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Wu Q, Li Y, Lyu M, Luo Y, Shi H, Zhong S. Touch-induced seedling morphological changes are determined by ethylene-regulated pectin degradation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/48/eabc9294. [PMID: 33246960 PMCID: PMC7695475 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc9294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
How mechanical forces regulate plant growth is a fascinating and long-standing question. After germination underground, buried seedlings have to dynamically adjust their growth to respond to mechanical stimulation from soil barriers. Here, we designed a lid touch assay and used atomic force microscopy to investigate the mechanical responses of seedlings during soil emergence. Touching seedlings induced increases in cell wall stiffness and decreases in cell elongation, which were correlated with pectin degradation. We revealed that PGX3, which encodes a polygalacturonase, mediates touch-imposed alterations in the pectin matrix and the mechanics of morphogenesis. Furthermore, we found that ethylene signaling is activated by touch, and the transcription factor EIN3 directly associates with PGX3 promoter and is required for touch-repressed PGX3 expression. By uncovering the link between mechanical forces and cell wall remodeling established via the EIN3-PGX3 module, this work represents a key step in understanding the molecular framework of touch-induced morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mohan Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yiwen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hui Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shangwei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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52
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Petit J, Salentijn EMJ, Paulo MJ, Denneboom C, van Loo EN, Trindade LM. Elucidating the Genetic Architecture of Fiber Quality in Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) Using a Genome-Wide Association Study. Front Genet 2020; 11:566314. [PMID: 33093845 PMCID: PMC7527631 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.566314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a bast-fiber crop with a great potential in the emerging bio-based economy. Yet, hemp breeding for fiber quality is restricted and that is mainly due to the limited knowledge of the genetic architecture of its fiber quality. A panel of 123 hemp accessions, with large phenotypic variability, was used to study the genetic basis of seven cell wall and bast fiber traits relevant to fiber quality. These traits showed large genetic variance components and high values of broad sense heritability in this hemp panel, as concluded from the phenotypic evaluation across three test locations with contrasting environments. The hemp panel was genotyped using restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. Using this approach, 16 QTLs were identified across locations for different fiber quality traits, including contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content. Among them, six were found across the three environments. The genetic markers composing the QTLs that are common across locations are valuable tools to develop novel genotypes of hemp with improved fiber quality. Underneath the QTLs, 12 candidate genes were identified which are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis and modification of monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and lignin. These candidate genes were suggested to play an important role in determining fiber quality in hemp. This study provides new insights into the genetic architecture of fiber traits, identifies QTLs and candidate genes that form the basis for molecular breeding for high fiber quality hemp cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Petit
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elma M J Salentijn
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria-João Paulo
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Christel Denneboom
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Eibertus N van Loo
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Luisa M Trindade
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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53
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Shan S, Boatwright JL, Liu X, Chanderbali AS, Fu C, Soltis PS, Soltis DE. Transcriptome Dynamics of the Inflorescence in Reciprocally Formed Allopolyploid Tragopogon miscellus (Asteraceae). Front Genet 2020; 11:888. [PMID: 32849847 PMCID: PMC7423994 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy is an important evolutionary mechanism and is prevalent among land plants. Most polyploid species examined have multiple origins, which provide genetic diversity and may enhance the success of polyploids. In some polyploids, recurrent origins can result from reciprocal crosses between the same diploid progenitors. Although great progress has been made in understanding the genetic consequences of polyploidy, the genetic implications of reciprocal polyploidization remain poorly understood, especially in natural polyploids. Tragopogon (Asteraceae) has become an evolutionary model system for studies of recent and recurrent polyploidy. Allotetraploid T. miscellus has formed reciprocally in nature with resultant distinctive floral and inflorescence morphologies (i.e., short- vs. long-liguled forms). In this study, we performed comparative inflorescence transcriptome analyses of reciprocally formed T. miscellus and its diploid parents, T. dubius and T. pratensis. In both forms of T. miscellus, homeolog expression of ∼70% of the loci showed vertical transmission of the parental expression patterns (i.e., parental legacy), and ∼20% of the loci showed biased homeolog expression, which was unbalanced toward T. pratensis. However, 17.9% of orthologous pairs showed different homeolog expression patterns between the two forms of T. miscellus. No clear effect of cytonuclear interaction on biased expression of the maternal homeolog was found. In terms of the total expression level of the homeologs studied, 22.6% and 16.2% of the loci displayed non-additive expression in short- and long-liguled T. miscellus, respectively. Unbalanced expression level dominance toward T. pratensis was observed in both forms of T. miscellus. Significantly, genes annotated as being involved in pectin catabolic processes were highly expressed in long-liguled T. miscellus relative to the short-liguled form, and the majority of these differentially expressed genes were transgressively down-regulated in short-liguled T. miscellus. Given the known role of these genes in cell expansion, they may play a role in the differing floral and inflorescence morphologies of the two forms. In summary, the overall inflorescence transcriptome profiles are highly similar between reciprocal origins of T. miscellus. However, the dynamic homeolog-specific expression and non-additive expression patterns observed in T. miscellus emphasize the importance of reciprocal origins in promoting the genetic diversity of polyploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchen Shan
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - J Lucas Boatwright
- Advanced Plant Technology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Xiaoxian Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology (EGSB), Biosciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Andre S Chanderbali
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Chaonan Fu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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54
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Hocq L, Guinand S, Habrylo O, Voxeur A, Tabi W, Safran J, Fournet F, Domon JM, Mollet JC, Pilard S, Pau-Roblot C, Lehner A, Pelloux J, Lefebvre V. The exogenous application of AtPGLR, an endo-polygalacturonase, triggers pollen tube burst and repair. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:617-633. [PMID: 32215973 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall remodeling plays a key role in the control of cell elongation and differentiation. In particular, fine-tuning of the degree of methylesterification of pectins was previously reported to control developmental processes as diverse as pollen germination, pollen tube elongation, emergence of primordia or elongation of dark-grown hypocotyls. However, how pectin degradation can modulate plant development has remained elusive. Here we report the characterization of a polygalacturonase (PG), AtPGLR, the gene for which is highly expressed at the onset of lateral root emergence in Arabidopsis. Due to gene compensation mechanisms, mutant approaches failed to determine the involvement of AtPGLR in plant growth. To overcome this issue, AtPGLR has been expressed heterologously in the yeast Pichia pastoris and biochemically characterized. We showed that AtPGLR is an endo-PG that preferentially releases non-methylesterified oligogalacturonides with a short degree of polymerization (< 8) at acidic pH. The application of the purified recombinant protein on Amaryllis pollen tubes, an excellent model for studying cell wall remodeling at acidic pH, induced abnormal pollen tubes or cytoplasmic leakage in the subapical dome of the pollen tube tip, where non-methylesterified pectin epitopes are detected. Those leaks could either be repaired by new β-glucan deposits (mostly callose) in the cell wall or promoted dramatic burst of the pollen tube. Our work presents the full biochemical characterization of an Arabidopsis PG and highlights the importance of pectin integrity in pollen tube elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Hocq
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Sophie Guinand
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4358, SFR 4377 NORVEGE, IRIB, Tremplin I2C Carnot, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Habrylo
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Aline Voxeur
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Wafae Tabi
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Josip Safran
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Françoise Fournet
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Marc Domon
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4358, SFR 4377 NORVEGE, IRIB, Tremplin I2C Carnot, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Serge Pilard
- Plateforme Analytique, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Corinne Pau-Roblot
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, EA 4358, SFR 4377 NORVEGE, IRIB, Tremplin I2C Carnot, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Valérie Lefebvre
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
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55
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Wang H, Shang Q. The combined effects of light intensity, temperature, and water potential on wall deposition in regulating hypocotyl elongation of Brassica rapa. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9106. [PMID: 32518720 PMCID: PMC7258941 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypocotyl elongation is a critical sign of seed germination and seedling growth, and it is regulated by multi-environmental factors. Light, temperature, and water potential are the major environmental stimuli, and their regulatory mechanism on hypocotyl growth has been extensively studied at molecular level. However, the converged point in signaling process of light, temperature, and water potential on modulating hypocotyl elongation is still unclear. In the present study, we found cell wall was the co-target of the three environmental factors in regulating hypocotyl elongation by analyzing the extension kinetics of hypocotyl and the changes in hypocotyl cell wall of Brassica rapa under the combined effects of light intensity, temperature, and water potential. The three environmental factors regulated hypocotyl cell elongation both in isolation and in combination. Cell walls thickened, maintained, or thinned depending on growth conditions and developmental stages during hypocotyl elongation. Further analysis revealed that the imbalance in wall deposition and hypocotyl elongation led to dynamic changes in wall thickness. Low light repressed wall deposition by influencing the accumulation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin; high temperature and high water potential had significant effects on pectin accumulation overall. It was concluded that wall deposition was tightly controlled during hypocotyl elongation, and low light, high temperature, and high water potential promoted hypocotyl elongation by repressing wall deposition, especially the deposition of pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingmao Shang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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56
