
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
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81
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Pan Y, Liu Z, Rocheleau H, Fauteux F, Wang Y, McCartney C, Ouellet T. Transcriptome dynamics associated with resistance and susceptibility against fusarium head blight in four wheat genotypes. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:642. [PMID: 30157778 PMCID: PMC6116500 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat in North America is caused mostly by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (Fg). Upon exposure to Fg, wheat initiates a series of cellular responses involving massive transcriptional reprogramming. In this study, we analyzed transcriptomics data of four wheat genotypes (Nyubai, Wuhan 1, HC374, and Shaw), at 2 and 4 days post inoculation (dpi) with Fg, using RNA-seq technology. Results A total of 37,772 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, 28,961 from wheat and 8811 from the pathogen. The susceptible genotype Shaw exhibited the highest number of host and pathogen DEGs, including 2270 DEGs associating with FHB susceptibility. Protein serine/threonine kinases and LRR-RK were associated with susceptibility at 2 dpi, while several ethylene-responsive, WRKY, Myb, bZIP and NAC-domain containing transcription factors were associated with susceptibility at 4 dpi. In the three resistant genotypes, 220 DEGs were associated with resistance. Glutathione S-transferase (GST), membrane proteins and distinct LRR-RKs were associated with FHB resistance across the three genotypes. Genes with unique, high up-regulation by Fg in Wuhan 1 were mostly transiently expressed at 2 dpi, while many defense-associated genes were up-regulated at both 2 and 4 dpi in Nyubai; the majority of unique genes up-regulated in HC374 were detected at 4 dpi only. In the pathogen, most genes showed increased expression between 2 and 4 dpi in all genotypes, with stronger levels in the susceptible host; however two pectate lyases and a hydrolase were expressed higher at 2 dpi, and acetyltransferase activity was highly enriched at 4 dpi. Conclusions There was an early up-regulation of LRR-RKs, different between susceptible and resistant genotypes; subsequently, distinct sets of genes associated with defense response were up-regulated. Differences in expression profiles among the resistant genotypes indicate genotype-specific defense mechanisms. This study also shows a greater resemblance in transcriptomics of HC374 to Nyubai, consistent with their sharing of two FHB resistance QTLs on 3BS and 5AS, compared to Wuhan 1 which carries one QTL on 2DL in common with HC374. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5012-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlian Pan
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, NRC, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Ziying Liu
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, NRC, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Hélène Rocheleau
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, AAFC, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - François Fauteux
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, NRC, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Yunli Wang
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, NRC, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Curt McCartney
- Morden Research and Development Centre, AAFC, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Thérèse Ouellet
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, AAFC, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
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82
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Pan Y, Liu Z, Rocheleau H, Fauteux F, Wang Y, McCartney C, Ouellet T. Transcriptome dynamics associated with resistance and susceptibility against fusarium head blight in four wheat genotypes. BMC Genomics 2018. [PMID: 30157778 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5012-5013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat in North America is caused mostly by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (Fg). Upon exposure to Fg, wheat initiates a series of cellular responses involving massive transcriptional reprogramming. In this study, we analyzed transcriptomics data of four wheat genotypes (Nyubai, Wuhan 1, HC374, and Shaw), at 2 and 4 days post inoculation (dpi) with Fg, using RNA-seq technology. RESULTS A total of 37,772 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, 28,961 from wheat and 8811 from the pathogen. The susceptible genotype Shaw exhibited the highest number of host and pathogen DEGs, including 2270 DEGs associating with FHB susceptibility. Protein serine/threonine kinases and LRR-RK were associated with susceptibility at 2 dpi, while several ethylene-responsive, WRKY, Myb, bZIP and NAC-domain containing transcription factors were associated with susceptibility at 4 dpi. In the three resistant genotypes, 220 DEGs were associated with resistance. Glutathione S-transferase (GST), membrane proteins and distinct LRR-RKs were associated with FHB resistance across the three genotypes. Genes with unique, high up-regulation by Fg in Wuhan 1 were mostly transiently expressed at 2 dpi, while many defense-associated genes were up-regulated at both 2 and 4 dpi in Nyubai; the majority of unique genes up-regulated in HC374 were detected at 4 dpi only. In the pathogen, most genes showed increased expression between 2 and 4 dpi in all genotypes, with stronger levels in the susceptible host; however two pectate lyases and a hydrolase were expressed higher at 2 dpi, and acetyltransferase activity was highly enriched at 4 dpi. CONCLUSIONS There was an early up-regulation of LRR-RKs, different between susceptible and resistant genotypes; subsequently, distinct sets of genes associated with defense response were up-regulated. Differences in expression profiles among the resistant genotypes indicate genotype-specific defense mechanisms. This study also shows a greater resemblance in transcriptomics of HC374 to Nyubai, consistent with their sharing of two FHB resistance QTLs on 3BS and 5AS, compared to Wuhan 1 which carries one QTL on 2DL in common with HC374.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlian Pan
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, NRC, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Ziying Liu
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, NRC, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Hélène Rocheleau
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, AAFC, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - François Fauteux
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, NRC, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Yunli Wang
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, NRC, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Curt McCartney
