51
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Twerd L, Szefer P, Sobieraj-Betlińska A, Olszewski P. The conservation value of Aculeata communities in sand quarries changes during ecological succession. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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52
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Beauchesne D, Cazelles K, Archambault P, Dee LE, Gravel D. On the sensitivity of food webs to multiple stressors. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2219-2237. [PMID: 34288313 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating the effects of multiple stressors on ecosystems is becoming increasingly vital with global changes. The role of species interactions in propagating the effects of stressors, although widely acknowledged, has yet to be formally explored. Here, we conceptualise how stressors propagate through food webs and explore how they affect simulated three-species motifs and food webs of the Canadian St. Lawrence System. We find that overlooking species interactions invariably underestimate the effects of stressors, and that synergistic and antagonistic effects through food webs are prevalent. We also find that interaction type influences a species' susceptibility to stressors; species in omnivory and tri-trophic food chain interactions in particular are sensitive and prone to synergistic and antagonistic effects. Finally, we find that apex predators were negatively affected and mesopredators benefited from the effects of stressors due to their trophic position in the St. Lawrence System, but that species sensitivity is dependent on food web structure. In conceptualising the effects of multiple stressors on food webs, we bring theory closer to practice and show that considering the intricacies of ecological communities is key to assess the net effects of stressors on species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Beauchesne
- Département de biologie, ArcticNet, Québec Océan, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Institut des sciences de la mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Cazelles
- Department of Integrative Biology, University Of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Philippe Archambault
- Département de biologie, ArcticNet, Québec Océan, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Laura E Dee
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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53
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Ladouceur E, McGowan J, Huber P, Possingham H, Scridel D, Klink R, Poschlod P, Cornelissen JHC, Bonomi C, Jiménez‐Alfaro B. An objective‐based prioritization approach to support trophic complexity through ecological restoration species mixes. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ladouceur
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐UFZ Leipzig Germany
- Sezione Botanica Museo delle Scienze (MUSE) Trento Italy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Jennifer McGowan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Center for Biodiversity and Global Change Yale University New Haven CT USA
- The Nature Conservancy Arlington VA USA
| | - Patrick Huber
- Agricultural Sustainability Institute University of California Davis Davis CA USA
| | | | - Davide Scridel
- Area Avifauna Migratrice Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA) Roma Italy
- Sezione Zoologia dei Vertebrati Museo delle Scienze (MUSE) Trento Italy
| | - Roel Klink
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Computer Science Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Peter Poschlod
- Department of Ecology and Nature Conservation University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany
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54
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Habitat Quality and Social Behavioral Association Network in a Wintering Waterbirds Community. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13116044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Migratory waterbirds concentrated in freshwater ecosystems in mosaic environments rely on quality habitats for overwintering. At West Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve (WDLNNR), China, land-use change and hydrology alternation are compounding factors that have affected important wintering areas for migratory waterbirds. Presently, changes in the hydrology and landscape have reshaped natural wintering habitats and their availability, though the impact of hydrological management on habitat selection of wintering waterbirds is largely unknown. In this study, we classified differentially managed habitats and calculated their area using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to evaluate suitable habitat availability over the study period (2016–2017 and 2017–2018 wintering periods). We then used social behavioral association network (SBAN) model to compare habitat quality through species-species social interactions and species-habitat associations in lakes with different hydrological management. The results indicated that social interactions between and within species structured wintering waterbirds communities, which could be dominated by one or more species, while dominant species control the activities of other co-existing species. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests indicated significant differences in SBAN metrics between lakes (p = 0.0237) and habitat (p < 0.0001) levels. Specifically, lakes with managed hydrology were preferred by more species. The managed lakes had better habitat quality in terms of significantly higher habitat areas (p < 0.0001) and lower habitat transitions (p = 0.0113). Collectively, our findings suggest that proper hydrological management can provide continuous availability of quality habitats, especially mudflats and shallow waters, for a stable SBAN to ensure a wintering waterbirds community with more sympatric species in a dynamic environment.
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55
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Miller KE, Aguilera G, Bommarco R, Roslin T. Land-use intensity affects the potential for apparent competition within and between habitats. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1891-1905. [PMID: 33901299 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Arthropod communities dwelling in adjacent habitats are able to impact one another via shared natural enemies. In agricultural landscapes, drastic differences in resource availability between crop and non-crop habitats cause variation in insect herbivore densities over short distances, potentially driving inter-habitat effects. Moreover, the composition of the landscape in which the habitats are embedded likely affects realised attack rates from natural enemies via impacts on local arthropod community structure. Here, we examine indirect effects between herbivore species within and between habitat types by calculating the potential for apparent competition between multiple populations. Firstly, we aim to determine how disparities in resource availability impact the strength of the potential for apparent competition occurring between habitats, secondly to examine the impact of landscape composition upon these effects, and finally to couch these observations in reality by investigating the link between the potential for apparent competition and realised attack rates. We used DNA metabarcoding to characterise host-parasitoid interactions within two habitat types (with divergent nutrient inputs) at 11 locations with variable landscape composition within an agroecosystem context. We then used these interaction networks to estimate the potential for apparent competition between each host pair and to compare expected versus realised attack rates across the system. Shared natural enemies were found to structure host herbivore communities within and across habitat boundaries. The size of this effect was related to the resource availability of habitats, such that the habitat with high nutrient input exerted a stronger effect. The overall potential for apparent competition declined with increasing land-use intensity in the surrounding landscape and exhibited a discernible impact on realised attack rates upon herbivore species. Thus, our results suggest that increasing the proportion of perennial habitat in agroecosystems could increase the prevalence of indirect effects such as apparent competition among insect herbivore communities, potentially leading to enhanced population regulation via increased attack rates from natural enemies like parasitoid wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Miller
- Department of Ecology, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Guillermo Aguilera
- Department of Ecology, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Department of Ecology, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Ecology, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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56
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Feng H, Li Y, Li Y, Li N, Li Y, Hu Y, Yu J, Luo H. Identifying and evaluating the ecological network of Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) in Tieli Forestry Bureau, northeast China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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57
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Keyes AA, McLaughlin JP, Barner AK, Dee LE. An ecological network approach to predict ecosystem service vulnerability to species losses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1586. [PMID: 33707438 PMCID: PMC7952599 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-driven threats are changing biodiversity, impacting ecosystem services. The loss of one species can trigger secondary extinctions of additional species, because species interact-yet the consequences of these secondary extinctions for services remain underexplored. Herein, we compare robustness of food webs and the ecosystem services (hereafter 'services') they provide; and investigate factors determining service responses to secondary extinctions. Simulating twelve extinction scenarios for estuarine food webs with seven services, we find that food web and service robustness are highly correlated, but that robustness varies across services depending on their trophic level and redundancy. Further, we find that species providing services do not play a critical role in stabilizing food webs - whereas species playing supporting roles in services through interactions are critical to the robustness of both food webs and services. Together, our results reveal indirect risks to services through secondary species losses and predictable differences in vulnerability across services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislyn A Keyes
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - John P McLaughlin
- Depeartment of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Laura E Dee
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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58
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Hinton CR, Peters VE. Plant species with the trait of continuous flowering do not hold core roles in a Neotropical lowland plant-pollinating insect network. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2346-2359. [PMID: 33717460 PMCID: PMC7920781 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-animal interaction science repeatedly finds that plant species differ by orders of magnitude in the number of interactions they support. The identification of plant species that play key structural roles in plant-animal networks is a global conservation priority; however, in hyperdiverse systems such as tropical forests, empirical datasets are scarce. Plant species with longer reproductive seasons are posited to support more interactions compared to plant species with shorter reproductive seasons but this hypothesis has not been evaluated for plant species with the longest reproductive season possible at the individual plant level, the continuous reproductive phenology. Resource predictability is also associated with promoting specialization, and therefore, continuous reproduction may instead favor specialist interactions. Here, we use quantitative pollinating insect-plant networks constructed from countryside habitat of the Tropical Wet forest Life Zone and modularity analysis to test whether plant species that share the trait of continuous flowering hold core roles in mutualistic networks. With a few exceptions, most plant species sampled within our network were assigned to the role of peripheral. All but one network had significantly high modularity scores and each continuous flowering plant species was in a different module. Our work reveals that the continuous flowering plant species differed in some networks in their topological role, and that more evidence was found for the phenology to support specialized subsets of interactions. Our findings suggest that the conservation of Neotropical pollinating insect communities may require planting species from each module rather than identifying and conserving network hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea R. Hinton