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Zdanio M, Boron AK, Balcerowicz D, Schoenaers S, Markakis MN, Mouille G, Pintelon I, Suslov D, Gonneau M, Höfte H, Vissenberg K. The Proline-Rich Family Protein EXTENSIN33 Is Required for Etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana Hypocotyl Growth. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1191-1203. [PMID: 32333782 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Growth of etiolated Arabidopsis hypocotyls is biphasic. During the first phase, cells elongate slowly and synchronously. At 48 h after imbibition, cells at the hypocotyl base accelerate their growth. Subsequently, this rapid elongation propagates through the hypocotyl from base to top. It is largely unclear what regulates the switch from slow to fast elongation. Reverse genetics-based screening for hypocotyl phenotypes identified three independent mutant lines of At1g70990, a short extensin (EXT) family protein that we named EXT33, with shorter etiolated hypocotyls during the slow elongation phase. However, at 72 h after imbibition, these dark-grown mutant hypocotyls start to elongate faster than the wild type (WT). As a result, fully mature 8-day-old dark-grown hypocotyls were significantly longer than WTs. Mutant roots showed no growth phenotype. In line with these results, analysis of native promoter-driven transcriptional fusion lines revealed that, in dark-grown hypocotyls, expression occurred in the epidermis and cortex and that it was strongest in the growing part. Confocal and spinning disk microscopy on C-terminal protein-GFP fusion lines localized the EXT33-protein to the ER and cell wall. Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy identified subtle changes in cell wall composition between WT and the mutant, reflecting altered cell wall biomechanics measured by constant load extensometry. Our results indicate that the EXT33 short EXT family protein is required during the first phase of dark-grown hypocotyl elongation and that it regulates the moment and extent of the growth acceleration by modulating cell wall extensibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Zdanio
- Biology Department, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
| | - Agnieszka Karolina Boron
- Biology Department, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
| | - Daria Balcerowicz
- Biology Department, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
| | - Sébastjen Schoenaers
- Biology Department, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
| | - Marios Nektarios Markakis
- Biology Department, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles 78000, France
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Dmitry Suslov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Martine Gonneau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles 78000, France
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles 78000, France
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Biology Department, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry & Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Stavromenos PC 71410, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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57
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Lian X, Tan B, Yan L, Jiang C, Cheng J, Zheng X, Wang W, Chen T, Ye X, Li J, Feng J. Transcript profiling provides insights into molecular processes during shoot elongation in temperature-sensitive peach (Prunus persica). Sci Rep 2020; 10:7801. [PMID: 32385278 PMCID: PMC7210264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth caused by ambient temperature is thought to be regulated by a complex transcriptional network. A temperature-sensitive peach (Prunus persica) was used to explore the mechanisms behind shoot internode elongation at elevated temperatures. There was a significantly positive correlation between the length of the terminal internode (TIL) and the maximum temperature three days prior to the measuring day. Four critical growth stages (initial period and initial elongation period at lower temperature, rapid growth period and stable growth period at higher temperature) were selected for comparative RNA-seq analysis. About 6.64G clean bases were obtained for each library, and 88.27% of the data were mapped to the reference genome. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis among the three pairwise comparisons resulted in the detection of several genes related to the shoot elongation in temperature-sensitive peach. HSFAs were up-regulated in response to the elevated temperature, while the up-regulated expression of HSPs might influence hormone signaling pathways. Most of DEGs involved in auxin, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid were up-regulated, while some involved in cytokinin and brassinosteroid were down-regulated. Genes related to ethylene, salicylic acid and circadian rhythm were also differentially expressed. Genes related to aquaporins, expansins, pectinesterases and endoglucanase were up-regulated, which would promote cell elongation. These results lay a foundation for further dissection of the regulatory mechanisms underlying shoot elongation at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Lian
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Bin Tan
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Liu Yan
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xianbo Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Tanxing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xia Ye
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jidong Li
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jiancan Feng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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58
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Anderson CT, Kieber JJ. Dynamic Construction, Perception, and Remodeling of Plant Cell Walls. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:39-69. [PMID: 32084323 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-081519-035846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that are synthesized by plants to provide durable coverings for the delicate cells they encase. They are made of polysaccharides, proteins, and other biomolecules and have evolved to withstand large amounts of physical force and to resist external attack by herbivores and pathogens but can in many cases expand, contract, and undergo controlled degradation and reconstruction to facilitate developmental transitions and regulate plant physiology and reproduction. Recent advances in genetics, microscopy, biochemistry, structural biology, and physical characterization methods have revealed a diverse set of mechanisms by which plant cells dynamically monitor and regulate the composition and architecture of their cell walls, but much remains to be discovered about how the nanoscale assembly of these remarkable structures underpins the majestic forms and vital ecological functions achieved by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
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59
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Petrik DL, Tryfona T, Dupree P, Anderson CT. BdGT43B2 functions in xylan biosynthesis and is essential for seedling survival in Brachypodium distachyon. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00216. [PMID: 32342027 PMCID: PMC7181411 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is the predominant hemicellulose in the primary cell walls of grasses, but its synthesis and interactions with other wall polysaccharides are complex and incompletely understood. To probe xylan biosynthesis, we generated CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and amiRNA knockdown lines of BdGT43B2, an ortholog of the wheat TaGT43-4 xylan synthase scaffolding protein in the IRX14 clade, in Brachypodium distachyon. Knockout of BdGT43B2 caused stunting and premature death in Brachypodium seedlings. Immunofluorescence labeling of xylans was greatly reduced in homozygous knockout BdGT43B2 mutants, whereas cellulose labeling was unchanged or slightly increased. Biochemical analysis showed reductions in digestible xylan in knockout mutant walls, and cell size was smaller in knockout leaves. BdGT43B2 knockdown plants appeared morphologically normal as adults, but showed slight reductions in seedling growth and small decreases in xylose content in isolated cell walls. Immunofluorescence labeling of xylan and cellulose staining was both reduced in BdGT43B2 knockdown plants. Together, these data indicate that BdGT43B2 functions in the synthesis of a form of xylan that is required for seedling growth and survival in Brachypodium distachyon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Petrik
- Department of BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
- Molecular BiologyNortheastern State UniversityTahlequahOklahoma
| | | | - Paul Dupree
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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60
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Matsui K, Yasui Y. Buckwheat heteromorphic self-incompatibility: genetics, genomics and application to breeding. BREEDING SCIENCE 2020; 70:32-38. [PMID: 32351302 PMCID: PMC7180150 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.19083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench 2n = 2x = 16) is an outcrossing crop with heteromorphic self-incompatibility due to its distylous flowers, called pin and thrum. In pin plants, a long style is combined with short stamens and small pollen grains; in thrum plants, a short style is combined with long stamens and large pollen grains. Both the intra-morph self-incompatibility and flower morphology are controlled by a single genetic locus named the S locus; thrum plants are heterozygous (Ss) and pin plants are homozygous recessive (ss) at this locus. Self-incompatibility is an obstacle for establishing pure lines and fixation of agronomically useful genes. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism of heterostylous self-incompatibility of common buckwheat has continued for a quarter of a century. Recent advances in genomic and transcriptomic analyses using next-generation sequencing have made it possible to determine the genomic region harboring the buckwheat S locus and to identify novel genes at this locus. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on buckwheat heterostyly gained from conventional and molecular genetics and genomics. We also discuss the application of these studies to breeding of common buckwheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Matsui
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yasui
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Yang W, Ruan M, Xiang M, Deng A, Du J, Xiao C. Overexpression of a pectin methylesterase gene PtoPME35 from Populus tomentosa influences stomatal function and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 523:416-422. [PMID: 31870548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Poplar is a superior forestation species with high adaptability. The woody tissue of poplar is mainly derived from cell wall. Cell wall formation determines cell shape and woody growth. Pectin is rich in primary cell wall, but it is also involved in the regulation of wood formation. In our study, we cloned a gene from poplar (Populus tomentos), designed as PtoPME35, which encodes a putative pectin methylesterase. PtoPME35 has higher sequence similarity with Arabidopsis AtPME35. Gene expression analysis shows that PtoPME35 has a constitutive expression pattern in multiple tissues, with the highest expression in stem. Subcellular localization result indicates that PtoPME35 is localized to the cell wall. To elucidate the biological function of PtoPME35 in vivo, we generated overexpression plants in poplar and Arabidopsis. The degree of pectin methylesterification is decreased in PtoPME35-overexpressing transgenic poplar, although no obvious phenotypes were displayed. In PtoPME35-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants, stomatal opening is inhibited and water loss rate is decreased under the drought condition. Moreover, the expression levels of drought-stress responsive genes were higher with mannitol treatment in PtoPME35-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants than in wild type controls. Accordingly, these results suggest that PtoPME35 may regulate osmotic stress responses by modulating stomatal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
| | - Mei Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Min Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Aiwen Deng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
| | - Chaowen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
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Takeshima R, Nishio T, Komatsu S, Kurauchi N, Matsui K. Identification of a gene encoding polygalacturonase expressed specifically in short styles in distylous common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 123:492-502. [PMID: 31076649 PMCID: PMC6781162 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is a heteromorphic self-incompatible (SI) species with two types of floral architecture: thrum (short style) and pin (long style). The floral morphology and intra-morph incompatibility are controlled by a single genetic locus, S. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the heteromorphic self-incompatibility of common buckwheat remain unclear. To identify these mechanisms, we performed proteomic, quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, and linkage analyses. Comparison of protein profiles between the long and short styles revealed a protein unique to the short style. Amino-acid sequencing revealed that it was a truncated form of polygalacturonase (PG); we designated the gene encoding this protein FePG1. Phylogenetic analysis classified FePG1 into the same clade as PGs that function in pollen development and floral morphology. FePG1 expression was significantly higher in short styles than in long styles. It was expressed in flowers of a short-homostyle line but not in flowers of a long-homostyle line. Linkage analysis indicated that FePG1 was not linked to the S locus; it could be a factor downstream of this locus. Our finding of a gene putatively working under the regulation of the S locus provides useful information for elucidation of the mechanism of heteromorphic self-incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Takeshima
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
| | | | - Setsuko Komatsu
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
- Department of Environmental and Food Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Gakuen 3-6-1, Fukui, 910-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kurauchi
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Matsui
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan.
