51
|
Konrad A, Tucker S, Crane J, Whittaker S. Technology and Reflection: Mood and Memory Mechanisms for Well-Being. PSYCHOLOGY OF WELL-BEING 2016; 6:5. [PMID: 27390666 PMCID: PMC4909790 DOI: 10.1186/s13612-016-0045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background We report a psychologically motivated intervention to explore Technology Mediated Reflection (TMR), the process of systematically reviewing rich digital records of past personal experiences. Although TMR benefits well-being, and is increasingly being deployed, we know little about how one’s mood when using TMR influences these benefits. We use theories of memory and emotion-regulation to motivate hypotheses about the relationship between reflection, mood, and well-being when using technology. We test these hypotheses in a large-scale month long real world deployment using a web-based application, MoodAdaptor. MoodAdaptor prompted participants to reflect on positive or negative memories depending on current mood. Methods We evaluated how mood and memory interact during written reflection and measured effects on well-being. We analyzed qualitative and quantitative data from 128 participants who generated 11157 mood evaluations, 5051 logfiles, 256 surveys, and 20 interviews. Results TMR regulated emotion; when participants reflected on memories with valences opposite to their current mood, their mood became more neutral. However this did not impact overall well-being. Our findings also clarify underlying TMR mechanisms. Moods and memories competed with each other; when positive moods prevailed over negative memories, people demonstrated classic mechanisms shown in prior work to influence well-being. When negative moods prevailed over positive memories, memories became negatively tainted. Conclusions Our results have implications for new well-being interventions and technologies that capitalize on the interconnectedness of memory and emotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artie Konrad
- University of California at Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Simon Tucker
- Google, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA USA
| | - John Crane
- University of California at Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Steve Whittaker
- University of California at Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
|
53
|
Abstract
Researchers have documented the consequences of both expressing and suppressing emotion using between-subjects designs. It may be argued, however, that successful adaptation depends not so much on any one regulatory process, but on the ability to flexibly enhance or suppress emotional expression in accord with situational demands. We tested this hypothesis among New York City college students in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks. Subjects' performance in a laboratory task in which they enhanced emotional expression, suppressed emotional expression, and behaved normally on different trials was examined as a prospective predictor of their adjustment across the first two years of college. Results supported the flexibility hypothesis. A regression analysis controlling for initial distress and motivation and cognitive resources found that subjects who were better able to enhance and suppress the expression of emotion evidenced less distress by the end of the second year. Memory deficits were also observed for both the enhancement and the suppression tasks, suggesting that both processes require cognitive resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George A Bonanno
- Clinical Psychology Program, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Characteristics and Correlates of Word Use in Physician-Patient Communication. Ann Behav Med 2016; 50:664-677. [DOI: 10.1007/s12160-016-9792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
55
|
Zimmermann J, Brockmeyer T, Hunn M, Schauenburg H, Wolf M. First-person Pronoun Use in Spoken Language as a Predictor of Future Depressive Symptoms: Preliminary Evidence from a Clinical Sample of Depressed Patients. Clin Psychol Psychother 2016; 24:384-391. [PMID: 26818665 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several theories suggest that self-focused attention plays an important role in the maintenance of depression. However, previous studies have predominantly relied on self-report and laboratory-based measures such as sentence completion tasks to assess individual differences in self-focus. We present a prospective, longitudinal study based on a sample of 29 inpatients with clinical depression, investigating whether an implicit, behavioural measure of self-focused attention, i.e., the relative frequency of first-person singular pronouns in naturally spoken language, predicts depressive symptoms at follow-up over and above initial depression. We did not find a significant cross-sectional association between depressive symptoms and first-person singular pronoun use. However, first-person singular pronoun use significantly predicted depressive symptoms approximately 8 months later, even after controlling for depressive symptoms at baseline or discharge. Exploratory analyses revealed that this effect was mainly driven by the use of objective and possessive self-references such as 'me' or 'my'. Our findings are in line with theories that highlight individual differences in self-focused attention as a predictor of the course of depression. Moreover, our findings extend previous work in this field by adopting an unobtrusive approach of non-reactive assessment, capturing naturally occurring differences in self-focused attention. We discuss possible clinical applications of language-based assessments and interventions with regard to self-focus. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE Naturally occurring individual differences in first-person singular pronoun use provide an unobtrusive way to assess patients' automatic self-focused attention. Frequent use of first-person singular pronouns predicts an unfavourable course of depression. Self-focused language might offer innovative ways of tracking and targeting therapeutic change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timo Brockmeyer
