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Villena J, Kitazawa H, Van Wees SCM, Pieterse CMJ, Takahashi H. Receptors and Signaling Pathways for Recognition of Bacteria in Livestock and Crops: Prospects for Beneficial Microbes in Healthy Growth Strategies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2223. [PMID: 30319660 PMCID: PMC6170637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern animal and crop production practices are associated with the regular use of antimicrobials, potentially increasing selection pressure on bacteria to become resistant. Alternative approaches are needed in order to satisfy the demands of the growing human population without the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials. Researchers have brought a different perspective to solve this problem and have emphasized the exploitation of animal- and plant-associated microorganisms that are beneficial to their hosts through the modulation of the innate immune system. There is increasing evidence that plants and animals employ microbial perception and defense pathways that closely resemble each other. Formation of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) complexes involving leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing proteins, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated activation of immune response genes, and subsequent production of antimicrobial products and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) to improve defenses against pathogens, add to the list of similarities between both systems. Recent pioneering work has identified that animal and plant cells use similar receptors for sensing beneficial commensal microbes that are important for the maintenance of the host's health. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms involved in the recognition of pathogenic and commensal microbes by the innate immune systems of animal and plants highlighting their differences and similarities. In addition, we discuss the idea of using beneficial microbes to modulate animal and plant immune systems in order to improve the resistance to infections and reduce the use of antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Villena
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina.,Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Plant Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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52
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Stringlis IA, Yu K, Feussner K, de Jonge R, Van Bentum S, Van Verk MC, Berendsen RL, Bakker PAHM, Feussner I, Pieterse CMJ. MYB72-dependent coumarin exudation shapes root microbiome assembly to promote plant health. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5213-E5222. [PMID: 29686086 DOI: 10.1094/pbiomes-11-18-0050-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant roots nurture a tremendous diversity of microbes via exudation of photosynthetically fixed carbon sources. In turn, probiotic members of the root microbiome promote plant growth and protect the host plant against pathogens and pests. In the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas simiae WCS417 model system the root-specific transcription factor MYB72 and the MYB72-controlled β-glucosidase BGLU42 emerged as important regulators of beneficial rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance (ISR) and iron-uptake responses. MYB72 regulates the biosynthesis of iron-mobilizing fluorescent phenolic compounds, after which BGLU42 activity is required for their excretion into the rhizosphere. Metabolite fingerprinting revealed the antimicrobial coumarin scopoletin as a dominant metabolite that is produced in the roots and excreted into the rhizosphere in a MYB72- and BGLU42-dependent manner. Shotgun-metagenome sequencing of root-associated microbiota of Col-0, myb72, and the scopoletin biosynthesis mutant f6'h1 showed that scopoletin selectively impacts the assembly of the microbial community in the rhizosphere. We show that scopoletin selectively inhibits the soil-borne fungal pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae, while the growth-promoting and ISR-inducing rhizobacteria P. simiae WCS417 and Pseudomonas capeferrum WCS358 are highly tolerant of the antimicrobial effect of scopoletin. Collectively, our results demonstrate a role for coumarins in microbiome assembly and point to a scenario in which plants and probiotic rhizobacteria join forces to trigger MYB72/BGLU42-dependent scopolin production and scopoletin excretion, resulting in improved niche establishment for the microbial partner and growth and immunity benefits for the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Stringlis
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ke Yu
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sietske Van Bentum
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel C Van Verk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland L Berendsen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A H M Bakker
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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53
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MYB72-dependent coumarin exudation shapes root microbiome assembly to promote plant health. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5213-E5222. [PMID: 29686086 PMCID: PMC5984513 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1722335115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant roots nurture a large diversity of soil microbes via exudation of chemical compounds into the rhizosphere. In turn, beneficial root microbiota promote plant growth and immunity. The root-specific transcription factor MYB72 has emerged as a central regulator in this process. Here, we show that MYB72 regulates the excretion of the coumarin scopoletin, an iron-mobilizing phenolic compound with selective antimicrobial activity that shapes the root-associated microbial community. Selected soil-borne fungal pathogens appeared to be highly sensitive to the antimicrobial activity of scopoletin, while two MYB72-inducing beneficial rhizobacteria were tolerant. Our results suggest that probiotic root-associated microbes that activate the iron-deficiency response during colonization stimulate MYB72-dependent excretion of scopoletin, thereby potentially improving their niche establishment and enhancing plant growth and protection. Plant roots nurture a tremendous diversity of microbes via exudation of photosynthetically fixed carbon sources. In turn, probiotic members of the root microbiome promote plant growth and protect the host plant against pathogens and pests. In the Arabidopsis thaliana–Pseudomonas simiae WCS417 model system the root-specific transcription factor MYB72 and the MYB72-controlled β-glucosidase BGLU42 emerged as important regulators of beneficial rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance (ISR) and iron-uptake responses. MYB72 regulates the biosynthesis of iron-mobilizing fluorescent phenolic compounds, after which BGLU42 activity is required for their excretion into the rhizosphere. Metabolite fingerprinting revealed the antimicrobial coumarin scopoletin as a dominant metabolite that is produced in the roots and excreted into the rhizosphere in a MYB72- and BGLU42-dependent manner. Shotgun-metagenome sequencing of root-associated microbiota of Col-0, myb72, and the scopoletin biosynthesis mutant f6′h1 showed that scopoletin selectively impacts the assembly of the microbial community in the rhizosphere. We show that scopoletin selectively inhibits the soil-borne fungal pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae, while the growth-promoting and ISR-inducing rhizobacteria P. simiae WCS417 and Pseudomonas capeferrum WCS358 are highly tolerant of the antimicrobial effect of scopoletin. Collectively, our results demonstrate a role for coumarins in microbiome assembly and point to a scenario in which plants and probiotic rhizobacteria join forces to trigger MYB72/BGLU42-dependent scopolin production and scopoletin excretion, resulting in improved niche establishment for the microbial partner and growth and immunity benefits for the host plant.
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54
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Jiang HY, Zhang JL, Yang JW, Ma HL. Transcript Profiling and Gene Identification Involved in the Ethylene Signal Transduction Pathways of Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) during ISR Response Induced by Butanediol. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030706. [PMID: 29558428 PMCID: PMC6017539 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is the preferred green lawn grass, with excellent turf characteristics but poor disease resistance. At present, the mechanisms of disease resistance in creeping bentgrass are poorly understood, especially the ethylene signal transduction pathway under the induced systemic resistance (ISR) response. In this study, butanediol (BDO), as a new type of disease-resistance compound, was applied to creeping bentgrass seedlings to induce the ISR response. Then, we measured ethylene production and related enzyme activities. Additionally, transcript profiling and gene identification were performed in association to ethylene signal transduction pathways. The changes of ethylene production and related enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthases (ACS) activities showed significant difference at 24 h after Rhizoctonia solani inoculation among five treatments of various BDO concentrations. After 100 µmol L-1 BDO treatment, ethylene production and related enzyme activities reached their peak levels. Additionally, 208,672 unigenes of creeping bentgrass were obtained by de novo assembly. In total, 15,903 annotated unigenes were grouped into 33 canonical pathways in the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis. Among those, 1803 unigenes were classified as 'signal transduction'. There were 6766 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among B24 (inoculated-rhizobacteria in MS medium with 100 µmol L-1 BDO for 24 h), NB24, B72 and NB24 (no rhizobacteria in MS medium with 100 µmol L-1 BDO for 24 h) libraries, and 4,639 DEGs between B24 and B72 (inoculated-rhizobacteria in MS medium with 100 µmol L-1 BDO for 72 h) libraries, with 4489 DEGs in all three libraries. As suggested by the RT-PCR assay, the expression levels of ethylene-responsive and defense-related genes were variable among treated samples during the BDO-induced ISR responses. The expression levels of EIN, ERF, NPR1, PR3 and PR4 genes increased and reached their peaks in the first 24 h after R. solani infection in the BDO-induced ISR reaction compared with NB24 treatments. This results is consistent with the changes of important ethylene biosynthetic enzymes and ethylene concentrations during the BDO-induced ISR responses. We further found the intermediate substances for the signaling pathway, and the relationships between the expression levels of BDO-induced ISR disease-resistance genes and those of the response genes for ethylene signal pathway. Our findings present a genetic basis for systemic resistance of creeping bentgrass through transcriptomic analysis and our study provides a theoretical and practical basis for the improvement of turfgrass disease resistance and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Jiang
- Pratacultural College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Sino-U.S. Center for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Jin-Lin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Jiang-Wei Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Hui-Ling Ma
- Pratacultural College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Sino-U.S. Center for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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55
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Berendsen RL, Vismans G, Yu K, Song Y, de Jonge R, Burgman WP, Burmølle M, Herschend J, Bakker PAHM, Pieterse CMJ. Disease-induced assemblage of a plant-beneficial bacterial consortium. ISME JOURNAL 2018. [PMID: 29520025 PMCID: PMC5956071 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Disease suppressive soils typically develop after a disease outbreak due to the subsequent assembly of protective microbiota in the rhizosphere. The role of the plant immune system in the assemblage of a protective rhizosphere microbiome is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis thaliana specifically promotes three bacterial species in the rhizosphere upon foliar defense activation by the downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. The promoted bacteria were isolated and found to interact synergistically in biofilm formation in vitro. Although separately these bacteria did not affect the plant significantly, together they induced systemic resistance against downy mildew and promoted growth of the plant. Moreover, we show that the soil-mediated legacy of a primary population of downy mildew infected plants confers enhanced protection against this pathogen in a second population of plants growing in the same soil. Together our results indicate that plants can adjust their root microbiome upon pathogen infection and specifically recruit a group of disease resistance-inducing and growth-promoting beneficial microbes, therewith potentially maximizing the chance of survival of their offspring that will grow in the same soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland L Berendsen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Gilles Vismans
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ke Yu
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Song
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Jiangsu Provincial Coordinated Research Center for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wilco P Burgman
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, København, Denmark
| | - Jakob Herschend
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, København, Denmark
| | - Peter A H M Bakker
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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56
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Dubey NK, Mishra DK, Idris A, Nigam D, Singh PK, Sawant SV. Whitefly and aphid inducible promoters of Arabidopsis thaliana L. J Genet 2018; 97:109-119. [PMID: 29666330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lack of regulated expression and tissue specificity are the major drawbacks of plant and virus-derived constitutive promoters. A precise tissue or site-specific expression, facilitate regulated expression of proteins at the targeted time and site. Publically available microarray data on whitefly and aphid infested Arabidopsis thaliana L. was used to identify whitefly and aphid-inducible genes. The qRT-PCR further validated the inducible behaviour of these genes under artificial infestation. Promoter sequences of genes were retrieved from the Arabidopsis Information Resources database with their corresponding 5'UTR and cloned from the A. thaliana genome. Promoter reporter transcriptional fusions were developed with the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gusA gene in a binary expression vector to validate the inducible behaviour of these promoters in eight independent transgenic Nicotiana tabaccum lines. Histochemical analysis of the reporter gene in T2 transgenic tobacco lines confirmed promoter driven expression at the sites of aphid and whitefly infestation. The qRT-PCR and GUS expression analysis of transgenic lines revealed that abscisic acid largely influenced the expression of both aphid and whitefly inducible promoters. Further, whitefly-specific promoter respond to salicylic acid and jasmonic acid (JA), whereas aphid-specific promoters to JA and 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid. The response of promoters to phytohormones correlated to the presence of corresponding conserved cis-regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar Dubey
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India.