- Department of Biological SciencesEastern Kentucky UniversityRichmondKYUSA
| | - Valerie E. Peters
- Department of Biological SciencesEastern Kentucky UniversityRichmondKYUSA
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59
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Gatmiry ZS, Hafezalkotob A, Khakzar bafruei M, Soltani R. Food web conservation vs. strategic threats: A security game approach. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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60
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Acevedo-Quintero JF, Saldaña-Vázquez RA, Mendoza E, Zamora-Abrego JG. Sampling bias affects the relationship between structural importance and species body mass in frugivore-plant interaction networks. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2020.100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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61
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Protecting Biodiversity (in All Its Complexity): New Models and Methods. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:1119-1128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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62
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Zhao Z, Heideman N, Bester P, Jordaan A, Hofmeyr MD. Climatic and topographic changes since the Miocene influenced the diversification and biogeography of the tent tortoise (Psammobates tentorius) species complex in Southern Africa. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:153. [PMID: 33187474 PMCID: PMC7666511 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climatic and topographic changes function as key drivers in shaping genetic structure and cladogenic radiation in many organisms. Southern Africa has an exceptionally diverse tortoise fauna, harbouring one-third of the world's tortoise genera. The distribution of Psammobates tentorius (Kuhl, 1820) covers two of the 25 biodiversity hotspots in the world, the Succulent Karoo and Cape Floristic Region. The highly diverged P. tentorius represents an excellent model species for exploring biogeographic and radiation patterns of reptiles in Southern Africa. RESULTS We investigated genetic structure and radiation patterns against temporal and spatial dimensions since the Miocene in the Psammobates tentorius species complex, using multiple types of DNA markers and niche modelling analyses. Cladogenesis in P. tentorius started in the late Miocene (11.63-5.33 Ma) when populations dispersed from north to south to form two geographically isolated groups. The northern group diverged into a clade north of the Orange River (OR), followed by the splitting of the group south of the OR into a western and an interior clade. The latter divergence corresponded to the intensification of the cold Benguela current, which caused western aridification and rainfall seasonality. In the south, tectonic uplift and subsequent exhumation, together with climatic fluctuations seemed responsible for radiations among the four southern clades since the late Miocene. We found that each clade occurred in a habitat shaped by different climatic parameters, and that the niches differed substantially among the clades of the northern group but were similar among clades of the southern group. CONCLUSION Climatic shifts, and biome and geographic changes were possibly the three major driving forces shaping cladogenesis and genetic structure in Southern African tortoise species. Our results revealed that the cladogenesis of the P. tentorius species complex was probably shaped by environmental cooling, biome shifts and topographic uplift in Southern Africa since the late Miocene. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) may have impacted the distribution of P. tentorius substantially. We found the taxonomic diversify of the P. tentorius species complex to be highest in the Greater Cape Floristic Region. All seven clades discovered warrant conservation attention, particularly Ptt-B-Ptr, Ptt-A and Pv-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongning Zhao
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Biology Building B19, 205 Nelson Mandela Dr, Park West, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
| | - Neil Heideman
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Biology Building B19, 205 Nelson Mandela Dr, Park West, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Phillip Bester
- Department of Virology, University of the Free State and National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Adriaan Jordaan
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Biology Building B19, 205 Nelson Mandela Dr, Park West, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Margaretha D Hofmeyr
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Chelonian Biodiversity and Conservation, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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63
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Narango DL, Tallamy DW, Shropshire KJ. Few keystone plant genera support the majority of Lepidoptera species. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5751. [PMID: 33188194 PMCID: PMC7666120 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional food webs are essential for the successful conservation of ecological communities, and in terrestrial systems, food webs are built on a foundation of coevolved interactions between plants and their consumers. Here, we collate published data on host plant ranges and associated host plant-Lepidoptera interactions from across the contiguous United States and demonstrate that among ecosystems, distributions of plant-herbivore interactions are consistently skewed, with a small percentage of plant genera supporting the majority of Lepidoptera. Plant identities critical for retaining interaction diversity are similar and independent of geography. Given the importance of Lepidoptera to food webs and ecosystem function, efficient and effective restoration of degraded landscapes depends on the inclusion of such 'keystone' plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree L Narango
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 1002, USA.
| | - Douglas W Tallamy
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Kimberley J Shropshire
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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64
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Prat-Guitart M, Onorato DP, Hines JE, Oli MK. Spatiotemporal pattern of interactions between an apex predator and sympatric species. J Mammal 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Increases in apex predator abundance can influence the behavior of sympatric species, particularly when the available habitat and/or resources are limited. We assessed the temporal and spatiotemporal interactions between Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi) and six focal sympatric species in South Florida, where Florida panther abundance has increased by more than 6-fold since the 1990’s. Using camera trap data, we quantified species’ diel activity patterns, temporal overlap, and time-to-encounter (i.e., time between consecutive visits of a Florida panther and a focal species and vice versa). The Florida panther and bobcat (Lynx rufus) displayed a nocturnal activity pattern; the black bear (Ursus americanus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) were mostly diurnal; and the raccoon (Procyon lotor) was cathemeral. Prey species and black bears minimized encounters with Florida panthers by being active during the day and displaying longer time-to-encounter, whereas Florida panthers visited a site after a prey species at higher probabilities than after competitor species, and were more likely to visit an elevated site or upland habitat. Our results suggest that interactions between Florida panthers and sympatric species in our study system are driven by species-specific behavioral responses. Gaining a better understanding of the crucial interactions driving species coexistence is important for a better understanding of the structure and function of ecological communities and help manage the potential expansion of the Florida panther into Central Florida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Prat-Guitart
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David P Onorato
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Naples, FL, USA
| | - James E Hines
- U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Madan K Oli
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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65
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Simmons BI, Wauchope HS, Amano T, Dicks LV, Sutherland WJ, Dakos V. Estimating the risk of species interaction loss in mutualistic communities. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000843. [PMID: 32866143 PMCID: PMC7485972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between species generate the functions on which ecosystems and humans depend. However, we lack an understanding of the risk that interaction loss poses to ecological communities. Here, we quantify the risk of interaction loss for 4,330 species interactions from 41 empirical pollination and seed dispersal networks across 6 continents. We estimate risk as a function of interaction vulnerability to extinction (likelihood of loss) and contribution to network feasibility, a measure of how much an interaction helps a community tolerate environmental perturbations. Remarkably, we find that more vulnerable interactions have higher contributions to network feasibility. Furthermore, interactions tend to have more similar vulnerability and contribution to feasibility across networks than expected by chance, suggesting that vulnerability and feasibility contribution may be intrinsic properties of interactions, rather than only a function of ecological context. These results may provide a starting point for prioritising interactions for conservation in species interaction networks in the future. A study of 4,330 species interactions from 41 empirical pollination and seed dispersal networks across six continents reveals that species interactions which are most vulnerable to extinction are also the most important for ecological community stability; moreover, vulnerable interactions that are important for stability tend to be important and vulnerable wherever they occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno I Simmons
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah S Wauchope
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tatsuya Amano
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lynn V Dicks
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Agroecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William J Sutherland
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilis Dakos
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (ISEM), CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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66
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Metagenome-wide association analysis identifies microbial determinants of post-antibiotic ecological recovery in the gut. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1256-1267. [PMID: 32632261 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Loss of diversity in the gut microbiome can persist for extended periods after antibiotic treatment, impacting microbiome function, antimicrobial resistance and probably host health. Despite widespread antibiotic use, our understanding of the species and metabolic functions contributing to gut microbiome recovery is limited. Using data from 4 discovery cohorts in 3 continents comprising >500 microbiome profiles from 117 individuals, we identified 21 bacterial species exhibiting robust association with ecological recovery post antibiotic therapy. Functional and growth-rate analysis showed that recovery is supported by enrichment in specific carbohydrate-degradation and energy-production pathways. Association rule mining on 782 microbiome profiles from the MEDUSA database enabled reconstruction of the gut microbial 'food web', identifying many recovery-associated bacteria as keystone species, with the ability to use host- and diet-derived energy sources, and support repopulation of other gut species. Experiments in a mouse model recapitulated the ability of recovery-associated bacteria (Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Bifidobacterium adolescentis) to promote recovery with synergistic effects, providing a boost of two orders of magnitude to microbial abundance in early time points and faster maturation of microbial diversity. The identification of specific species and metabolic functions promoting recovery opens up opportunities for rationally determining pre- and probiotic formulations offering protection from long-term consequences of frequent antibiotic usage.