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hunn
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Henning Schauenburg
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Wolf
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Gao S, Ver Steeg G, Galstyan A. Understanding Confounding Effects in Linguistic Coordination: An Information-Theoretic Approach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130167. [PMID: 26115446 PMCID: PMC4483141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We suggest an information-theoretic approach for measuring stylistic coordination in dialogues. The proposed measure has a simple predictive interpretation and can account for various confounding factors through proper conditioning. We revisit some of the previous studies that reported strong signatures of stylistic accommodation, and find that a significant part of the observed coordination can be attributed to a simple confounding effect--length coordination. Specifically, longer utterances tend to be followed by longer responses, which gives rise to spurious correlations in the other stylistic features. We propose a test to distinguish correlations in length due to contextual factors (topic of conversation, user verbosity, etc.) and turn-by-turn coordination. We also suggest a test to identify whether stylistic coordination persists even after accounting for length coordination and contextual factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Gao
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Greg Ver Steeg
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States of America
| | - Aram Galstyan
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Abstract
Using human evaluation of 100,000 words spread across 24 corpora in 10 languages diverse in origin and culture, we present evidence of a deep imprint of human sociality in language, observing that (i) the words of natural human language possess a universal positivity bias, (ii) the estimated emotional content of words is consistent between languages under translation, and (iii) this positivity bias is strongly independent of frequency of word use. Alongside these general regularities, we describe interlanguage variations in the emotional spectrum of languages that allow us to rank corpora. We also show how our word evaluations can be used to construct physical-like instruments for both real-time and offline measurement of the emotional content of large-scale texts.
Collapse
|
58
|
Niles AN, Byrne Haltom KE, Lieberman MD, Hur C, Stanton AL. Writing content predicts benefit from written expressive disclosure: Evidence for repeated exposure and self-affirmation. Cogn Emot 2015; 30:258-74. [PMID: 25650018 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2014.995598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Expressive disclosure regarding a stressful event improves psychological and physical health, yet predictors of these effects are not well established. The current study assessed exposure, narrative structure, affect word use, self-affirmation and discovery of meaning as predictors of anxiety, depressive and physical symptoms following expressive writing. Participants (N = 50) wrote on four occasions about a stressful event and completed self-report measures before writing and three months later. Essays were coded for stressor exposure (level of detail and whether participants remained on topic), narrative structure, self-affirmation and discovery of meaning. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software was used to quantify positive and negative affect word use. Controlling for baseline anxiety, more self-affirmation and detail about the event predicted lower anxiety symptoms, and more negative affect words (very high use) and more discovery of meaning predicted higher anxiety symptoms three months after writing. Findings highlight the importance of self-affirmation and exposure as predictors of benefit from expressive writing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Niles
- a Department of Psychology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Kate E Byrne Haltom
- a Department of Psychology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Matthew D Lieberman
- a Department of Psychology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Christopher Hur
- a Department of Psychology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Annette L Stanton
- a Department of Psychology , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Cheng J, Purcell HN, Dimitriou SM, Grossoehme DH. Testing the feasibility and acceptability of a chaplaincy intervention to improving treatment attitudes and self-efficacy of adolescents with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study. J Health Care Chaplain 2015; 21:76-90. [PMID: 25793423 PMCID: PMC4609439 DOI: 10.1080/08854726.2015.1015365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Religious factors are known to contribute to treatment adherence in different patient populations, and religious coping has been found to be particularly important to adolescents dealing with chronic diseases. Adherence to prescribed treatments slows disease progression and contributes to desirable outcomes in most patients, and, therefore, adherence-promoting interventions provided by chaplains could be beneficial to various patient populations. The current article describes a pilot study to test the feasibility of a theoretically and empirically based chaplain intervention to promote treatment adherence for adolescents with CF. Cognitive interviews were conducted 24 with adolescents with CF, and content analysis was used to identify themes, which informed revision of the intervention protocol. The authors thought that presenting the methods and results of this pilot study would be helpful for chaplains who want to conduct intervention research. The results indicated that the proposed intervention was acceptable and feasible to deliver in hard copy or an electronic platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Cheng