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan.
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Mohapatra S, Mishra SS, Bhalla P, Thatoi H. Engineering grass biomass for sustainable and enhanced bioethanol production. PLANTA 2019; 250:395-412. [PMID: 31236698 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass is a promising step for the future energy requirements. Grass is a potential lignocellulosic biomass which can be utilised for biorefinery-based bioethanol production. Grass biomass is a suitable feedstock for bioethanol production due to its all the year around production, requirement of less fertile land and noninterference with food system. However, the processes involved, i.e. pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation for bioethanol production from grass biomass, are both time consuming and costly. Developing the grass biomass in planta for enhanced bioethanol production is a promising step for maximum utilisation of this valuable feedstock and, thus, is the focus of the present review. Modern breeding techniques and transgenic processes are attractive methods which can be utilised for development of the feedstock. However, the outcomes are not always predictable and the time period required for obtaining a robust variety is generation dependent. Sophisticated genome editing technologies such as synthetic genetic circuits (SGC) or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems are advantageous for induction of desired traits/heritable mutations in a foreseeable genome location in the 1st mutant generation. Although, its application in grass biomass for bioethanol is limited, these sophisticated techniques are anticipated to exhibit more flexibility in engineering the expression pattern for qualitative and qualitative traits. Nevertheless, the fundamentals rendered by the genetics of the transgenic crops will remain the basis of such developments for obtaining biorefinery-based bioethanol concepts from grass biomass. Grasses which are abundant and widespread in nature epitomise attractive lignocellulosic feedstocks for bioethanol production. The complexity offered by the grass cell wall in terms of lignin recalcitrance and its binding to polysaccharides forms a barricade for its commercialization as a biofuel feedstock. Inspired by the possibilities for rewiring the genetic makeup of grass biomass for reduced lignin and lignin-polysaccharide linkages along with increase in carbohydrates, innovative approaches for in planta modifications are forging ahead. In this review, we highlight the progress made in the field of transgenic grasses for bioethanol production and focus our understanding on improvements of simple breeding techniques and post-harvest techniques for development in shortening of lignin-carbohydrate and carbohydrate-carbohydrate linkages. Further, we discuss about the designer lignins which are aimed for qualitable lignins and also emphasise on remodelling of polysaccharides and mixed-linkage glucans for enhancing carbohydrate content and in planta saccharification efficiency. As a final point, we discuss the role of synthetic genetic circuits and CRISPR systems in targeted improvement of cell wall components without compromising the plant growth and health. It is anticipated that this review can provide a rational approach towards a better understanding of application of in planta genetic engineering aspects for designing synthetic genetic circuits which can promote grass feedstocks for biorefinery-based bioethanol concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Mohapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India.
| | - Suruchee Samparana Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Prerna Bhalla
- Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences Building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Hrudayanath Thatoi
- Department of Biotechnology, North Orissa University, Sriram Chandra Vihar, Takatpur, Baripada, 757003, Odisha, India
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Ahrens CW, Byrne M, Rymer PD. Standing genomic variation within coding and regulatory regions contributes to the adaptive capacity to climate in a foundation tree species. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2502-2516. [PMID: 30950536 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Global climate is rapidly changing, and the ability for tree species to adapt is dependent on standing genomic variation; however, the distribution and abundance of functional and adaptive variants are poorly understood in natural systems. We test key hypotheses regarding the genetics of adaptive variation in a foundation tree: genomic variation is associated with climate, and genomic variation is more likely to be associated with temperature than precipitation or aridity. To test these hypotheses, we used 9,593 independent, genomic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 270 individuals sampled from Corymbia calophylla's entire distribution in south-western Western Australia, spanning orthogonal temperature and precipitation gradients. Environmental association analyses returned 537 unique SNPs putatively adaptive to climate. We identified SNPs associated with climatic variation (i.e., temperature [458], precipitation [75] and aridity [78]) across the landscape. Of these, 78 SNPs were nonsynonymous (NS), while 26 SNPs were found within gene regulatory regions. The NS and regulatory candidate SNPs associated with temperature explained more deviance (27.35%) than precipitation (5.93%) and aridity (4.77%), suggesting that temperature provides stronger adaptive signals than precipitation. Genes associated with adaptive variants include functions important in stress responses to temperature and precipitation. Patterns of allelic turnover of NS and regulatory SNPs show small patterns of change through climate space with the exception of an aldehyde dehydrogenase gene variant with 80% allelic turnover with temperature. Together, these findings provide evidence for the presence of adaptive variation to climate in a foundation species and provide critical information to guide adaptive management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin W Ahrens
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul D Rymer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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65
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Rui Y, Chen Y, Yi H, Purzycki T, Puri VM, Anderson CT. Synergistic Pectin Degradation and Guard Cell Pressurization Underlie Stomatal Pore Formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:66-77. [PMID: 30804009 PMCID: PMC6501081 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal pores are vital for the diffusion of gasses into and out of land plants and are, therefore, gatekeepers for photosynthesis and transpiration. Although much published literature has described the intercellular signaling and transcriptional regulators involved in early stomatal development, little is known about the cellular details of the local separation between sister guard cells that give rise to the stomatal pore or how formation of this pore is achieved. Using three-dimensional (3D) time-lapse imaging, we found that stomatal pore formation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is a highly dynamic process involving pore initiation and enlargement and traverses a set of morphological milestones in 3D. Confocal imaging data revealed an enrichment of exocytic machinery, de-methyl-esterified pectic homogalacturonan (HG), and an HG-degrading enzyme at future pore sites, suggesting that both localized HG deposition and degradation might function in pore formation. By manipulating HG modification via enzymatic, chemical, and genetic perturbations in seedling cotyledons, we found that augmenting HG modification promotes pore formation, whereas preventing HG de-methyl-esterification delays pore initiation and inhibits pore enlargement. Through mechanical modeling and experimentation, we tested whether pore formation is an outcome of sister guard cells being pulled away from each other upon turgor increase. Osmotic treatment to reduce turgor pressure did not prevent pore initiation but did lessen pore enlargement. Together, these data provide evidence that HG delivery and modification, and guard cell pressurization, make functional contributions to stomatal pore initiation and enlargement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Rui
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Yintong Chen
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Hojae Yi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Taylor Purzycki
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Virendra M Puri
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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66
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Andres-Robin A, Reymond MC, Dupire A, Battu V, Dubrulle N, Mouille G, Lefebvre V, Pelloux J, Boudaoud A, Traas J, Scutt CP, Monéger F. Evidence for the Regulation of Gynoecium Morphogenesis by ETTIN via Cell Wall Dynamics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:1222-1232. [PMID: 30237208 PMCID: PMC6236608 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ETTIN (ETT) is an atypical member of the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR family of transcription factors that plays a crucial role in tissue patterning in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gynoecium. Though recent insights have provided valuable information on ETT's interactions with other components of auxin signaling, the biophysical mechanisms linking ETT to its ultimate effects on gynoecium morphology were until now unknown. Here, using techniques to assess cell-wall dynamics during gynoecium growth and development, we provide a coherent body of evidence to support a model in which ETT controls the elongation of the valve tissues of the gynoecium through the positive regulation of pectin methylesterase (PME) activity in the cell wall. This increase in PME activity results in an increase in the level of demethylesterified pectins and a consequent reduction in cell wall stiffness, leading to elongation of the valves. Though similar biophysical mechanisms have been shown to act in the stem apical meristem, leading to the expansion of organ primordia, our findings demonstrate that regulation of cell wall stiffness through the covalent modification of pectin also contributes to tissue patterning within a developing plant organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Andres-Robin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Mathieu C Reymond
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Antoine Dupire
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Virginie Battu
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Nelly Dubrulle
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, ERL3559 CNRS Bâtiment 1, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de St Cyr (RD 10), 78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Valérie Lefebvre
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900-BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Charles P Scutt
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Françoise Monéger
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
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Saffer AM. Expanding roles for pectins in plant development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:910-923. [PMID: 29727062 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pectins are complex cell wall polysaccharides important for many aspects of plant development. Recent studies have discovered extensive physical interactions between pectins and other cell wall components, implicating pectins in new molecular functions. Pectins are often localized in spatially-restricted patterns, and some of these non-uniform pectin distributions contribute to multiple aspects of plant development, including the morphogenesis of cells and organs. Furthermore, a growing number of mutants affecting cell wall composition have begun to reveal the distinct contributions of different pectins to plant development. This review discusses the interactions of pectins with other cell wall components, the functions of pectins in controlling cellular morphology, and how non-uniform pectin composition can be an important determinant of developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Saffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, OML260, 266 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06520-8104, USA
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68
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Bou Daher F, Chen Y, Bozorg B, Clough J, Jönsson H, Braybrook SA. Anisotropic growth is achieved through the additive mechanical effect of material anisotropy and elastic asymmetry. eLife 2018; 7:e38161. [PMID: 30226465 PMCID: PMC6143341 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast directional growth is a necessity for the young seedling; after germination, it needs to quickly penetrate the soil to begin its autotrophic life. In most dicot plants, this rapid escape is due to the anisotropic elongation of the hypocotyl, the columnar organ between the root and the shoot meristems. Anisotropic growth is common in plant organs and is canonically attributed to cell wall anisotropy produced by oriented cellulose fibers. Recently, a mechanism based on asymmetric pectin-based cell wall elasticity has been proposed. Here we present a harmonizing model for anisotropic growth control in the dark-grown Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyl: basic anisotropic information is provided by cellulose orientation) and additive anisotropic information is provided by pectin-based elastic asymmetry in the epidermis. We quantitatively show that hypocotyl elongation is anisotropic starting at germination. We present experimental evidence for pectin biochemical differences and wall mechanics providing important growth regulation in the hypocotyl. Lastly, our in silico modelling experiments indicate an additive collaboration between pectin biochemistry and cellulose orientation in promoting anisotropic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Bou Daher
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Yuanjie Chen
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Behruz Bozorg
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics GroupLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Jack Clough
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Henrik Jönsson
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics GroupLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Siobhan A Braybrook
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
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Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of Polygalacturonase Genes in Solanum lycopersicum. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082290. [PMID: 30081560 PMCID: PMC6121401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygalacturonase (PG), a large hydrolase family in plants, is involved in pectin disassembly of the cell wall in plants. The present study aims to characterize PG genes and investigate their expression patterns in Solanum lycopersicum. We identified 54 PG genes in the tomato genome and compared their amino acid sequences with their Arabidopsis counterpart. Subsequently, we renamed these PG genes according to their Arabidopsis homologs. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis revealed that these tomato PG genes could be classified into seven clades, and within each clade the exon/intron structures were conserved. Expression profiles analysis through quantitive real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that most SlPGs had specific or high expression patterns in at least one organ, and particularly five PG genes (SlPG14, SlPG15, SlPG49, SlPG70, and SlPG71) associated with fruit development. Promoter analysis showed that more than three cis-elements associated with plant hormone response, environmental stress response or specific organ/tissue development exhibited in each SlPG promoter regions. In conclusion, our results may provide new insights for the further study of PG gene function during plant development.