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67
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Carreira DC, Dáttilo W, Bruno DL, Percequillo AR, Ferraz KMPMB, Galetti M. Small vertebrates are key elements in the frugivory networks of a hyperdiverse tropical forest. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10594. [PMID: 32601315 PMCID: PMC7324603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The local, global or functional extinction of species or populations of animals, known as defaunation, can erode important ecological services in tropical forests. Many mutualistic interactions, such as seed dispersal of large seeded plants, can be lost in large continuous forests due to the rarity of large-bodied mammalian frugivores. Most of studies that try to elucidate the effects of defaunation on seed dispersal focused on primates or birds, and we lack a detailed understanding on the interactions between ground-dwelling fauna and fleshy fruits. Using camera traps in forest areas with different degrees of defaunation, we described the organization of frugivory networks involving birds, mammals and plants. We recorded 375 frugivory interactions between 21 frugivores and 150 fruiting trees of 30 species of fleshy fruit plants in six sites in continuous Atlantic forest of Brazil. We found that small frugivores-particularly small rodents and birds-were responsible for 72% of the events of frugivory. Large frugivores, such as tapirs and peccaries, were responsible for less than 21% of frugivory events. Our results indicate that the interactions between flesh fruiting plants and frugivores are dominated by small frugivores, an indication of a functional loss of large frugivores in this endangered biome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane C Carreira
- Programa Interunidades de Pós Graduação em Ecologia Aplicada, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"- Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, CP 13418-900, Brazil.
- Fundação Hermínio Ometto - FHO|Uniararas, Araras, São Paulo, CP 13607-339, Brazil.
| | - Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A.C., CP 91070, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Dáfini L Bruno
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais - Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, CP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Reis Percequillo
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, CP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Katia M P M B Ferraz
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, CP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Mauro Galetti
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, CP 33146, USA
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, CP 13506-900, Brazil
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68
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Li H, Huo D, Wang W, Chen Y, Cheng X, Yu G, Li R. Multifunctionality of biocrusts is positively predicted by network topologies consistent with interspecies facilitation. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1560-1573. [PMID: 32243633 PMCID: PMC7318560 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The potential of biodiversity loss to impair the delivery of ecosystem services has motived ecologists to better understand the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Although increasing evidence underlines the collective contribution of different biodiversity components on the simultaneous performance of multiple functions (multifunctionality), we know little about the trade‐offs between individual diversity effects and the extent to which they determine multifunctionality differentially. Here, at a subcontinental scale of 62 dryland sites, we show in phototrophic microbiota of biological soil crusts (biocrusts) that, whereas richness alone is unable to guarantee the maxima of multifunctional performance, interspecies facilitation and compositional identity are particularly stronger but often neglected predictors. The inconsistent effects of different biodiversity components imply that soil multifunctionality can be lost despite certain species remaining present. Moreover, we reveal a significant empirical association between species functional importance and its topological feature in co‐occurrence networks, indicating a functional signal of species interaction. Nevertheless, abundant species tend to isolate and merely interact within small topological structures, but rare species were tightly connected in complicated network modules. Our findings suggest that abundant and rare species of soil phototrophs exhibit distinct functional relevance. These results give a comprehensive view of how soil constructive species drive multifunctionality in biocrusts and ultimately promote a deeper understanding of the consequences of biodiversity loss in real‐world ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Da Huo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weibo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Youxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoli Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Renhui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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69
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Rafiq K, Hayward MW, Wilson AM, Meloro C, Jordan NR, Wich SA, McNutt JW, Golabek KA. Spatial and temporal overlaps between leopards (
Panthera pardus
) and their competitors in the African large predator guild. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Rafiq
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
- Botswana Predator Conservation Trust Maun Botswana
| | - M. W. Hayward
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology Nelson Mandela University Port Elizabeth South Africa
| | - A. M. Wilson
- Structure and Motion Lab Royal Veterinary College University of London Hatfield UK
| | - C. Meloro
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - N. R. Jordan
- Botswana Predator Conservation Trust Maun Botswana
- Centre for Ecosystem Science University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- Taronga Conservation Society Dubbo NSW Australia
| | - S. A. Wich
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - J. W. McNutt
- Botswana Predator Conservation Trust Maun Botswana
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70
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Hallin J, Cisneros AF, Hénault M, Fijarczyk A, Dandage R, Bautista C, Landry CR. Similarities in biological processes can be used to bridge ecology and molecular biology. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1335-1350. [PMID: 32684962 PMCID: PMC7359829 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of the research in biology aims to understand the origin of diversity. Naturally, ecological diversity was the first object of study, but we now have the necessary tools to probe diversity at molecular scales. The inherent differences in how we study diversity at different scales caused the disciplines of biology to be organized around these levels, from molecular biology to ecology. Here, we illustrate that there are key properties of each scale that emerge from the interactions of simpler components and that these properties are often shared across different levels of organization. This means that ideas from one level of organization can be an inspiration for novel hypotheses to study phenomena at another level. We illustrate this concept with examples of events at the molecular level that have analogs at the organismal or ecological level and vice versa. Through these examples, we illustrate that biological processes at different organization levels are governed by general rules. The study of the same phenomena at different scales could enrich our work through a multidisciplinary approach, which should be a staple in the training of future scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Hallin
- Département de biochimie de microbiologie et de bio-informatique Faculté des sciences et de génie Université Laval Québec Canada.,Département de biologie Faculté des sciences et de génie Université Laval Québec Canada.,Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS) Université Laval Québec Canada.,PROTEO Le réseau québécois de recherche sur la fonction la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines Université Laval Québec Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Données Massives (CRDM) Université Laval Québec Canada
| | - Angel F Cisneros
- Département de biochimie de microbiologie et de bio-informatique Faculté des sciences et de génie Université Laval Québec Canada.,Département de biologie Faculté des sciences et de génie Université Laval Québec Canada.,Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS) Université Laval Québec Canada.,PROTEO Le réseau québécois de recherche sur la fonction la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines Université Laval Québec Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Données Massives (CRDM) Université Laval Québec Canada