- Morden Research and Development Centre, AAFC, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Thérèse Ouellet
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, AAFC, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
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83
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Michelotti V, Lamontanara A, Buriani G, Orrù L, Cellini A, Donati I, Vanneste JL, Cattivelli L, Tacconi G, Spinelli F. Comparative transcriptome analysis of the interaction between Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in absence and presence of acibenzolar-S-methyl. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:585. [PMID: 30081820 PMCID: PMC6090863 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2007, bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) has become a pandemic disease leading to important economic losses in every country where kiwifruit is widely cultivated. Options for controlling this disease are very limited and rely primarily on the use of bactericidal compounds, such as copper, and resistance inducers. Among the latter, the most widely studied is acibenzolar-S-methyl. To elucidate the early molecular reaction of kiwifruit plants (Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis) to Psa infection and acibenzolar-S-methyl treatment, a RNA seq analysis was performed at different phases of the infection process, from the epiphytic phase to the endophytic invasion on acibenzolar-S-methyl treated and on non-treated plants. The infection process was monitored in vivo by confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS De novo assembly of kiwifruit transcriptome revealed a total of 39,607 transcripts, of which 3360 were differentially expressed during the infection process, primarily 3 h post inoculation. The study revealed the coordinated changes of important gene functional categories such as signaling, hormonal balance and transcriptional regulation. Among the transcription factor families, AP2/ERF, MYB, Myc, bHLH, GATA, NAC, WRKY and GRAS were found differentially expressed in response to Psa infection and acibenzolar-S-methyl treatment. Finally, in plants treated with acibenzolar-S-methyl, a number of gene functions related to plant resistance, such as PR proteins, were modulated, suggesting the set-up of a more effective defense response against the pathogen. Weighted-gene coexpression network analysis confirmed these results. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides an in-depth description of the plant molecular reactions to Psa, it highlights the metabolic pathway related to acibenzolar-S-methyl-induced resistance and it contributes to the development of effective control strategies in open field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Michelotti
- Council for agriculture research and economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso, 302, CAP, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza Italy
| | - Antonella Lamontanara
- Council for agriculture research and economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso, 302, CAP, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza Italy
| | - Giampaolo Buriani
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Orrù
- Council for agriculture research and economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso, 302, CAP, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza Italy
| | - Antonio Cellini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Donati
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Joel L. Vanneste
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Bisley Road, Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, 3240 New Zealand
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- Council for agriculture research and economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso, 302, CAP, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza Italy
| | - Gianni Tacconi
- Council for agriculture research and economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso, 302, CAP, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza Italy
| | - Francesco Spinelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Zinkgraf M, Gerttula S, Zhao S, Filkov V, Groover A. Transcriptional and temporal response of Populus stems to gravi-stimulation. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:578-590. [PMID: 29480544 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants modify development in response to external stimuli, to produce new growth that is appropriate for environmental conditions. For example, gravi-stimulation of leaning branches in angiosperm trees results in modifications of wood development, to produce tension wood that pulls leaning stems upright. Here, we use gravi-stimulation and tension wood response to dissect the temporal changes in gene expression underlying wood formation in Populus stems. Using time-series analysis of seven time points over a 14-d experiment, we identified 8,919 genes that were differentially expressed between tension wood (upper) and opposite wood (lower) sides of leaning stems. Clustering of differentially expressed genes showed four major transcriptional responses, including gene clusters whose transcript levels were associated with two types of tissue-specific impulse responses that peaked at about 24-48 h, and gene clusters with sustained changes in transcript levels that persisted until the end of the 14-d experiment. Functional enrichment analysis of those clusters suggests they reflect temporal changes in pathways associated with hormone regulation, protein localization, cell wall biosynthesis and epigenetic processes. Time-series analysis of gene expression is an underutilized approach for dissecting complex developmental responses in plants, and can reveal gene clusters and mechanisms influencing development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Zinkgraf
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1731 Research Park Drive, Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Suzanne Gerttula
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1731 Research Park Drive, Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Shutang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Vladimir Filkov
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Andrew Groover
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1731 Research Park Drive, Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95618, USA