- a College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Bryan , Texas , USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Senay I, Usak M, Prokop P. Talking About Behaviors in the Passive Voice Increases Task Performance. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Senay
- Department of Psychology; Istanbul Şehir University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Muhammet Usak
- Department of Science Education; Gazi University; Ankara Turkey
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Institute of Zoology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
- Department of Biology; Trnava University; Bratislava Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
“She” and “He” in News Media Messages: Pronoun Use Reflects Gender Biases in Semantic Contexts. SEX ROLES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-014-0437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
62
|
Bernstein RE, Ablow JC, Maloney KC, Nigg JT. Piloting PlayWrite: Feasibility and Efficacy of a Playwriting Intervention for At-Risk Adolescents. JOURNAL OF CREATIVITY IN MENTAL HEALTH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15401383.2014.902342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
63
|
Nguyen DT, Fussell SR. Lexical Cues of Interaction Involvement in Dyadic Instant Messaging Conversations. DISCOURSE PROCESSES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/0163853x.2014.912544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
64
|
Procaccia R, Veronese G, Castiglioni M. Self-Characterization and Attachment Style: A Creative Method of Investigating Children's Construing. JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIVIST PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10720537.2014.904701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
65
|
Van der Zanden R, Curie K, Van Londen M, Kramer J, Steen G, Cuijpers P. Web-based depression treatment: associations of clients' word use with adherence and outcome. J Affect Disord 2014; 160:10-3. [PMID: 24709016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing number of web-based psychological treatments, based on textual communication, generates a wealth of data that can contribute to knowledge of online and face-to-face treatments. We investigated whether clients' language use predicted treatment outcomes and adherence in Master Your Mood (MYM), an online group course for young adults with depressive symptoms. METHODS Among 234 participants from a randomised controlled trial of MYM, we tested whether their word use on course application forms predicted baseline levels of depression, anxiety and mastery, or subsequent treatment adherence. We then analysed chat session transcripts of course completers (n=67) to investigate whether word use changes predicted changes in treatment outcomes. RESULTS Depression improvement was predicted by increasing use of 'discrepancy words' during treatment (e.g. should). At baseline, more discrepancy words predicted higher mastery level. Adherence was predicted by more words used at application, more social words and fewer discrepancy words. LIMITATIONS Many variables were included, increasing the chance of coincidental results. This risk was constrained by examining only those word categories that have been investigated in relation to depression or adherence. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to link word use during treatment to outcomes of treatment that has proven to be effective in an RCT. The results suggest that paying attention to the length of problem articulation at application and to 'discrepancy words' may be wise, as these seem to be psychological markers. To expand knowledge of word use as psychological marker, research on web-based treatment should include text analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Van der Zanden
- Trimbos Institute, Knowledge Centre of Mental Health and Addiction, Da Costakade 45, Post Office Box 727, 3500 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Keshia Curie
- Trimbos Institute, Knowledge Centre of Mental Health and Addiction, Da Costakade 45, Post Office Box 727, 3500 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Jeannet Kramer
- Trimbos Institute, Knowledge Centre of Mental Health and Addiction, Da Costakade 45, Post Office Box 727, 3500 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Steen
- Department of Language and Communication, Network Institute, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical Psychology, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Castiglioni M, Veronese G, Pepe A, Villegas M. The Semantics of Freedom in Agoraphobic Patients: An Empirical Study. JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIVIST PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10720537.2013.806874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
67
|
Sendén MG, Lindholm T, Sikström S. Biases in News Media as Reflected by Personal Pronouns in Evaluative Contexts. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines whether pronouns in news media occurred in evaluative contexts reflecting psychological biases. Contexts of pronouns were measured by computerized semantic analysis. Results showed that self-inclusive personal pronouns (We, I) occurred in more positive contexts than self-exclusive pronouns (He/She, They), reflecting self- and group-serving biases. Contexts of collective versus individual pronouns varied; We occurred in more positive contexts than I, and He/She in more positive contexts than They. The enhancement of collective relative to individual self-inclusive pronouns may reflect that media news is a public rather than private domain. The reversed pattern among self-exclusive pronouns corroborates suggestions that outgroup derogation is most pronounced at the category level. Implications for research on language and social psychology are discussed.