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57
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Dubey NK, Mishra DK, Idris A, Nigam D, Singh PK, Sawant SV. Whitefly and aphid inducible promoters of Arabidopsis thaliana L. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0887-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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58
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Syed Ab Rahman SF, Singh E, Pieterse CMJ, Schenk PM. Emerging microbial biocontrol strategies for plant pathogens. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 267:102-111. [PMID: 29362088 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To address food security, agricultural yields must increase to match the growing human population in the near future. There is now a strong push to develop low-input and more sustainable agricultural practices that include alternatives to chemicals for controlling pests and diseases, a major factor of heavy losses in agricultural production. Based on the adverse effects of some chemicals on human health, the environment and living organisms, researchers are focusing on potential biological control microbes as viable alternatives for the management of pests and plant pathogens. There is a growing body of evidence that demonstrates the potential of leaf and root-associated microbiomes to increase plant efficiency and yield in cropping systems. It is important to understand the role of these microbes in promoting growth and controlling diseases, and their application as biofertilizers and biopesticides whose success in the field is still inconsistent. This review focusses on how biocontrol microbes modulate plant defense mechanisms, deploy biocontrol actions in plants and offer new strategies to control plant pathogens. Apart from simply applying individual biocontrol microbes, there are now efforts to improve, facilitate and maintain long-term plant colonization. In particular, great hopes are associated with the new approaches of using "plant-optimized microbiomes" (microbiome engineering) and establishing the genetic basis of beneficial plant-microbe interactions to enable breeding of "microbe-optimized crops".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Farhana Syed Ab Rahman
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eugenie Singh
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peer M Schenk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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59
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Hassan JA, de la Torre‐Roche R, White JC, Lewis JD. Soil mixture composition alters Arabidopsis susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae infection. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00044. [PMID: 31245710 PMCID: PMC6508533 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen that causes disease on more than 100 different plant species, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Dissection of the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae pathosystem has identified many factors that contribute to successful infection or immunity, including the genetics of the host, the genetics of the pathogen, and the environment. Environmental factors that contribute to a successful interaction can include temperature, light, and the circadian clock, as well as the soil environment. As silicon-amended Resilience soil is advertised to enhance plant health, we sought to examine the extent to which this soil might affect the behavior of the A. thaliana-P. syringae model pathosystem and to characterize the mechanisms through which these effects may occur. We found that plants grown in Si-amended Resilience soil displayed enhanced resistance to bacteria compared to plants grown in non-Si-amended Sunshine soil, and salicylic acid biosynthesis and signaling were not required for resistance. Although silicon has been shown to contribute to broad-spectrum resistance, our data indicate that silicon is not the direct cause of enhanced resistance and that the Si-amended Resilience soil has additional properties that modulate plant resistance. Our work demonstrates the importance of environmental factors, such as soil in modulating interactions between the plant and foliar pathogens, and highlights the significance of careful annotation of the environmental conditions under which plant-pathogen interactions are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana A. Hassan
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | | | - Jason C. White
- Department of Analytical ChemistryThe Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Jennifer D. Lewis
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
- Plant Gene Expression CenterUnited States Department of AgricultureAlbanyCAUSA
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60
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Kim NY, Jang YJ, Park OK. AP2/ERF Family Transcription Factors ORA59 and RAP2.3 Interact in the Nucleus and Function Together in Ethylene Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1675. [PMID: 30510560 PMCID: PMC6254012 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous plant hormone ethylene is a key signaling molecule regulating plant growth, development, and defense against pathogens. Octadecanoid-responsive arabidopsis 59 (ORA59) is an ethylene response factor (ERF) transcription factor and has been suggested to integrate ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling and regulate resistance to necrotrophic pathogens. Here we screened for ORA59 interactors using the yeast two-hybrid system to elucidate the molecular function of ORA59. This led to the identification of RELATED TO AP2.3 (RAP2.3), another ERF transcription factor belonging to the group VII ERF family. In binding assays, ORA59 and RAP2.3 interacted in the nucleus and showed ethylene-dependent nuclear localization. ORA59 played a positive role in ethylene-regulated responses, including the triple response, featured by short, thick hypocotyl and root, and exaggerated apical hook in dark-grown seedlings, and resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum, as shown by the increased and decreased ethylene sensitivity and disease resistance in ORA59-overexpressing (ORA59OE) and null mutant (ora59) plants, respectively. In genetic crosses, ORA59OE rap2.3 crossed lines lost ORA59-mediated positive effects and behaved like rap2.3 mutant. These results suggest that ORA59 physically interacts with RAP2.3 and that this interaction is important for the regulatory roles of ORA59 in ethylene responses.
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61
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de Bobadilla MF, Friman J, Pangesti N, Dicke M, van Loon JJA, Pineda A. Does drought stress modify the effects of plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria on an aboveground chewing herbivore? INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:1034-1044. [PMID: 28498521 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbes have important effects on the interactions of plants with their environment, by promoting plant growth, inducing resistance to pests or by conferring tolerance to abiotic stress. However, their effects are variable and the factors responsible for this variation are mainly unknown. Our aim was to assess how drought stress modifies the effect of the nonpathogenic rhizobacterium Pseudomonas simiae WCS417r on plant growth and resistance against the generalist leaf-chewing caterpillar Mamestra brassicae. We studied Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 plants, as well as mutants altered in the biosynthesis of the phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Caterpillars did not prefer rhizobacteria-treated plants, independently of drought stress. Rhizobacteria colonization had a variable effect on caterpillar performance, which ranged from positive in one experiment to neutral in a second one. Drought had a consistent negative effect on herbivore performance; however, it did not modify the effect of rhizobacteria on herbivore performance. The effect of drought on herbivore performance was JA-mediated (confirmed with the use of the dde2-2 mutant), but it was still present in the ABA-deficient mutant aba2-1. Plant biomass was reduced by both drought and herbivory but it was enhanced by rhizobacterial colonization. Pseudomonas simiae WCS417r is able to promote plant growth even when plants are suffering herbivory. Nevertheless, the microbial effect on the herbivore is variable, independently of drought stress. To get the best possible outcome from the rhizobacteria-plant mutualism it is important to understand which other factors may be responsible for its context-dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Friman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nurmi Pangesti
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Pineda
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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62
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Haney CH, Wiesmann CL, Shapiro LR, Melnyk RA, O'Sullivan LR, Khorasani S, Xiao L, Han J, Bush J, Carrillo J, Pierce NE, Ausubel FM. Rhizosphere-associated Pseudomonas induce systemic resistance to herbivores at the cost of susceptibility to bacterial pathogens. Mol Ecol 2017; 27:1833-1847. [PMID: 29087012 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant-associated soil microbes are important mediators of plant defence responses to diverse above-ground pathogen and insect challengers. For example, closely related strains of beneficial rhizosphere Pseudomonas spp. can induce systemic resistance (ISR), systemic susceptibility (ISS) or neither against the bacterial foliar pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto DC3000). Using a model system composed of root-associated Pseudomonas spp. strains, the foliar pathogen Pto DC3000 and the herbivore Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper), we found that rhizosphere-associated Pseudomonas spp. that induce either ISS and ISR against Pto DC3000 all increased resistance to herbivory by T. ni. We found that resistance to T. ni and resistance to Pto DC3000 are quantitative metrics of the jasmonic acid (JA)/salicylic acid (SA) trade-off and distinct strains of rhizosphere-associated Pseudomonas spp. have distinct effects on the JA/SA trade-off. Using genetic analysis and transcriptional profiling, we provide evidence that treatment of Arabidopsis with Pseudomonas sp. CH267, which induces ISS against bacterial pathogens, tips the JA/SA trade-off towards JA-dependent defences against herbivores at the cost of a subset of SA-mediated defences against bacterial pathogens. In contrast, treatment of Arabidopsis with the ISR strain Pseudomonas sp. WCS417 disrupts JA/SA antagonism and simultaneously primes plants for both JA- and SA-mediated defences. Our findings show that ISS against the bacterial foliar pathogens triggered by Pseudomonas sp. CH267, which is a seemingly deleterious phenotype, may in fact be an adaptive consequence of increased resistance to herbivory. Our work shows that pleiotropic effects of microbiome modulation of plant defences are important to consider when using microbes to modify plant traits in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara H Haney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christina L Wiesmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lori R Shapiro
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ryan A Melnyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lucy R O'Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophie Khorasani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Xiao
- Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiatong Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jenifer Bush
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juli Carrillo
- Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Frederick M Ausubel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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63
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Hsu CK, Micallef SA. Plant-mediated restriction of Salmonella enterica on tomato and spinach leaves colonized with Pseudomonas plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 259:1-6. [PMID: 28778009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reducing Salmonella enterica association with plants during crop production could reduce risks of fresh produce-borne salmonellosis. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) colonizing plant roots are capable of promoting plant growth and boosting resistance to disease, but the effects of PGPR on human pathogen-plant associations are not known. Two root-colonizing Pseudomonas strains S2 and S4 were investigated in spinach, lettuce and tomato for their plant growth-promoting properties and their influence on leaf populations of S. enterica serovar Newport. Plant roots were inoculated with Pseudomonas in the seedling stage. At four (tomato) and six (spinach and lettuce) weeks post-germination, plant growth promotion was assessed by shoot dry weight (SDW) and leaf chlorophyll content measurements. Leaf populations of S. Newport were measured after 24h of leaf inoculation with this pathogen by direct plate counts on Tryptic Soy Agar. Root inoculation of spinach cv. 'Tyee', with Pseudomonas strain S2 or S4 resulted in a 69% and 63% increase in SDW compared to non-inoculated controls (p<0.005 and p<0.01, respectively). Similarly, Romaine lettuce cv. 'Parris Island Cos' responded positively to S2 and S4 inoculation (53% and 48% SDW increase, respectively; p<0.05), and an increase in leaf chlorophyll content (p<0.001), compared to controls. Tomato cv. 'Nyagous' yielded significantly greater SDW (74%, p<0.01 and 54%, p<0.05 for S2 and S4, respectively), and also higher leaf chlorophyll content (19% and 29%, p<0.001, respectively) relative to controls. Leaf chlorophyll content only increased in S4-inoculated tomato cv. 'Moneymaker' plants (27%, p<0.001), although both S2 and S4 promoted plant growth by over 40% compared to controls (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). No significant growth promotion was detected in tomato cv. 'BHN602', but S2-inoculated plants had elevated leaf chlorophyll content (13%, p<0.01). Root inoculation with Pseudomonas S4 restricted S. Newport populations inoculated on leaves of spinach (p<0.001) and all three tomato cultivars (p<0.05), compared to controls, 24h post Salmonella inoculation. Impairment of S. Newport leaf populations was also observed on spinach when plant roots were inoculated with S2 (p<0.01). With an initial leaf inoculum of approximately 6.0logCFU of S. Newport/plant, the significantly greater reduction of S. Newport populations on Pseudomonas-treated plants than those on non-inoculated control plants after 24h was modest with differences of one log or less. By contrast, the survival of S. Newport on the leaves of Romaine lettuce was not influenced by Pseudomonas root colonization. These findings provide evidence that root inoculation of certain specialty crops with beneficial Pseudomonas strains exhibiting PGPR properties may not only promote plant growth, but also reduce the fitness of epiphytic S. enterica in the phyllosphere. Plant-mediated effects induced by PGPR may be an effective strategy to minimize contamination of crops with S. enterica during cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiun-Kang Hsu