| | - Mathieu Hénault
- Département de biochimie de microbiologie et de bio-informatique Faculté des sciences et de génie Université Laval Québec Canada.,Département de biologie Faculté des sciences et de génie Université Laval Québec Canada.,Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS) Université Laval Québec Canada.,PROTEO Le réseau québécois de recherche sur la fonction la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines Université Laval Québec Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Données Massives (CRDM) Université Laval Québec Canada
| | - Anna Fijarczyk
- Département de biochimie de microbiologie et de bio-informatique Faculté des sciences et de génie Université Laval Québec Canada.,Département de biologie Faculté des sciences et de génie Université Laval Québec Canada.,Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS) Université Laval Québec Canada.,PROTEO Le réseau québécois de recherche sur la fonction la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines Université Laval Québec Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Données Massives (CRDM) Université Laval Québec Canada
| | - Rohan Dandage
- Département de biochimie de microbiologie et de bio-informatique Faculté des sciences et de génie Université Laval Québec Canada.,Département de biologie Faculté des sciences et de génie Université Laval Québec Canada.,Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS) Université Laval Québec Canada.,PROTEO Le réseau québécois de recherche sur la fonction la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines Université Laval Québec Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Données Massives (CRDM) Université Laval Québec Canada
| | - Carla Bautista
- Département de biochimie de microbiologie et de bio-informatique Faculté des sciences et de génie Université Laval Québec Canada.,Département de biologie Faculté des sciences et de génie Université Laval Québec Canada.,Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS) Université Laval Québec Canada.,PROTEO Le réseau québécois de recherche sur la fonction la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines Université Laval Québec Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Données Massives (CRDM) Université Laval Québec Canada
| | - Christian R Landry
- Département de biochimie de microbiologie et de bio-informatique Faculté des sciences et de génie Université Laval Québec Canada.,Département de biologie Faculté des sciences et de génie Université Laval Québec Canada.,Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS) Université Laval Québec Canada.,PROTEO Le réseau québécois de recherche sur la fonction la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines Université Laval Québec Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Données Massives (CRDM) Université Laval Québec Canada
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71
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Mata L, Ramalho CE, Kennedy J, Parris KM, Valentine L, Miller M, Bekessy S, Hurley S, Cumpston Z. Bringing nature back into cities. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mata
- Centre for Urban Research School of Global, Urban and Social Studies RMIT University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Cristina E. Ramalho
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - Jade Kennedy
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences The University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Kirsten M. Parris
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Leonie Valentine
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - Maddison Miller
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning Heritage Victoria East Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Sarah Bekessy
- Centre for Urban Research School of Global, Urban and Social Studies RMIT University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Sarrah Hurley
- Centre for Urban Research School of Global, Urban and Social Studies RMIT University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Zena Cumpston
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
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72
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Falconer S, Ford AT. Evaluating policy-relevant surrogate taxa for biodiversity conservation: a case study from British Columbia, Canada. CAN J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2019-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Conservation efforts often lead to a small proportion of species receiving a disproportionate amount of attention. This bias in funding may help or hinder broader goals of biodiversity conservation depending on the surrogacy value of the well-funded species. Surrogate species are selected to represent other taxa in a shared environment when it would be costly or impractical to obtain information on individual taxa. We compared the surrogacy value of common groups of taxa implicated in conservation — game species, carnivores, non-game species, and other species. Using a publicly available data set of species–habitat associations, we compared the surrogacy value for 1012 species and 64 habitat types in British Columbia, Canada. We used a conditional entropy metric to quantify pairwise associations between species via their occurrence in different habitat types. Our analysis reveals that game and non-game species surrogacy groups do not significantly differ in either the frequency of captured pairwise associations or their coverage of species. These results suggest that funding game species conservation is likely conferring some benefits to non-game species, but optimal habitat-based conservation outcomes will come from a combination of taxa. This analysis provides an important step in influencing management decisions for the preservation of biodiversity in British Columbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Falconer
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia – Okanagan Campus, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia – Okanagan Campus, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Adam T. Ford
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia – Okanagan Campus, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia – Okanagan Campus, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
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73
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Mansfeldt C, Deiner K, Mächler E, Fenner K, Eggen RIL, Stamm C, Schönenberger U, Walser JC, Altermatt F. Microbial community shifts in streams receiving treated wastewater effluent. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:135727. [PMID: 31887504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents release not only chemical constituents in watersheds, but also contain microorganisms. Thus, an understanding of what microorganisms are released and how they change microbial communities within natural streams is needed. To characterize the community shifts in streams receiving WWTP effluent, we sampled water-column microorganisms from upstream, downstream, and the effluent of WWTPs located on 23 headwater streams in which no other effluent was released upstream. We characterized the bacterial community by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. We hypothesized that the downstream community profile would be a hydraulic mixture between the two sources (i.e., upstream and effluent). In ordination analyses, the downstream bacterial community profile was a mixture between the upstream and effluent. For 14 of the sites, the main contribution (>50%) to the downstream community originated from bacteria in the WWTP effluent and significant shifts in relative abundance of specific sequence variants were detected. These shifts in sequence variants may serve as general bioindicators of wastewater-effluent influenced streams, with a human-gut related Ruminococcus genus displaying the highest shift (30-fold higher abundances downstream). However, not all taxa composition changes were predicted based on hydraulic mixing alone. Specifically, the decrease of Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast reads was not adequately described by hydraulic mixing. The potential alteration of stream microbial communities via a high inflow of human-gut related bacteria and a decrease in autotrophic functional groups resulting from WWTP effluent creates the potential for general shifts in stream ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cresten Mansfeldt
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristy Deiner
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Natural History Museum London, London, UK.