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70
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Heydarian Z, Gruber M, Glick BR, Hegedus DD. Gene Expression Patterns in Roots of Camelina sativa With Enhanced Salinity Tolerance Arising From Inoculation of Soil With Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria Producing 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Deaminase or Expression the Corresponding acdS Gene. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1297. [PMID: 30013518 PMCID: PMC6036250 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Camelina sativa treated with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) producing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (acdS) or transgenic lines expressing acdS exhibit increased salinity tolerance. AcdS reduces the level of stress ethylene to below the point where it is inhibitory to plant growth. The study determined that several mechanisms appear to be responsible for the increased salinity tolerance and that the effect of acdS on gene expression patterns in C. sativa roots during salt stress is a function of how it is delivered. Growth in soil treated with the PGPB (Pseudomonas migulae 8R6) mostly affected ethylene- and abscisic acid-dependent signaling in a positive way, while expression of acdS in transgenic lines under the control of the broadly active CaMV 35S promoter or the root-specific rolD promoter affected auxin, jasmonic acid and brassinosteroid signaling and/biosynthesis. The expression of genes involved in minor carbohydrate metabolism were also up-regulated, mainly in roots of lines expressing acdS. Expression of acdS also affected the expression of genes involved in modulating the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to prevent cellular damage, while permitting ROS-dependent signal transduction. Though the root is not a photosynthetic tissue, acdS had a positive effect on the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Heydarian
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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71
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Mangano S, Martínez Pacheco J, Marino-Buslje C, Estevez JM. How Does pH Fit in with Oscillating Polar Growth? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:479-489. [PMID: 29605100 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polar growth in root hairs and pollen tubes is an excellent model for investigating plant cell size regulation. While linear plant growth is historically explained by the acid growth theory, which considers that auxin triggers apoplastic acidification by activating plasma membrane P-type H+-ATPases (AHAs) along with cell wall relaxation over long periods, the apoplastic pH (apopH) regulatory mechanisms are unknown for polar growth. Polar growth is a fast process mediated by rapid oscillations that repeat every ∼20-40s. In this review, we explore a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent mechanism that could generate oscillating apopH gradients in a coordinated manner with growth and Ca2+ oscillations. We propose possible mechanisms by which apopH oscillations are coordinated with polar growth together with ROS and Ca2+ waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Mangano
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires CP C1405BWE, Argentina; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Javier Martínez Pacheco
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires CP C1405BWE, Argentina; Department of Genetics and Phytopathology, Biological Research Division, Tobacco Research Institute, Carretera Tumbadero, 8 1/2 km, San Antonio de los Baños, Artemisa, Cuba; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Cristina Marino-Buslje
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires CP C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires CP C1405BWE, Argentina.
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72
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Barnes WJ, Anderson CT. Cytosolic invertases contribute to cellulose biosynthesis and influence carbon partitioning in seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:956-974. [PMID: 29569779 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, UDP-glucose is the direct precursor for cellulose biosynthesis, and can be converted into other NDP-sugars required for the biosynthesis of wall matrix polysaccharides. UDP-glucose is generated from sucrose by two distinct metabolic pathways. The first pathway is the direct conversion of sucrose to UDP-glucose and fructose by sucrose synthase. The second pathway involves sucrose hydrolysis by cytosolic invertase (CINV), conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate, and UDP-glucose generation by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP). Previously, Barratt et al. (Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 2009 and 13124) have found that an Arabidopsis double mutant lacking CINV1 and CINV2 displayed drastically reduced growth. Whether this reduced growth is due to deficient cell wall production caused by limited UDP-glucose supply, pleiotropic effects, or both, remained unresolved. Here, we present results indicating that the CINV/UGP pathway contributes to anisotropic growth and cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Biochemical and imaging data demonstrate that cinv1 cinv2 seedlings are deficient in UDP-glucose production, exhibit abnormal cellulose biosynthesis and microtubule properties, and have altered cellulose organization without substantial changes to matrix polysaccharide composition, suggesting that the CINV/UGP pathway is a key metabolic route to UDP-glucose synthesis in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, differential responses of cinv1 cinv2 seedlings to exogenous sugar supplementation support a function of CINVs in influencing carbon partitioning in Arabidopsis. From these data and those of previous studies, we conclude that CINVs serve central roles in cellulose biosynthesis and carbon allocation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Barnes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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73
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Voiniciuc C, Pauly M, Usadel B. Monitoring Polysaccharide Dynamics in the Plant Cell Wall. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:2590-2600. [PMID: 29487120 PMCID: PMC5884611 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
New technologies reveal the deposition and remodeling of plant cell wall polysaccharides and their impact on plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Biology I, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Forschungszentum Jülich, IBG-2 Plant Sciences, 52428 Juelich, Germany
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74
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Laursen T, Stonebloom SH, Pidatala VR, Birdseye DS, Clausen MH, Mortimer JC, Scheller HV. Bifunctional glycosyltransferases catalyze both extension and termination of pectic galactan oligosaccharides. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:340-351. [PMID: 29418030 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectins are the most complex polysaccharides of the plant cell wall. Based on the number of methylations, acetylations and glycosidic linkages present in their structures, it is estimated that up to 67 transferase activities are involved in pectin biosynthesis. Pectic galactans constitute a major part of pectin in the form of side-chains of rhamnogalacturonan-I. In Arabidopsis, galactan synthase 1 (GALS1) catalyzes the addition of galactose units from UDP-Gal to growing β-1,4-galactan chains. However, the mechanisms for obtaining varying degrees of polymerization remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that AtGALS1 is bifunctional, catalyzing both the transfer of galactose from UDP-α-d-Gal and the transfer of an arabinopyranose from UDP-β-l-Arap to galactan chains. The two substrates share a similar structure, but UDP-α-d-Gal is the preferred substrate, with a 10-fold higher affinity. Transfer of Arap to galactan prevents further addition of galactose residues, resulting in a lower degree of polymerization. We show that this dual activity occurs both in vitro and in vivo. The herein described bifunctionality of AtGALS1 may suggest that plants can produce the incredible structural diversity of polysaccharides without a dedicated glycosyltransferase for each glycosidic linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Laursen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94702, USA
| | - Solomon H Stonebloom
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94702, USA
| | - Venkataramana R Pidatala
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94702, USA
| | - Devon S Birdseye
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94702, USA
| | - Mads H Clausen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94702, USA
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94702, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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75
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Wu W, Lin Y, Liu P, Chen Q, Tian J, Liang C. Association of extracellular dNTP utilization with a GmPAP1-like protein identified in cell wall proteomic analysis of soybean roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:603-617. [PMID: 29329437 PMCID: PMC5853315 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant root cell walls are dynamic systems that serve as the first plant compartment responsive to soil conditions, such as phosphorus (P) deficiency. To date, evidence for the regulation of root cell wall proteins (CWPs) by P deficiency remains sparse. In order to gain a better understanding of the roles played by CWPs in the roots of soybean (Glycine max) in adaptation to P deficiency, we conducted an iTRAQ (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation) proteomic analysis. A total of 53 CWPs with differential accumulation in response to P deficiency were identified. Subsequent qRT-PCR analysis correlated the accumulation of 21 of the 27 up-regulated proteins, and eight of the 26 down-regulated proteins with corresponding gene expression patterns in response to P deficiency. One up-regulated CWP, purple acid phosphatase 1-like (GmPAP1-like), was functionally characterized. Phaseolus vulgaris transgenic hairy roots overexpressing GmPAP1-like displayed an increase in root-associated acid phosphatase activity. In addition, relative growth and P content were significantly enhanced in GmPAP1-like overexpressing lines compared to control lines when deoxy-ribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) was applied as the sole external P source. Taken together, the results suggest that the modulation of CWPs may regulate complex changes in the root system in response to P deficiency, and that the cell wall-localized GmPAP1-like protein is involved in extracellular dNTP utilization in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wu
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yan Lin
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Pandao Liu
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Tian
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Cuiyue Liang
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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76
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Barnes WJ, Anderson CT. Release, Recycle, Rebuild: Cell-Wall Remodeling, Autodegradation, and Sugar Salvage for New Wall Biosynthesis during Plant Development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:31-46. [PMID: 28859907 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls contain elaborate polysaccharide networks and regulate plant growth, development, mechanics, cell-cell communication and adhesion, and defense. Despite conferring rigidity to support plant structures, the cell wall is a dynamic extracellular matrix that is modified, reorganized, and degraded to tightly control its properties during growth and development. Far from being a terminal carbon sink, many wall polymers can be degraded and recycled by plant cells, either via direct re-incorporation by transglycosylation or via internalization and metabolic salvage of wall-derived sugars to produce new precursors for wall synthesis. However, the physiological and metabolic contributions of wall recycling to plant growth and development are largely undefined. In this review, we discuss long-standing and recent evidence supporting the occurrence of cell-wall recycling in plants, make predictions regarding the developmental processes to which wall recycling might contribute, and identify outstanding questions and emerging experimental tools that might be used to address these questions and enhance our understanding of this poorly characterized aspect of wall dynamics and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Barnes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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77
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Armezzani A, Abad U, Ali O, Robin AA, Vachez L, Larrieu A, Mellerowicz EJ, Taconnat L, Battu V, Stanislas T, Liu M, Vernoux T, Traas J, Sassi M. Transcriptional induction of cell wall remodelling genes is coupled to microtubule-driven growth isotropy at the shoot apex in Arabidopsis. Development 2018; 145:dev.162255. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.162255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem of higher plants continuously generates new tissues and organs through complex changes in growth rates and directions of its individual cells. Cell growth, driven by turgor pressure, largely depends on the cell walls, which allow cell expansion through synthesis and structural changes. A previous study revealed a major contribution of wall isotropy in organ emergence, through the disorganization of cortical microtubules. We show here that this disorganization is coupled with the transcriptional control of genes involved in wall remodelling. Some of these genes are induced when microtubules are disorganized and cells shift to isotropic growth. Mechanical modelling shows that this coupling has the potential to compensate for reduced cell expansion rates induced by the shift to isotropic growth. Reciprocally, cell wall loosening induced by different treatments or altered cell wall composition promotes a disruption of microtubule alignment. Our data thus indicate the existence of a regulatory module activated during organ outgrowth, linking microtubule arrangements to cell wall remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Armezzani
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Universite de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Ursula Abad