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Shirley A Micallef
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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64
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Cole BJ, Feltcher ME, Waters RJ, Wetmore KM, Mucyn TS, Ryan EM, Wang G, Ul-Hasan S, McDonald M, Yoshikuni Y, Malmstrom RR, Deutschbauer AM, Dangl JL, Visel A. Genome-wide identification of bacterial plant colonization genes. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2002860. [PMID: 28938018 PMCID: PMC5627942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse soil-resident bacteria can contribute to plant growth and health, but the molecular mechanisms enabling them to effectively colonize their plant hosts remain poorly understood. We used randomly barcoded transposon mutagenesis sequencing (RB-TnSeq) in Pseudomonas simiae, a model root-colonizing bacterium, to establish a genome-wide map of bacterial genes required for colonization of the Arabidopsis thaliana root system. We identified 115 genes (2% of all P. simiae genes) with functions that are required for maximal competitive colonization of the root system. Among the genes we identified were some with obvious colonization-related roles in motility and carbon metabolism, as well as 44 other genes that had no or vague functional predictions. Independent validation assays of individual genes confirmed colonization functions for 20 of 22 (91%) cases tested. To further characterize genes identified by our screen, we compared the functional contributions of P. simiae genes to growth in 90 distinct in vitro conditions by RB-TnSeq, highlighting specific metabolic functions associated with root colonization genes. Our analysis of bacterial genes by sequence-driven saturation mutagenesis revealed a genome-wide map of the genetic determinants of plant root colonization and offers a starting point for targeted improvement of the colonization capabilities of plant-beneficial microbes. Plants fix carbon to create an abundance of sugars and amino acids, thus providing an enticing environment for microorganisms that reside in soil. Once these microorganisms have colonized the root environment, they can dramatically influence plant growth and development. We set out to identify a comprehensive set of microbial genes that control or influence root colonization, using a genome-wide transposon mutagenesis approach (randomly barcoded transposon sequencing [RB-TnSeq]). By using this method, we identified several hundred genes that, when mutated, affect the ability of the bacterium P. simiae to competitively colonize the root system of the model plant A. thaliana. These included many genes purported to be involved in carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall biosynthesis, and motility, underscoring the notion that sugar metabolism, defense, and motility are all key features of a root-colonizing microbe. We also identified several amino acid transport and metabolism genes with mutations that confer a fitness advantage in root colonization. Lastly, we identified several genes with no known function that significantly alter root colonization ability when mutated. These findings suggest novel engineering strategies to improve biological product development, and will facilitate the mechanistic exploration of the root colonization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Cole
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Meghan E. Feltcher
- Department of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Waters
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Kelly M. Wetmore
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Tatiana S. Mucyn
- Department of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M. Ryan
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Gaoyan Wang
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Sabah Ul-Hasan
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Meredith McDonald
- Department of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yasuo Yoshikuni
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Rex R. Malmstrom
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Adam M. Deutschbauer
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffery L. Dangl
- Department of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JLD); (AV)
| | - Axel Visel
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JLD); (AV)
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65
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Shi Y, Niu K, Huang B, Liu W, Ma H. Transcriptional Responses of Creeping Bentgrass to 2,3-Butanediol, a Bacterial Volatile Compound (BVC) Analogue. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081318. [PMID: 28813015 PMCID: PMC6152298 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial volatile compounds (BVCs) have been reported to enhance plant growth and elicit plant defenses against fungal infection and insect damage. The objective of this study was to determine transcriptomic changes in response to synthetic BVC that could be associated with plant resistance to Rhizoctonia solani in creeping bentgrass. The 2,3-butanediol (BD) (250 µM) was sprayed on creeping bentgrass leaves grown in jam jars. The result showed that synthetic BD induced plant defense against R. solani for creeping bentgrass. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that more genes were repressed by BD while less showed up-regulation. BD suppressed the expression of some regular stress-related genes in creeping bentgrass, such as pheromone activity, calcium channel activity, photosystem II oxygen evolving complex, and hydrolase activity, while up-regulated defense related transcription factors (TFs), such as basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) TFs, cysteine2-cysteine2-contans-like (C2C2-CO) and no apical meristem TFs (NAC). Other genes related to disease resistance, such as jasmonic acid (JA) signaling, leucine rich repeats (LRR)-transmembrane protein kinase, pathogen-related (PR) gene 5 receptor kinase and nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeats (NBS-LRR) domain containing plant resistance gene (R-gene) were also significantly up-regulated. These results suggest that BD may induce changes to the plant transcriptome in induced systemic resistance (ISR) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystems, The Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Kuiju Niu
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystems, The Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Bingru Huang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superior Forage Germplasm in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining 810016, China.
| | - Huiling Ma
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystems, The Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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66
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Pangesti N, Vandenbrande S, Pineda A, Dicke M, Raaijmakers JM, Van Loon JJA. Antagonism between two root-associated beneficial Pseudomonas strains does not affect plant growth promotion and induced resistance against a leaf-chewing herbivore. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:3071447. [PMID: 28334335 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting microbes residing on the roots may cooperate or compete, thereby affecting their collective benefit to the host plant. Pseudomonas simiae WCS417r (formerly known as P. fluorescens WCS417r) and Pseudomonas fluorescens SS101 are well known for their ability to induce systemic resistance in Arabidopsis. Here, we evaluate how these species interact on the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 and how their co-inoculation affects plant defense to the leaf-chewing herbivore Mamestra brassicae and plant growth promotion. WCS417r and SS101, applied individually to root tips or at two different positions along the roots, established similar population densities on Arabidopsis roots. When co-inoculated at the same position on the roots, however, WCS417r established significantly higher population densities than SS101. Both upon single inoculation and co-inoculation, the two pseudomonads induced the same level of induced systemic resistance against the caterpillar M. brassicae and the same increase in plant biomass. These results suggest that combined inoculation of both Pseudomonas strains does not significantly modify the plant's defensive capacity compared to individual inoculation, resulting in a similar effect on performance of the generalist herbivore M. brassicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurmi Pangesti
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Vandenbrande
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Pineda
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M Raaijmakers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A Van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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67
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Duke KA, Becker MG, Girard IJ, Millar JL, Dilantha Fernando WG, Belmonte MF, de Kievit TR. The biocontrol agent Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23 primes Brassica napus defenses through distinct gene networks. BMC Genomics 2017. [PMID: 28629321 PMCID: PMC5477169 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The biological control agent Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23 is capable of protecting Brassica napus (canola) from the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum via direct antagonism. While we have elucidated bacterial genes and gene products responsible biocontrol, little is known about how the host plant responds to bacterial priming on the leaf surface, including global changes in gene activity in the presence and absence of S. sclerotiorum. Results Application of PA23 to the aerial surfaces of canola plants reduced the number of S. sclerotiorum lesion-forming petals by 91.1%. RNA sequencing of the host pathogen interface showed that pretreatment with PA23 reduced the number of genes upregulated in response to S. sclerotiorum by 16-fold. By itself, PA23 activated unique defense networks indicative of defense priming. Genes encoding MAMP-triggered immunity receptors detecting flagellin and peptidoglycan were downregulated in PA23 only-treated plants, consistent with post-stimulus desensitization. Downstream, we observed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production involving low levels of H2O2 and overexpression of genes associated with glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P)-mediated systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Leaf chloroplasts exhibited increased thylakoid membrane structures and chlorophyll content, while lipid metabolic processes were upregulated. Conclusion In addition to directly antagonizing S. sclerotiorum, PA23 primes the plant defense response through induction of unique local and systemic defense networks. This study provides novel insight into the effects of biocontrol agents applied to the plant phyllosphere. Understanding these interactions will aid in the development of biocontrol systems as an alternative to chemical pesticides for protection of important crop systems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3848-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Duke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Michael G Becker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ian J Girard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jenna L Millar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | - Mark F Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Teresa R de Kievit
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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68
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Plant growth-promoting actinobacteria: a new strategy for enhancing sustainable production and protection of grain legumes. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:102. [PMID: 28560641 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain legumes are a cost-effective alternative for the animal protein in improving the diets of the poor in South-East Asia and Africa. Legumes, through symbiotic nitrogen fixation, meet a major part of their own N demand and partially benefit the following crops of the system by enriching soil. In realization of this sustainability advantage and to promote pulse production, United Nations had declared 2016 as the "International Year of pulses". Grain legumes are frequently subjected to both abiotic and biotic stresses resulting in severe yield losses. Global yields of legumes have been stagnant for the past five decades in spite of adopting various conventional and molecular breeding approaches. Furthermore, the increasing costs and negative effects of pesticides and fertilizers for crop production necessitate the use of biological options of crop production and protection. The use of plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria for improving soil and plant health has become one of the attractive strategies for developing sustainable agricultural systems due to their eco-friendliness, low production cost and minimizing consumption of non-renewable resources. This review emphasizes on how the PGP actinobacteria and their metabolites can be used effectively in enhancing the yield and controlling the pests and pathogens of grain legumes.
