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Im JH, Ko JH, Kim WC, Crain B, Keathley D, Han KH. Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 negatively regulates secondary wall biosynthesis by modulating MYB46 protein stability in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009510. [PMID: 33826618 PMCID: PMC8055014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The R2R3-MYB transcription factor MYB46 functions as a master switch for secondary cell wall biosynthesis, ensuring the exquisite expression of the secondary wall biosynthetic genes in the tissues where secondary walls are critical for growth and development. At the same time, suppression of its function is needed when/where formation of secondary walls is not desirable. Little is known about how this opposing control of secondary cell wall formation is achieved. We used both transient and transgenic expression of MYB46 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MPK6) to investigate the molecular mechanism of the post-translational regulation of MYB46. We show that MYB46 is phosphorylated by MPK6, leading to site specific phosphorylation-dependent degradation of MYB46 by the ubiquitin-mediated proteasome pathway. In addition, the MPK6-mediated MYB46 phosphorylation was found to regulate in planta secondary wall forming function of MYB46. Furthermore, we provide experimental evidences that MYB83, a paralog of MYB46, is not regulated by MPK6. The coupling of MPK signaling to MYB46 function provides insights into the tissue- and/or condition-specific activity of MYB46 for secondary wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hee Im
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Science and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (J-HK); (K-HH)
| | - Won-Chan Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Brent Crain
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Daniel Keathley
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kyung-Hwan Han
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (J-HK); (K-HH)
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Du Y, Chen X, Guo Y, Zhang X, Zhang H, Li F, Huang G, Meng Y, Shan W. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector PITG20303 targets a potato MKK1 protein to suppress plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:501-515. [PMID: 32772378 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens secret a plethora of effectors into the host cell to modulate plant immunity. Analysing the role of effectors in altering the function of their host target proteins will reveal critical components of the plant immune system. Here we show that Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector PITG20303, a virulent variant of AVRblb2 (PITG20300) that escapes recognition by the resistance protein Rpi-blb2, suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and promotes pathogen colonization by targeting and stabilizing a potato MAPK cascade protein, StMKK1. Both PITG20300 and PITG20303 target StMKK1, as confirmed by multiple in vivo and in vitro assays, and StMKK1 was shown to be a negative regulator of plant immunity, as determined by overexpression and gene silencing. StMKK1 is a negative regulator of plant PTI, and the kinase activities of StMKK1 are required for its suppression of PTI and effector interaction. PITG20303 depends partially on MKK1, PITG20300 does not depend on MKK1 for suppression of PTI-induced reactive oxygen species burst, while the full virulence activities of nuclear targeted PITG20303 and PITG20300 are dependent on MKK1. Our results show that PITG20303 and PITG20300 target and stabilize the plant MAPK cascade signalling protein StMKK1 to negatively regulate plant PTI response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaokang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yalu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaojiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Houxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guiyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuling Meng
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Weixing Shan
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
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53
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Sustained Incompatibility between MAPK Signaling and Pathogen Effectors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217954. [PMID: 33114762 PMCID: PMC7672596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) are important signaling components involved in developemental processes as well as in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we focus on the roles of MAPKs in Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI), a specific layer of plant defense responses dependent on the recognition of pathogen effector proteins. Having inspected the literature, we synthesize the current state of knowledge concerning this topic. First, we describe how pathogen effectors can manipulate MAPK signaling to promote virulence, and how in parallel plants have developed mechanisms to protect themselves against these interferences. Then, we discuss the striking finding that the recognition of pathogen effectors can provoke a sustained activation of the MAPKs MPK3/6, extensively analyzing its implications in terms of regulation and functions. In line with this, we also address the question of how a durable activation of MAPKs might affect the scope of their substrates, and thereby mediate the emergence of possibly new ETI-specific responses. By highlighting the sometimes conflicting or missing data, our intention is to spur further research in order to both consolidate and expand our understanding of MAPK signaling in immunity.
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54
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Jiang X, Hoehenwarter W, Scheel D, Lee J. Phosphorylation of the CAMTA3 Transcription Factor Triggers Its Destabilization and Nuclear Export. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1056-1071. [PMID: 32769161 PMCID: PMC7536672 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) calmodulin-binding transcription activator3 (CAMTA3) is a repressor of immunity-related genes but an activator of cold-induced or general stress-responsive genes in plants. Post-transcriptional or posttranslational mechanisms have been proposed to control CAMTA3 functions in different stress responses. Here, we show that treatment with the bacterial flg22 elicitor induces CAMTA3 phosphorylation, which is accompanied by its destabilization and nuclear export. Two flg22-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), MPK3 and MPK6, directly phosphorylate CAMTA3, with the phospho-sites contributing to CAMTA3 degradation and suppression of downstream target gene expression. However, the flg22-induced nuclear export and phospho-mobility shift can still be observed for the CAMTA3 phospho-null variant of the MAPK-modified sites, suggesting additional flg22-responsive kinases might be involved. Taken together, we propose that flg22-induced CAMTA3 depletion facilitates de-repression of downstream defense target genes, which involves phosphorylation, increased protein turnover, and nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Jiang
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoehenwarter
- Proteome Analytics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
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Cheng Y, Li C, Hou J, Li Y, Jiang C, Ge Y. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade and Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism are Involved in Acibenzolar-S-Methyl-Induced Disease Resistance in Apples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10928-10936. [PMID: 32902967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Apple fruits were subjected to dipping treatment to explore the effects of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor PD98059 on lesion growth in fruits inoculated with Penicillium expansum. We investigated the roles of the MAPK cascade and reactive oxygen species metabolism in disease resistance in apples. ASM treatment inhibited lesion growth; suppressed catalase (CAT) activity; increased H2O2 content; reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid contents; and increased glutathione reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and NADPH oxidase activities. Moreover, ASM upregulated MdSOD, MdPOD, MdGR, MdAPX, MdMAPK4, MdMAPK2, and MdMAPKK1 expressions and downregulated MdCAT and MdMAPK3 expressions. PD98059 + ASM treatment increased CAT activity and MdCAT and MdMAPK3 expressions; inhibited MdSOD, MdPOD, MdGR, MdAPX, MdMAPK4, MdMAPK2, and MdMAPKK1 expressions; reduced superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities; and reduced glutathione content in apples. These findings indicate that ASM induces disease resistance in apples by regulating the expressions of key genes involved in reactive oxygen species metabolism and the MAPK cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
| | - Canying Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
| | - Jiabao Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
| | - Yihan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
| | - Chaonan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
| | - Yonghong Ge
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
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56
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Guo T, Lu ZQ, Shan JX, Ye WW, Dong NQ, Lin HX. ERECTA1 Acts Upstream of the OsMKKK10-OsMKK4-OsMPK6 Cascade to Control Spikelet Number by Regulating Cytokinin Metabolism in Rice. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2763-2779. [PMID: 32616661 PMCID: PMC7474279 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Grain number is a flexible trait that strongly contributes to grain yield. In rice (Oryza sativa), the OsMKKK10-OsMKK4-OsMPK6 cascade, which is negatively regulated by the dual-specificity phosphatase GSN1, coordinates the trade-off between grain number and grain size. However, the specific components upstream and downstream of the GSN1-MAPK module that regulate spikelet number per panicle remain obscure. Here, we report that ERECTA1 (OsER1), a negative regulator of spikelet number per panicle, acts upstream of the OsMKKK10-OsMKK4-OsMPK6 cascade and that the OsER1-OsMKKK10-OsMKK4-OsMPK6 pathway is required to maintain cytokinin homeostasis. OsMPK6 directly interacts with and phosphorylates the zinc finger transcription factor DST to enhance its transcriptional activation of CYTOKININ OXIDASE2 (OsCKX2), indicating that the OsER1-OsMKKK10-OsMKK4-OsMPK6 pathway shapes panicle morphology by regulating cytokinin metabolism. Furthermore, overexpression of either DST or OsCKX2 rescued the spikelet number phenotype of the oser1, osmkkk10, osmkk4, and osmpk6 mutants, suggesting that the DST-OsCKX2 module genetically functions downstream of the OsER1-OsMKKK10-OsMKK4-OsMPK6 pathway. These findings reveal specific crosstalk between a MAPK signaling pathway and cytokinin metabolism, shedding light on how developmental signals modulate phytohormone homeostasis to shape the inflorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zi-Qi Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jun-Xiang Shan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wang-Wei Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Nai-Qian Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong-Xuan Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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57
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Dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 by Phosphatase LjPP2C is Involved in Regulating Nodule Organogenesis in Lotus japonicus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155565. [PMID: 32756503 PMCID: PMC7432216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) LjMPK6 is a phosphorylation target of SIP2, a MAPK kinase that interacts with SymRK (symbiosis receptor-like kinase) for regulation of legume-rhizobia symbiosis. Both LjMPK6 and SIP2 are required for nodulation in Lotus japonicus. However, the dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 and its regulatory components in nodule development remains unexplored. By yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified a type 2C protein phosphatase, LjPP2C, that specifically interacts with and dephosphorylates LjMPK6 in vitro. Physiological and biochemical assays further suggested that LjPP2C phosphatase is required for dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 in vivo and for fine-tuning nodule development after rhizobial inoculation. A non-phosphorylatable mutant variant LjMPK6 (T224A Y226F) could mimic LjPP2C functioning in MAPK dephosphorylation required for nodule development in hairy root transformed plants. Collectively, our study demonstrates that interaction with LjPP2C phosphatase is required for dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 to fine tune nodule development in L. japonicus.