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Universite de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Ali
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Universite de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
- INRIA team MOSAIC, Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Amélie Andres Robin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Universite de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Laetitia Vachez
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Universite de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Antoine Larrieu
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Universite de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet) S901-83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Ludivine Taconnat
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Virginie Battu
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Universite de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Thomas Stanislas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Universite de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Mengying Liu
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Universite de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Universite de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Universite de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Massimiliano Sassi
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Universite de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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78
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Yi H, Rui Y, Kandemir B, Wang JZ, Anderson CT, Puri VM. Mechanical Effects of Cellulose, Xyloglucan, and Pectins on Stomatal Guard Cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1566. [PMID: 30455709 PMCID: PMC6230562 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata function as osmotically tunable pores that facilitate gas exchange at the surface of plants. Stomatal opening and closure are regulated by turgor changes in guard cells that result in mechanically regulated deformations of guard cell walls. However, how the molecular, architectural, and mechanical heterogeneities that exist in guard cell walls affect stomatal dynamics is unclear. In this work, stomata of wild type Arabidopsis thaliana plants or of mutants lacking normal cellulose, hemicellulose, or pectins were experimentally induced to close or open. Three-dimensional images of these stomatal complexes were collected using confocal microscopy, images were landmarked, and three-dimensional finite element models (FEMs) were constructed for each complex. Stomatal opening was simulated with a 5 MPa turgor increase. By comparing experimentally measured and computationally modeled changes in stomatal geometry across genotypes, anisotropic mechanical properties of guard cell walls were determined and mapped to cell wall components. Deficiencies in cellulose or hemicellulose were both predicted to stiffen guard cell walls, but differentially affected stomatal pore area and the degree of stomatal opening. Additionally, reducing pectin molecular mass altered the anisotropy of calculated shear moduli in guard cell walls and enhanced stomatal opening. Based on the unique architecture of guard cell walls and our modeled changes in their mechanical properties in cell wall mutants, we discuss how each polysaccharide class contributes to wall architecture and mechanics in guard cells. This study provides new insights into how the walls of guard cells are constructed to meet the mechanical requirements of stomatal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojae Yi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Hojae Yi
| | - Yue Rui
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Baris Kandemir
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - James Z. Wang
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Charles T. Anderson
| | - Virendra M. Puri
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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79
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Dorokhov YL, Sheshukova EV, Komarova TV. Methanol in Plant Life. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1623. [PMID: 30473703 PMCID: PMC6237831 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, plant-emitted methanol was considered a biochemical by-product, but studies in the last decade have revealed its role as a signal molecule in plant-plant and plant-animal communication. Moreover, methanol participates in metabolic biochemical processes during growth and development. The purpose of this review is to determine the impact of methanol on the growth and immunity of plants. Plants generate methanol in the reaction of the demethylation of macromolecules including DNA and proteins, but the main source of plant-derived methanol is cell wall pectins, which are demethylesterified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Methanol emissions increase in response to mechanical wounding or other stresses due to damage of the cell wall, which is the main source of methanol production. Gaseous methanol from the wounded plant induces defense reactions in intact leaves of the same and neighboring plants, activating so-called methanol-inducible genes (MIGs) that regulate plant resistance to biotic and abiotic factors. Since PMEs are the key enzymes in methanol production, their expression increases in response to wounding, but after elimination of the stress factor effects, the plant cell should return to the original state. The amount of functional PMEs in the cell is strictly regulated at both the gene and protein levels. There is negative feedback between one of the MIGs, aldose epimerase-like protein, and PME gene transcription; moreover, the enzymatic activity of PMEs is modulated and controlled by PME inhibitors (PMEIs), which are also induced in response to pathogenic attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L. Dorokhov
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Yuri L. Dorokhov,
| | | | - Tatiana V. Komarova
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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80
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Elliott A, Shaw SL. Update: Plant Cortical Microtubule Arrays. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:94-105. [PMID: 29184029 PMCID: PMC5761819 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cortical microtubules play a critical role in plant morphogenesis by creating array patterns that template the deposition of cellulose microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Elliott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Sidney L Shaw
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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81
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Yang Y, Yu Y, Liang Y, Anderson CT, Cao J. A Profusion of Molecular Scissors for Pectins: Classification, Expression, and Functions of Plant Polygalacturonases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1208. [PMID: 30154820 PMCID: PMC6102391 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the construction, differentiation, maturation, and degradation of the cell wall are essential for development. Pectins, which are major constituents of primary cell walls in eudicots, function in multiple developmental processes through their synthesis, modification, and degradation. Several pectin modifying enzymes regulate pectin degradation via different modes of action. Polygalacturonases (PGs), which function in the last step of pectin degradation, are a crucial class of pectin-modifying enzymes. Based on differences in their hydrolyzing activities, PGs can be divided into three main types: exo-PGs, endo-PGs, and rhamno-PGs. Their functions were initially investigated based on the expression patterns of PG genes and measurements of total PG activity in organs. In most plant species, PGs are encoded by a large, multigene family. However, due to the lack of genome sequencing data in early studies, the number of identified PG genes was initially limited. Little was initially known about the evolution and expression patterns of PG family members in different species. Furthermore, the functions of PGs in cell dynamics and developmental processes, as well as the regulatory pathways that govern these functions, are far from fully understood. In this review, we focus on how recent studies have begun to fill in these blanks. On the basis of identified PG family members in multiple species, we review their structural characteristics, classification, and molecular evolution in terms of plant phylogenetics. We also highlight the diverse expression patterns and biological functions of PGs during various developmental processes, as well as their mechanisms of action in cell dynamic processes. How PG functions are potentially regulated by hormones, transcription factors, environmental factors, pH and Ca2+ is discussed, indicating directions for future research into PG function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture – Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youjian Yu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture – Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture – Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiashu Cao,
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82
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Phyo P, Wang T, Kiemle SN, O'Neill H, Pingali SV, Hong M, Cosgrove DJ. Gradients in Wall Mechanics and Polysaccharides along Growing Inflorescence Stems. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:1593-1607. [PMID: 29084904 PMCID: PMC5717741 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
At early stages of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) flowering, the inflorescence stem undergoes rapid growth, with elongation occurring predominantly in the apical ∼4 cm of the stem. We measured the spatial gradients for elongation rate, osmotic pressure, cell wall thickness, and wall mechanical compliances and coupled these macroscopic measurements with molecular-level characterization of the polysaccharide composition, mobility, hydration, and intermolecular interactions of the inflorescence cell wall using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and small-angle neutron scattering. Force-extension curves revealed a gradient, from high to low, in the plastic and elastic compliances of cell walls along the elongation zone, but plots of growth rate versus wall compliances were strikingly nonlinear. Neutron-scattering curves showed only subtle changes in wall structure, including a slight increase in cellulose microfibril alignment along the growing stem. In contrast, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra showed substantial decreases in pectin amount, esterification, branching, hydration, and mobility in an apical-to-basal pattern, while the cellulose content increased modestly. These results suggest that pectin structural changes are connected with increases in pectin-cellulose interaction and reductions in wall compliances along the apical-to-basal gradient in growth rate. These pectin structural changes may lessen the ability of the cell wall to undergo stress relaxation and irreversible expansion (e.g. induced by expansins), thus contributing to the growth kinematics of the growing stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyae Phyo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Sarah N Kiemle
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Hugh O'Neill
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Sai Venkatesh Pingali
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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83
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Pan C, Ye L, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Yang D, Liu X, Chen L, Zhang Y, Fei Z, Lu G. Identification and expression profiling of microRNAs involved in the stigma exsertion under high-temperature stress in tomato. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:843. [PMID: 29096602 PMCID: PMC5668977 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autogamy in cultivated tomato varieties is a derived trait from wild type tomato plants, which are mostly allogamous. However, environmental stresses can cause morphological defects in tomato flowers and hinder autogamy. Under elevated temperatures, tomato plants usually exhibit the phenotype of stigma exsertion, with severely hindered self-pollination and fruit setting, whereas the inherent mechanism of stigma exsertion have been hitherto unknown. Numerous small RNAs (sRNAs) have been shown to play significant roles in plant development and stress responses, however, none of them have been studied with respect to stamen and pistil development under high-temperature conditions. We investigated the associations between stigma exsertion and small RNAs using high-throughput sequencing technology and molecular biology approaches. Results Sixteen sRNA libraries of Micro-Tom were constructed from plants stamen and pistil samples and sequenced after 2 d and 12 d of exposure to heat stress, respectively, from which a total of 110 known and 84 novel miRNAs were identified. Under heat stress conditions, 34 known and 35 novel miRNAs were differentially expressed in stamens, and 20 known and 10 novel miRNAs were differentially expressed in pistils. GO and KEGG pathway analysis showed that the predicted target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways in both stamen and pistil libraries. Potential miRNA-target cleavage cascades that correlated with the regulation of stigma exsertion under heat stress conditions were found and validated through qRT-PCR and RLM-5′ RACE. Conclusion Overall, a global spectrum of known and novel miRNAs involved in tomato stigma exsertion and induced by high temperatures were identified using high-throughput sequencing and molecular biology approaches, laying a foundation for revealing the miRNA-mediated regulatory network involved in the development of tomato stamens and pistils under high-temperature conditions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4238-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changtian Pan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310085, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310085, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310085, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310085, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310085, China
| | - Lifei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310085, China
| | - Youwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310085, China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,USDA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310085, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310085, China.