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Abulfaraj AA, Mariappan K, Bigeard J, Manickam P, Blilou I, Guo X, Al-Babili S, Pflieger D, Hirt H, Rayapuram N. The Arabidopsis homolog of human G3BP1 is a key regulator of stomatal and apoplastic immunity. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800046. [PMID: 30456348 PMCID: PMC6238584 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis homolog of human G3BP1 negatively regulates plant immunity and defense responses. Atg3bp1 mutant lines show constitutive stomata closure, expression of a number of key defense marker genes, and accumulate salicylic acid. Mammalian Ras-GTPase–activating protein SH3-domain–binding proteins (G3BPs) are a highly conserved family of RNA-binding proteins that link kinase receptor-mediated signaling to RNA metabolism. Mammalian G3BP1 is a multifunctional protein that functions in viral immunity. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana homolog of human G3BP1 negatively regulates plant immunity. Arabidopsis g3bp1 mutants showed enhanced resistance to the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Pathogen resistance was mediated in Atg3bp1 mutants by altered stomatal and apoplastic immunity. Atg3bp1 mutants restricted pathogen entry into stomates showing insensitivity to bacterial coronatine–mediated stomatal reopening. AtG3BP1 was identified as a negative regulator of defense responses, which correlated with moderate up-regulation of salicylic acid biosynthesis and signaling without growth penalty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aala A Abulfaraj
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biology, Science and Arts College, Rabigh Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiruthiga Mariappan
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Bigeard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Prabhu Manickam
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiujie Guo
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Delphine Pflieger
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Inserm, BIG-BGE, Grenoble, France.,CNRS, BIG-BGE FR3425, Grenoble, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Naganand Rayapuram
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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86
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Gimenez-Ibanez S, Hann DR, Chang JH, Segonzac C, Boller T, Rathjen JP. Differential Suppression of Nicotiana benthamiana Innate Immune Responses by Transiently Expressed Pseudomonas syringae Type III Effectors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:688. [PMID: 29875790 PMCID: PMC5974120 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae injects about 30 different virulence proteins, so-called effectors, via a type III secretion system into plant cells to promote disease. Although some of these effectors are known to suppress either pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) or effector-triggered immunity (ETI), the mode of action of most of them remains unknown. Here, we used transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, to test the abilities of type III effectors of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (Pta) 11528 to interfere with plant immunity. We monitored the sequential and rapid bursts of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS), the subsequent induction of defense gene expression, and promotion of cell death. We found that several effector proteins caused cell death, but independently of the known plant immune regulator NbSGT1, a gene essential for ETI. Furthermore, many effectors delayed or blocked the cell death-promoting activity of other effectors, thereby potentially contributing to pathogenesis. Secondly, a large number of effectors were able to suppress PAMP-induced defense responses. In the majority of cases, this resulted in suppression of all studied PAMP responses, suggesting that these effectors target common elements of PTI. However, effectors also targeted different steps within defense pathways and could be divided into three major groups based on their suppressive activities. Finally, the abilities of effectors of both Pto DC3000 and Pta 11528 to suppress plant immunity was conserved in most but not all cases. Overall, our data present a comprehensive picture of the mode of action of these effectors and indicate that most of them suppress plant defenses in various ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dagmar R Hann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeff H Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Thomas Boller
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John P Rathjen
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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87
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Hussain A, Li X, Weng Y, Liu Z, Ashraf MF, Noman A, Yang S, Ifnan M, Qiu S, Yang Y, Guan D, He S. CaWRKY22 Acts as a Positive Regulator in Pepper Response to RalstoniaSolanacearum by Constituting Networks with CaWRKY6, CaWRKY27, CaWRKY40, and CaWRKY58. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1426. [PMID: 29747470 PMCID: PMC5983767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The WRKY web, which is comprised of a subset of WRKY transcription factors (TFs), plays a crucial role in the regulation of plant immunity, however, the mode of organization and operation of this network remains obscure, especially in non-model plants such as pepper (Capsicum annuum). Herein, CaWRKY22, a member of a subgroup of IIe WRKY proteins from pepper, was functionally characterized in pepper immunity against Ralstonia Solanacearum. CaWRKY22 was found to target the nuclei, and its transcript level was significantly upregulated by Ralstonia Solanacearum inoculation (RSI) and exogenously applied salicylic acid (SA), Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), or ethephon (ETH). Loss-of-function CaWRKY22, caused by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), enhanced pepper’s susceptibility to RSI. In addition, the silencing of CaWRKY22 perturbed the hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death elicited by RSI and downregulated defense-related genes including CaPO2, CaPR4, CaACC, CaBPR1, CaDEF1, CaHIR1, and CaWRKY40. CaWRKY22 was found to directly bind to the promoters of CaPR1, CaDEF1, and CaWRKY40 by chromatin immuno-precipitation (ChIP) analysis. Contrastingly, transient overexpression of CaWRKY22 in pepper leaves triggered significant HR-like cell death and upregulated the tested immunity associated maker genes. Moreover, the transient overexpression of CaWRKY22 upregulated the expression of CaWRKY6 and CaWRKY27 while it downregulated of the expression of CaWRKY58. Conversely, the transient overexpression of CaWRKY6, CaWRKY27, and CaWRKY40 upregulated the expression of CaWRKY22, while transient overexpression of CaWRKY58 downregulated the transcript levels of CaWRKY22. These data collectively recommend the role of CaWRKY22 as a positive regulator of pepper immunity against R. Solanacearum, which is regulated by signaling synergistically mediated by SA, jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET), integrating into WRKY networks with WRKY TFs including CaWRKY6, CaWRKY27, CaWRKY40, and CaWRKY58.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansar Hussain
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yahong Weng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Muhammad Furqan Ashraf