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58
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Expanding the Toolkit of Fluorescent Biosensors for Studying Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155350. [PMID: 32731410 PMCID: PMC7432370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are key regulators of numerous biological processes in plants. To better understand the mechanisms by which these kinases function, high resolution measurement of MAPK activation kinetics in different biological contexts would be beneficial. One method to measure MAPK activation in plants is via fluorescence-based genetically-encoded biosensors, which can provide real-time readouts of the temporal and spatial dynamics of kinase activation in living tissue. Although fluorescent biosensors have been widely used to study MAPK dynamics in animal cells, there is currently only one MAPK biosensor that has been described for use in plants. To facilitate creation of additional plant-specific MAPK fluorescent biosensors, we report the development of two new tools: an in vitro assay for efficiently characterizing MAPK docking domains and a translocation-based kinase biosensor for use in plants. The implementation of these two methods has allowed us to expand the available pool of plant MAPK biosensors, while also providing a means to generate more specific and selective MAPK biosensors in the future. Biosensors developed using these methods have the potential to enhance our understanding of the roles MAPKs play in diverse plant signaling networks affecting growth, development, and stress response.
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59
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Sun Y, Zhao J, Li X, Li Y. E2 conjugases UBC1 and UBC2 regulate MYB42-mediated SOS pathway in response to salt stress in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:455-472. [PMID: 32167578 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) is recognized as a crucial eukaryotic regulatory mechanism that controls a range of cellular processes during both development and adaptation to environmental changes. In Arabidopsis, the E2 conjugated enzymes UBIQUITIN CARRIER PROTEINs (UBCs) -1 and -2 mediate ubiquitination of H2B. Here, we elucidated the functions of UBC1 and -2 in salt-stress responses and revealed their downstream target genes. Real-time quantitative PCR assays showed that UBC1 and -2 positively regulated the salt-induced expression of MYB42 and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 4 (MPK4). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that H2Bub1 was enriched weakly on the chromatin of MYB42 and MPK4 in the ubc1,2 mutant. We further determined that UBC1/2-mediated H2Bub1 enhanced the level of histone H3 tri-methylated on K4 (H3K4me3) in the chromatin of MYB42 and MPK4 under salt-stress conditions. MPK4 interacted with and phosphorylated MYB42. The MPK4-mediated MYB42 phosphorylation enhanced the MYB42 protein stability and transcriptional activity under salt-stress conditions. We further showed that MYB42 directly bound to the SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 2 (SOS2) promoter and mediated the rapid induction of its expression after a salt treatment. Our results indicate that UBC1 and -2 positively regulate salt-stress responses by modulating MYB42-mediated SOS2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingzhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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60
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Nitta Y, Qiu Y, Yaghmaiean H, Zhang Q, Huang J, Adams K, Zhang Y. MEKK2 inhibits activation of MAP kinases in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:705-714. [PMID: 32267570 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis MEKK1-MKK1/MKK2-MPK4 kinase cascade is monitored by the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat immune receptor SUMM2. Disruption of this kinase cascade leads to activation of SUMM2-mediated immune responses. MEKK2, a close paralog of MEKK1, is required for defense responses mediated by SUMM2, the molecular mechanism of which is unclear. In this study, we showed that MEKK2 serves as a negative regulator of MPK4. It binds to MPK4 to directly inhibit its phosphorylation by upstream MKKs. Activation of SUMM2-mediated defense responses induces the expression of MEKK2, which in turn blocks MPK4 phosphorylation to further amplify immune responses mediated by SUMM2. Intriguingly, MEKK2 locates in a tandem repeat consisting of MEKK1, MEKK2 and MEKK3, which was generated from a recent gene duplication event, suggesting that MEKK2 evolved from a MAPKKK to become a negative regulator of MAP kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukino Nitta
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yichun Qiu
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hoda Yaghmaiean
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Keith Adams
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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61
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Wang C, Guo H, He X, Zhang S, Wang J, Wang L, Guo D, Guo X. Scaffold protein GhMORG1 enhances the resistance of cotton to Fusarium oxysporum by facilitating the MKK6-MPK4 cascade. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1421-1433. [PMID: 31794094 PMCID: PMC7206998 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, MAPK scaffold proteins are crucial for regulating the function of MAPK cascades. However, only a few MAPK scaffold proteins have been reported in plants, and the molecular mechanism through which scaffold proteins regulate the function of the MAPK cascade remains poorly understood. Here, we identified GhMORG1, a GhMKK6-GhMPK4 cascade scaffold protein that positively regulates the resistance of cotton to Fusarium oxysporum. GhMORG1 interacted with GhMKK6 and GhMPK4, and the overexpression of GhMORG1 in cotton protoplasts dramatically increased the activity of the GhMKK6-GhMPK4 cascade. Quantitative phosphoproteomics was used to clarify the mechanism of GhMORG1 in regulating disease resistance, and thirty-two proteins were considered as the putative substrates of the GhMORG1-dependent GhMKK6-GhMPK4 cascade. These putative substrates were involved in multiple disease resistance processes, such as cellular amino acid metabolic processes, calcium ion binding and RNA binding. The kinase assays verified that most of the putative substrates were phosphorylated by the GhMKK6-GhMPK4 cascade. For functional analysis, nine putative substrates were silenced in cotton, respectively. The resistance of cotton to F. oxysporum was decreased in the substrate-silenced cottons. These results suggest that GhMORG1 regulates several different disease resistance processes by facilitating the phosphorylation of GhMKK6-GhMPK4 cascade substrates. Taken together, these findings reveal a new plant MAPK scaffold protein and provide insights into the mechanism of plant resistance to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Hongbin Guo
- Statistics DepartmentUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Xiaowen He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Shuxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Jiayu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Lijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Dezheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
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Sözen C, Schenk ST, Boudsocq M, Chardin C, Almeida-Trapp M, Krapp A, Hirt H, Mithöfer A, Colcombet J. Wounding and Insect Feeding Trigger Two Independent MAPK Pathways with Distinct Regulation and Kinetics. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:1988-2003. [PMID: 32265268 PMCID: PMC7268812 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic factors cause plant wounding and trigger complex short- and long-term responses at the local and systemic levels. These responses are under the control of complex signaling pathways, which are still poorly understood. Here, we show that the rapid activation of clade-A mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) MPK3 and MPK6 by wounding depends on the upstream MAPK kinases MKK4 and MKK5 but is independent of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling. In addition, this fast module does not control wound-triggered JA accumulation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), unlike its orthologs in tobacco. We also demonstrate that a second MAPK module, composed of MKK3 and the clade-C MAPKs MPK1/2/7, is activated by wounding in a MKK4/5-independent manner. We provide evidence that the activation of this MKK3-MPK1/2/7 module occurs mainly through wound-induced JA production via the transcriptional regulation of upstream clade-III MAP3Ks, particularly MAP3K14. We show that mkk3 mutant plants are more susceptible to herbivory from larvae of the generalist lepidopteran herbivore Spodoptera littoralis, indicating that the MKK3-MPK1/2/7 module is involved in counteracting insect feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Sözen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Sebastian T Schenk
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Marie Boudsocq
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Camille Chardin
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Marilia Almeida-Trapp
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Krapp
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
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Yang Y, Liu J, Yin C, de Souza Vespoli L, Ge D, Huang Y, Feng B, Xu G, Manhães AMEDA, Dou S, Criswell C, Shan L, Wang X, He P. RNA Interference-Based Screen Reveals Concerted Functions of MEKK2 and CRCK3 in Plant Cell Death Regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:331-344. [PMID: 32165446 PMCID: PMC7210613 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of intrinsic and extrinsic cues lead to cell death with unclear mechanisms. The infertility of some death mutants often hurdles the classical suppressor screens for death regulators. We have developed a transient RNA interference (RNAi)-based screen using a virus-induced gene silencing approach to understand diverse cell death pathways in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). One death pathway is due to the depletion of a MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade, consisting of MAPK kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1), MKK1/2, and MPK4, which depends on a nucleotide-binding site Leu-rich repeat (NLR) protein SUMM2. Silencing of MEKK1 by virus-induced gene silencing resembles the mekk1 mutant with autoimmunity and defense activation. The RNAi-based screen toward Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion lines identified SUMM2, MEKK2, and Calmodulin-binding receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase 3 (CRCK3) to be vital regulators of RNAi MEKK1-induced cell death, consistent with the reports of their requirement in the mekk1-mkk1/2-mpk4 death pathway. Similar with MEKK2, overexpression of CRCK3 caused dosage- and SUMM2-dependent cell death, and the transcripts of CRCK3 were up-regulated in mekk1, mkk1/2, and mpk4 MEKK2-induced cell death depends on CRCK3. Interestingly, CRCK3-induced cell death also depends on MEKK2, consistent with the biochemical data that MEKK2 complexes with CRCK3. Furthermore, the kinase activity of CRCK3 is essential, whereas the kinase activity of MEKK2 is dispensable, for triggering cell death. Our studies suggest that MEKK2 and CRCK3 exert concerted functions in the control of NLR SUMM2 activation and MEKK2 may play a structural role, rather than function as a kinase, in regulating CRCK3 protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Chuanchun Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Luciano de Souza Vespoli
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Dongdong Ge
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Baomin Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Ana Marcia E de A Manhães