| | - Elvira Mächler
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland; Chemistry Department, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rik I L Eggen
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Stamm
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Urs Schönenberger
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Altermatt
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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74
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Luo G, Wei W, Dai Q, Ran J. Density Estimation of Unmarked Populations Using Camera Traps in Heterogeneous Space. WILDLIFE SOC B 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gai Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐resource and Eco‐environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Weideng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐resource and Eco‐environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Qiang Dai
- Chengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Jianghong Ran
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐resource and Eco‐environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
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75
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Siwicka E, Thrush SF, Hewitt JE. Linking changes in species-trait relationships and ecosystem function using a network analysis of traits. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02010. [PMID: 31556174 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in ecology and environmental management is linking changes in community composition to ecosystem functions. We developed the network analysis of traits (NAT) to show changes in community network structure based on the changes in the composition and connectivity between clusters of species that share traits that imply shifts in functional diversity. We tested the application of NAT on a 113 species found on an intertidal sandflat that was subject to experimental nitrogen addition (control [0 g N/m2 ], medium [150 g N/m2 ], and high [600 g N/m2 ]). This allowed us to directly link mechanistic changes in community composition and function with the trait-space network patterns revealed by NAT. We demonstrate that under medium (150 g N/m2 ) N treatment, functional diversity remained consistent, whereas increasing disturbance to high (600 g N/m2 ) N treatment affected the species-trait network structure and caused merging of functional clusters implying a loss of functional trait diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Siwicka
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Simon F Thrush
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Judi E Hewitt
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Hamilton, 3216, New Zealand
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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76
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Contrasting the Effect of Forest Landscape Condition to the Resilience of Species Diversity in a Human Modified Landscape: Implications for the Conservation of Tree Species. LAND 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/land9010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using landscape moderation insurance and Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH) as frameworks, this study assessed the response of local assemblage among different land use regimes (mean β-diversity), using the Jaccard dissimilarity matrix in contrasting Human Modified Forest Landscapes (HMFLs). The study was conducted at the relatively simplified Mafhela Forest Reserve and the complex Thathe Vondo Forest Reserve in South Africa. The patterns of overall β-diversity between HMFL and State-protected Indigenous Forests (SIF) were compared and the leading change drivers were then untangled. This study found that human disturbance affects mean β-diversity of local assemblages among land use regimes between the two HMFLs in an ecologically contrasting manner. The HMFL in Mafhela Forest Reserve had distinct local assemblages among land use regimes and did not conform to the expectation of IDH. On average, HMFL had the same average local species richness as SIF, mainly due to change in species composition (species replacement) induced by land use disturbance. Land use intensity gradient was the leading change driver to explain the overall β-diversity of the Mafhela Forest Reserve. The findings in the Thathe Vondo Forest Reserve were in contrast with the Mafhela Forest Reserve. Although on average the HMFL had the same local species richness as SIFs, this was mainly due to a trade-off of species gain in trees along the rivers and streams and species loss in Culturally Protected Areas (sacred forests) (CPA) as expected by IDH. The contrasting findings imply that the effectiveness of any alternative conservation strategy is context-dependent. The resilience of local assemblages and conservation value of HMFL depends on the condition of the overall forest landscape complexity and cannnot be captured by one theory, nor by one species diversity matrix (e.g., β-diversity or Richness). It thus demands the application of complementary theoretical frameworks and multilevel modeling.
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77
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Thurman LL, Garcia TS. Asymmetric competition shapes amphibian response to rapid environmental change. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey L. Thurman
- Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 2327 University Way #2 Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University 104 Nash Hall Corvallis Oregon 97300 USA
| | - Tiffany S. Garcia
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University 104 Nash Hall Corvallis Oregon 97300 USA
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78
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Morrison BML, Brosi BJ, Dirzo R. Agricultural intensification drives changes in hybrid network robustness by modifying network structure. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:359-369. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Berry J. Brosi
- Department of Environmental Sciences Emory University Atlanta 30322 Georgia
| | - Rodolfo Dirzo
- Department of Biology Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
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79
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Pollinator restoration in Brazilian ecosystems relies on a small but phylogenetically-diverse set of plant families. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17383. [PMID: 31758041 PMCID: PMC6874649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The alarming rate of global pollinator decline has made habitat restoration for pollinators a conservation priority. At the same time, empirical and theoretical studies on plant-pollinator networks have demonstrated that plant species are not equally important for pollinator community persistence and restoration. However, the scarcity of comprehensive datasets on plant-pollinator networks in tropical ecosystems constrains their practical value for pollinator restoration. As closely-related species often share traits that determine ecological interactions, phylogenetic relationships could inform restoration programs in data-scarce regions. Here, we use quantitative bee-plant networks from Brazilian ecosystems to test if priority plant species for different restoration criteria (bee species richness and visitation rates) can be identified using interaction networks; if phylogenetic relationships alone can guide plant species selection; and how restoration criteria influence restored network properties and function. We found plant species that maximised the benefits of habitat restoration for bees (i.e., generalists and those with distinct flower-visitor species) were clustered in a small number of phylogenetically-diverse plant families, and that prioritising the recovery of bee visitation rates improved both stability and function of restored plant-pollinator networks. Our approach can help guide restoration of pollinator communities, even where information on local ecosystems is limited.
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80
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Russell JC, Kaiser-Bunbury CN. Consequences of Multispecies Introductions on Island Ecosystems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The rate of non-native species introductions continues to increase, with directionality from continents to islands. It is no longer single species but entire networks of coevolved and newly interacting continental species that are establishing on islands. The consequences of multispecies introductions on the population dynamics and interactions of native and introduced species will depend on the form of trophic limitation on island ecosystems. Freed from biotic constraints in their native range, species introduced to islands no longer experience top-down limitation, instead becoming limited by and disrupting bottom-up processes that dominate on resource-limited islands. This framing of the ecological and evolutionary relationships among introduced species with one another and their ecosystem has important consequences for conservation. Whereas on continents the focus of conservation is on restoring native apex species and top-down limitation, on islands the focus must instead be on removing introduced animal and plant species to restore bottom-up limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Russell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Christopher N. Kaiser-Bunbury
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
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81
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Acosta-Rojas DC, Jiménez-Franco MV, Zapata-Pérez VM, De la Rúa P, Martínez-López V. An integrative approach to discern the seed dispersal role of frugivorous guilds in a Mediterranean semiarid priority habitat. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7609. [PMID: 31620312 PMCID: PMC6792472 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed dispersal is an essential process to maintain the viability of plant populations, and understanding this ecological process allows management strategies to be developed to conserve ecosystems. European Union priority habitat 5220* is defined as "Mediterranean arborescent shrubland with Ziziphus lotus" and it represents a favorable microclimate within the severe climatic conditions typical of the semiarid south-eastern region of the Iberian Peninsula. Therefore, the study of seed dispersal in this priority habitat by different frugivorous guilds, is a challenge for its conservation. In this study, we have characterized a mutualistic network of seed dispersal that is mediated by vertebrates (mammals and birds) in the protected habitat 5220*. The aims of this study were to: (i) identify the seed disperser community; (ii) analyze the relative role of key species in the dispersal process; and (iii) compare the functional ecology of the seed dispersal process between mammals and birds. As such, we collected animal faeces to determine seed dispersers taxonomy, identifying the mammals through the visual aspect of the faeces and the birds by DNA barcoding. In the case of birds, we also collected regurgitated seeds in which the disperser species was also identified through molecular techniques. This allowed us to build-up a mutualistic network and to identify the relative role of these animals in seed dispersal. Our results showed that mammals and birds fulfilled complementary roles in seed dispersal, with birds representing the main dispersers of key plants within the 5220* habitat, and mammals the main dispersers of human-cultivated plants. Herein, we provide a useful approach with relevant information that can be used to propose management policies that focus on restoring the threatened 5220* habitat, promoting the role of birds to disperse key species that structure plant communities of this priority habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Carolina Acosta-Rojas
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - María Victoria Jiménez-Franco
- Ecology Area, Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
- Department of Ecological Modeling, UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Pilar De la Rúa
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Martínez-López
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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82