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69
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Gomes EV, Ulhoa CJ, Cardoza RE, Silva RN, Gutiérrez S. Involvement of Trichoderma harzianum Epl-1 Protein in the Regulation of Botrytis Virulence- and Tomato Defense-Related Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:880. [PMID: 28611802 PMCID: PMC5446994 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Several Trichoderma spp. are well known for their ability to: (i) act as important biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi; (ii) function as biofertilizers; (iii) increase the tolerance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses; and (iv) induce plant defense responses via the production and secretion of elicitor molecules. In this study, we analyzed the gene-regulation effects of Trichoderma harzianum Epl-1 protein during the interactions of mutant Δepl-1 or wild-type T. harzianum strains with: (a) the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea and (b) with tomato plants, on short (24 h hydroponic cultures) and long periods (4-weeks old plants) after Trichoderma inoculation. Our results indicate that T. harzianum Epl-1 protein affects the in vitro expression of B. cinerea virulence genes, especially those involved in the botrydial biosynthesis (BcBOT genes), during the mycoparasitism interaction. The tomato defense-related genes were also affected, indicating that Epl-1 is involved in the elicitation of the salicylic acid pathway. Moreover, Epl-1 also regulates the priming effect in host tomato plants and contributes to enhance the interaction with the host tomato plant during the early stage of root colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriston V. Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cirano J. Ulhoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
| | - Rosa E. Cardoza
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of LeónPonferrada, Spain
| | - Roberto N. Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of LeónPonferrada, Spain
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70
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Bhattacharjee L, Singh D, Gautam JK, Nandi AK. Arabidopsis thaliana serpins AtSRP4 and AtSRP5 negatively regulate stress-induced cell death and effector-triggered immunity induced by bacterial effector AvrRpt2. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 159:329-339. [PMID: 27709637 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors and their cognate proteases regulate growth, development and defense. Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) constitute a large family of genes in most metazoans and plants. Drosophila NECROTIC (NEC) gene and its homologues in the mammalian system are well-characterized serpins, which play a role in regulating proteases that participate in cell death pathways. Although the Arabidopsis genome contains several serpin homologs, biological function is not known for most of them. Here we show that two Arabidopsis serpins, AtSRP4 and AtSRP5, are closest sequence homologue of Drosophila NEC protein, and are involved in stress-induced cell death and defense. Expression of both AtSRP4 and AtSRP5 genes induced upon ultra-violet (UV)-treatment and inoculation with avirulent pathogens. The knockout mutants and amiRNA lines of AtSRP4 and AtSRP5 exaggerated UV- and hypersensitive response (HR)-induced cell death. Over-expression of AtSRP4 reduced UV- and HR-induced cell death. Mutants of AtSRP4 and AtSRP5 suppressed whereas over-expression of AtSRP4 supported the growth of bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 carrying the AvrRpt2 effector, but not other avirulent or virulent pathogens. Results altogether identified AtSRP4 and AtSRP5 as negative regulators of stress-induced cell death and AvrRpt2-triggered immunity; however, the influence of AtSRP4 was more prominent than AtSRP5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepjyoti Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Janesh Kumar Gautam
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Nandi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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71
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Nie P, Li X, Wang S, Guo J, Zhao H, Niu D. Induced Systemic Resistance against Botrytis cinerea by Bacillus cereus AR156 through a JA/ET- and NPR1-Dependent Signaling Pathway and Activates PAMP-Triggered Immunity in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:238. [PMID: 28293243 PMCID: PMC5329000 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Induced resistance response is a potent and cost effective plant defense against pathogen attack. The effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of the suppressive ability by Bacillus cereus AR156 to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) in Arabidopsis has been investigated previously; however, the strength of induced systemic resistance (ISR) activity against Botrytis cinerea remains unknown. Here, we show that root-drench application of AR156 significantly reduces disease incidence through activation of ISR. This protection is accompanied with multilayered ISR defense response activated via enhanced accumulation of PR1 protein expression in a timely manner, hydrogen peroxide accumulation and callose deposition, which is significantly more intense in plants with both AR156 pretreatment and B. cinerea inoculation than that in plants with pathogen inoculation only. Moreover, AR156 can trigger ISR in sid2-2 and NahG mutants, but not in jar1, ein2 and npr1 mutant plants. Our results indicate that AR156-induced ISR depends on JA/ET-signaling pathway and NPR1, but not SA. Also, AR156-treated plants are able to rapidly activate MAPK signaling and FRK1/WRKY53 gene expression, both of which are involved in pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). The results indicate that AR156 can induce ISR by the JA/ET-signaling pathways in an NPR1-dependent manner and involves multiple PTI components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Nie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of EducationNanjing, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of EducationNanjing, China
| | - Shune Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of EducationNanjing, China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of EducationNanjing, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of EducationNanjing, China
| | - Dongdong Niu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of EducationNanjing, China
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Eggermont L, Stefanowicz K, Van Damme EJM. Nictaba Homologs from Arabidopsis thaliana Are Involved in Plant Stress Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2218. [PMID: 29375596 PMCID: PMC5767604 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to a wide range of environmental stresses, but evolved complicated adaptive and defense mechanisms which allow them to survive in unfavorable conditions. These mechanisms protect and defend plants by using different immune receptors located either at the cell surface or in the cytoplasmic compartment. Lectins or carbohydrate-binding proteins are widespread in the plant kingdom and constitute an important part of these immune receptors. In the past years, lectin research has focused on the stress-inducible lectins. The Nicotiana tabacum agglutinin, abbreviated as Nictaba, served as a model for one family of stress-related lectins. Here we focus on three non-chimeric Nictaba homologs from Arabidopsis thaliana, referred to as AN3, AN4, and AN5. Confocal microscopy of ArathNictaba enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion constructs transiently expressed in N. benthamiana or stably expressed in A. thaliana yielded fluorescence for AN4 and AN5 in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the plant cell, while fluorescence for AN3 was only detected in the cytoplasm. RT-qPCR analysis revealed low expression for all three ArathNictabas in different tissues throughout plant development. Stress application altered the expression levels, but all three ArathNictabas showed a different expression pattern. Pseudomonas syringae infection experiments with AN4 and AN5 overexpression lines demonstrated a significantly higher tolerance of several transgenic lines to P. syringae compared to wild type plants. Finally, AN4 was shown to interact with two enzymes involved in plant defense, namely TGG1 and BGLU23. Taken together, our data suggest that the ArathNictabas represent stress-regulated proteins with a possible role in plant stress responses. On the long term this research can contribute to the development of more stress-resistant plants.
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Jasmonic Acid and Ethylene Signaling Pathways Regulate Glucosinolate Levels in Plants During Rhizobacteria-Induced Systemic Resistance Against a Leaf-Chewing Herbivore. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:1212-1225. [PMID: 27848154 PMCID: PMC5148788 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial soil microbes can promote plant growth and induce systemic resistance (ISR) in aboveground tissues against pathogens and herbivorous insects. Despite the increasing interest in microbial-ISR against herbivores, the underlying molecular and chemical mechanisms of this phenomenon remain elusive. Using Arabidopsis thaliana and the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas simiae WCS417r (formerly known as P. fluorescens WCS417r), we here evaluate the role of the JA-regulated MYC2-branch and the JA/ET-regulated ORA59-branch in modulating rhizobacteria-ISR to Mamestra brassicae by combining gene transcriptional, phytochemical, and herbivore performance assays. Our data show a consistent negative effect of rhizobacteria-mediated ISR on the performance of M. brassicae. Functional JA- and ET-signaling pathways are required for this effect, as shown by investigating the knock-out mutants dde2-2 and ein2-1. Additionally, whereas herbivory mainly induces the MYC2-branch, rhizobacterial colonization alone or in combination with herbivore infestation induces the ORA59-branch of the JA signaling pathway. Rhizobacterial colonization enhances the synthesis of camalexin and aliphatic glucosinolates (GLS) compared to the control, while it suppresses the herbivore-induced levels of indole GLS. These changes are associated with modulation of the JA-/ET-signaling pathways. Our data show that the colonization of plant roots by rhizobacteria modulates plant-insect interactions by prioritizing the JA/ET-regulated ORA59-branch over the JA-regulated MYC2-branch. This study elucidates how microbial plant symbionts can modulate the plant immune system to mount an effective defense response against herbivorous plant attackers.