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Shijuan Dou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Cameron Criswell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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Yang Y, Liu J, Yin C, de Souza Vespoli L, Ge D, Huang Y, Feng B, Xu G, Manhães AMEDA, Dou S, Criswell C, Shan L, Wang X, He P. RNA Interference-Based Screen Reveals Concerted Functions of MEKK2 and CRCK3 in Plant Cell Death Regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32165446 DOI: 10.1104/pp.1119.01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of intrinsic and extrinsic cues lead to cell death with unclear mechanisms. The infertility of some death mutants often hurdles the classical suppressor screens for death regulators. We have developed a transient RNA interference (RNAi)-based screen using a virus-induced gene silencing approach to understand diverse cell death pathways in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). One death pathway is due to the depletion of a MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade, consisting of MAPK kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1), MKK1/2, and MPK4, which depends on a nucleotide-binding site Leu-rich repeat (NLR) protein SUMM2. Silencing of MEKK1 by virus-induced gene silencing resembles the mekk1 mutant with autoimmunity and defense activation. The RNAi-based screen toward Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion lines identified SUMM2, MEKK2, and Calmodulin-binding receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase 3 (CRCK3) to be vital regulators of RNAi MEKK1-induced cell death, consistent with the reports of their requirement in the mekk1-mkk1/2-mpk4 death pathway. Similar with MEKK2, overexpression of CRCK3 caused dosage- and SUMM2-dependent cell death, and the transcripts of CRCK3 were up-regulated in mekk1, mkk1/2, and mpk4 MEKK2-induced cell death depends on CRCK3. Interestingly, CRCK3-induced cell death also depends on MEKK2, consistent with the biochemical data that MEKK2 complexes with CRCK3. Furthermore, the kinase activity of CRCK3 is essential, whereas the kinase activity of MEKK2 is dispensable, for triggering cell death. Our studies suggest that MEKK2 and CRCK3 exert concerted functions in the control of NLR SUMM2 activation and MEKK2 may play a structural role, rather than function as a kinase, in regulating CRCK3 protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Chuanchun Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Luciano de Souza Vespoli
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Dongdong Ge
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Baomin Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Ana Marcia E de A Manhães
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Shijuan Dou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Cameron Criswell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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65
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Saijo Y, Loo EPI. Plant immunity in signal integration between biotic and abiotic stress responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:87-104. [PMID: 31209880 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants constantly monitor and cope with the fluctuating environment while hosting a diversity of plant-inhabiting microbes. The mode and outcome of plant-microbe interactions, including plant disease epidemics, are dynamically and profoundly influenced by abiotic factors, such as light, temperature, water and nutrients. Plants also utilize associations with beneficial microbes during adaptation to adverse conditions. Elucidation of the molecular bases for the plant-microbe-environment interactions is therefore of fundamental importance in the plant sciences. Following advances into individual stress signaling pathways, recent studies are beginning to reveal molecular intersections between biotic and abiotic stress responses and regulatory principles in combined stress responses. We outline mechanisms underlying environmental modulation of plant immunity and emerging roles for immune regulators in abiotic stress tolerance. Furthermore, we discuss how plants coordinate conflicting demands when exposed to combinations of different stresses, with attention to a possible determinant that links initial stress response to broad-spectrum stress tolerance or prioritization of specific stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Saijo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Eliza Po-Iian Loo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
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66
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Zhang T, Chhajed S, Schneider JD, Feng G, Song WY, Chen S. Proteomic characterization of MPK4 signaling network and putative substrates. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 101:325-339. [PMID: 31399934 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Combining genetic engineering of MPK4 activity and quantitative proteomics, we established an in planta system that enables rapid study of MPK4 signaling networks and potential substrate proteins. Mitogen activated protein kinase 4 (MPK4) is a multifunctional kinase that regulates various signaling events in plant defense, growth, light response and cytokinesis. The question of how a single protein modulates many distinct processes has spurred extensive research into the physiological outcomes resulting from genetic perturbation of MPK4. However, the mechanism by which MPK4 functions is still poorly understood due to limited data on the MPK4 networks including substrate proteins and downstream pathways. Here we introduce an experimental system that combines genetic engineering of kinase activity and quantitative proteomics to rapidly study the signaling networks of MPK4. First, we transiently expressed a constitutively active (MPK4CA) and an inactive (MPK4IN) version of a Brassica napus MPK4 (BnMPK4) in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Proteomics analysis revealed that BnMPK4 activation affects multiple pathways (e.g., metabolism, redox regulation, jasmonic acid biosynthesis and stress responses). Furthermore, BnMPK4 activation also increased protein phosphorylation in the phosphoproteome, from which putative MPK4 substrates were identified. Using protein kinase assay, we validated that a transcription factor TCP8-like (TCP8) and a PP2A regulatory subunit TAP46-like (TAP46) were indeed phosphorylated by BnMPK4. Taken together, we demonstrated the utility of proteomics and phosphoproteomics in elucidating kinase signaling networks and in identification of downstream substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Lab, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Shweta Chhajed
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | | | - Guanqiao Feng
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Wen-Yuan Song
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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67
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Priya M, Dhanker OP, Siddique KHM, HanumanthaRao B, Nair RM, Pandey S, Singh S, Varshney RK, Prasad PVV, Nayyar H. Drought and heat stress-related proteins: an update about their functional relevance in imparting stress tolerance in agricultural crops. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:1607-1638. [PMID: 30941464 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We describe here the recent developments about the involvement of diverse stress-related proteins in sensing, signaling, and defending the cells in plants in response to drought or/and heat stress. In the current era of global climate drift, plant growth and productivity are often limited by various environmental stresses, especially drought and heat. Adaptation to abiotic stress is a multigenic process involving maintenance of homeostasis for proper survival under adverse environment. It has been widely observed that a series of proteins respond to heat and drought conditions at both transcriptional and translational levels. The proteins are involved in various signaling events, act as key transcriptional activators and saviors of plants under extreme environments. A detailed insight about the functional aspects of diverse stress-responsive proteins may assist in unraveling various stress resilience mechanisms in plants. Furthermore, by identifying the metabolic proteins associated with drought and heat tolerance, tolerant varieties can be produced through transgenic/recombinant technologies. A large number of regulatory and functional stress-associated proteins are reported to participate in response to heat and drought stresses, such as protein kinases, phosphatases, transcription factors, and late embryogenesis abundant proteins, dehydrins, osmotins, and heat shock proteins, which may be similar or unique to stress treatments. Few studies have revealed that cellular response to combined drought and heat stresses is distinctive, compared to their individual treatments. In this review, we would mainly focus on the new developments about various stress sensors and receptors, transcription factors, chaperones, and stress-associated proteins involved in drought or/and heat stresses, and their possible role in augmenting stress tolerance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Priya
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Om P Dhanker
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | | | - Sarita Pandey
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Hyderabad, Telangana, 502324, India
| | - Sadhana Singh
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Hyderabad, Telangana, 502324, India
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Hyderabad, Telangana, 502324, India
| | - P V Vara Prasad
- Sustainable Intensification Innovation Lab, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Harsh Nayyar
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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68
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Three Main Genes in the MAPK Cascade Involved in the Chinese Jujube-Phytoplasma Interaction. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10050392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an important economic forest species and multipurpose fruit tree in the family of Rhamnaceae. Phytoplasmas are significant prokaryotic pathogens, associated with more than 1000 plant diseases. Jujube witches’ broom disease (JWB) is a typical phytoplasma disease, caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi’. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are highly universal signal transduction modules and play crucial roles in regulating innate immune responses in plants. Thus, in the current study, systematical expression profiles of 10 ZjMPK and 4 ZjMPKK genes were conducted in plantlets with JWB disease, plantlets recovered from JWB disease, the tissues showing different disease symptoms, and resistant/susceptible cultivars infected by JWB phytoplasma. We found that most ZjMPK and ZjMKK genes exhibited significant up- or down-regulation expression under phytoplasma infection, but the top three differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were ZjMPK2, ZjMKK2 and ZjMKK4, which showed the biggest times of gene’s significant difference expression in all materials. Based on STRING database analysis, ZjMKK2 and ZjMPK2 were involved in the same plant-pathogen interaction pathway, and Yeast two-hybrid screening showed that ZjMKK2 could interact with ZjMPK2. Finally, we deduced a pathway of jujube MAPK cascades which response to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi’ infection. Our study presents the first gene-family-wide investigation on the systematical expression analysis of MAPK and MAPKK genes in Chinese jujube under phytoplasma infection. These results provide valuable information for the further research on the signaling pathway of phytoplasma infection in Chinese jujube.