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84
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Rui Y, Xiao C, Yi H, Kandemir B, Wang JZ, Puri VM, Anderson CT. POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION3 Functions in Seedling Development, Rosette Growth, and Stomatal Dynamics in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:2413-2432. [PMID: 28974550 PMCID: PMC5774581 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell separation and expansion require pectin degradation by endogenous pectinases such as polygalacturonases, few of which have been functionally characterized. Stomata are a unique system to study both processes because stomatal maturation involves limited separation between sister guard cells and stomatal responses require reversible guard cell elongation and contraction. However, the molecular mechanisms for how stomatal pores form and how guard cell walls facilitate dynamic stomatal responses remain poorly understood. We characterized POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION3 (PGX3), which is expressed in expanding tissues and guard cells. PGX3-GFP localizes to the cell wall and is enriched at sites of stomatal pore initiation in cotyledons. In seedlings, ablating or overexpressing PGX3 affects both cotyledon shape and the spacing and pore dimensions of developing stomata. In adult plants, PGX3 affects rosette size. Although stomata in true leaves display normal density and morphology when PGX3 expression is altered, loss of PGX3 prevents smooth stomatal closure, and overexpression of PGX3 accelerates stomatal opening. These phenotypes correspond with changes in pectin molecular mass and abundance that can affect wall mechanics. Together, these results demonstrate that PGX3-mediated pectin degradation affects stomatal development in cotyledons, promotes rosette expansion, and modulates guard cell mechanics in adult plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Rui
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Chaowen Xiao
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Hojae Yi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Baris Kandemir
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - James Z Wang
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Virendra M Puri
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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85
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Ohashi T, Jinno J, Inoue Y, Ito S, Fujiyama K, Ishimizu T. A polygalacturonase localized in the Golgi apparatus in Pisum sativum. J Biochem 2017; 162:193-201. [PMID: 28338792 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvx014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin is a plant cell wall constituent that is mainly composed of polygalacturonic acid (PGA), a linear α1,4-d-galacturonic acid (GalUA) backbone. Polygalacturonase (PG) hydrolyzes the α1,4-linkages in PGA. Nearly all plant PGs identified thus far are secreted as soluble proteins. Here we describe the microsomal PG activity in pea (Pisum sativum) epicotyls and present biochemical evidence that it was localized to the Golgi apparatus, where pectins are biosynthesized. The microsomal PG was purified, and it was enzymatically characterized. The purified enzyme showed maximum activity towards pyridylaminated oligogalacturonic acids with six degrees of polymerization (PA-GalUA6), with a Km value of 11 μM for PA-GalUA6. The substrate preference of the enzyme was complementary to that of PGA synthase. The main PG activity in microsomes was detected in the Golgi fraction by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The activity of the microsomal PG was lower in rapidly growing epicotyls, in contrast to the high expression of PGA synthase. The role of this PG in the regulation of pectin biosynthesis or plant growth is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ohashi
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Jun Jinno
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Inoue
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shoko Ito
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishimizu
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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86
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Phyo P, Wang T, Xiao C, Anderson CT, Hong M. Effects of Pectin Molecular Weight Changes on the Structure, Dynamics, and Polysaccharide Interactions of Primary Cell Walls of Arabidopsis thaliana: Insights from Solid-State NMR. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:2937-2950. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pyae Phyo
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chaowen Xiao
- Department
of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department
of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mei Hong
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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87
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Zhu Y, Yu Y, Cheng K, Ouyang Y, Wang J, Gong L, Zhang Q, Li X, Xiao J, Zhang Q. Processes Underlying a Reproductive Barrier in indica- japonica Rice Hybrids Revealed by Transcriptome Analysis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1683-1696. [PMID: 28483876 PMCID: PMC5490891 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In rice (Oryza sativa), hybrids between indica and japonica subspecies are usually highly sterile, which provides a model system for studying postzygotic reproductive isolation. A killer-protector system, S5, composed of three adjacent genes (ORF3, ORF4, and ORF5), regulates female gamete fertility of indica-japonica hybrids. To characterize the processes underlying this system, we performed transcriptomic analyses of pistils from rice variety Balilla (BL), Balilla with transformed ORF5+ (BL5+) producing sterile female gametes, and Balilla with transformed ORF3+ and ORF5+ (BL3+5+) producing fertile gametes. RNA sequencing of tissues collected before (MMC), during (MEI), and after (AME) meiosis of the megaspore mother cell detected 19,269 to 20,928 genes as expressed. Comparison between BL5+ and BL showed that ORF5+ induced differential expression of 8,339, 6,278, and 530 genes at MMC, MEI, and AME, respectively. At MMC, large-scale differential expression of cell wall-modifying genes and biotic and abiotic response genes indicated that cell wall integrity damage induced severe biotic and abiotic stresses. The processes continued to MEI and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as indicated by differential expression of ER stress-responsive genes, leading to programmed cell death at MEI and AME, resulting in abortive female gametes. In the BL3+5+/BL comparison, 3,986, 749, and 370 genes were differentially expressed at MMC, MEI, and AME, respectively. Large numbers of cell wall modification and biotic and abiotic response genes were also induced at MMC but largely suppressed at MEI without inducing ER stress and programed cell death , producing fertile gametes. These results have general implications for the understanding of biological processes underlying reproductive barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yiming Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yidan Ouyang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jia Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liang Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianghua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinghua Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qifa Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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88
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Leng Y, Yang Y, Ren D, Huang L, Dai L, Wang Y, Chen L, Tu Z, Gao Y, Li X, Zhu L, Hu J, Zhang G, Gao Z, Guo L, Kong Z, Lin Y, Qian Q, Zeng D. A Rice PECTATE LYASE-LIKE Gene Is Required for Plant Growth and Leaf Senescence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1151-1166. [PMID: 28455404 PMCID: PMC5462006 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the molecular mechanisms behind plant growth and leaf senescence in monocot plants, we identified a mutant exhibiting dwarfism and an early-senescence leaf phenotype, termed dwarf and early-senescence leaf1 (del1). Histological analysis showed that the abnormal growth was caused by a reduction in cell number. Further investigation revealed that the decline in cell number in del1 was affected by the cell cycle. Physiological analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and TUNEL assays showed that leaf senescence was triggered by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The DEL1 gene was cloned using a map-based approach. It was shown to encode a pectate lyase (PEL) precursor that contains a PelC domain. DEL1 contains all the conserved residues of PEL and has strong similarity with plant PelC. DEL1 is expressed in all tissues but predominantly in elongating tissues. Functional analysis revealed that mutation of DEL1 decreased the total PEL enzymatic activity, increased the degree of methylesterified homogalacturonan, and altered the cell wall composition and structure. In addition, transcriptome assay revealed that a set of cell wall function- and senescence-related gene expression was altered in del1 plants. Our research indicates that DEL1 is involved in both the maintenance of normal cell division and the induction of leaf senescence. These findings reveal a new molecular mechanism for plant growth and leaf senescence mediated by PECTATE LYASE-LIKE genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Leng
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Yaolong Yang
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Lichao Huang
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Liping Dai
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Yuqiong Wang
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Zhengjun Tu
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Xueyong Li
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Yongjun Lin
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.),
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.),
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.),
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.),
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
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89
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Zhao X, Xie W, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Wang Y. Histological Characteristics, Cell Wall Hydrolytic Enzymes Activity and Candidate Genes Expression Associated with Seed Shattering of Elymus sibiricus Accessions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:606. [PMID: 28469634 PMCID: PMC5395624 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Elymus sibiricus (siberian wildrye) is a perennial, cool-season, self-pollinating, and allotetraploid grass. As an economically important species, it has been widely grown and used for pasture and hay in northern China. Because of serious seed shattering (SS), however, E. sibiricus is difficult to grow for commercial seed production. To better understand the underlying mechanism of SS, we investigated the differences in SS of cultivars and wild accessions in relation to morphological and genetic diversity, histological characteristics, lignin staining, cell wall hydrolytic enzymes activity and candidate genes expressions. We found high level of morphological and genetic diversity among E. sibiricus accessions. In general, cultivars had higher average pedicel breaking tensile strength (BTS) value than wild accessions, of which PI655199 had the highest average BTS value (144.51 gf) and LQ04 had the lowest average BTS value (47.17 gf) during seed development. SS showed a significant correlation with seed length, awn length and 1000-seed weight. SS was caused by degradation of abscission layers that formed at early heading stage, and degradation of abscission layers occurred at 14 days after heading. Histological analysis of abscission zone (AZ) showed a smooth fracture surface on the rachilla in high SS genotype, suggesting higher degradation degree of abscission layers. This may resulted from the increased cellulase and polygalacturonase activity found in AZ at seed physiological maturity. Staining of pedicels of two contrasting genotypes suggested more lignin deposition in low SS genotype may play a role in resistance of SS. Furthermore, candidate genes that involved in cell wall-degrading enzyme and lignin biosynthesis were differentially expressed in AZ, indicating the involvement and role in SS. This study provided novel insights into the mechanism of SS in E. sibiricus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wengang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