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ali Noman
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Sheng Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Muhammad Ifnan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yingjie Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Deyi Guan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shuilin He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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88
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Ifnan Khan M, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Hu J, Liu C, Yang S, Hussain A, Furqan Ashraf M, Noman A, Shen L, Xia X, Yang F, Guan D, He S. CaWRKY40b in Pepper Acts as a Negative Regulator in Response to Ralstonia solanacearum by Directly Modulating Defense Genes Including CaWRKY40. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1403. [PMID: 29738468 PMCID: PMC5983674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors (TFs) have been implicated in plant growth, development, and in response to environmental cues; however, the function of the majority of pepper WRKY TFs remains unclear. In the present study, we functionally characterized CaWRKY40b, a homolog of AtWRKY40, in pepper immunity. Ralstonia solanacearum inoculation (RSI) in pepper plants resulted in downregulation of CaWRKY40b transcript, and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged CaWRKY40b was localized to the nuclei when transiently overexpressed in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of CaWRKY40b significantly decreased pepper’ susceptibility to RSI. Consistently, the transient over-expression of CaWRKY40b-SRDX (chimeric repressor version of CaWRKY40b) triggered cell death, as indicated by darker trypan blue and DAB staining. CaWRKY40b targets a number of immunity-associated genes, including CaWRKY40 JAR, RLK1, EIN3, FLS2, CNGIC8, CDPK13, and heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70), which were identified by ChIP-seq and confirmed using ChIP-real time PCR. Among these target genes, the negative regulator HSC70 was upregulated by transient overexpression of CaWRKY40b and downregulated by silencing of CaWRKY40b, whereas other positive regulators as well as two non-target genes, CaNPR1 and CaDEF1, were downregulated by the transient overexpression of CaWRKY40b and upregulated by CaWRKY40b silencing or transient overexpression of CaWRKY40b-SRDX. In addition, CaWRKY40b exhibited a positive feedback regulation at transcriptional level by directly targeting the promoter of itself. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that CaWRKY40b acts as a negative regulator in pepper immunity against R. solanacearum by transcriptional modulation of a subset of immunity-associated genes; it also represses immunity in the absence of a pathogen, and derepresses immunity upon pathogen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ifnan Khan
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yangwen Zhang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jiong Hu
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Cailing Liu
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ansar Hussain
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Muhammad Furqan Ashraf
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ali Noman
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Lei Shen
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Xia
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Feng Yang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shuilin He
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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89
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Zhang L, Huang X, He C, Zhang QY, Zou X, Duan K, Gao Q. Novel Fungal Pathogenicity and Leaf Defense Strategies Are Revealed by Simultaneous Transcriptome Analysis of Colletotrichum fructicola and Strawberry Infected by This Fungus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:434. [PMID: 29922301 PMCID: PMC5996897 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum fructicola, which is part of the C. gloeosporioides species complex, can cause anthracnose diseases in strawberries worldwide. However, the molecular interactions between C. fructicola and strawberry are largely unknown. A deep RNA-sequencing approach was applied to gain insights into the pathogenicity mechanisms of C. fructicola and the defense response of strawberry plants at different stages of infection. The transcriptome data showed stage-specific transcription accompanied by a step-by-step strawberry defense response and the evasion of this defense system by fungus. Fungal genes involved in plant cell wall degradation, secondary metabolism, and detoxification were up-regulated at different stage of infection. Most importantly, C. fructicola infection was accompanied by a large number of highly expressed effectors. Four new identified effectors function in the suppression of Bax-mediated programmed cell death. Strawberry utilizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity to prevent C. fructicola invasion, followed by the initiation of downstream innate immunity. The up-regulation of genes related to salicylic acid provided evidence that salicylic acid signaling may serve as the core defense signaling mechanism, while jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways were largely inhibited by C. fructicola. The necrotrophic stage displayed a significant up-regulation of genes involved in reactive oxygen species activation. Collectively, the transcriptomic data of both C. fructicola and strawberry shows that even though plants build a multilayered defense against infection, C. fructicola employs a series of escape or antagonizing mechanisms to successfully infect host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyong He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Food Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Duan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Food Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghua Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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90
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Aldon D, Mbengue M, Mazars C, Galaud JP. Calcium Signalling in Plant Biotic Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E665. [PMID: 29495448 PMCID: PMC5877526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal second messenger involved in various cellular processes, leading to plant development and to biotic and abiotic stress responses. Intracellular variation in free Ca2+ concentration is among the earliest events following the plant perception of environmental change. These Ca2+ variations differ in their spatio-temporal properties according to the nature, strength and duration of the stimulus. However, their conversion into biological responses requires Ca2+ sensors for decoding and relaying. The occurrence in plants of calmodulin (CaM) but also of other sets of plant-specific Ca2+ sensors such as calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs), Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) indicate that plants possess specific tools and machineries to convert Ca2+ signals into appropriate responses. Here, we focus on recent progress made in monitoring the generation of Ca2+ signals at the whole plant or cell level and their long distance propagation during biotic interactions. The contribution of CaM/CMLs and CDPKs in plant immune responses mounted against bacteria, fungi, viruses and insects are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Aldon