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Bregović P, Fišer C, Zagmajster M. Contribution of rare and common species to subterranean species richness patterns. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11606-11618. [PMID: 31695872 PMCID: PMC6822026 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Common species contribute more to species richness patterns (SRPs) than rare species in most studies. Our aim was to test this hypothesis using a novel model system, species living exclusively in subterranean habitats. They consist of mainly rare species (small ranges), only a few of them being common (large ranges), and challenge whether rare species are less important for the development of SRPs in this environment. We separately analyzed aquatic and terrestrial species. LOCATION Western Balkans in southeastern Europe. METHODS We assembled two datasets comprising 431 beetle and 145 amphipod species, representing the model groups of subterranean terrestrial and aquatic diversity, respectively. We assessed the importance of rare and common species using the stepwise reconstruction of SRPs and subsequent correlation analyses, corrected also for the cumulative information content of the subsets based on species prevalence. We applied generalized linear regression models to evaluate the importance of rare and common species in forming SRPs. Additionally, we analyzed the contribution of rare and common species in species-rich cells. RESULTS Patterns of subterranean aquatic and terrestrial species richness overlapped only weakly, with aquatic species having larger ranges than terrestrial ones. Our analyses supported higher importance of common species for forming overall SRPs in both beetles and amphipods. However, in stepwise analysis corrected for information content, results were ambiguous. Common species presented a higher proportion of species than rare species in species-rich cells. MAIN CONCLUSION We have shown that even in habitats with the domination of rare species, it is still common species that drive SRPs. This may be due to an even spatial distribution of rare species or spatial mismatch in hotspots of rare and common species. SRPs of aquatic and terrestrial subterranean organisms overlap very little, so the conservation approaches need to be habitat specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bregović
- SubBioLabDepartment of BiologyBiotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
- Croatian Biospeleological SocietyZagrebCroatia
| | - Cene Fišer
- SubBioLabDepartment of BiologyBiotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Maja Zagmajster
- SubBioLabDepartment of BiologyBiotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
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83
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Arnan X, Molowny-Horas R, Blüthgen N. Food resource exploitation and functional resilience in ant communities found in common Mediterranean habitats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 684:126-135. [PMID: 31153062 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how ecosystems may cope with future environmental change is a key challenge in modern ecology. Ecosystem resilience depends on both functional redundancy (the number of species making a similar contribution to a given ecosystem function) and response diversity (variability in the responses of functionally similar species to disturbance). Ants provide numerous important ecosystem functions that are rooted in their dietary ecology. We focused on food resource exploitation and analyzed how functional redundancy and response diversity changed across common habitats for Mediterranean ant communities. Our aim was to assess the vulnerability of ant-furnished ecosystem functions to future environmental change. We used cafeteria experiments to identify ant functional groups: we offered ants a variety of seeds, insects, and liquid sugars. Then, using more general baits, we estimated ant species richness and abundance. We also examined 12 ant traits (morphological, social, ecobehavioral, and physiological) thought to reflect responses to disturbance. We found that most Mediterranean ant species are dietary generalists. Functional redundancy was highest and lowest for sugar and seed consumers, respectively, a consistent trend across habitats that was unrelated to species richness. Response diversity did not depend on ant functional group. Interestingly, both functional redundancy and response diversity were higher in pine forests and shrublands than in oak forests, a pattern that was consistent regardless of whether the functional groups were examined collectively or individually. Variation in functional redundancy and response diversity was strongly driven by site-specific species richness. Response diversity also varied based on trait type. Ecosystem functions mediated by seed-consuming ants should be the most vulnerable to environmental change, and habitat type and local species richness should affect the vulnerability of any ecosystem functions mediated by ant dietary ecology. Species-poor communities in forests should be the most vulnerable, while species-rich communities in open habitats should be the most resilient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nico Blüthgen
- Faculty of Biology, TU Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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84
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Zambrano J, Garzon-Lopez CX, Yeager L, Fortunel C, Cordeiro NJ, Beckman NG. The effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on plant functional traits and functional diversity: what do we know so far? Oecologia 2019; 191:505-518. [PMID: 31515618 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Habitat loss and fragmentation result in significant landscape changes that ultimately affect plant diversity and add uncertainty to how natural areas will respond to future global change. This uncertainty is important given that the loss of biodiversity often includes losing key ecosystem functions. Few studies have explored the effects of landscape changes on plant functional diversity and evidence so far has shown far more pervasive effects than previously reported by species richness and composition studies. Here we present a review on the impact of habitat loss and fragmentation on (1) individual functional traits-related to persistence, dispersal and establishment-and (2) functional diversity. We also discuss current knowledge gaps and propose ways forward. From the literature review we found that studies have largely focused on dispersal traits, strongly impacted by habitat loss and fragmentation, while traits related to persistence were the least studied. Furthermore, most studies did not distinguish habitat loss from spatial fragmentation and were conducted at the plot or fragment-level, which taken together limits the ability to generalize the scale-dependency of landscape changes on plant functional diversity. For future work, we recommend (1) clearly distinguishing the effects of habitat loss from those of fragmentation, and (2) recognizing the scale-dependency of predicted responses when functional diversity varies in time and space. We conclude that a clear understanding of the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on functional diversity will improve predictions of the resiliency and resistance of plant communities to varying scales of disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Zambrano
- The School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Carol X Garzon-Lopez
- Grupo de Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 #18A-12, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lauren Yeager
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Claire Fortunel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,AMAP (botAnique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des végétations), IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Norbert J Cordeiro
- Department of Biology (mc WB 816), Roosevelt University, 425 S. Wabash Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA.,Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lakeshore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Noelle G Beckman
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
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85
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Hackett TD, Sauve AMC, Davies N, Montoya D, Tylianakis JM, Memmott J. Reshaping our understanding of species' roles in landscape-scale networks. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1367-1377. [PMID: 31207056 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In network ecology, landscape-scale processes are often overlooked, yet there is increasing evidence that species and interactions spill over between habitats, calling for further study of interhabitat dependencies. Here, we investigate how species connect a mosaic of habitats based on the spatial variation of their mutualistic and antagonistic interactions using two multilayer networks, combining pollination, herbivory and parasitism in the UK and New Zealand. Developing novel methods of network analysis for landscape-scale ecological networks, we discovered that few plant and pollinator species acted as connectors or hubs, both within and among habitats, whereas herbivores and parasitoids typically have more peripheral network roles. Insect species' roles depend on factors other than just the abundance of taxa in the lower trophic level, exemplified by larger Hymenoptera connecting networks of different habitats and insects relying on different resources across different habitats. Our findings provide a broader perspective for landscape-scale management and ecological community conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya D Hackett
- Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS81TQ, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Alix M C Sauve
- Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS81TQ, UK.,Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK.,Integrative and Theoretical Ecology Group, LabEx COTE, University of Bordeaux, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Nancy Davies
- Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS81TQ, UK
| | - Daniel Montoya
- Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS81TQ, UK.,Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Jason M Tylianakis
- Bioprotection Centre and Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jane Memmott
- Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS81TQ, UK
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86
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Aslan CE. Implications of non-native species for mutualistic network resistance and resilience. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217498. [PMID: 31185035 PMCID: PMC6559630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilience theory aims to understand and predict ecosystem state changes resulting from disturbances. Non-native species are ubiquitous in ecological communities and integrated into many described ecological interaction networks, including mutualisms. By altering the fitness landscape and rewiring species interactions, such network invasion may carry important implications for ecosystem resistance and resilience under continued environmental change. Here, I hypothesize that the tendency of established non-native species to be generalists may make them more likely than natives to occupy central network roles and may link them to the resistance and resilience of the overall network. I use a quantitative research synthesis of 58 empirical pollination and seed dispersal networks, along with extinction simulations, to examine the roles of known non-natives in networks. I show that non-native species in networks enhance network redundancy and may thereby bolster the ecological resistance or functional persistence of ecosystems in the face of disturbance. At the same time, non-natives are unlikely to partner with specialist natives, thus failing to support the resilience of native species assemblages. Non-natives significantly exceed natives in network centrality, normalized degree, and Pollination Service Index. Networks containing non-natives exhibit lower connectance, more links on average, and higher generality and vulnerability than networks lacking non-natives. As environmental change progresses, specialists are particularly likely to be impacted, reducing species diversity in many communities and network types. This work implies that functional diversity may be retained but taxonomic diversity decline as non-native species become established in networks worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E. Aslan
- Landscape Conservation Initiative, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Conservation Science Partners, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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87
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Using Network Theory to Understand and Predict Biological Invasions. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:831-843. [PMID: 31155422 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and predicting biological invasions is challenging because of the complexity of many interacting players. A holistic approach is needed with the potential to simultaneously consider all relevant effects and effectors. Using networks to describe the relevant anthropogenic and ecological factors, from community-level to global scales, promises advances in understanding aspects of invasion from propagule pressure, through establishment, spread, and ecological impact of invaders. These insights could lead to development of new tools for prevention and management of invasions that are based on species' network characteristics and use of networks to predict the ecological effects of invaders. Here, we review the findings from network ecology that show the most promise for invasion biology and identify pressing needs for future research.