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90
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Huang F, Zhu QH, Zhu A, Wu X, Xie L, Wu X, Helliwell C, Chaudhury A, Finnegan EJ, Luo M. Mutants in the imprinted PICKLE RELATED 2 gene suppress seed abortion of fertilization independent seed class mutants and paternal excess interploidy crosses in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:383-395. [PMID: 28155248 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Endosperm cellularization is essential for embryo development and viable seed formation. Loss of function of the FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT SEED (FIS) class Polycomb genes, which mediate trimethylation of histone H3 lysine27 (H3K27me3), as well as imbalanced contributions of parental genomes interrupt this process. The causes of the failure of cellularization are poorly understood. In this study we identified PICKLE RELATED 2 (PKR2) mutations which suppress seed abortion in fis1/mea by restoring endosperm cellularization. PKR2, a paternally expressed imprinted gene (PEG), encodes a CHD3 chromatin remodeler. PKR2 is specifically expressed in syncytial endosperm and its maternal copy is repressed by FIS1. Seed abortion in a paternal genome excess interploidy cross was also partly suppressed by pkr2. Simultaneous mutations in PKR2 and another PEG, ADMETOS (ADM), additively rescue the seed abortion in fis1 and in the interploidy cross, suggesting that PKR2 and ADM modulate endosperm cellularization independently and reproductive isolation between plants of different ploidy is established by imprinted genes. Genes upregulated in fis1 and downregulated in the presence of pkr2 are enriched in glycosyl-hydrolyzing activity, while genes downregulated in fis1 and upregulated in the presence of pkr2 are enriched with microtubule motor activity, consistent with the cellularization patterns in fis1 and the suppressor line. The antagonistic functions of FIS1 and PKR2 in modulating endosperm development are similar to those of PICKLE (PKL) and CURLY LEAF (CLF), which antagonistically regulate root meristem activity. Our results provide further insights into the function of imprinted genes in endosperm development and reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Huang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Qian-Hao Zhu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1700, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Anyu Zhu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1700, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Xiaoba Wu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1700, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Liqiong Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Xianjun Wu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Chris Helliwell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1700, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | | | - E Jean Finnegan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1700, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ming Luo
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1700, ACT, 2601, Australia
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91
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Ying J, Zhao J, Hou Y, Wang Y, Qiu J, Li Z, Tong X, Shi Z, Zhu J, Zhang J. Mapping the N-linked glycosites of rice (Oryza sativa L.) germinating embryos. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173853. [PMID: 28328971 PMCID: PMC5362090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Germination is a key event in the angiosperm life cycle. N-glycosylation of proteins is one of the most common post-translational modifications, and has been recognized to be an important regulator of the proteome of the germinating embryo. Here, we report the first N-linked glycosites mapping of rice embryos during germination by using a hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptides enrichment strategy associated with high accuracy mass spectrometry identification. A total of 242 glycosites from 191 unique proteins was discovered. Inspection of the motifs and sequence structures involved suggested that all the glycosites were concentrated within [NxS/T] motif, while 82.3% of them were in a coil structure. N-glycosylation preferentially occurred on proteins with glycoside hydrolase activities, which were significantly enriched in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway, suggesting that N-glycosylation is involved in embryo germination by regulating carbohydrate metabolism. Notably, protein-protein interaction analysis revealed a network with several Brassinosteroids signaling proteins, including XIAO and other BR-responsive proteins, implying that glycosylation-mediated Brassinosteroids signaling may be a key mechanism regulating rice embryo germination. In summary, this study expanded our knowledge of protein glycosylation in rice, and provided novel insight into the PTM regulation in rice seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezheng Ying
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Juan Zhao
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Hou
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Tong
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | | | - Jun Zhu
- Jingjie PTM-Biolabs, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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92
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Xiao C, Barnes WJ, Zamil MS, Yi H, Puri VM, Anderson CT. Activation tagging of Arabidopsis POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION2 promotes hypocotyl elongation, leaf expansion, stem lignification, mechanical stiffening, and lodging. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:1159-1173. [PMID: 28004869 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is the most abundant component of primary cell walls in eudicot plants. The modification and degradation of pectin affects multiple processes during plant development, including cell expansion, organ initiation, and cell separation. However, the extent to which pectin degradation by polygalacturonases affects stem development and secondary wall formation remains unclear. Using an activation tag screen, we identified a transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana line with longer etiolated hypocotyls, which overexpresses a gene encoding a polygalacturonase. We designated this gene as POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION2 (PGX2), and the corresponding activation tagged line as PGX2AT . PGX2 is widely expressed in young seedlings and in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and siliques of adult plants. PGX2-GFP localizes to the cell wall, and PGX2AT plants show higher total polygalacturonase activity and smaller pectin molecular masses than wild-type controls, supporting a function for this protein in apoplastic pectin degradation. A heterologously expressed, truncated version of PGX2 also displays polygalacturonase activity in vitro. Like previously identified PGX1AT plants, PGX2AT plants have longer hypocotyls and larger rosette leaves, but they also uniquely display early flowering, earlier stem lignification, and lodging stems with enhanced mechanical stiffness that is possibly due to decreased stem thickness. Together, these results indicate that PGX2 both functions in cell expansion and influences secondary wall formation, providing a possible link between these two developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowen Xiao
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - William J Barnes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - M Shafayet Zamil
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hojae Yi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Virendra M Puri
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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93
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Hocq L, Pelloux J, Lefebvre V. Connecting Homogalacturonan-Type Pectin Remodeling to Acid Growth. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:20-29. [PMID: 27884541 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
According to the 'acid growth theory', cell wall acidification controls cell elongation, therefore plant growth. This notably involves changes in cell wall mechanics through modifications of cell wall polysaccharide structure. Recently, advances in cell biology showed that changes in cell elongation rate can be mediated by the remodeling of pectins, and in particular of homogalacturonans (HGs). Their demethylesterification appears to be a key element controlling the chemistry and the rheology of the cell wall. We postulate that precise and dynamic modulation of extracellular pH plays a central role in the control of HG-modifying enzyme activities, and in particular those of pectin methylesterases and polygalacturonases. We propose that acid growth requires dynamic HG remodeling through the tight control of cell wall pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Hocq
- EA3900 Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Structure Féderative de Recherche (SFR) Condorcet Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900 Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Structure Féderative de Recherche (SFR) Condorcet Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Valérie Lefebvre
- EA3900 Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Structure Féderative de Recherche (SFR) Condorcet Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France.
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94
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Fernandes JC, Goulao LF, Amâncio S. Immunolocalization of cell wall polymers in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) internodes under nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur deficiency. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:1151-1163. [PMID: 27417099 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The impact on cell wall (CW) of the deficiency in nitrogen (-N), phosphorus (-P) or sulphur (-S), known to impair essential metabolic pathways, was investigated in the economically important fruit species Vitis vinifera L. Using cuttings as an experimental model a reduction in total internode number and altered xylem shape was observed. Under -N an increased internode length was also seen. CW composition, visualised after staining with calcofluor white, Toluidine blue and ruthenium red, showed decreased cellulose in all stresses and increased pectin content in recently formed internodes under -N compared to the control. Using CW-epitope specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), lower amounts of extensins incorporated in the wall were also observed under -N and -P conditions. Conversely, increased pectins with a low degree of methyl-esterification and richer in long linear 1,5-arabinan rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) side chains were observed under -N and -P in mature internodes which, in the former condition, were able to form dimeric association through calcium ions. -N was the only condition in which 1,5-arabinan branched RG-I content was not altered, as -P and -S older internodes showed, respectively, lower and higher amounts of this polymer. Higher xyloglucan content in older internodes was also observed under -N. The results suggest that impairments of specific CW components led to changes in the deposition of other polymers to promote stiffening of the CW. The unchanged extensin amount observed under -S may contribute to attenuating the effects on the CW integrity caused by this stress. Our work showed that, in organized V. vinifera tissues, modifications in a given CW component can be compensated by synthesis of different polymers and/or alternative linking between polymers. The results also pinpoint different strategies at the CW level to overcome mineral stress depending on how essential they are to cell growth and plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Fernandes
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, LEAF, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L F Goulao
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, LEAF, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (IICT, IP), Pólo Mendes Ferrão-Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Amâncio
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, LEAF, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal.