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Vegetales, Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, Auzeville, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Malick Mbengue
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Vegetales, Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, Auzeville, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Christian Mazars
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Vegetales, Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, Auzeville, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Jean-Philippe Galaud
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Vegetales, Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, Auzeville, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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91
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Expert D, Patrit O, Shevchik VE, Perino C, Boucher V, Creze C, Wenes E, Fagard M. Dickeya dadantii pectic enzymes necessary for virulence are also responsible for activation of the Arabidopsis thaliana innate immune system. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:313-327. [PMID: 27925401 PMCID: PMC6638122 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Soft-rot diseases of plants attributed to Dickeya dadantii result from lysis of the plant cell wall caused by pectic enzymes released by the bacterial cell by a type II secretion system (T2SS). Arabidopsis thaliana can express several lines of defence against this bacterium. We employed bacterial mutants with defective envelope structures or secreted proteins to examine early plant defence reactions. We focused on the production of AtrbohD-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS), callose deposition and cell death as indicators of these reactions. We observed a significant reduction in ROS and callose formation with a bacterial mutant in which genes encoding five pectate lyases (Pels) were disrupted. Treatment of plant leaves with bacterial culture filtrates containing Pels resulted in ROS and callose production, and both reactions were dependent on a functional AtrbohD gene. ROS and callose were produced in response to treatment with a cellular fraction of a T2SS-negative mutant grown in a Pels-inducing medium. Finally, ROS and callose were produced in leaves treated with purified Pels that had also been shown to induce the expression of jasmonic acid-dependent defence genes. Pel catalytic activity is required for the induction of ROS accumulation. In contrast, cell death observed in leaves infected with the wild-type strain appeared to be independent of a functional AtrbohD gene. It was also independent of the bacterial production of pectic enzymes and the type III secretion system (T3SS). In conclusion, the work presented here shows that D. dadantii is recognized by the A. thaliana innate immune system through the action of pectic enzymes secreted by bacteria at the site of infection. This recognition leads to AtrbohD-dependent ROS and callose accumulation, but not cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Expert
- Laboratoire Interactions Plantes–PathogènesInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 16 rue Claude Bernard 75231Cedex 05 ParisFrance
- lnstitut Jean‐Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, ERL3559 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris‐Saclay, RD1078026Versailles CedexFrance
| | - Oriane Patrit
- Laboratoire Interactions Plantes–PathogènesInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 16 rue Claude Bernard 75231Cedex 05 ParisFrance
| | - Vladimir E. Shevchik
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F‐69622 Villeurbanne, France; INSA‐Lyon, F‐69621 Villeurbanne, France; CNRS UMR5240 Microbiologie, Adaptation et PathogénieF‐69622 VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Claude Perino
- Laboratoire Interactions Plantes–PathogènesInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 16 rue Claude Bernard 75231Cedex 05 ParisFrance
| | - Virginie Boucher
- Laboratoire Interactions Plantes–PathogènesInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 16 rue Claude Bernard 75231Cedex 05 ParisFrance
- Present address:
Ecole Normale SupérieureInstitut de Biologie de l'ENS IBENS75005ParisFrance
| | - Christophe Creze
- Bases of Infectious Diseases, CNRS, UMR 5086F‐69367Lyon Cedex 07France
| | - Estelle Wenes
- lnstitut Jean‐Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, ERL3559 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris‐Saclay, RD1078026Versailles CedexFrance
| | - Mathilde Fagard
- lnstitut Jean‐Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, ERL3559 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris‐Saclay, RD1078026Versailles CedexFrance
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92
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Ran X, Liu J, Qi M, Wang Y, Cheng J, Zhang Y. GSHR, a Web-Based Platform Provides Gene Set-Level Analyses of Hormone Responses in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:23. [PMID: 29416546 PMCID: PMC5787578 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones regulate diverse aspects of plant growth and environmental responses. Recent high-throughput technologies have promoted a more comprehensive profiling of genes regulated by different hormones. However, these omics data generally result in large gene lists that make it challenging to interpret the data and extract insights into biological significance. With the rapid accumulation of theses large-scale experiments, especially the transcriptomic data available in public databases, a means of using this information to explore the transcriptional networks is needed. Different platforms have different architectures and designs, and even similar studies using the same platform may obtain data with large variances because of the highly dynamic and flexible effects of plant hormones; this makes it difficult to make comparisons across different studies and platforms. Here, we present a web server providing gene set-level analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana hormone responses. GSHR collected 333 RNA-seq and 1,205 microarray datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus, characterizing transcriptomic changes in Arabidopsis in response to phytohormones including abscisic acid, auxin, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and strigolactones. These data were further processed and organized into 1,368 gene sets regulated by different hormones or hormone-related factors. By comparing input gene lists to these gene sets, GSHR helped to identify gene sets from the input gene list regulated by different phytohormones or related factors. Together, GSHR links prior information regarding transcriptomic changes induced by hormones and related factors to newly generated data and facilities cross-study and cross-platform comparisons; this helps facilitate the mining of biologically significant information from large-scale datasets. The GSHR is freely available at http://bioinfo.sibs.ac.cn/GSHR/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Ran