Collapse
|
68
|
Milbury K, Spelman A, Wood C, Matin SF, Tannir N, Jonasch E, Pisters L, Wei Q, Cohen L. Randomized controlled trial of expressive writing for patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:663-70. [PMID: 24470003 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.50.3532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This randomized controlled trial examined the quality-of-life benefits of an expressive writing (EW) intervention for patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and identified a potential underlying mechanism of intervention efficacy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients (N = 277) with stage I to IV RCC were randomly assigned to write about their deepest thoughts and feelings regarding their cancer (EW) or about neutral topics (neutral writing [NW]) on four separate occasions. Patients completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), MD Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI), Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36), and Impact of Event Scale (IES) at baseline and 1, 4, and 10 months after the intervention. RESULTS The mean age of participants (28% stage IV; 41% female) was 58 years. Multilevel modeling analyses, using a Bonferroni-corrected α = .021 for six outcomes adjusted for the correlation among outcomes, revealed that, relative to the NW group, patients in the EW group reported significantly lower MDASI scores (P = .003) and higher physical component summary scores on the SF-36 (P = .019) at 10 months after the intervention. Mediation analyses revealed that significant group differences for MDASI scores at 10 months were mediated by lower IES scores at 1 month after the intervention in the EW group (P = .042). No significant group differences were observed in the BFI, CES-D, PSQI, and mental component summary of the SF-36. CONCLUSION EW may reduce cancer-related symptoms and improve physical functioning in patients with RCC. Evidence suggests that this effect may occur through short-term improvements in cognitive processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Milbury
- All authors: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Jaeger J, Lindblom KM, Parker-Guilbert K, Zoellner LA. Trauma Narratives: It's What You Say, Not How You Say It. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA-THEORY RESEARCH PRACTICE AND POLICY 2014; 6:473-481. [PMID: 25379123 DOI: 10.1037/a0035239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Structural and content- related features of trauma narratives of traumatic events may help explain the development of PTSD. In a sample of 35 female assault survivors, we examined the association between the structure and content of trauma narratives and PTSD and other trauma-related reactions (i.e., depression, anxiety, anger, dissociation, and guilt). When controlling for recounting style and recounting distress, narrative structure was not strongly associated with PTSD or other trauma-related reactions. In contrast, the content of the trauma narratives (more positive and negative emotion words, higher cognitive process, and less self-focus being) was associated with lower symptomatology. Taken together, trauma narrative content rather than grammatical structure of the narrative may be more reflective of underlying emotional processing of the traumatic memory or lack thereof.