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88
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Zhao CS, Yang Y, Yang ST, Xiang H, Wang F, Chen X, Zhang HM, Yu Q. Impact of spatial variations in water quality and hydrological factors on the food-web structure in urban aquatic environments. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 153:121-133. [PMID: 30708191 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Global aquatic ecosystems are essential to human existence and have deteriorated seriously in recent years. Understanding the influence mechanism of habitat variation on the structure of the food-web allows the effective recovery of the health of degraded ecosystems. Whereas most previous studies focused on the selection of driving habitat factors, the impact of habitat variation on the food-web structure was rarely studied, resulting in the low success rate of ecosystem restoration projects globally. This paper presents a framework for exploring the effects of spatial variations in water quality and hydrological habitat factors on the food-web structure in city waters. Indices for the evaluation of the food-web structure are first determined by integrating model-parameter extraction via literature refinement. The key water quality and hydrological factors are then determined by coupling canonical correspondence analysis with partial least squares regression. Their spatial variation is investigated using spatial autocorrelation. Finally, fuzzy clustering is applied to analyze the influence of the spatial variations in water quality and hydrological factors on the food-web structure. The results obtained in Ji'nan, the pilot city of water ecological civilization in China, show that the Shannon diversity index, connectance index, omnivory index, and the ratio of total primary production to the total respiration are important indicators of food-web structural change. They show that the driving factors affecting the aquatic food-web structure in Ji'nan are hydrological factors (e.g., river width, water depth, and stream flow), physical aspects of water quality (e.g., air temperature, water temperature, electrical conductivity, and transparency), and chemical aspects (e.g., potassium, dissolved oxygen, calcium, and total hardness). They also show that the stability of the food-web is more prone to spatial variations in water quality than in hydrological factors. Higher electrical conductivity, potassium, total hardness, and air temperature lead to deteriorated food-web structures, whereas better transparency improves structure and stability. We found that water and air temperature are the most important factors in the spatial variation of the food-web structure in the study area, followed by total hardness. Transparency is the least important factor. Large disparities and varied spatial distributions exist in the driving effects of water quality and hydrological factors across regions attributable to differences in geographical environments, water salinity (fresh vs. sea water), and environmental factors (e.g., water pollution). The above methods and results serve as a theoretical and scientific basis for a high success rate of aquatic ecosystem restoration projects in the study area and other cities worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Zhao
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China; ICube, UdS, CNRS (UMR 7357), 300 Bld Sebastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412, Illkirch, France
| | - Y Yang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - S T Yang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
| | - H Xiang
- Jinan Survey Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resources, Jinan, 250013, PR China
| | - F Wang
- Jinan Survey Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resources, Jinan, 250013, PR China
| | - X Chen
- Jinan Survey Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resources, Jinan, 250013, PR China
| | - H M Zhang
- Dongying Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resources, Dongying, 257000, PR China
| | - Q Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2000, NSW, Australia
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89
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Gumiere T, Rousseau AN, da Costa DP, Cassetari A, Cotta SR, Andreote FD, Gumiere SJ, Pavinato PS. Phosphorus source driving the soil microbial interactions and improving sugarcane development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4400. [PMID: 30867512 PMCID: PMC6416284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The world demand for phosphate has gradually increased over the last decades, currently achieving alarming levels considering available rock reserves. The use of soil microorganisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), has been suggested as a promising alternative to improve phosphorus-use efficiency. However, the effect of the source of phosphorus on the interactions within the soil microbial community remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the links between the total dry matter content of sugarcane and the interactions within the soil microbial community under different phosphate sources, with/without AMF inoculation. The phosphate sources were Simple Superphosphate (SS, 18% of P2O5), Catalão rock phosphate (CA, 2.93% of P2O5) and Bayovar rock phosphate (BA, 14% of P2O5). The results indicated that the BA source led to the largest total dry matter content. The phosphate source affected total dry matter and the structure of the soil microbial communities. The bacterial interactions increased across sources with high percentage of P2O5, while the fungal interactions decreased. The interactions between bacterial and fungal microorganisms allowed to identify the percentage of P2O5 resulting in the highest total sugarcane dry matter. Our findings suggested the soil microbial interactions as a potential microbial indicator helping to improve the agricultural management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Gumiere
- Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alain N Rousseau
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau Terre Environnement. 490, rue de la Couronne, Quebec City, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Diogo Paes da Costa
- Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alice Cassetari
- Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Raposo Cotta
- Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Dini Andreote
- Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio J Gumiere
- Department of Soil and Agri-Food Engineering, Laval University, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Paulo Sergio Pavinato
- Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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90
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Harvey E, Altermatt F. Regulation of the functional structure of aquatic communities across spatial scales in a major river network. Ecology 2019; 100:e02633. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Harvey
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich CH‐8057 Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Duebendorf CH‐8600 Switzerland
- Département de Sciences Biologiques Université de Montréal Montréal H2V 2S9 Canada
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich CH‐8057 Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Duebendorf CH‐8600 Switzerland
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91
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Marini L, Bartomeus I, Rader R, Lami F. Species–habitat networks: A tool to improve landscape management for conservation. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignasi Bartomeus
- Dpto. Ecologia Integrativa Estacion Biologica de Dõnana (EBD‐CSIC) Sevilla Spain
| | - Romina Rader
- Ecosystem Management School of Environment and Rural Sciences University of New England Armidale NSW Australia
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92
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Pelletier TA, Carstens BC, Tank DC, Sullivan J, Espíndola A. Predicting plant conservation priorities on a global scale. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:13027-13032. [PMID: 30509998 PMCID: PMC6304935 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804098115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The conservation status of most plant species is currently unknown, despite the fundamental role of plants in ecosystem health. To facilitate the costly process of conservation assessment, we developed a predictive protocol using a machine-learning approach to predict conservation status of over 150,000 land plant species. Our study uses open-source geographic, environmental, and morphological trait data, making this the largest assessment of conservation risk to date and the only global assessment for plants. Our results indicate that a large number of unassessed species are likely at risk and identify several geographic regions with the highest need of conservation efforts, many of which are not currently recognized as regions of global concern. By providing conservation-relevant predictions at multiple spatial and taxonomic scales, predictive frameworks such as the one developed here fill a pressing need for biodiversity science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan C Carstens
- Department of Evolution, Ecology & Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - David C Tank
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051
- Stillinger Herbarium, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051
| | - Jack Sullivan
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051
| | - Anahí Espíndola
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4454
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93
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Raine EH, Mikich SB, Lewis OT, Riordan P, Vaz‐de‐Mello FZ, Slade EM. Extinctions of interactions: quantifying a dung beetle–mammal network. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Owen T. Lewis
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PS UK
| | - Philip Riordan
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PS UK
- Marwell Wildlife Colden Common Winchester SO21 1JH UK
| | - Fernando Z. Vaz‐de‐Mello
- Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Av. Fernando, Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança 78060‐900 Cuiabá MT Brazil
| | - Eleanor M. Slade
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PS UK
- Lancaster Environment Centre University of Lancaster Lancaster LA1 AYQ UK
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94
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Abstract
Human-dominated landscapes represent one of the most rapidly expanding and least-understood ecosystems on earth. Yet, we know little about which features in these landscapes promote sustainable wildlife populations. Historically, in urban areas, landowners have converted native plant communities into habitats dominated by nonnative species that are not susceptible to pest damage and require little maintenance. However, nonnative plants are also poor at supporting insects that are critical food resources for higher order consumers. Despite the logical connection, no study has examined the impact of nonnative plants on subsequent population responses of vertebrate consumers. Here, we demonstrate that residential yards dominated by nonnative plants have lower arthropod abundance, forcing resident Carolina chickadees (Poecile carolinensis) to switch diets to less preferred prey and produce fewer young, or forgo reproduction in nonnative sites altogether. This leads to lower reproductive success and unsustainable population growth in these yards compared with those with >70% native plant biomass. Our results reveal that properties landscaped with nonnative plants function as population sinks for insectivorous birds. To promote sustainable food webs, urban planners and private landowners should prioritize native plant species.