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meifang Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuejun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingfei Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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93
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Islam MT, Hussain HI, Rookes JE, Cahill DM. Transcriptome analysis, using RNA-Seq of Lomandra longifolia roots infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi reveals the complexity of the resistance response. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:130-142. [PMID: 28881083 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamon the causal agent of disease in numerous species, is a major threat to natural vegetation and has economic impacts in agriculture. The pathogen principally invades the root system, which, in susceptible species, is rapidly colonised and functionally destroyed. Few species are resistant, however, where resistance is expressed the pathogen is restricted to small, localised lesions. The molecular mechanisms that underpin this response in resistant species are not well understood. Lomandra longifolia, an Australian native species, is highly resistant to P. cinnamomi. In an earlier study, we showed induction of resistance-related components such as callose, lignin and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) in L. longifolia roots that had been inoculated with P. cinnamomi. Here, in order to further identify, during the very early stages of infection, the molecular components and regulatory networks that may trigger resistance, a comprehensive root transcriptome analysis was performed using next generation sequencing. Overall, 18 cDNA libraries were produced generating 52.8 GB 126 base pair reads, which were de novo assembled into contigs. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified allowing the identification of infection-responsive candidate genes that were putatively related to resistance, and from this set ten were selected for qRT-PCR to validate the RNA-Seq expression value. Further analysis of individual candidates revealed that many were involved in PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI; pattern recognition receptors, glutathione S-transferase, callose synthases, pathogenesis-related protein-1, mitogen activated protein kinases) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) (NBS-LRR, signalling genes, transcription factors and anti-pathogenic compound synthase genes). As these candidate genes or mediated components activate different defence signalling systems, they may have potential for investigation of novel approaches to disease control and in transgenic approaches for improvement, in susceptible species, of resistance to P. cinnamomi.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Islam
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - H I Hussain
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - J E Rookes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - D M Cahill
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
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94
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Perdiguero P, Sobrino-Plata J, Venturas M, Martín JA, Gil L, Collada C. Gene expression trade-offs between defence and growth in English elm induced by Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:198-214. [PMID: 29034465 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wilt diseases caused by vascular pathogens include some of the most damaging stresses affecting trees. Dutch elm disease (DED), caused by the fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, destroyed most of North American and European elm populations in the 20th century. The highly susceptible English elm, also known as Atinian clone, suffered the highest mortality rates during the last pandemic event, probably due to its lack of genetic diversity. To study the DED pathosystem, we inoculated English elm ramets with O. novo-ulmi and evaluated xylem anatomy, molecular response, and disease symptoms. The high DED susceptibility of the clone was linked to xylem structure. The transcript levels changed significantly for 1,696 genes during O. novo-ulmi invasion. Genes covering different steps of the plant immune system were identified, many of which showed homology with Arabidopsis thaliana genes involved in systemic acquired resistance. Induction of several pathogenesis-related proteins and repression of fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins and other cell wall biosynthesis pathways evidence unbalanced costs between growth and defence mechanisms far from the inoculation point. This study sheds light on elm molecular defence mechanisms against DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Perdiguero
- GENFOR, Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Fisiología e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Juan Sobrino-Plata
- GENFOR, Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Fisiología e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Venturas
- GENFOR, Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Fisiología e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Biology Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Juan Antonio Martín
- GENFOR, Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Fisiología e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gil
- GENFOR, Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Fisiología e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Collada
- GENFOR, Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Fisiología e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
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95