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Stefanowicz K, Lannoo N, Zhao Y, Eggermont L, Van Hove J, Al Atalah B, Van Damme EJM. Glycan-binding F-box protein from Arabidopsis thaliana protects plants from Pseudomonas syringae infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:213. [PMID: 27716048 PMCID: PMC5050601 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A small group of F-box proteins consisting of a conserved F-box domain linked to a domain homologous to the glycan-binding protein has been identified within the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. Previously, the so-called F-box-Nictaba protein, encoded by the gene At2g02360, was shown to be a functional lectin which binds N-acetyllactosamine structures. Here, we present a detailed qRT-PCR expression analysis of F-box-Nictaba in Arabidopsis plants upon different stresses and hormone treatments. RESULTS Expression of the F-box-Nictaba gene was enhanced after plant treatment with salicylic acid and after plant infection with the virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000). β-glucuronidase histochemical staining of transgenic Arabidopsis plants displayed preferential activity of the At2g02360 promoter in trichomes present on young rosette leaves. qRT-PCR analyses confirmed high expression of F-box-Nictaba in leaf trichomes. A. thaliana plants overexpressing the gene showed less disease symptoms after Pst DC3000 infection with reduced bacterial colonization compared to infected wild type and F-box-Nictaba knock-out plants. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the Arabidopsis F-box-Nictaba gene is a stress-inducible gene responsive to SA, bacterial infection and heat stress, and is involved in salicylic acid related plant defense responses. This knowledge enriched our understanding of the physiological importance of F-box-Nictaba, and can be used to create plants with better performance in changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Stefanowicz
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nausicaä Lannoo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yafei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lore Eggermont
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonas Van Hove
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bassam Al Atalah
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Weiß M, Waller F, Zuccaro A, Selosse MA. Sebacinales - one thousand and one interactions with land plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:20-40. [PMID: 27193559 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
20 I 21 II 21 III 23 IV 29 V 33 VI 35 36 36 References 36 SUMMARY: Root endophytism and mycorrhizal associations are complex derived traits in fungi that shape plant physiology. Sebacinales (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) display highly diverse interactions with plants. Although early-diverging Sebacinales lineages are root endophytes and/or have saprotrophic abilities, several more derived clades harbour obligate biotrophs forming mycorrhizal associations. Sebacinales thus display transitions from saprotrophy to endophytism and to mycorrhizal nutrition within one fungal order. This review discusses the genomic traits possibly associated with these transitions. We also show how molecular ecology revealed the hyperdiversity of Sebacinales and their evolutionary diversification into two sister families: Sebacinaceae encompasses mainly ectomycorrhizal and early-diverging saprotrophic species; the second family includes endophytes and lineages that repeatedly evolved ericoid, orchid and ectomycorrhizal abilities. We propose the name Serendipitaceae for this family and, within it, we transfer to the genus Serendipita the endophytic cultivable species Piriformospora indica and P. williamsii. Such cultivable Serendipitaceae species provide excellent models for root endophytism, especially because of available genomes, genetic tractability, and broad host plant range including important crop plants and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We review insights gained with endophytic Serendipitaceae species into the molecular mechanisms of endophytism and of beneficial effects on host plants, including enhanced resistance to abiotic and pathogen stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weiß
- Steinbeis-Innovationszentrum Organismische Mykologie und Mikrobiologie, Vor dem Kreuzberg 17, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Waller
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius von Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), BioCenter, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Département Systématique et Evolution (UMR 7205 ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP 50, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Jiang CH, Fan ZH, Xie P, Guo JH. Bacillus cereus AR156 Extracellular Polysaccharides Served as a Novel Micro-associated Molecular Pattern to Induced Systemic Immunity to Pst DC3000 in Arabidopsis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:664. [PMID: 27242694 PMCID: PMC4876362 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-host resistance (NHR) is a broad-spectrum plant defense. Upon colonizing on the surface on the root or leaves of non-host species, pathogens initial encounter preform and induce defense response in plant, such as induced hypersensitive response, PAMPs triggered immunity (PTI), and effector triggered immunity (ETI). The ability of plants to develop an induced systemic response (ISR) in reaction to the colonization by non-pathogenic rhizobacterium depends on interactions between host plants and the colonizing rhizobacterium, and the ISR also can be defined as a NHR. However, how the colonization signal is and how systemic resistance to pathogens is developed is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) of Bacillus cereus AR156 could act as novel microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and function in the early perception status of the ISR of B. cereus AR156. The results revealed that B. cereus AR156 EPS could induce systemic resistance to Pst DC3000 in Arabidopsis. Cellular defense response markers such as hydrogen peroxide accumulation, callose deposition, and defense-associated enzyme were induced upon challenge inoculation in the leaves primed by EPS. Moreover, the defense-related genes PR1, PR2, and PR5 and mitogen-activated kinases (MAPK) cascade marker gene MPK6 were concurrently expressed in the leaves of EPS-treated plants and induced higher resistance to Pst DC3000 in Col-0 than that in the jar1 or etr1 mutants. The protection was absent in the NahG transgenic plants and npr1 mutant, suggesting an activation of the salicylic acid (SA)- and the MAPK-dependent signaling pathways with NPR1-dependent by B. cereus AR156 EPS. In conclusion, B. cereus AR156 EPS play an important role in MAMP perception during the process of rhizobacteria-triggered NHR. This study is the first to illustrate how AR156 induces systemic resistance to Pst DC3000 in Arabidopsis. It also provides the first explanation of how plants perceive colonization of non-pathogenic bacteria and how rhizobacteria trigger ISR to plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Hang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Hua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
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Niu D, Xia J, Jiang C, Qi B, Ling X, Lin S, Zhang W, Guo J, Jin H, Zhao H. Bacillus cereus AR156 primes induced systemic resistance by suppressing miR825/825* and activating defense-related genes in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:426-39. [PMID: 26526683 PMCID: PMC5028193 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Small RNAs play an important role in plant immune responses. However, their regulatory function in induced systemic resistance (ISR) is nascent. Bacillus cereus AR156 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium that induces ISR in Arabidopsis against bacterial infection. Here, by comparing small RNA profiles of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000-infected Arabidopsis with and without AR156 pretreatment, we identified a group of Arabidopsis microRNAs (miRNAs) that are differentially regulated by AR156 pretreatment. miR825 and miR825* are two miRNA generated from a single miRNA gene. Northern blot analysis indicated that they were significantly downregulated in Pst DC3000-infected plants pretreated with AR156, in contrast to the plants without AR156 pretreatment. miR825 targets two ubiquitin-protein ligases, while miR825* targets toll-interleukin-like receptor (TIR)-nucleotide binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) type resistance (R) genes. The expression of these target genes negatively correlated with the expression of miR825 and miR825*. Moreover, transgenic plants showing reduced expression of miR825 and miR825* displayed enhanced resistance to Pst DC3000 infection, whereas transgenic plants overexpressing miR825 and miR825* were more susceptible. Taken together, our data indicates that Bacillus cereus AR156 pretreatment primes ISR to Pst infection by suppressing miR825 and miR825* and activating the defense related genes they targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Niu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Plant Cell Biology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, CA-92521, USA
| | - Jing Xia
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- The Institute for Systems Biology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Chunhao Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Beibei Qi
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ling
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Siyuan Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weixiong Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Plant Cell Biology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, CA-92521, USA
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Wintermans PCA, Bakker PAHM, Pieterse CMJ. Natural genetic variation in Arabidopsis for responsiveness to plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:623-34. [PMID: 26830772 PMCID: PMC4819784 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) Pseudomonas simiae WCS417r stimulates lateral root formation and increases shoot growth in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). These plant growth-stimulating effects are partly caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the bacterium. Here, we performed a genome-wide association (GWA) study on natural genetic variation in Arabidopsis for the ability to profit from rhizobacteria-mediated plant growth-promotion. To this end, 302 Arabidopsis accessions were tested for root architecture characteristics and shoot fresh weight in response to exposure to WCS417r. Although virtually all Arabidopsis accessions tested responded positively to WCS417r, there was a large variation between accessions in the increase in shoot fresh weight, the extra number of lateral roots formed, and the effect on primary root length. Correlation analyses revealed that the bacterially-mediated increase in shoot fresh weight is related to alterations in root architecture. GWA mapping for WCS417r-stimulated changes in root and shoot growth characteristics revealed 10 genetic loci highly associated with the responsiveness of Arabidopsis to the plant growth-promoting activity of WCS417r. Several of the underlying candidate genes have been implicated in important plant growth-related processes. These results demonstrate that plants possess natural genetic variation for the capacity to profit from the plant growth-promoting function of a beneficial rhizobacterium in their rhizosphere. This knowledge is a promising starting point for sustainable breeding strategies for future crops that are better able to maximize profitable functions from their root microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C A Wintermans
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A H M Bakker
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Jiang CH, Huang ZY, Xie P, Gu C, Li K, Wang DC, Yu YY, Fan ZH, Wang CJ, Wang YP, Guo YH, Guo JH. Transcription factors WRKY70 and WRKY11 served as regulators in rhizobacterium Bacillus cereus AR156-induced systemic resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:157-74. [PMID: 26433201 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The activation of both the SA and JA/ETsignalling pathways may lead to more efficient general and broad resistance to Pst DC3000 by non-pathogenic rhizobacteria. However, the mechanisms that govern this simultaneous activation are unclear. Using Arabidopsis as a model system, two transcription factors, WRKY11 and WRKY70, were identified as important regulators involved in Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) triggered by Bacillus cereus AR156. The results revealed that AR156 treatment significantly stimulated the transcription of WRKY70, but suppressed that of WRKY11 in Arabidopsis leaves. Furthermore, they were shown to be required for AR156 enhancing the activation of cellular defence responses and the transcription level of the plant defence response gene. Overexpression of the two transcription factors in Arabidopsis also showed that they were essential for AR156 to elicit ISR. AR156-triggered ISR was completely abolished in the double mutant of the two transcription factors, but still partially retained in the single mutants, indicating that the regulation of the two transcription factors depend on two different pathways. The target genes of the two transcription factors and epistasis analysis suggested that WRKY11 regulated AR156-triggered ISR through activating the JA signalling pathway, and WRKY70 regulated the ISR through activating the SA signalling pathway. In addition, both WRKY11 and WRKY70 modulated AR156-triggered ISR in a NPR1-dependent manner. In conclusion, WRKY11 and WRKY70 played an important role in regulating the signalling transduction pathways involved in AR156-triggered ISR. This study is the first to illustrate the mechanism by which a single rhizobacterium elicits ISR by simultaneously activating both the SA and JA/ET signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yang Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Chen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Yang Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hang Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Juan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Plant Protection Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning Guangxi 530022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Peng Wang
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Hui Guo
- Agriculture Institute, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture; Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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Van Holle S, Smagghe G, Van Damme EJM. Overexpression of Nictaba-Like Lectin Genes from Glycine max Confers Tolerance toward Pseudomonas syringae Infection, Aphid Infestation and Salt Stress in Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1590. [PMID: 27826309 PMCID: PMC5078610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system that allows them to recognize invading pathogens by specialized receptors. Carbohydrate-binding proteins or lectins are part of this immune system and especially the lectins that reside in the nucleocytoplasmic compartment are known to be implicated in biotic and abiotic stress responses. The class of Nictaba-like lectins (NLL) groups all proteins with homology to the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) lectin, known as a stress-inducible lectin. Here we focus on two Nictaba homologs from soybean (Glycine max), referred to as GmNLL1 and GmNLL2. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of fusion constructs with the green fluorescent protein either transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves or stably transformed in tobacco BY-2 suspension cells revealed a nucleocytoplasmic localization for the GmNLLs under study. RT-qPCR analysis of the transcript levels for the Nictaba-like lectins in soybean demonstrated that the genes are expressed in several tissues throughout the development of the plant. Furthermore, it was shown that salt treatment, Phytophthora sojae infection and Aphis glycines infestation trigger the expression of particular NLL genes. Stress experiments with Arabidopsis lines overexpressing the NLLs from soybean yielded an enhanced tolerance of the plant toward bacterial infection (Pseudomonas syringae), insect infestation (Myzus persicae) and salinity. Our data showed a better performance of the transgenic lines compared to wild type plants, indicating that the NLLs from soybean are implicated in the stress response. These data can help to further elucidate the physiological importance of the Nictaba-like lectins from soybean, which can ultimately lead to the design of crop plants with a better tolerance to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Van Holle
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Els J. M. Van Damme