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95
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Osorio-Canadas S, Arnan X, Bassols E, Vicens N, Bosch J. Seasonal dynamics in a cavity-nesting bee-wasp community: Shifts in composition, functional diversity and host-parasitoid network structure. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205854. [PMID: 30325966 PMCID: PMC6191139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological communities are composed of species that interact with each other forming complex interaction networks. Although interaction networks have been usually treated as static entities, interactions show high levels of temporal variation, mainly due to temporal species turnover. Changes in taxonomic composition are likely to bring about changes in functional trait composition. Because functional traits influence the likelihood that two species interact, temporal changes in functional composition and structure may ultimately affect interaction network structure. Here, we study the seasonality (spring vs. summer) in a community of cavity-nesting solitary bees and wasps (‘hosts’) and their nest associates (‘parasitoids’). We analyze seasonal changes in taxonomic compostion and structure, as well as in functional traits, of the host and parasitoid communities. We also analyze whether these changes result in changes in percent parasitism and interaction network structure. Our host and parasitoid communities are strongly seasonal. Host species richness increases from spring to summer. This results in important seasonal changes in functional composition of the host community. The spring community (almost exclusively composed of bees) is characterized by large, univoltine, adult-wintering host species. The summer community (composed of both bees and wasps) is dominated by smaller, bivoltine, prepupa-wintering species. Host functional diversity is higher in summer than in spring. Importantly, these functional changes are not only explained by the addition of wasp species in summer. Functional changes in the parasitoid community are much less pronounced, probably due to the lower parasitoid species turnover. Despite these important taxonomic and functional changes, levels of parasitism did not change across seasons. Two network metrics (generality and interaction evenness) increased from spring to summer. These changes can be explained by the seasonal increase in species richness (and therefore network size). The seasonal shift from a bee-dominated community in spring to a wasp-dominated community in summer suggests a change in ecosystem function, with emphasis on pollination in spring to emphasis on predation in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emili Bassols
- Parc Natural de la Zona Volcànica de la Garrotxa, Olot, Spain
| | - Narcís Vicens
- Servei de Medi Ambient de la Diputació de Girona, Pujada Sant Martí 4–5, Girona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bosch
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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96
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Mukherjee S, Banerjee S, Basu P, Saha GK, Aditya G. Butterfly-plant network in urban landscape: Implication for conservation and urban greening. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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97
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Adaptive Networks for Restoration Ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:664-675. [PMID: 30005837 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The urgent need to restore biodiversity and ecosystem functioning challenges ecology as a predictive science. Restoration ecology would benefit from evolutionary principles embedded within a framework that combines adaptive network models and the phylogenetic structure of ecological interactions. Adaptive network models capture feedbacks between trait evolution, species abundances, and interactions to explain resilience and functional diversity within communities. Phylogenetically-structured network data, increasingly available via next-generation sequencing, inform constraints affecting interaction rewiring. Combined, these approaches can predict eco-evolutionary changes triggered by community manipulation practices, such as translocations and eradications of invasive species. We discuss theoretical and methodological opportunities to bridge network models and data from restoration projects and propose how this can be applied to the functional restoration of ecological interactions.
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98
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Tydecks L, Jeschke JM, Wolf M, Singer G, Tockner K. Spatial and topical imbalances in biodiversity research. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199327. [PMID: 29975719 PMCID: PMC6033392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid erosion of biodiversity is among the biggest challenges human society is facing. Concurrently, major efforts are in place to quantify changes in biodiversity, to understand the consequences for ecosystem functioning and human wellbeing, and to develop sustainable management strategies. Based on comprehensive bibliometric analyses covering 134,321 publications, we report systematic spatial biases in biodiversity-related research. Research is dominated by wealthy countries, while major research deficits occur in regions with disproportionately high biodiversity as well as a high share of threatened species. Similarly, core scientists, who were assessed through their publication impact, work primarily in North America and Europe. Though they mainly exchange and collaborate across locations of these two continents, the connectivity among them has increased with time. Finally, biodiversity-related research has primarily focused on terrestrial systems, plants, and the species level, and is frequently conducted in Europe and Asia by researchers affiliated with European and North American institutions. The distinct spatial imbalances in biodiversity research, as demonstrated here, must be filled, research capacity built, particularly in the Global South, and spatially-explicit biodiversity data bases improved, curated and shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tydecks
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology—Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan M. Jeschke
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology—Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Wolf
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriel Singer
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Klement Tockner
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology—Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Der Wissenschaftsfond (FWF), Vienna, Austria
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99
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Mor JR, Ruhí A, Tornés E, Valcárcel H, Muñoz I, Sabater S. Dam regulation and riverine food-web structure in a Mediterranean river. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:301-310. [PMID: 29289778 PMCID: PMC5861997 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Flow regimes are a major driver of community composition and structure in riverine ecosystems, and flow regulation by dams often induces artificially-stable flow regimes downstream. This represents a major source of hydrological alteration, particularly in regions where biota is adapted to strong seasonal and interannual flow variability. We hypothesized that dam-induced hydrological stability should increase the availability of autochthonous resources at the base of the food web. This, in turn, should favour herbivorous over detritivorous strategies, increasing the diversity of primary consumers, and the food-web width and length. We tested this hypothesis by studying the longitudinal variation in food-web structure in a highly-seasonal Mediterranean river affected by an irrigation dam. We compared an unregulated reach to several reaches downstream of the dam. Hydrological and sedimentological stability increased downstream of the dam, and altered the type and quantity of available resources downstream, prompting a change from a detritus-based to an algae-based food web. The fraction of links between top and intermediate species also increased, and the food web became longer and wider at the intermediate trophic levels. Food-web structure did not recover 14km downstream of the dam, despite a partial restitution of the flow regime. Our results advance the notion that hydrologic alteration affects riverine food webs via additions/deletions of taxa and variation in the strength and distribution of food-web interactions. Thus, flow regulation by dams may not only impact individual facets of biodiversity, but also food-web level properties across river networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi-René Mor
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Albert Ruhí
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain; Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA
| | - Elisabet Tornés
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain; Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Héctor Valcárcel
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Isabel Muñoz
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Sabater
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain; Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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100
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Bucharova A, Bossdorf O, Hölzel N, Kollmann J, Prasse R, Durka W. Mix and match: regional admixture provenancing strikes a balance among different seed-sourcing strategies for ecological restoration. CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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