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69
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McNeece BT, Sharma K, Lawrence GW, Lawrence KS, Klink VP. The mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene family functions as a cohort during the Glycine max defense response to Heterodera glycines. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 137:25-41. [PMID: 30711881 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play important signal transduction roles. However, little is known regarding how they influence the gene expression of other family members and the relationship to a biological process, including the Glycine max defense response to Heterodera glycines. Transcriptomics have identified MAPK gene expression occurring within root cells undergoing a defense response to a pathogenic event initiated by H. glycines in the allotetraploid Glycine max. Functional analyses are presented for its 32 MAPKs revealing 9 have a defense role, including homologs of Arabidopsis thaliana MAPK (MPK) MPK2, MPK3, MPK4, MPK5, MPK6, MPK13, MPK16 and MPK20. Defense signaling occurring through pathogen activated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) and effector triggered immunity (ETI) have been determined in relation to these MAPKs. Five different types of gene expression relate to MAPK expression, influencing PTI and ETI gene expression and proven defense genes including an ABC-G transporter, 20S membrane fusion particle components, glycoside biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, hemicellulose modification, transcription and secretion. The experiments show MAPKs broadly influence defense MAPK gene expression, including the co-regulation of parologous MAPKs and reveal its relationship to proven defense genes. The experiments reveal each defense MAPK induces the expression of a G. max homolog of a PATHOGENESIS RELATED1 (PR1), itself shown to function in defense in the studied pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brant T McNeece
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Gary W Lawrence
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Kathy S Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Life Science Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Vincent P Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
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70
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Hu T, Huang C, He Y, Castillo-González C, Gui X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhou X. βC1 protein encoded in geminivirus satellite concertedly targets MKK2 and MPK4 to counter host defense. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007728. [PMID: 30998777 PMCID: PMC6499421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses have evolved multiple strategies to overcome host defense to establish an infection. Here, we identified two components of a host mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, MKK2 and MPK4, as bona fide targets of the βC1 protein encoded by the betasatellite of tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV). βC1 interacts with the kinase domain of MKK2 and inhibits its activity. In vivo, βC1 suppresses flagellin-induced MAPK activation and downstream responses by targeting MKK2. Furthermore, βC1 also interacts with MPK4 and inhibits its kinase activity. TYLCCNV infection induces the activation of the MAPK cascade, mutation in MKK2 or MPK4 renders the plant more susceptible to TYLCCNV, and can complement the lack of βC1. This work shows for the first time that a plant virus both activates and suppresses a MAPK cascade, and the discovery of the ability of βC1 to selectively interfere with the host MAPK activation illustrates a novel virulence function and counter-host defense mechanism of geminiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Changjun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting He
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Claudia Castillo-González
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Xiaojian Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuren Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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71
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Zaman N, Seitz K, Kabir M, George-Schreder LS, Shepstone I, Liu Y, Zhang S, Krysan PJ. A Förster resonance energy transfer sensor for live-cell imaging of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:970-983. [PMID: 30444549 PMCID: PMC6750906 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is dynamically modified in plants. Since MAPKs have been shown to play important roles in a wide range of signaling pathways, the ability to monitor MAPK activity in living plant cells would be valuable. Here, we report the development of a genetically encoded MAPK activity sensor for use in Arabidopsis thaliana. The sensor is composed of yellow and blue fluorescent proteins, a phosphopeptide binding domain, a MAPK substrate domain and a flexible linker. Using in vitro testing, we demonstrated that phosphorylation causes an increase in the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency of the sensor. The FRET efficiency can therefore serve as a readout of kinase activity. We also produced transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing this sensor of MAPK activity (SOMA) and performed live-cell imaging experiments using detached cotyledons. Treatment with NaCl, the synthetic flagellin peptide flg22 and chitin all led to rapid gains in FRET efficiency. Control lines expressing a version of SOMA in which the phosphosite was mutated to an alanine did not show any substantial changes in FRET. We also expressed the sensor in a conditional loss-of-function double-mutant line for the Arabidopsis MAPK genes MPK3 and MPK6. These experiments demonstrated that MPK3/6 are necessary for the NaCl-induced FRET gain of the sensor, while other MAPKs are probably contributing to the chitin and flg22-induced increases in FRET. Taken together, our results suggest that SOMA is able to dynamically report MAPK activity in living plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najia Zaman
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kati Seitz
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mohiuddin Kabir
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Ian Shepstone
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yidong Liu
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Patrick J. Krysan
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- For correspondence ()
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72
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Zhang W, Song J, Yue S, Duan K, Yang H. MhMAPK4 from Malus hupehensis Rehd. decreases cell death in tobacco roots by controlling Cd 2+ uptake. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 168:230-240. [PMID: 30388541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) induces cell death in plant roots. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays a role in the regulation of cell death induced by Cd in plant roots. In this study, MhMAPK4 was isolated from the roots of Malus hupehensis. Subcellular localization showed that the MhMAPK4 protein was located in the cell membrane and cytoplasm and is a transmembrane protein that is characterized by hydrophily. The expression of MhMAPK4 in the roots of M. hupehensis was up-regulated by Cd sulfate and Cd chloride. Phenotypic comparison under Cd stress showed that the growth of wild-type (WT) tobacco was lower than the transgenic lines overexpressing MhMAPK4. The fresh weight and the root length of WT also was lower than that of the transgenic tobacco. The net Cd2+ influx in the tobacco roots was decreased by the overexpression of MhMAPK4, as was root Cd accumulation. The recovery time of the Cd2+ influx to stable state in the transgenic tobacco was also shorter than the WT. The expression of iron-regulated transporter 1 (NtIRT1) and natural resistance associated macrophage protein 5 (NtNRAMP5) was relatively low in the transgenic lines under Cd stress. Cell death and apoptosis in the tobacco roots was reduced following the overexpression of MhMAPK4. The activity of vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) and the transcript level of VPE in the transgenic tobacco was lower than that of WT under Cd stress. In addition, the electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents in the transgenic tobacco were lower than those of WT, whereas the antioxidant enzyme activity and expression were higher. These results suggest that MhMAPK4 regulates Cd accumulation by mediating Cd2+ uptake by the roots, and controls Cd-caused cell death by adjusting VPE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, 61 Daizong street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
| | - Jianfei Song
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, 61 Daizong street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
| | - Songqing Yue
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, 61 Daizong street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
| | - Kaixuan Duan
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, 61 Daizong street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
| | - Hongqiang Yang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, 61 Daizong street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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73
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Zhang T, Schneider JD, Lin C, Geng S, Ma T, Lawrence SR, Dufresne CP, Harmon AC, Chen S. MPK4 Phosphorylation Dynamics and Interacting Proteins in Plant Immunity. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:826-840. [PMID: 30632760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis MAP kinase 4 (MPK4) has been proposed to be a negative player in plant immunity, and it is also activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as flg22. The molecular mechanisms by which MPK4 is activated and regulates plant defense remain elusive. In this study, we investigated Arabidopsis defense against a bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato ( Pst) DC3000 when Brassica napus MPK4 ( BnMPK4) is overexpressed. We showed an increase in pathogen resistance and suppression of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling in the BnMPK4 overexpressing (OE) plants. We also showed that the OE plants have increased sensitivity to flg22-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in guard cells, which resulted in enhanced stomatal closure compared to wild-type (WT). During flg22 activation, dynamic phosphorylation events within and outside of the conserved TEY activation loop were observed. To elucidate how BnMPK4 functions during the defense response, we used immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry (IP-MS) to identify BnMPK4 interacting proteins in the absence and presence of flg22. Quantitative proteomic analysis revealed a shift in the MPK4-associated protein network, providing insight into the molecular functions of MPK4 at the systems level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Craig P Dufresne
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , 1400 Northpoint Parkway , West Palm Beach , Florida 33407 , United States
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74
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Yin J, Guan X, Zhang H, Wang L, Li H, Zhang Q, Chen T, Xu Z, Hong Z, Cao Y, Zhang Z. An MAP kinase interacts with LHK1 and regulates nodule organogenesis in Lotus japonicus. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1203-1217. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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75
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Lin F, Krishnamoorthy P, Schubert V, Hause G, Heilmann M, Heilmann I. A dual role for cell plate-associated PI4Kβ in endocytosis and phragmoplast dynamics during plant somatic cytokinesis. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.2018100303. [PMID: 30617084 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cytokinesis involves membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal rearrangements. Here, we report that the phosphoinositide kinases PI4Kβ1 and PI4Kβ2 integrate these processes in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) roots. Cytokinetic defects of an Arabidopsis pi4kβ1 pi4kβ2 double mutant are accompanied by defects in membrane trafficking. Specifically, we show that trafficking of the proteins KNOLLE and PIN2 at the cell plate, clathrin recruitment, and endocytosis is impaired in pi4kβ1 pi4kβ2 double mutants, accompanied by unfused vesicles at the nascent cell plate and around cell wall stubs. Interestingly, pi4kβ1 pi4kβ2 plants also display ectopic overstabilization of phragmoplast microtubules, which guide membrane trafficking at the cell plate. The overstabilization of phragmoplasts in the double mutant coincides with mislocalization of the microtubule-associated protein 65-3 (MAP65-3), which cross-links microtubules and is a downstream target for inhibition by the MAP kinase MPK4. Based on similar cytokinetic defects of the pi4kβ1 pi4kβ2 and mpk4-2 mutants and genetic and physical interaction of PI4Kβ1 and MPK4, we propose that PI4Kβ and MPK4 influence localization and activity of MAP65-3, respectively, acting synergistically to control phragmoplast dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Praveen Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Veit Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Gerd Hause
- Biocenter, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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76
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Vadovič P, Šamajová O, Takáč T, Novák D, Zapletalová V, Colcombet J, Šamaj J. Biochemical and Genetic Interactions of Phospholipase D Alpha 1 and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 Affect Arabidopsis Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:275. [PMID: 30936884 PMCID: PMC6431673 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D alpha 1 (PLDα1, AT3G15730) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) participate on signaling-dependent events in plants. MAPKs are able to phosphorylate a wide range of substrates putatively including PLDs. Here we have focused on functional regulations of PLDα1 by interactions with MAPKs, their co-localization and impact on salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA) tolerance in Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescent assays showed that PLDα1 interacts with MPK3. Immunoblotting analyses likewise confirmed connection between both these enzymes. Subcellularly we co-localized PLDα1 with MPK3 in the cortical cytoplasm close to the plasma membrane and in cytoplasmic strands. Moreover, genetic interaction studies revealed that pldα1mpk3 double mutant was resistant to a higher salinity and showed a higher tolerance to ABA during germination in comparison to single mutants and wild type. Thus, this study revealed importance of new biochemical and genetic interactions between PLDα1 and MPK3 for Arabidopsis stress (salt and ABA) response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Vadovič
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Takáč
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Dominik Novák
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Veronika Zapletalová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d’Evry, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jozef Šamaj,
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77