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Han S, Li D, Trost E, Mayer KF, Vlot AC, Heller W, Schmid M, Hartmann A, Rothballer M. Systemic Responses of Barley to the 3-hydroxy-decanoyl-homoserine Lactone Producing Plant Beneficial Endophyte Acidovorax radicis N35. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1868. [PMID: 28018401 PMCID: PMC5149536 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Quorum sensing auto-inducers of the N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) type produced by Gram-negative bacteria have different effects on plants including stimulation on root growth and/or priming or acquirement of systemic resistance in plants. In this communication the influence of AHL production of the plant growth promoting endophytic rhizosphere bacterium Acidovorax radicis N35 on barley seedlings was investigated. A. radicis N35 produces 3-hydroxy-C10-homoserine lactone (3-OH-C10-HSL) as the major AHL compound. To study the influence of this QS autoinducer on the interaction with barley, the araI-biosynthesis gene was deleted. The comparison of inoculation effects of the A. radicis N35 wild type and the araI mutant resulted in remarkable differences. While the N35 wild type colonized plant roots effectively in microcolonies, the araI mutant occurred at the root surface as single cells. Furthermore, in a mixed inoculum the wild type was much more prevalent in colonization than the araI mutant documenting that the araI mutation affected root colonization. Nevertheless, a significant plant growth promoting effect could be shown after inoculation of barley with the wild type and the araI mutant in soil after 2 months cultivation. While A. radicis N35 wild type showed only a very weak induction of early defense responses in plant RNA expression analysis, the araI mutant caused increased expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes. This was corroborated by the accumulation of several flavonoid compounds such as saponarin and lutonarin in leaves of root inoculated barley seedlings. Thus, although the exact role of the flavonoids in this plant response is not clear yet, it can be concluded, that the synthesis of AHLs by A. radicis has implications on the perception by the host plant barley and thereby contributes to the establishment and function of the bacteria-plant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengcai Han
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Department Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dan Li
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Department Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eva Trost
- Research Unit Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Department Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Klaus F. Mayer
- Research Unit Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Department Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A. Corina Vlot
- Department Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Werner Heller
- Department Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schmid
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Department Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anton Hartmann
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Department Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Rothballer
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Department Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Rothballer
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82
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Gond SK, Bergen MS, Torres MS, White JF, Kharwar RN. Effect of bacterial endophyte on expression of defense genes in Indian popcorn against Fusarium moniliforme. Symbiosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-015-0348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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83
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Gruau C, Trotel-Aziz P, Villaume S, Rabenoelina F, Clément C, Baillieul F, Aziz A. Pseudomonas fluorescens PTA-CT2 Triggers Local and Systemic Immune Response Against Botrytis cinerea in Grapevine. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1117-29. [PMID: 26075828 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-15-0092-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although induced systemic resistance (ISR) is well-documented in the context of plant-beneficial bacteria interactions, knowledge about the local and systemic molecular and biochemical defense responses before or upon pathogen infection in grapevine is very scarce. In this study, we first investigated the capacity of grapevine plants to express immune responses at both above- and below-ground levels upon interaction with a beneficial bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens PTA-CT2. We then explored whether the extent of priming state could contribute to the PTA-CT2-induced ISR in Botrytis cinerea-infected leaves. Our data provide evidence that this bacterium colonized grapevine roots but not the above-ground plant parts and altered the plant phenotype that displayed multiple defense responses both locally and systemically. The grapevine roots and leaves exhibited distinct patterns of defense-related gene expression during root colonization by PTA-CT2. Roots responded faster than leaves and some responses were more strongly upregulated in roots than in leaves and vice versa for other genes. These responses appear to be associated with some induction of cell death in roots and a transient expression of HSR, a hypersensitive response-related gene in both local (roots) and systemic (leaves) tissues. However, stilbenic phytoalexin patterns followed opposite trends in roots compared with leaves but no phytoalexin was exuded during plant-bacterium interaction, suggesting that roots could play an important role in the transfer of metabolites contributing to immune response at the systemic level. Unexpectedly, in B. cinerea-infected leaves PTA-CT2-mediated ISR was accompanied in large part by a downregulation of different defense-related genes, including HSR. Only phytoalexins and glutathion-S-transferase 1 transcripts were upregulated, while the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes was maintained at a higher level than the control. This suggests that decreased expression of HSR, as a marker of cell death, and activation of secondary metabolism pathways could be responsible for a reduced B. cinerea colonization capacity in bacterized plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gruau
- URVVC EA 4707, SDRP, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Patricia Trotel-Aziz
- URVVC EA 4707, SDRP, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Sandra Villaume
- URVVC EA 4707, SDRP, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Fanja Rabenoelina
- URVVC EA 4707, SDRP, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- URVVC EA 4707, SDRP, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Fabienne Baillieul
- URVVC EA 4707, SDRP, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Aziz Aziz
- URVVC EA 4707, SDRP, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
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84
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Carvalhais LC, Dennis PG, Badri DV, Kidd BN, Vivanco JM, Schenk PM. Linking Jasmonic Acid Signaling, Root Exudates, and Rhizosphere Microbiomes. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1049-58. [PMID: 26035128 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-15-0016-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) is an essential hormone in plant development and defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Exogenous treatment with JA has recently been shown to alter root exudate profiles and the composition of root-associated bacterial communities. However, it is currently unknown whether disruptions of the JA in the rhizosphere affect root exudation profiles and the relative abundance of bacteria and archaea in the rhizosphere. In the present study, two Arabidopsis mutants that are disrupted in different branches of the jasmonate pathway, namely myc2 and med25, were cultivated in nutrient solution and soil to profile root exudates and bacterial and archaeal communities, respectively. Compared with the wild type, both mutants showed distinct exudation patterns, including lower amounts of asparagine, ornithine, and tryptophan, as well as distinct bacterial and archaeal community composition, as illustrated by an increased abundance of Streptomyces, Bacillus, and Lysinibacillus taxa in the med25 rhizosphere and an Enterobacteriaceae population in myc2. Alternatively, the Clostridiales population was less abundant in the rhizosphere of both mutants. Similarities between plant genotypes were highly correlated, as determined by operational taxonomic units in the rhizosphere and metabolites in root exudates. This strongly suggests that root exudates play a major role in modulating changes in microbial community composition upon plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia C Carvalhais
- 1 School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; and
| | - Paul G Dennis
- 1 School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; and
| | - Dayakar V Badri
- 2 Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture and Center for Rhizosphere Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A
| | - Brendan N Kidd
- 1 School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; and
| | - Jorge M Vivanco
- 2 Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture and Center for Rhizosphere Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A
| | - Peer M Schenk
- 1 School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; and
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85
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Van Hove J, De Jaeger G, De Winne N, Guisez Y, Van Damme EJM. The Arabidopsis lectin EULS3 is involved in stomatal closure. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 238:312-22. [PMID: 26259197 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize carbohydrate binding proteins in response to adverse environmental conditions such as drought, heat, pathogen attack, etc. The Arabidopsis EULS3 lectin (referred to as ArathEULS3, encoded by At2g39050) has recently been linked to the drought stress response. In this study, endogenous binding partners for this protein have been investigated. Tandem affinity purifications and mass spectrometry analyses allowed the identification of two putative interacting proteins, Embryo-specific protein 3A (ATS3A, At2g41475) and Embryo-specific protein 3B (ATS3B, At5g62200). Bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments confirmed the interaction between ArathEULS3 and ATS3B in closed stomata of Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Transgenic lines with reduced ArathEULS3 expression exhibited an aberrant ABA-induced stomatal closure compared to plants overexpressing ArathEULS3 and control plants suggesting a role for ArathEULS3 in ABA-induced stomatal closure. Stomata are known as the major route for Pseudomonas syringae entry into the plant tissues. Bacterial infection of wild type Arabidopsis thaliana plants was accompanied by a 6-fold increase of transcript levels for ArathEULS3. Furthermore, infection experiments with ArathEULS3 overexpression lines resulted in a clear reduction of P. syringae disease symptoms whereas plants with reduced ArathEULS3 expression showed the highest levels of leaf damage at 3 days post infection. These data point towards the physiological importance of ArathEULS3 for stomatal movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Van Hove
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nancy De Winne
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Guisez
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Proteome Analysis and Mass Spectrometry, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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86
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Pangesti N, Weldegergis BT, Langendorf B, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Pineda A. Rhizobacterial colonization of roots modulates plant volatile emission and enhances the attraction of a parasitoid wasp to host-infested plants. Oecologia 2015. [PMID: 25783487 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3277-3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial root-associated microbes modify the physiological status of their host plants and affect direct and indirect plant defense against insect herbivores. While the effects of these microbes on direct plant defense against insect herbivores are well described, knowledge of the effect of the microbes on indirect plant defense against insect herbivores is still limited. In this study, we evaluate the role of the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r in indirect plant defense against the generalist leaf-chewing insect Mamestra brassicae through a combination of behavioral, chemical, and gene-transcriptional approaches. We show that rhizobacterial colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana roots results in an increased attraction of the parasitoid Microplitis mediator to caterpillar-infested plants. Volatile analysis revealed that rhizobacterial colonization suppressed the emission of the terpene (E)-α-bergamotene and the aromatics methyl salicylate and lilial in response to caterpillar feeding. Rhizobacterial colonization decreased the caterpillar-induced transcription of the terpene synthase genes TPS03 and TPS04. Rhizobacteria enhanced both the growth and the indirect defense of plants under caterpillar attack. This study shows that rhizobacteria have a high potential to enhance the biocontrol of leaf-chewing herbivores based on enhanced attraction of parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurmi Pangesti
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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87
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Pangesti N, Weldegergis BT, Langendorf B, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Pineda A. Rhizobacterial colonization of roots modulates plant volatile emission and enhances the attraction of a parasitoid wasp to host-infested plants. Oecologia 2015; 178:1169-80. [PMID: 25783487 PMCID: PMC4506461 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial root-associated microbes modify the physiological status of their host plants and affect direct and indirect plant defense against insect herbivores. While the effects of these microbes on direct plant defense against insect herbivores are well described, knowledge of the effect of the microbes on indirect plant defense against insect herbivores is still limited. In this study, we evaluate the role of the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r in indirect plant defense against the generalist leaf-chewing insect Mamestra brassicae through a combination of behavioral, chemical, and gene-transcriptional approaches. We show that rhizobacterial colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana roots results in an increased attraction of the parasitoid Microplitis mediator to caterpillar-infested plants. Volatile analysis revealed that rhizobacterial colonization suppressed the emission of the terpene (E)-α-bergamotene and the aromatics methyl salicylate and lilial in response to caterpillar feeding. Rhizobacterial colonization decreased the caterpillar-induced transcription of the terpene synthase genes TPS03 and TPS04. Rhizobacteria enhanced both the growth and the indirect defense of plants under caterpillar attack. This study shows that rhizobacteria have a high potential to enhance the biocontrol of leaf-chewing herbivores based on enhanced attraction of parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurmi Pangesti
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Benjamin Langendorf
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Pineda
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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88
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Arabidopsis AZI1 family proteins mediate signal mobilization for systemic defence priming. Nat Commun 2015. [PMID: 26203923 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Priming is a major mechanism behind the immunological 'memory' observed during two key plant systemic defences: systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR). Lipid-derived azelaic acid (AZA) is a mobile priming signal. Here, we show that the lipid transfer protein (LTP)-like AZI1 and its closest paralog EARLI1 are necessary for SAR, ISR and the systemic movement and uptake of AZA in Arabidopsis. Imaging and fractionation studies indicate that AZI1 and EARLI1 localize to expected places for lipid exchange/movement to occur. These are the ER/plasmodesmata, chloroplast outer envelopes and membrane contact sites between them. Furthermore, these LTP-like proteins form complexes and act at the site of SAR establishment. The plastid targeting of AZI1 and AZI1 paralogs occurs through a mechanism that may enable/facilitate their roles in signal mobilization.