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95
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Wang F, Sun X, Shi X, Zhai H, Tian C, Kong F, Liu B, Yuan X. A Global Analysis of the Polygalacturonase Gene Family in Soybean (Glycine max). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163012. [PMID: 27657691 PMCID: PMC5033254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygalacturonase is one of the pectin hydrolytic enzymes involved in various developmental and physiological processes such as seed germination, organ abscission, pod and anther dehiscence, and xylem cell formation. To date, no systematic analysis of polygalacturonase incorporating genome organization, gene structure, and expression profiling has been conducted in soybean (Glycine max var. Williams 82). In this study, we identified 112 GmPG genes from the soybean Wm82.a2v1 genome. These genes were classified into three groups, group I (105 genes), group II (5 genes), and group III (2 genes). Fifty-four pairs of duplicate paralogous genes were preferentially identified from duplicated regions of the soybean genome, which implied that long segmental duplications significantly contributed to the expansion of the GmPG gene family. Moreover, GmPG transcripts were analyzed in various tissues using RNA-seq data. The results showed the differential expression of 64 GmPGs in the tissue and partially redundant expression of some duplicate genes, while others showed functional diversity. These findings suggested that the GmPGs were retained by substantial subfunctionalization during the soybean evolutionary processes. Finally, evolutionary analysis based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in wild and cultivated soybeans revealed that 107 GmPGs had selected site(s), which indicated that these genes may have undergone strong selection during soybean domestication. Among them, one non-synonymous SNP of GmPG031 affected floral development during selection, which was consistent with the results of RNA-seq and evolutionary analyses. Thus, our results contribute to the functional characterization of GmPG genes in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xinyi Shi
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Hong Zhai
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Changen Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
- * E-mail: (XY); (BL)
| | - Xiaohui Yuan
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
- * E-mail: (XY); (BL)
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96
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Dheilly E, Gall SL, Guillou MC, Renou JP, Bonnin E, Orsel M, Lahaye M. Cell wall dynamics during apple development and storage involves hemicellulose modifications and related expressed genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:201. [PMID: 27630120 PMCID: PMC5024441 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit quality depends on a series of biochemical events that modify appearance, flavour and texture throughout fruit development and ripening. Cell wall polysaccharide remodelling largely contributes to the elaboration of fleshy fruit texture. Although several genes and enzymes involved in cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis and modifications are known, their coordinated activity in these processes is yet to be discovered. RESULTS Combined transcriptomic and biochemical analyses allowed the identification of putative enzymes and related annotated members of gene families involved in cell wall polysaccharide composition and structural changes during apple fruit growth and ripening. The early development genes were mainly related to cell wall biosynthesis and degradation with a particular target on hemicelluloses. Fine structural evolutions of galactoglucomannan were strongly correlated with mannan synthase, glucanase (GH9) and β-galactosidase gene expression. In contrast, fewer genes related to pectin metabolism and cell expansion (expansin genes) were observed in ripening fruit combined with expected changes in cell wall polysaccharide composition. CONCLUSIONS Hemicelluloses undergo major structural changes particularly during early fruit development. The high number of early expressed β-galactosidase genes questions their function on galactosylated structures during fruit development and storage. Their activity and cell wall substrate remains to be identified. Moreover, new insights into the potential role of peroxidases and transporters, along with cell wall metabolism open the way to further studies on concomitant mechanisms involved in cell wall assembly/disassembly during fruit development and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Dheilly
- INRA UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- INRA UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Charlotte Guillou
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Estelle Bonnin
- INRA UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Mathilde Orsel
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- INRA UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
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97
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Liang Y, Yu Y, Cui J, Lyu M, Xu L, Cao J. A comparative analysis of the evolution, expression, and cis-regulatory element of polygalacturonase genes in grasses and dicots. Funct Integr Genomics 2016; 16:641-656. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-016-0503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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98
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Lee Y, Ayeh KO, Ambrose M, Hvoslef-Eide AK. Immunolocalization of pectic polysaccharides during abscission in pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.) and in abscission less def pea mutant seeds. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:427. [PMID: 27581466 PMCID: PMC5007855 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.), the presence of the Def locus determines abscission event between its funicle and the seed coat. Cell wall remodeling is a necessary condition for abscission of pea seed. The changes in cell wall components in wild type (WT) pea seed with Def loci showing seed abscission and in abscission less def mutant peas were studied to identify the factors determining abscission and non-abscission event. METHODS Changes in pectic polysaccharides components were investigated in WT and def mutant pea seeds using immunolabeling techniques. Pectic monoclonal antibodies (1 → 4)-β-D-galactan (LM5), (1 → 5)-α-L-arabinan(LM6), partially de-methyl esterified homogalacturonan (HG) (JIM5) and methyl esterified HG (JIM7) were used for this study. RESULTS Prior to abscission zone (AZ) development, galactan and arabinan reduced in the predestined AZ of the pea seed and disappeared during the abscission process. The AZ cells had partially de-methyl esterified HG while other areas had highly methyl esterified HG. A strong JIM5 labeling in the def mutant may be related to cell wall rigidity in the mature def mutants. In addition, the appearance of pectic epitopes in two F3 populations resulting from cross between WT and def mutant parents was studied. As a result, we identified that homozygous dominant lines (Def/Def) showing abscission and homozygous recessive lines (def/def) showing non-abscission had similar immunolabeling pattern to their parents. However, the heterogeneous lines (Def/def) showed various immunolabeling pattern and the segregation pattern of the Def locus. CONCLUSIONS Through the study of the complexity and variability of pectins in plant cell walls as well as understanding the segregation patterns of the Def locus using immunolabeling techniques, we conclude that cell wall remodeling occurs in the abscission process and de-methyl esterification may play a role in the non-abscission event in def mutant. Overall, this study contributes new insights into understanding the structural and architectural organization of the cell walls during abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- YeonKyeong Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. BOX 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Kwadwo Owusu Ayeh
- Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| | - Mike Ambrose
- Department of Crops Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, NR4 7UH Norwich, UK
| | - Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. BOX 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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99
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Francin-Allami M, Lollier V, Pavlovic M, San Clemente H, Rogniaux H, Jamet E, Guillon F, Larré C. Understanding the Remodelling of Cell Walls during Brachypodium distachyon Grain Development through a Sub-Cellular Quantitative Proteomic Approach. Proteomes 2016; 4:E21. [PMID: 28248231 PMCID: PMC5217356 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachypodiumdistachyon is a suitable plant model for studying temperate cereal crops, such as wheat, barley or rice, and helpful in the study of the grain cell wall. Indeed, the most abundant hemicelluloses that are in the B. distachyon cell wall of grain are (1-3)(1-4)-β-glucans and arabinoxylans, in a ratio similar to those of cereals such as barley or oat. Conversely, these cell walls contain few pectins and xyloglucans. Cell walls play an important role in grain physiology. The modifications of cell wall polysaccharides that occur during grain development and filling are key in the determination of the size and weight of the cereal grains. The mechanisms required for cell wall assembly and remodelling are poorly understood, especially in cereals. To provide a better understanding of these processes, we purified the cell wall at three developmental stages of the B. distachyon grain. The proteins were then extracted, and a quantitative and comparative LC-MS/MS analysis was performed to investigate the protein profile changes during grain development. Over 466 cell wall proteins (CWPs) were identified and classified according to their predicted functions. This work highlights the different proteome profiles that we could relate to the main phases of grain development and to the reorganization of cell wall polysaccharides that occurs during these different developmental stages. These results provide a good springboard to pursue functional validation to better understand the role of CWPs in the assembly and remodelling of the grain cell wall of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virginie Lollier
- UR1268 BIA (Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages), INRA, Nantes 44300, France.
| | - Marija Pavlovic
- UR1268 BIA (Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages), INRA, Nantes 44300, France.
| | - Hélène San Clemente
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 Chemin de Borderouge-Auzeville, BP42617, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France.
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- UR1268 BIA (Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages), INRA, Nantes 44300, France.
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 Chemin de Borderouge-Auzeville, BP42617, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France.
| | - Fabienne Guillon
- UR1268 BIA (Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages), INRA, Nantes 44300, France.
| | - Colette Larré
- UR1268 BIA (Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages), INRA, Nantes 44300, France.
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100
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Boyer JS. Enzyme-Less Growth in Chara and Terrestrial Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:866. [PMID: 27446106 PMCID: PMC4914548 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-less chemistry appears to control the growth rate of the green alga Chara corallina. The chemistry occurs in the wall where a calcium pectate cycle determines both the rate of wall enlargement and the rate of pectate deposition into the wall. The process is the first to indicate that a wall polymer can control how a plant cell enlarges after exocytosis releases the polymer to the wall. This raises the question of whether other species use a similar mechanism. Chara is one of the closest relatives of the progenitors of terrestrial plants and during the course of evolution, new wall features evolved while pectate remained one of the most conserved components. In addition, charophytes contain auxin which affects Chara in ways resembling its action in terrestrial plants. Therefore, this review considers whether more recently acquired wall features require different mechanisms to explain cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Boyer
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, ColumbiaMO, USA
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