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Lian K, Gao F, Sun T, van Wersch R, Ao K, Kong Q, Nitta Y, Wu D, Krysan P, Zhang Y. MKK6 Functions in Two Parallel MAP Kinase Cascades in Immune Signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:1284-1295. [PMID: 30185442 PMCID: PMC6236617 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) MAP KINASE (MPK) proteins can function in multiple MAP kinase cascades and physiological processes. For instance, MPK4 functions in regulating development as well as in plant defense by participating in two independent MAP kinase cascades: the MEKK1-MKK1/MKK2-MPK4 cascade promotes basal resistance against pathogens and is guarded by the NB-LRR protein SUMM2, whereas the ANPs-MKK6-MPK4 cascade plays an essential role in cytokinesis. Here, we report a novel role for MKK6 in regulating plant immune responses. We found that MKK6 functions similarly to MKK1/MKK2 and works together with MEKK1 and MPK4 to prevent autoactivation of SUMM2-mediated defense responses. Interestingly, loss of MKK6 or ANP2/ANP3 results in constitutive activation of plant defense responses. The autoimmune phenotypes of mkk6 and anp2 anp3 mutant plants can be largely suppressed by a constitutively active mpk4 mutant. Further analysis showed that the constitutive defense response in anp2 anp3 is dependent on the defense regulators PAD4 and EDS1, but not on SUMM2, suggesting that the ANP2/ANP3-MKK6-MPK4 cascade may be guarded by a TIR-NB-LRR protein. Our study shows that MKK6 has multiple functions in plant defense responses in addition to cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehui Lian
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Fang Gao
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tongjun Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rowan van Wersch
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kevin Ao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Qing Kong
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yukino Nitta
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Patrick Krysan
- Department of Horticulture and Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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78
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Combinatorial Interactions of Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Plants and Their Molecular Mechanisms: Systems Biology Approach. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:636-650. [PMID: 29943149 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants are continually facing biotic and abiotic stresses, and hence, they need to respond and adapt to survive. Plant response during multiple and combined biotic and abiotic stresses is highly complex and varied than the individual stress. These stresses resulted alteration of plant behavior through regulating the levels of microRNA, heat shock proteins, epigenetic variations. These variations can cause many adverse effects on the growth and development of the plant. Further, in natural conditions, several abiotic stresses causing factors make the plant more susceptible to pathogens infections and vice-versa. A very intricate and multifaceted interactions of various biomolecules are involved in metabolic pathways that can direct towards a cross-tolerance and improvement of plant's defence system. Systems biology approach plays a significant role in the investigation of these molecular interactions. The valuable information obtained by systems biology will help to develop stress-resistant plant varieties against multiple stresses. Thus, this review aims to decipher various multilevel interactions at the molecular level under combinatorial biotic and abiotic stresses and the role of systems biology to understand these molecular interactions.
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79
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Völz R, Kim SK, Mi J, Mariappan KG, Guo X, Bigeard J, Alejandro S, Pflieger D, Rayapuram N, Al-Babili S, Hirt H. The Trihelix transcription factor GT2-like 1 (GTL1) promotes salicylic acid metabolism, and regulates bacterial-triggered immunity. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007708. [PMID: 30352065 PMCID: PMC6198943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Trihelix Transcription factor GT2-like 1 (GTL1) was previously shown to be a key regulator of ploidy-dependent trichome growth and drought tolerance. Here, we report that GTL1 plays an important role in coordinating plant immunity. We show that gtl1 mutants are compromised in the regulation of basal immunity, microbial pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered RIN4-mediated immunity. Transcriptome analysis revealed that GTL1 positively regulates defense genes and inhibits factors that mediate growth and development. By performing hormonal measurements and chromatin-immunoprecipitation studies, we found GTL1 to coordinate genes involved in salicylic acid metabolism, transport and response. Interaction studies and comparative transcriptomics to known data sets revealed that GTL1 is part of the MPK4 pathway and regulates oppositely the expression of differentially expressed genes in mpk4 plants. We introduced the gtl1 mutation in the mpk4 mutant and thereby partially suppressed its dwarfism and the high resistance against a bacterial invader. Our data show that GTL1 is part of the MPK4 pathway and acts as a positive regulator of bacterial-triggered immunity and SA homeostasis. The trihelix-transcription factor GT-2-like 1 (GTL1) belongs to the seven genes containing GT-2 family of the plant-specific trihelix transcription factors. Previously, GTL1 was shown to be a key regulator of ploidy-dependent trichome growth and drought tolerance. In this report, we show that GTL1 is part of the MPK4-signaling cascade that coordinates immunity to virulent and avirulent Pseudomonas syringae strains. gtl1 mutants are compromised in basal immunity, PTI and ETI. Comparative transcriptomics revealed a common set of differentially regulated genes in gtl1 and mpk4. In this context, GTL1 positively regulates defense genes and inhibits factors that mediate growth and development. Salicylic acid measurements and Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation assays indicate that GTL1 directly binds and regulates genes involved in SA-biosynthesis, transport and response. The mpk4/gtl1 double mutant is compromised in the resistance to Pst AvrRPM1 and partially restored in the growth inhibition compared to mpk4 single mutant. In summary, the reduced resistance of the double mutant indicates MPK4 as a negative regulator of GTL1-mediated AvrRPM1-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Völz
- Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (RV); (HH)
| | - Soon-Kap Kim
- Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianing Mi
- Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiruthiga G. Mariappan
- Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiujie Guo
- Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Bigeard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Santiago Alejandro
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Delphine Pflieger
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Inserm, BIG-BGE, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, BIG-BGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Naganand Rayapuram
- Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
- * E-mail: (RV); (HH)
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80
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Dóczi R, Bögre L. The Quest for MAP Kinase Substrates: Gaining Momentum. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:918-932. [PMID: 30143312 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are versatile signaling mechanisms in all eukaryotes. Their signaling outputs are defined by the protein substrates phosphorylated by MAPKs. An expanding list of substrates has been identified by high-throughput screens and targeted approaches in plants. The majority of these are phosphorylated by MPK3/6, and a few by MPK4, which are the best-characterized plant MAPKs, participating in the regulation of numerous biological processes. The identified substrates clearly represent the functional diversity of MAPKs: they are associated with pathogen defense, abiotic stress responses, ethylene signaling, and various developmental functions. Understanding their outputs is integral to unraveling the complex regulatory mechanisms of MAPK cascades. We review here methodological approaches and provide an overview of known MAPK substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Dóczi
- Institute of Agriculture, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik utca 2, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary.
| | - László Bögre
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
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81
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Cao FY, DeFalco TA, Moeder W, Li B, Gong Y, Liu XM, Taniguchi M, Lumba S, Toh S, Shan L, Ellis B, Desveaux D, Yoshioka K. Arabidopsis ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 8 (ERF8) has dual functions in ABA signaling and immunity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:211. [PMID: 30261844 PMCID: PMC6161326 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) 8 is a member of one of the largest transcription factor families in plants, the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) superfamily. Members of this superfamily have been implicated in a wide variety of processes such as development and environmental stress responses. RESULTS In this study we demonstrated that ERF8 is involved in both ABA and immune signaling. ERF8 overexpression induced programmed cell death (PCD) in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana. This PCD was salicylic acid (SA)-independent, suggesting that ERF8 acts downstream or independent of SA. ERF8-induced PCD was abolished by mutations within the ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif, indicating ERF8 induces cell death through its transcriptional repression activity. Two immunity-related mitogen-activated protein kinases, MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 4 (MPK4) and MPK11, were identified as ERF8-interacting proteins and directly phosphorylated ERF8 in vitro. Four putative MPK phosphorylation sites were identified in ERF8, one of which (Ser103) was determined to be the predominantly phosphorylated residue in vitro, while mutation of all four putative phosphorylation sites partially suppressed ERF8-induced cell death in N. benthamiana. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis and pathogen growth assays confirmed a positive role of ERF8 in mediating immunity, as ERF8 knockdown or overexpression lines conferred compromised or enhanced resistance against the hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Together these data reveal that the ABA-inducible transcriptional repressor ERF8 has dual roles in ABA signaling and pathogen defense, and further highlight the complex influence of ABA on plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yi Cao
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Thomas A. DeFalco
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
- Present address: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Moeder
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Yunchen Gong
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
- Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Xiao-Min Liu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Masatoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
- Present address: Kyoto Research Laboratories, YMC CO., LTD., 59 Yonnotsubo-cho Iwakuraminami, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-0033 Japan
| | - Shelley Lumba
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Shigeo Toh
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
- Present address: Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Brian Ellis
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
- Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Keiko Yoshioka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
- Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
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82
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Thulasi Devendrakumar K, Li X, Zhang Y. MAP kinase signalling: interplays between plant PAMP- and effector-triggered immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2981-2989. [PMID: 29789867 PMCID: PMC11105241 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In plants, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are involved in regulating many biological processes including immunity. They relay signals from membrane-residing immune receptors to downstream components for defense activation. Arabidopsis MPK3/6 and MPK4 are activated in two parallel MAPK cascades during PAMP-triggered immunity. MPK3/6 have been implicated in the activation of various immune responses and their inactivation leads to compromised defense against pathogens. On the other hand, the MEKK1-MKK1/2-MPK4 cascade plays critical roles in basal resistance. Disruption of this MAPK cascade results in constitutive defense responses mediated by the NB-LRR protein SUMM2. Interestingly, SUMM2 guards the MEKK1-MKK1/2-MPK4 cascade activity indirectly through monitoring the phosphorylation status of CRCK3, which is a substrate of MPK4. From the pathogens' side, a number of effectors are shown to target various components of MAPK cascades in plants. Inactivation of MPK4 by the Pseudomonas effector HopAI1 triggers SUMM2-mediated immunity. Together, these findings suggest intricate interplays between PAMP-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity via MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Thulasi Devendrakumar
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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83
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Czarnocka W, Karpiński S. Friend or foe? Reactive oxygen species production, scavenging and signaling in plant response to environmental stresses. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 122:4-20. [PMID: 29331649 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the natural environment, plants are exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic stress conditions that trigger rapid changes in the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The production and scavenging of ROS is compartmentalized, which means that, depending on stimuli type, they can be generated and eliminated in different cellular compartments such as the apoplast, plasma membrane, chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. Although the accumulation of ROS is generally harmful to cells, ROS play an important role in signaling pathways that regulate acclimatory and defense responses in plants, such as systemic acquired acclimation (SAA) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). However, high accumulations of ROS can also trigger redox homeostasis disturbance which can lead to cell death, and in consequence, to a limitation in biomass and yield production. Different ROS have various half-lifetimes and degrees of reactivity toward molecular components such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Thus, they play different roles in intra- and extra-cellular signaling. Despite their possible damaging effect, ROS should mainly be considered as signaling molecules that regulate local and systemic acclimatory and defense responses. Over the past two decades it has been proven that ROS together with non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), hormones, Ca2+ waves, and electrical signals are the main players in SAA and SAR, two physiological processes essential for plant survival and productivity in unfavorable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Czarnocka
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; The Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute (IHAR) - National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland.