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89
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Berendsen RL, van Verk MC, Stringlis IA, Zamioudis C, Tommassen J, Pieterse CMJ, Bakker PAHM. Unearthing the genomes of plant-beneficial Pseudomonas model strains WCS358, WCS374 and WCS417. BMC Genomics 2015. [PMID: 26198432 PMCID: PMC4509608 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can protect plants against pathogenic microbes through a diversity of mechanisms including competition for nutrients, production of antibiotics, and stimulation of the host immune system, a phenomenon called induced systemic resistance (ISR). In the past 30 years, the Pseudomonas spp. PGPR strains WCS358, WCS374 and WCS417 of the Willie Commelin Scholten (WCS) collection have been studied in detail in pioneering papers on the molecular basis of PGPR-mediated ISR and mechanisms of biological control of soil-borne pathogens via siderophore-mediated competition for iron. Results The genomes of the model WCS PGPR strains were sequenced and analyzed to unearth genetic cues related to biological questions that surfaced during the past 30 years of functional studies on these plant-beneficial microbes. Whole genome comparisons revealed important novel insights into iron acquisition strategies with consequences for both bacterial ecology and plant protection, specifics of bacterial determinants involved in plant-PGPR recognition, and diversity of protein secretion systems involved in microbe-microbe and microbe-plant communication. Furthermore, multi-locus sequence alignment and whole genome comparison revealed the taxonomic position of the WCS model strains within the Pseudomonas genus. Despite the enormous diversity of Pseudomonas spp. in soils, several plant-associated Pseudomonas spp. strains that have been isolated from different hosts at different geographic regions appear to be nearly isogenic to WCS358, WCS374, or WCS417. Interestingly, all these WCS look-a-likes have been selected because of their plant protective or plant growth-promoting properties. Conclusions The genome sequences of the model WCS strains revealed that they can be considered representatives of universally-present plant-beneficial Pseudomonas spp. With their well-characterized functions in the promotion of plant growth and health, the fully sequenced genomes of the WCS strains provide a genetic framework that allows for detailed analysis of the biological mechanisms of the plant-beneficial traits of these PGPR. Considering the increasing focus on the role of the root microbiome in plant health, functional genomics of the WCS strains will enhance our understanding of the diversity of functions of the root microbiome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1632-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland L Berendsen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel C van Verk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ioannis A Stringlis
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Christos Zamioudis
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Tommassen
- Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter A H M Bakker
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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90
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Li X, Jiang Y, Ji Z, Liu Y, Zhang Q. BRHIS1 suppresses rice innate immunity through binding to monoubiquitinated H2A and H2B variants. EMBO Rep 2015. [PMID: 26202491 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201440000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of pathogen attack, organisms usually suppress immune responses to reduce the negative effects of disease resistance. Monoubiquitination of histone variants at specific gene loci is crucial for gene expression, but its involvement in the regulation of plant immunity remains unclear. Here, we show that a rice SWI/SNF2 ATPase gene BRHIS1 is downregulated in response to the rice blast fungal pathogen or to the defense-priming-inducing compound BIT (1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2h)-one,1, 1-dioxide). The BRHIS1-containing complex represses the expression of some disease defense-related genes, including the pathogenesis-related gene OsPBZc and the leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) receptor-like protein kinase gene OsSIRK1. This is achieved through BRHIS1 recruitment to the promoter regions of target genes through specific interaction with monoubiquitinated histone variants H2B.7 and H2A.Xa/H2A.Xb/H2A.3, in the absence of pathogen attack or BIT treatment. Our results show that rice disease defense genes are initially organized in an expression-ready state by specific monoubiquitination of H2A and H2B variants deposited on their promoter regions, but are kept suppressed by the BRHIS1 complex, facilitating the prompt initiation of innate immune responses in response to infection through the stringent regulation of BRHIS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Institutions, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanxiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Institutions, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhicheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Institutions, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Institutions, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qunyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Institutions, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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91
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Zhong X, Xi L, Lian Q, Luo X, Wu Z, Seng S, Yuan X, Yi M. The NPR1 homolog GhNPR1 plays an important role in the defense response of Gladiolus hybridus. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1063-74. [PMID: 25708873 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
GhNPR1 shares similar functions as Arabidopsis NPR1 . Silencing of GhNPR1 in Gladiolus results in an enhanced susceptibility to Curvularia gladioli. We propose that GhNPR1 plays important roles in plant immunity. Gladiolus plants and corms are susceptible to various types of pathogens including fungi, bacteria and viruses. Understanding the innate defense mechanism in Gladiolus is a prerequisite for the development of new protection strategies. The non-expressor of pathogenesis-related gene 1 (NPR1) and bzip transcription factor TGA2 play a key role in regulating salicylic acid (SA)-mediated systemic acquired resistance (SAR). In this study, the homologous genes, GhNPR1 and GhTGA2, were isolated from Gladiolus and functionally characterized. Expression of GhNPR1 exhibited a 3.8-fold increase in Gladiolus leaves following salicylic acid treatment. A 1332 bp fragment of the GhNPR1 promoter from Gladiolus hybridus was identified. Inducibility of the GhNPR1 promoter by SA was demonstrated using transient expression assays in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. The GhNPR1 protein is located in the nucleus and cytomembrane. GhNPR1 interacts with GhTGA2, as observed using the bimolecular fluorescence complementation system. Overexpression of GhNPR1 in an Arabidopsis npr1 mutant can restore its basal resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Silencing of GhNPR1, using a tobacco rattle virus-based silencing vector, resulted in an enhanced susceptibility to Curvularia gladioli. In conclusion, these results suggest that GhNPR1 plays a pivotal role in the SA-dependent systemic acquired resistance in Gladiolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xionghui Zhong
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Yuan Mingyuan Western Road 2#, Beijing, 100193, China,
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Vos CMF, De Cremer K, Cammue BPA, De Coninck B. The toolbox of Trichoderma spp. in the biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea disease. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:400-12. [PMID: 25171761 PMCID: PMC6638538 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen causing disease in many plant species, leading to economically important crop losses. So far, fungicides have been widely used to control this pathogen. However, in addition to their detrimental effects on the environment and potential risks for human health, increasing fungicide resistance has been observed in the B. cinerea population. Biological control, that is the application of microbial organisms to reduce disease, has gained importance as an alternative or complementary approach to fungicides. In this respect, the genus Trichoderma constitutes a promising pool of organisms with potential for B. cinerea control. In the first part of this article, we review the specific mechanisms involved in the direct interaction between the two fungi, including mycoparasitism, the production of antimicrobial compounds and enzymes (collectively called antagonism), and competition for nutrients and space. In addition, biocontrol has also been observed when Trichoderma is physically separated from the pathogen, thus implying an indirect systemic plant defence response. Therefore, in the second part, we describe the consecutive steps leading to induced systemic resistance (ISR), starting with the initial Trichoderma-plant interaction and followed by the activation of downstream signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, the defence response resulting in ISR (ISR-prime phase). Finally, we discuss the ISR-boost phase, representing the effect of ISR priming by Trichoderma spp. on plant responses after additional challenge with B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M F Vos
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
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93
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Barda O, Shalev O, Alster S, Buxdorf K, Gafni A, Levy M. Pseudozyma aphidis Induces Salicylic-Acid-Independent Resistance to Clavibacter michiganensis in Tomato Plants. PLANT DISEASE 2015; 99:621-626. [PMID: 30699688 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-14-0377-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability of plant pathogens to rapidly develop resistance to commonly used pesticides challenges efforts to maximize crop production. Fungal biocontrol agents have become an important alternative to chemical fungicides as a result of environmental concerns regarding conventional pesticides, including resistance issues. The complex mode of action of biocontrol agents reduces the likelihood that pathogens will develop resistance to them. We recently isolated a unique, biologically active isolate of the epiphytic fungus Pseudozyma aphidis. We show that the extracellular metabolites secreted by our P. aphidis isolate can inhibit Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, X. campestris pv. campestris, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Erwinia amylovora, Clavibacter michiganensis, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens in vitro. Moreover, application of Pseudozyma aphidis spores on tomato plants in the greenhouse significantly reduced (by 60%) the incidence of bacterial wilt and canker disease caused by C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on those plants as well as disease severity by 35%. Furthermore, infected plants treated with P. aphidis were 25% taller than control infected plants. We found that P. aphidis activates PR1a-and other pathogenesis-related genes in tomato plants-and can trigger an induced-resistance response against C. michiganensis that proceeds in a salicylic-acid-independent manner, as shown using NahG-transgenic tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Barda
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Or Shalev
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shanee Alster
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kobi Buxdorf
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aviva Gafni
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maggie Levy
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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94
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Maldonado-González MM, Bakker PAHM, Prieto P, Mercado-Blanco J. Arabidopsis thaliana as a tool to identify traits involved in Verticillium dahliae biocontrol by the olive root endophyte Pseudomonas fluorescens PICF7. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:266. [PMID: 25904904 PMCID: PMC4387922 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective management of Verticillium wilts (VW), diseases affecting many crops and caused by some species of the soil-borne fungus Verticillium, is problematic. The use of microbial antagonists to control these pathologies fits modern sustainable agriculture criteria. Pseudomonas fluorescens PICF7 is an endophytic bacterium isolated from olive roots with demonstrated ability to control VW of olive caused by the highly virulent, defoliating (D) pathotype of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. However, the study of the PICF7-V. dahliae-olive tripartite interaction poses difficulties because of the inherent characteristics of woody, long-living plants. To overcome these problems we explored the use of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Results obtained in this study showed that: (i) olive D and non-defoliating V. dahliae pathotypes produce differential disease severity in A. thaliana plants; (ii) strain PICF7 is able to colonize and persist in the A. thaliana rhizosphere but is not endophytic in Arabidopsis; and (iii) strain PICF7 controls VW in Arabidopsis. Additionally, as previously observed in olive, neither swimming motility nor siderophore production by PICF7 are required for VW control in A. thaliana, whilst cysteine auxotrophy decreased the effectiveness of PICF7. Moreover, when applied to the roots PICF7 controlled Botrytis cinerea infection in the leaves of Arabidopsis, suggesting that this strain is able to induce systemic resistance. A. thaliana is therefore a suitable alternative to olive bioassays to unravel biocontrol traits involved in biological control of V. dahliae by P. fluorescens PICF7.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mercedes Maldonado-González