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Rong W, Yang J, Li Z, Wu L, Zhang G, Ma Z. Histochemical Analyses Reveal That Stronger Intrinsic Defenses in Gossypium barbadense Than in G. hirsutum Are Associated With Resistance to Verticillium dahliae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:984-996. [PMID: 28850286 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-17-0067-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb., is a serious threat to cotton (Gossypium spp.) crop production. To enhance our understanding of the plant's complex defensive mechanism, we examined colonization patterns and interactions between V. dahliae and two cotton species, the resistant G. barbadense and the susceptible G. hirsutum. Microscopic examinations and grafting experiments showed that the progression of infection was restricted within G. barbadense. At all pre- and postinoculation sampling times, levels of salicylic acid (SA) were also higher in that species than in G. hirsutum. Comparative RNA-Seq analyses indicated that infection induced dramatic changes in the expression of thousands of genes in G. hirsutum, whereas those changes were fewer and weaker in G. barbadense. Investigations of the morphological and biochemical nature of cell-wall barriers demonstrated that depositions of lignin, phenolic compounds, and callose were significantly higher in G. barbadense. To determine the contribution of a known resistance gene to these processes, we silenced GbEDS1 and found that the transformed plants had decreased SA production, which led to the upregulation of PLASMODESMATA-LOCATED PROTEIN (PDLP) 1 and PDLP6. This was followed by a decline in callose deposition in the plasmodesmata, which then led to increased pathogen susceptibility. This comparison between resistant and susceptible species indicated that both physical and chemical mechanisms play important roles in the defenses of cotton against V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingfen Wang
- Department of Agronomy, North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Rong
- Department of Agronomy, North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Agronomy, North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikun Li
- Department of Agronomy, North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- Department of Agronomy, North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyin Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Ma
- Department of Agronomy, North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, People's Republic of China
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96
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Gullner G, Juhász C, Németh A, Barna B. Reactions of tobacco genotypes with different antioxidant capacities to powdery mildew and Tobacco mosaic virus infections. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 119:232-239. [PMID: 28917142 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of powdery mildew (Golovinomyces orontii) and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) with tobacco lines having down or upregulated antioxidants were investigated. Xanthi-nc, its salicylic acid-deficient NahG mutant, a paraquat-sensitive Samsun (PS) and its paraquat tolerant (PT) mutant were used. Cell membrane damage caused by H2O2 was significantly higher in NahG than Xanthi, whereas it was lower in PT than in PS. Leakage of ions from PT was reduced by the powdery mildew infection. On the other hand TMV inoculation led to a 6-fold and 2-fold elevation of ion leakage from hypersensitive resistant NahG and Xanthi leaves, respectively, whereas ion leakage increased slightly from susceptible PS leaves. G. orontii infection induced ribonuclease (RNase) enzyme activity in extracts from Xanthi and NahG (about 200-250% increase) and weakly (about 20-30% increase) from PS and PT lines. Pre-treatment with protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine or protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid very strongly inhibited mildew development on tobacco lines. Our experiments suggest that protein kinases inhibited by staurosporine seem to be important factors, while protein phosphatases inhibited by okadaic acid play less significant role in TMV-induced lesion development. Both powdery mildew and TMV infections up-regulated the expression of PR-1b, PR-1c and WRKY12 genes in all tobacco lines to various extents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Gullner
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Juhász
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adél Németh
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Barna
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary.
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97
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Liu Z, Shi L, Yang S, Lin Y, Weng Y, Li X, Hussain A, Noman A, He S. Functional and Promoter Analysis of ChiIV3, a Chitinase of Pepper Plant, in Response to Phytophthora capsici Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1661. [PMID: 28763001 PMCID: PMC5578051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the involvement of many members of the chitinase family in plant immunity, the precise functions of the majority of the members remain poorly understood. Herein, the gene ChiIV3 in Capsicum annuum encoding a chitinase protein containing a chitin binding domain and targeting to the plasma membrane was found to be induced by Phytophthora capsici inoculation (PCI) and applied chitin treatment. Besides its direct inhibitory effect on growth of Phytophthora capsici (P. capsici), ChiIV3 was also found by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and transient overexpression (TOE) in pepper plants to act as a positive regulator of plant cell death and in triggering defense signaling and upregulation of PR (pathogenesis related) genes against PCI. A 5' deletion assay revealed that pChiIV3-712 to -459 bp was found to be sufficient for ChiIV3' response to PCI. Furthermore, a mutation assay indicated that W-box-466 to -461 bp in pChiIV3-712 to -459 bp was noted to be the PCI-responsible element. These results collectively suggest that ChiIV3 acts as a likely antifungal protein and as a receptor for unidentified chitin in planta to trigger cell death and defense signaling against PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Lanping Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Sheng Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Youquan Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yahong Weng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ansar Hussain
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ali Noman
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shuilin He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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98