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84
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Xu R, Duan P, Yu H, Zhou Z, Zhang B, Wang R, Li J, Zhang G, Zhuang S, Lyu J, Li N, Chai T, Tian Z, Yao S, Li Y. Control of Grain Size and Weight by the OsMKKK10-OsMKK4-OsMAPK6 Signaling Pathway in Rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:860-873. [PMID: 29702261 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Grain size is one of the key agronomic traits that determine grain yield in crops. However, the mechanisms underlying grain size control in crops remain elusive. Here we demonstrate that the OsMKKK10-OsMKK4-OsMAPK6 signaling pathway positively regulates grain size and weight in rice. In rice, loss of OsMKKK10 function results in small and light grains, short panicles, and semi-dwarf plants, while overexpression of constitutively active OsMKKK10 (CA-OsMKKK10) results in large and heavy grains, long panicles, and tall plants. OsMKKK10 interacts with and phosphorylates OsMKK4. We identified an OsMKK4 gain-of-function mutant (large11-1D) that produces large and heavy grains. OsMKK4A227T encoded by the large11-1D allele has stronger kinase activity than OsMKK4. Plants overexpressing a constitutively active form of OsMKK4 (OsMKK4-DD) also produce large grains. Further biochemical and genetic analyses revealed that OsMKKK10, OsMKK4, and OsMAPK6 function in a common pathway to control grain size. Taken together, our study establishes an important genetic and molecular framework for OsMKKK10-OsMKK4-OsMAPK6 cascade-mediated control of grain size and weight in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Penggen Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haiyue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhengkui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baolan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruci Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Guozheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shangshang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jia Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tuanyao Chai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhixi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shanguo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yunhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
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85
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Komis G, Šamajová O, Ovečka M, Šamaj J. Cell and Developmental Biology of Plant Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:237-265. [PMID: 29489398 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) constitute a network of signaling cascades responsible for transducing extracellular stimuli and decoding them to dedicated cellular and developmental responses that shape the plant body. Over the last decade, we have accumulated information about how MAPK modules control the development of reproductive tissues and gametes and the embryogenic and postembryonic development of vegetative organs such as roots, root nodules, shoots, and leaves. Of key importance to understanding how MAPKs participate in developmental and environmental signaling is the characterization of their subcellular localization, their interactions with upstream signal perception mechanisms, and the means by which they target their substrates. In this review, we summarize the roles of MAPK signaling in the regulation of key plant developmental processes, and we survey what is known about the mechanisms guiding the subcellular compartmentalization of MAPK modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Komis
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
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86
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Expressing OsMPK4 Impairs Plant Growth but Enhances the Resistance of Rice to the Striped Stem Borer Chilo suppressalis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041182. [PMID: 29652796 PMCID: PMC5979284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MPKs) play a central role not only in plant growth and development, but also in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, including pathogens. Yet, their role in herbivore-induced plant defenses and their underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we cloned a rice MPK gene, OsMPK4, whose expression was induced by mechanical wounding, infestation of the striped stem borer (SSB) Chilo suppressalis, and treatment with jasmonic acid (JA), but not by treatment with salicylic acid (SA). The overexpression of OsMPK4 (oe-MPK4) enhanced constitutive and/or SSB-induced levels of JA, jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile), ethylene (ET), and SA, as well as the activity of elicited trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TrypPIs), and reduced SSB performance. On the other hand, compared to wild-type plants, oe-MPK4 lines in the greenhouse showed growth retardation. These findings suggest that OsMPK4, by regulating JA-, ET-, and SA-mediated signaling pathways, functions as a positive regulator of rice resistance to the SSB and a negative regulator of rice growth.
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87
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Wengier DL, Lampard GR, Bergmann DC. Dissection of MAPK signaling specificity through protein engineering in a developmental context. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:60. [PMID: 29636017 PMCID: PMC5894206 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling affects many processes, some of which have different outcomes in the same cell. In Arabidopsis, activation of a MAPK cascade consisting of YODA, MKK4/5 and MPK3/6 inhibits early stages of stomatal developmental, but the ability to halt stomatal progression is lost at the later stage when guard mother cells (GMCs) transition to guard cells (GCs). Rather than downregulating cascade components, stomatal precursors must have a mechanism to prevent late stage inhibition because the same MKKs and MPKs mediate other physiological responses. RESULTS We artificially activated the MAPK cascade using MKK7, another MKK that can modulate stomatal development, and found that inhibition of stomatal development is still possible in GMCs. This suggests that MKK4/5, but not MKK7, are specifically prevented from inhibiting stomatal development. To identify regions of MKKs responsible for cell-type specific regulation, we used a domain swap approach with MKK7 and a battery of in vitro and in vivo kinase assays. We found that N-terminal regions of MKK5 and MKK7 establish specific signal-to-output connections like they do in other organisms, but they do so in combination with previously undescribed modules in the C-terminus. One of these modules encoding the GMC-specific regulation of MKK5, when swapped with sequences from the equivalent region of MKK7, allows MKK5 to mediate robust inhibition of late stomatal development. CONCLUSIONS Because MKK structure is conserved across species, the identification of new MKK specificity modules and signaling rules furthers our understanding of how eukaryotes create specificity in complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego L. Wengier
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA
- Instituto de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular INGEBI - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Dominique C. Bergmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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88
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Sopeña-Torres S, Jordá L, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Miedes E, Escudero V, Swami S, López G, Piślewska-Bednarek M, Lassowskat I, Lee J, Gu Y, Haigis S, Alexander D, Pattathil S, Muñoz-Barrios A, Bednarek P, Somerville S, Schulze-Lefert P, Hahn MG, Scheel D, Molina A. YODA MAP3K kinase regulates plant immune responses conferring broad-spectrum disease resistance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:661-680. [PMID: 29451312 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) cascades play essential roles in plants by transducing developmental cues and environmental signals into cellular responses. Among the latter are microbe-associated molecular patterns perceived by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which trigger immunity. We found that YODA (YDA) - a MAPK kinase kinase regulating several Arabidopsis developmental processes, like stomatal patterning - also modulates immune responses. Resistance to pathogens is compromised in yda alleles, whereas plants expressing the constitutively active YDA (CA-YDA) protein show broad-spectrum resistance to fungi, bacteria, and oomycetes with different colonization modes. YDA functions in the same pathway as ERECTA (ER) Receptor-Like Kinase, regulating both immunity and stomatal patterning. ER-YDA-mediated immune responses act in parallel to canonical disease resistance pathways regulated by phytohormones and PRRs. CA-YDA plants exhibit altered cell-wall integrity and constitutively express defense-associated genes, including some encoding putative small secreted peptides and PRRs whose impairment resulted in enhanced susceptibility phenotypes. CA-YDA plants show strong reprogramming of their phosphoproteome, which contains protein targets distinct from described MAPKs substrates. Our results suggest that, in addition to stomata development, the ER-YDA pathway regulates an immune surveillance system conferring broad-spectrum disease resistance that is distinct from the canonical pathways mediated by described PRRs and defense hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sopeña-Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Viviana Escudero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sanjay Swami
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma López
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ines Lassowskat
- Department of Stress & Developmental Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, D06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Stress & Developmental Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, D06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, PO Box 90338, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Sabine Haigis
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Danny Alexander
- Metabolon Inc., 617 Davis Drive, Suite 400, Durham, NC, 27713, USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Antonio Muñoz-Barrios
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pawel Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Shauna Somerville
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Department of Stress & Developmental Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, D06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Peng Y, van Wersch R, Zhang Y. Convergent and Divergent Signaling in PAMP-Triggered Immunity and Effector-Triggered Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:403-409. [PMID: 29135338 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-17-0145-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants use diverse immune receptors to sense pathogen attacks. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors localized on the plasma membrane leads to PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Detection of pathogen effectors by intracellular or plasma membrane-localized immune receptors results in effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Despite the large variations in the magnitude and duration of immune responses triggered by different PAMPs or pathogen effectors during PTI and ETI, plasma membrane-localized immune receptors activate similar downstream molecular events such as mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, oxidative burst, ion influx, and increased biosynthesis of plant defense hormones, indicating that defense signals initiated at the plasma membrane converge at later points. On the other hand, activation of ETI by immune receptors localized to the nucleus appears to be more directly associated with transcriptional regulation of defense gene expression. Here, we review recent progress in signal transductions downstream of different groups of plant immune receptors, highlighting the converging and diverging molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Peng
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rowan van Wersch
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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90