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CórdobaSpain
| | - Peter A. H. M. Bakker
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CórdobaSpain
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CórdobaSpain
| | - Jesús Mercado-Blanco
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CórdobaSpain
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95
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Pangesti N, Pineda A, Dicke M, van Loon JJA. Variation in plant-mediated interactions between rhizobacteria and caterpillars: potential role of soil composition. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:474-83. [PMID: 25244063 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Selected strains of non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants against aboveground insect herbivores. However, the underlying mechanisms of plant-mediated interactions between rhizobacteria and herbivorous insects are still poorly understood. Using Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0-Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r as a model system, we investigated the performance and the molecular mechanisms underlying plant-mediated effects of rhizobacteria on the generalist caterpillar Mamestra brassicae and the specialist Pieris brassicae. Rhizobacteria colonisation of Arabidopsis roots resulted in decreased larval weight of M. brassicae, whereas no effect was observed on larval weight of P. brassicae. Using a jasmonic acid (JA)-impaired mutant (dde2-2), we confirmed the importance of JA in rhizobacteria-mediated ISR against M. brassicae. Interestingly, in some experiments we also observed rhizobacteria-induced systemic susceptibility to M. brassicae. The role of soil composition in the variable outcomes of microbe-plant-insect interactions was then assessed by comparing M. brassicae performance and gene transcription in plants grown in potting soil or a mixture of potting soil and sand in a 1:1 ratio. In a mixture of potting soil and sand, rhizobacteria treatment had a consistent negative effect on M. brassicae, whereas the effect was more variable in potting soil. Interestingly, at 24 h post-infestation (hpi) rhizobacteria treatment primed plants grown in a mixture of potting soil and sand for stronger expression of the JA- and ethylene-regulated genes PDF1.2 and HEL, respectively. Our study shows that soil composition can modulate rhizobacteria-plant-insect interactions, and is a factor that should be considered when studying these belowground-aboveground interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pangesti
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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96
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Dhakal R, Park E, Lee SW, Baek KH. Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) sprouts germinated under red light irradiation induce disease resistance against bacterial rotting disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117712. [PMID: 25679808 PMCID: PMC4334547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific wavelengths of light can exert various physiological changes in plants, including effects on responses to disease incidence. To determine whether specific light wavelength had effects on rotting disease caused by Pseudomonas putida 229, soybean sprouts were germinated under a narrow range of wavelengths from light emitting diodes (LEDs), including red (650-660), far red (720-730) and blue (440-450 nm) or broad range of wavelength from daylight fluorescence bulbs. The controls were composed of soybean sprouts germinated in darkness. After germination under different conditions for 5 days, the soybean sprouts were inoculated with P. putida 229 and the disease incidence was observed for 5 days. The sprouts exposed to red light showed increased resistance against P. putida 229 relative to those grown under other conditions. Soybean sprouts germinated under red light accumulated high levels of salicylic acid (SA) accompanied with up-regulation of the biosynthetic gene ICS and the pathogenesis- related (PR) gene PR-1, indicating that the resistance was induced by the action of SA via de novo synthesis of SA in the soybean sprouts by red light irradiation. Taken together, these data suggest that only the narrow range of red light can induce disease resistance in soybean sprouts, regulated by the SA-dependent pathway via the de novo synthesis of SA and up-regulation of PR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Dhakal
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Euiho Park
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Weon Lee
- International Technology Cooperation Center, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
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97
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Cheng X, van der Voort M, Raaijmakers JM. Gac-mediated changes in pyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthesis enhance the antimicrobial activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 7:139-47. [PMID: 25356880 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In Pseudomonas species, production of secondary metabolites and exoenzymes is regulated by the GacS/GacA two-component regulatory system. In Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25, mutations in the Gac-system cause major transcriptional changes and abolished production of the lipopeptide viscosin and of an exoprotease. In contrast to many other Pseudomonas species and strains, inactivation of the Gac-system in strain SBW25 significantly enhanced its antimicrobial activities against oomycete, fungal and bacterial pathogens. Here, random plasposon mutagenesis of the gacS mutant led to the identification of seven mutants with reduced or loss of antimicrobial activity. In four mutants, the plasposon insertion was located in genes of the pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) biosynthesis pathway. Genetic complementation, ectopic expression, activity bioassays and Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analyses revealed that a gacS mutation in SBW25 leads to enhanced expression of pqq genes, resulting in an increase in gluconic and 2-ketogluconic acid production, which in turn acidified the extracellular medium to levels that inhibit growth of other microorganisms. We also showed that PQQ-mediated acidification comes with a growth penalty for the gacS mutant in the stationary phase. In conclusion, PQQ-mediated acidification compensates for the loss of several antimicrobial traits in P. fluorescens SBW25 and may help gac mutants to withstand competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cheng
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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98
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Conrath U, Beckers GJM, Langenbach CJG, Jaskiewicz MR. Priming for enhanced defense. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:97-119. [PMID: 26070330 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
When plants recognize potential opponents, invading pathogens, wound signals, or abiotic stress, they often switch to a primed state of enhanced defense. However, defense priming can also be induced by some natural or synthetic chemicals. In the primed state, plants respond to biotic and abiotic stress with faster and stronger activation of defense, and this is often linked to immunity and abiotic stress tolerance. This review covers recent advances in disclosing molecular mechanisms of priming. These include elevated levels of pattern-recognition receptors and dormant signaling enzymes, transcription factor HsfB1 activity, and alterations in chromatin state. They also comprise the identification of aspartyl-tRNA synthetase as a receptor of the priming activator β-aminobutyric acid. The article also illustrates the inheritance of priming, exemplifies the role of recently identified priming activators azelaic and pipecolic acid, elaborates on the similarity to defense priming in mammals, and discusses the potential of defense priming in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany; , , ,
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99
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Scalschi L, Sanmartín M, Camañes G, Troncho P, Sánchez-Serrano JJ, García-Agustín P, Vicedo B. Silencing of OPR3 in tomato reveals the role of OPDA in callose deposition during the activation of defense responses against Botrytis cinerea. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:304-15. [PMID: 25407262 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cis-(+)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) is likely to play signaling roles in plant defense that do not depend on its further conversion to the phytohormone jasmonic acid. To elucidate the role of OPDA in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) plant defense, we have silenced the 12-oxophytodienoate reductase 3 (OPR3) gene. Two independent transgenic tomato lines (SiOPR3-1 and SiOPR3-2) showed significantly reduced OPR3 expression upon infection with the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Moreover, SiOPR3 plants are more susceptible to this pathogen, and this susceptibility is accompanied by a significant decrease in OPDA levels and by the production of JA-Ile being almost abolished. OPR3 silencing also leads to a major reduction in the expression of other genes of the jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis and signaling pathways after infection. These results confirm that in tomato plants, as in Arabidopsis, OPR3 determines OPDA availability for JA biosynthesis. In addition, we show that an intact JA biosynthetic pathway is required for proper callose deposition, as its pathogen-induced accumulation is reduced in SiOPR3 plants. Interestingly, OPDA, but not JA, treatment restored basal resistance to B. cinerea and induced callose deposition in SiOPR3-1 and SiOPR3-2 transgenic plants. These results provide clear evidence that OPDA by itself plays a major role in the basal defense of tomato plants against this necrotrophic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Scalschi
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, 12071, Spain
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100
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Haney CH, Samuel BS, Bush J, Ausubel FM. Associations with rhizosphere bacteria can confer an adaptive advantage to plants. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15051. [PMID: 27019743 PMCID: PMC4806546 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Host-associated microbiomes influence host health. However, it is unclear whether genotypic variations in host organisms influence the microbiome in ways that have adaptive consequences for the host. Here, we show that wild accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana differ in their ability to associate with the root-associated bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, with consequences for plant fitness. In a screen of 196 naturally occurring Arabidopsis accessions we identified lines that actively suppress Pseudomonas growth under gnotobiotic conditions. We planted accessions that support disparate levels of fluorescent Pseudomonads in natural soils; 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing revealed that accession-specific differences in the microbial communities were largely limited to a subset of Pseudomonadaceae species. These accession-specific differences in Pseudomonas growth resulted in enhanced or impaired fitness that depended on the host's ability to support Pseudomonas growth, the specific Pseudomonas strains present in the soil and the nature of the stress. We suggest that small host-mediated changes in a microbiome can have large effects on host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara H. Haney
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Buck S. Samuel
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Jenifer Bush
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Frederick M. Ausubel
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to F.M.A.
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