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Yang H, Zhao T, Jiang J, Chen X, Zhang H, Liu G, Zhang D, Du C, Wang S, Xu X, Li J. Transcriptome Analysis of the Sm-Mediated Hypersensitive Response to Stemphylium lycopersici in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1257. [PMID: 28769960 PMCID: PMC5515834 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gray leaf spot disease caused by Stemphylium lycopersici is a major disease in cultivated tomato plants and threatens tomato-growing areas worldwide. Sm is a single dominant gene that confers resistance to tomato gray leaf spot disease agent. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, resistant (cv. Motelle, containing the Sm gene) and susceptible (cv. Moneymaker) plants were inoculated with virulent Stemphylium lycopersici isolate at a time point at which both cultivars showed a strong response to S. lycopersici infection. Transcriptome analyses were performed in both cultivars using RNA-seq. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was higher in Motelle than Moneymaker. Functional classification revealed that most DEGs were involved in plant-pathogen interactions, plant hormone signal transduction, regulation of autophagy, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Moreover, the genes that were significantly up-regulated in Sm tomatoes were involved in plant-pathogen interaction pathways. A total of 26 genes were selected for confirmation of differentially expressed levels by quantitative real-time PCR. This knowledge will yield new insights into the molecular mechanism of Sm responses to S. lycopersici infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Jingbin Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Xiuling Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - He Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Guan Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Dongye Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Chong Du
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | | | - Xiangyang Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Jingfu Li
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
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99
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Stare T, Stare K, Weckwerth W, Wienkoop S, Gruden K. Comparison between Proteome and Transcriptome Response in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Leaves Following Potato Virus Y (PVY) Infection. Proteomes 2017; 5:proteomes5030014. [PMID: 28684682 PMCID: PMC5620531 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes5030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by viral infection are affecting all major crops. Being an obligate intracellular organisms, chemical control of these pathogens is so far not applied in the field except to control the insect vectors of the viruses. Understanding of molecular responses of plant immunity is therefore economically important, guiding the enforcement of crop resistance. To disentangle complex regulatory mechanisms of the plant immune responses, understanding system as a whole is a must. However, integrating data from different molecular analysis (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, smallRNA regulation etc.) is not straightforward. We evaluated the response of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) following the infection with potato virus Y (PVY). The response has been analyzed on two molecular levels, with microarray transcriptome analysis and mass spectroscopy-based proteomics. Within this report, we performed detailed analysis of the results on both levels and compared two different approaches for analysis of proteomic data (spectral count versus MaxQuant). To link the data on different molecular levels, each protein was mapped to the corresponding potato transcript according to StNIB paralogue grouping. Only 33% of the proteins mapped to microarray probes in a one-to-one relation and additionally many showed discordance in detected levels of proteins with corresponding transcripts. We discussed functional importance of true biological differences between both levels and showed that the reason for the discordance between transcript and protein abundance lies partly in complexity and structure of biological regulation of proteome and transcriptome and partly in technical issues contributing to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Stare
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Katja Stare
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1010 Wien, Austria.
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1010 Wien, Austria.
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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100
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Jiang Z, He F, Zhang Z. Large-scale transcriptome analysis reveals arabidopsis metabolic pathways are frequently influenced by different pathogens. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:453-467. [PMID: 28540497 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Through large-scale transcriptional data analyses, we highlighted the importance of plant metabolism in plant immunity and identified 26 metabolic pathways that were frequently influenced by the infection of 14 different pathogens. Reprogramming of plant metabolism is a common phenomenon in plant defense responses. Currently, a large number of transcriptional profiles of infected tissues in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) have been deposited in public databases, which provides a great opportunity to understand the expression patterns of metabolic pathways during plant defense responses at the systems level. Here, we performed a large-scale transcriptome analysis based on 135 previously published expression samples, including 14 different pathogens, to explore the expression pattern of Arabidopsis metabolic pathways. Overall, metabolic genes are significantly changed in expression during plant defense responses. Upregulated metabolic genes are enriched on defense responses, and downregulated genes are enriched on photosynthesis, fatty acid and lipid metabolic processes. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) identifies 26 frequently differentially expressed metabolic pathways (FreDE_Paths) that are differentially expressed in more than 60% of infected samples. These pathways are involved in the generation of energy, fatty acid and lipid metabolism as well as secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Clustering analysis based on the expression levels of these 26 metabolic pathways clearly distinguishes infected and control samples, further suggesting the importance of these metabolic pathways in plant defense responses. By comparing with FreDE_Paths from abiotic stresses, we find that the expression patterns of 26 FreDE_Paths from biotic stresses are more consistent across different infected samples. By investigating the expression correlation between transcriptional factors (TFs) and FreDE_Paths, we identify several notable relationships. Collectively, the current study will deepen our understanding of plant metabolism in plant immunity and provide new insights into disease-resistant crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei He
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Ziding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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