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Su J, Spears BJ, Kim SH, Gassmann W. Constant vigilance: plant functions guarded by resistance proteins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:637-650. [PMID: 29232015 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Unlike animals, plants do not have an adaptive immune system and have instead evolved sophisticated and multi-layered innate immune mechanisms. To overcome plant immunity, pathogens secrete a diverse array of effectors into the apoplast and virtually all cellular compartments to dampen immune signaling and interfere with plant functions. Here we describe the scope of the arms race throughout the cell and summarize various strategies used by both plants and pathogens. Through studying the ongoing evolutionary battle between plants and key pathogens, we may yet uncover potential ways to achieve the ultimate goal of engineering broad-spectrum resistant crops without affecting food quality or productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Su
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Benjamin J Spears
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Teixeira RT, Fortes AM, Bai H, Pinheiro C, Pereira H. Transcriptional profiling of cork oak phellogenic cells isolated by laser microdissection. PLANTA 2018; 247:317-338. [PMID: 28988391 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid pathway impacts the cork quality development. In cork of bad quality, the flavonoid route is favored, whereas in good quality, cork lignin and suberin production prevails. Cork oaks develop a thick cork tissue as a protective shield that results of the continuous activity of a secondary meristem, the cork cambium, or phellogen. Most studies applied to developmental processes do not consider the cell types from which the samples were extracted. Here, laser microdissection (LM) coupled with transcript profiling using RNA sequencing (454 pyrosequencing) was applied to phellogen cells of trees producing low- and good quality cork. Functional annotation and functional enrichment analyses showed that stress-related genes are enriched in samples extracted from trees producing good quality cork (GQC). This process is under tight transcriptional (transcription factors, kinases) regulation and also hormonal control involving ABA, ethylene, and auxins. The phellogen cells collected from trees producing bad quality cork (BQC) show a consistent up-regulation of genes belonging to the flavonoid pathway as a response to stress. They also display a different modulation of cell wall genes resulting into a thinner cork layer, i.e., less meristematic activity. Based on the analysis of the phenylpropanoid pathway regulating genes, in GQC, the synthesis of lignin and suberin is promoted, whereas in BQC, the same pathway favors the biosynthesis of free phenolic compounds. This study provided new insights of how cell-specific gene expression can determine tissue and organ morphology and physiology and identified robust candidate genes that can be used in breeding programs aiming at improving cork quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Teresa Teixeira
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
| | - Ana Margarida Fortes
- BIOISI, Science Faculty, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Carla Pinheiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Helena Pereira
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
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Krysan PJ, Colcombet J. Cellular Complexity in MAPK Signaling in Plants: Questions and Emerging Tools to Answer Them. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1674. [PMID: 30538711 PMCID: PMC6277691 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play an important role in many aspects of plant growth, development, and environmental response. Because of their central role in many important processes, MAPKs have been extensively studied using biochemical and genetic approaches. This work has allowed for the identification of the MAPK genes and proteins involved in a number of different signaling pathways. Less well developed, however, is our understanding of how MAPK cascades and their corresponding signaling pathways are organized at subcellular levels. In this review, we will provide an overview of plant MAPK signaling, including a discussion of what is known about cellular mechanisms for achieving signaling specificity. Then we will explore what is currently known about the subcellular localization of MAPK proteins in resting conditions and after pathway activation. Finally, we will discuss a number of new experimental methods that have not been widely deployed in plants that have the potential to provide a deeper understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Krysan
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d’Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d’Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- *Correspondence: Jean Colcombet,
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93
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Bigeard J, Hirt H. Nuclear Signaling of Plant MAPKs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:469. [PMID: 29696029 PMCID: PMC5905223 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are conserved protein kinases in eukaryotes that establish signaling modules where MAPK kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) activate MAPK kinases (MAPKKs) which in turn activate MAPKs. In plants, they are involved in the signaling of multiple environmental stresses and developmental programs. MAPKs phosphorylate their substrates and this post-translational modification (PTM) contributes to the regulation of proteins. PTMs may indeed modify the activity, subcellular localization, stability or trans-interactions of modified proteins. Plant MAPKs usually localize to the cytosol and/or nucleus, and in some instances they may also translocate from the cytosol to the nucleus. Upon the detection of environmental changes at the cell surface, MAPKs participate in the signal transduction to the nucleus, allowing an adequate transcriptional reprogramming. The identification of plant MAPK substrates largely contributed to a better understanding of the underlying signaling mechanisms. In this review, we highlight the nuclear signaling of plant MAPKs. We discuss the activation, regulation and activity of plant MAPKs, as well as their nuclear re-localization. We also describe and discuss known nuclear substrates of plant MAPKs in the context of biotic stress, abiotic stress and development and consider future research directions in the field of plant MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bigeard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Heribert Hirt
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94
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Rayapuram N, Bigeard J, Alhoraibi H, Bonhomme L, Hesse AM, Vinh J, Hirt H, Pflieger D. Quantitative Phosphoproteomic Analysis Reveals Shared and Specific Targets of Arabidopsis Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) MPK3, MPK4, and MPK6. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 17:61-80. [PMID: 29167316 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK3, MPK4, and MPK6 constitute essential relays for a variety of functions including cell division, development and innate immunity. Although some substrates of MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6 have been identified, the picture is still far from complete. To identify substrates of these MAPKs likely involved in cell division, growth and development we compared the phosphoproteomes of wild-type and mpk3, mpk4, and mpk6. To study the function of these MAPKs in innate immunity, we analyzed their phosphoproteomes following microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) treatment. Partially overlapping substrates were retrieved for all three MAPKs, showing target specificity to one, two or all three MAPKs in different biological processes. More precisely, our results illustrate the fact that the entity to be defined as a specific or a shared substrate for MAPKs is not a phosphoprotein but a particular (S/T)P phosphorylation site in a given protein. One hundred fifty-two peptides were identified to be differentially phosphorylated in response to MAMP treatment and/or when compared between genotypes and 70 of them could be classified as putative MAPK targets. Biochemical analysis of a number of putative MAPK substrates by phosphorylation and interaction assays confirmed the global phosphoproteome approach. Our study also expands the set of MAPK substrates to involve other protein kinases, including calcium-dependent (CDPK) and sugar nonfermenting (SnRK) protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naganand Rayapuram
- From the ‡Center for Desert Agriculture, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Bigeard
- §Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France.,¶Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Hanna Alhoraibi
- From the ‡Center for Desert Agriculture, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ludovic Bonhomme
- ‖UMR INRA/UBP Génétique, Diversité et Écophysiologie des Céréales, Université de Clermont-Ferrand, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anne-Marie Hesse
- **CEA, BIG-BGE-EDyP, U1038 Inserm/CEA/UGA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Joëlle Vinh
- ‡‡ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique (SMBP), CNRS USR 3149, 10 rue Vauquelin, F75231 Paris cedex05, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- From the ‡Center for Desert Agriculture, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Delphine Pflieger
- **CEA, BIG-BGE-EDyP, U1038 Inserm/CEA/UGA, 38000 Grenoble, France.,§§CNRS, LAMBE UMR 8587, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France
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95
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Li F, Li M, Wang P, Cox KL, Duan L, Dever JK, Shan L, Li Z, He P. Regulation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) drought responses by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade-mediated phosphorylation of GhWRKY59. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:1462-1475. [PMID: 28700082 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a key limiting factor for cotton (Gossypium spp.) production, as more than half of the global cotton supply is grown in regions with high water shortage. However, the underlying mechanism of the response of cotton to drought stress remains elusive. By combining genome-wide transcriptome profiling and a loss-of-function screen using virus-induced gene silencing, we identified Gossypium hirsutum GhWRKY59 as an important transcription factor that regulates the drought stress response in cotton. Biochemical and genetic analyses revealed a drought stress-activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade consisting of GhMAP3K15-Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase 4 (GhMKK4)-Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase 6 (GhMPK6) that directly phosphorylates GhWRKY59 at residue serine 221. Interestingly, GhWRKY59 is required for dehydration-induced expression of GhMAPK3K15, constituting a positive feedback loop of GhWRKY59-regulated MAP kinase activation in response to drought stress. Moreover, GhWRKY59 directly binds to the W-boxes of DEHYDRATION-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (GhDREB2), which encodes a dehydration-inducible transcription factor regulating the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA)-independent drought response. Our study identified a complete MAP kinase cascade that phosphorylates and activates a key WRKY transcription factor, and elucidated a regulatory module, consisting of GhMAP3K15-GhMKK4-GhMPK6-GhWRKY59-GhDREB2, that is involved in controlling the cotton drought response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Maoying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kevin L Cox
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Liusheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jane K Dever
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, 1102 East FM 1294, Lubbock, TX, 79403, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zhaohu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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96
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Lang J, Genot B, Hirt H, Colcombet J. Constitutive activity of the Arabidopsis MAP Kinase 3 confers resistance to Pseudomonas syringae and drives robust immune responses. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1356533. [PMID: 28766995 PMCID: PMC5616147 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1356533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) are known to be important mediators of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In a recent report, we enlarged the understanding of the Arabidopsis thaliana MPK3 functions showing that the expression of a constitutively active (CA) form of the protein led to auto-immune phenotypes. CA-MPK3 plants are dwarf and display defense responses that are characterized by the accumulation of salicylic acid and phytoalexins as well as by the upregulation of several defense genes. Consistently with these data, we present here results demonstrating that, compared with wild type controls, CA-MPK3 plants are more resistant to the hemibiotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000. Based on our previous work, we also discuss the mechanisms of robust plant immunity controlled by sustained MPK3 activity, focusing especially on the roles of disease resistance proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lang
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Orsay, France
| | - Baptiste Genot
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Orsay, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Orsay, France
- Center for Desert Agriculture, 4700 King Abdullah University of Sciences and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Orsay, France
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97
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Xiao X, Tang Z, Li X, Hong Y, Li B, Xiao W, Gao Z, Lin D, Li C, Luo L, Niu X, He C, Chen Y. Overexpressing OsMAPK12-1 inhibits plant growth and enhances resistance to bacterial disease in rice. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:694-704. [PMID: 32480599 DOI: 10.1071/fp16397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play important roles in plant growth and development, plant abiotic stresses signalling pathway and plant-pathogen interactions. However, little is known about the roles of MAPKs in modulating plant growth and pathogen resistance. In this study, we found that OsMAPK12-1, an alternatively spliced form of BWMK1 in rice (Oryza sativa L.), was induced by various elicitors, such as jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, melatonin and bacterial pathogens. To further investigate the involvement of OsMAPK12-1 in plant growth and stress responses to bacterial pathogens, we constructed OsMAPK12-1 overexpression and knockdown (RNAi) transgenic rice lines. Interestingly, overexpressing OsMAP12-1 inhibited seed germination and seedling growth. Additionally, the OsMAP12-1-overexpression lines displayed enhanced disease resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae PXO99 and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola RS105, whereas the OsMAPK12-1-RNAi lines were more susceptible to these pathogens than wild type. These results suggest that OsMAPK12-1 plays a negative role in plant growth and positively modulates disease resistance against bacterial blight and streak in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Xiao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Zhijuan Tang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Xiuqiong Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Yuhui Hong
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Boling Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Wenfang Xiao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Zhiliang Gao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Daozhe Lin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Lijuan Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Niu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Yinhua Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
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98
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Genot B, Lang J, Berriri S, Garmier M, Gilard F, Pateyron S, Haustraete K, Van Der Straeten D, Hirt H, Colcombet J. Constitutively Active Arabidopsis MAP Kinase 3 Triggers Defense Responses Involving Salicylic Acid and SUMM2 Resistance Protein. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1238-1249. [PMID: 28400495 PMCID: PMC5462049 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important regulators of plant immunity. Most of the knowledge about the function of these pathways is derived from loss-of-function approaches. Using a gain-of-function approach, we investigated the responses controlled by a constitutively active (CA) MPK3 in Arabidopsis thalianaCA-MPK3 plants are dwarfed and display a massive derepression of defense genes associated with spontaneous cell death as well as the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, phytoalexins, and the stress-related hormones ethylene and salicylic acid (SA). Remarkably CA-MPK3/sid2 and CA-MPK3/ein2-50 lines, which are impaired in SA synthesis and ethylene signaling, respectively, retain most of the CA-MPK3-associated phenotypes, indicating that the constitutive activity of MPK3 can bypass SA and ethylene signaling to activate defense responses. A comparative analysis of the molecular phenotypes of CA-MPK3 and mpk4 autoimmunity suggested convergence between the MPK3- and MPK4-guarding modules. In support of this model, CA-MPK3 crosses with summ1 and summ2, two known suppressors of mpk4, resulted in a partial reversion of the CA-MPK3 phenotypes. Overall, our data unravel a novel mechanism by which the MAPK signaling network contributes to a robust defense-response system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Genot
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France (B.G., J.L., S.B., M.G., F.G., S.P., H.H., J.C.)
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium (K.H., D.V.D.S.); and
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Sciences and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia (H.H.)
| | - Julien Lang
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France (B.G., J.L., S.B., M.G., F.G., S.P., H.H., J.C.)
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium (K.H., D.V.D.S.); and
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Sciences and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia (H.H.)
| | - Souha Berriri
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France (B.G., J.L., S.B., M.G., F.G., S.P., H.H., J.C.)
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium (K.H., D.V.D.S.); and
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Sciences and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia (H.H.)
| | - Marie Garmier
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France (B.G., J.L., S.B., M.G., F.G., S.P., H.H., J.C.)
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium (K.H., D.V.D.S.); and
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Sciences and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia (H.H.)
| | - Françoise Gilard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France (B.G., J.L., S.B., M.G., F.G., S.P., H.H., J.C.)
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium (K.H., D.V.D.S.); and
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Sciences and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia (H.H.)
| | - Stéphanie Pateyron
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France (B.G., J.L., S.B., M.G., F.G., S.P., H.H., J.C.)
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium (K.H., D.V.D.S.); and
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Sciences and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia (H.H.)
| | - Katrien Haustraete
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France (B.G., J.L., S.B., M.G., F.G., S.P., H.H., J.C.)
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium (K.H., D.V.D.S.); and
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Sciences and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia (H.H.)
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France (B.G., J.L., S.B., M.G., F.G., S.P., H.H., J.C.)
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium (K.H., D.V.D.S.); and
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Sciences and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia (H.H.)
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France (B.G., J.L., S.B., M.G., F.G., S.P., H.H., J.C.)
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium (K.H., D.V.D.S.); and
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Sciences and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia (H.H.)
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France (B.G., J.L., S.B., M.G., F.G., S.P., H.H., J.C.);
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium (K.H., D.V.D.S.); and
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Sciences and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia (H.H.)
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Wei W, Chai Z, Xie Y, Gao K, Cui M, Jiang Y, Feng J. Bioinformatics identification and transcript profile analysis of the mitogen-activated protein kinase gene family in the diploid woodland strawberry Fragaria vesca. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178596. [PMID: 28562633 PMCID: PMC5451138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play essential roles in mediating biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants. However, the MAPK gene family in strawberry has not been systematically characterized. Here, we performed a genome-wide survey and identified 12 MAPK genes in the Fragaria vesca genome. Protein domain analysis indicated that all FvMAPKs have typical protein kinase domains. Sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis classified the FvMAPK genes into four different groups. Conserved motif and exon-intron organization supported the evolutionary relationships inferred from the phylogenetic analysis. Analysis of the stress-related cis-regulatory element in the promoters and subcellular localization predictions of FvMAPKs were also performed. Gene transcript profile analysis showed that the majority of the FvMAPK genes were ubiquitously transcribed in strawberry leaves after Podosphaera aphanis inoculation and after treatment with cold, heat, drought, salt and the exogenous hormones abscisic acid, ethephon, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid. RT-qPCR showed that six selected FvMAPK genes comprehensively responded to various stimuli. Additionally, interaction networks revealed that the crucial signaling transduction controlled by FvMAPKs may be involved in the biotic and abiotic stress responses. Our results may provide useful information for future research on the function of the MAPK gene family and the genetic improvement of strawberry resistance to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yinge Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengyuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiayue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
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Su J, Zhang M, Zhang L, Sun T, Liu Y, Lukowitz W, Xu J, Zhang S. Regulation of Stomatal Immunity by Interdependent Functions of a Pathogen-Responsive MPK3/MPK6 Cascade and Abscisic Acid. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:526-542. [PMID: 28254778 PMCID: PMC5385948 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is one of the earliest responses after plants sense an invading pathogen. Here, we show that MPK3 and MPK6, two Arabidopsis thaliana pathogen-responsive MAPKs, and their upstream MAPK kinases, MKK4 and MKK5, are essential to both stomatal and apoplastic immunity. Loss of function of MPK3 and MPK6, or their upstream MKK4 and MKK5, abolishes pathogen/microbe-associated molecular pattern- and pathogen-induced stomatal closure. Gain-of-function activation of MPK3/MPK6 induces stomatal closure independently of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signaling. In contrast, exogenously applied organic acids such as malate or citrate are able to reverse the stomatal closure induced by MPK3/MPK6 activation. Gene expression analysis and in situ enzyme activity staining revealed that malate metabolism increases in guard cells after activation of MPK3/MPK6 or inoculation of pathogen. In addition, pathogen-induced malate metabolism requires functional MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6. We propose that the pathogen-responsive MPK3/MPK6 cascade and ABA are two essential signaling pathways that control, respectively, the organic acid metabolism and ion channels, two main branches of osmotic regulation in guard cells that function interdependently to control stomatal opening/closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Su
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | | | - Tiefeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yidong Liu
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Wolfgang Lukowitz
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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