Collapse
|
70
|
Emotion suppression and mortality risk over a 12-year follow-up. J Psychosom Res 2013; 75:381-5. [PMID: 24119947 PMCID: PMC3939772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Suppression of emotion has long been suspected to have a role in health, but empirical work has yielded mixed findings. We examined the association between emotion suppression and all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality over 12 years of follow-up in a nationally representative US sample. METHODS We used the 2008 General Social Survey-National Death Index (GSS-NDI) cohort, which included an emotion suppression scale administered to 729 people in 1996. Prospective mortality follow up between 1996 and 2008 of 111 deaths (37 by cardiovascular disease, 34 by cancer) was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, gender, education, and minority race/ethnicity. RESULTS The 75th vs. 25th percentile on the emotional suppression score was associated with hazard ratio (HR) of 1.35 (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]=1.00, 1.82; P=.049) for all-cause mortality. For cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality, the HRs were 1.70 (95% CI=1.01, 2.88, P=.049) and 1.47 (95% CI=.87, 2.47, P=.148) respectively. CONCLUSIONS Emotion suppression may convey risk for earlier death, including death from cancer. Further work is needed to better understand the biopsychosocial mechanisms for this risk, as well as the nature of associations between suppression and different forms of mortality.
Collapse
|
71
|
Huh J, Yetisgen-Yildiz M, Pratt W. Text classification for assisting moderators in online health communities. J Biomed Inform 2013; 46:998-1005. [PMID: 24025513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients increasingly visit online health communities to get help on managing health. The large scale of these online communities makes it impossible for the moderators to engage in all conversations; yet, some conversations need their expertise. Our work explores low-cost text classification methods to this new domain of determining whether a thread in an online health forum needs moderators' help. METHODS We employed a binary classifier on WebMD's online diabetes community data. To train the classifier, we considered three feature types: (1) word unigram, (2) sentiment analysis features, and (3) thread length. We applied feature selection methods based on χ² statistics and under sampling to account for unbalanced data. We then performed a qualitative error analysis to investigate the appropriateness of the gold standard. RESULTS Using sentiment analysis features, feature selection methods, and balanced training data increased the AUC value up to 0.75 and the F1-score up to 0.54 compared to the baseline of using word unigrams with no feature selection methods on unbalanced data (0.65 AUC and 0.40 F1-score). The error analysis uncovered additional reasons for why moderators respond to patients' posts. DISCUSSION We showed how feature selection methods and balanced training data can improve the overall classification performance. We present implications of weighing precision versus recall for assisting moderators of online health communities. Our error analysis uncovered social, legal, and ethical issues around addressing community members' needs. We also note challenges in producing a gold standard, and discuss potential solutions for addressing these challenges. CONCLUSION Social media environments provide popular venues in which patients gain health-related information. Our work contributes to understanding scalable solutions for providing moderators' expertise in these large-scale, social media environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jina Huh
- Department of Telecommunication, Information Studies, and Media, Michigan State University, 404 Wilson Rd, Rm 409, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
D’Mello S, Mills C. Emotions while writing about emotional and non-emotional topics. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-013-9358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
73
|
Andersson MA, Conley CS. Optimizing the perceived benefits and health outcomes of writing about traumatic life events. Stress Health 2013; 29:40-9. [PMID: 22407959 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Expressive writing, which involves disclosing one's deepest thoughts and feelings about a stressful life event by using a first-person perspective, has been linked to gains in health and well-being, though effect sizes range widely. Assuming a third-person perspective is a natural and effective way of coping with highly distressing events. Therefore, the current study examined whether a distanced, third-person approach to expressive writing might be more beneficial than a traditional, first-person intervention for high baseline levels of event-linked intrusive thinking. Randomly assigned participants wrote expressively about traumatic life events by using a first-person or third-person-singular perspective. Linguistic analyses showed that assuming a first-person perspective is linked to higher levels of in-text cognitive engagement, whereas a third-person perspective is linked to lower cognitive engagement. However, in a context of higher levels of intrusive thinking, third-person expressive writing, relative to a traditional first-person approach, yielded (1) greater perceived benefits and positive, long-lasting effects as well as (2) fewer days of activity restriction due to illness. Although more research is needed, these results suggest that third-person expressive writing may be an especially fitting technique for recovering from traumatic or highly stressful life events.
Collapse
|
74
|
Gamber AM, Lane-Loney S, Levine MP. Effects and linguistic analysis of written traumatic emotional disclosure in an eating-disordered population. Perm J 2013; 17:16-20. [PMID: 23596363 PMCID: PMC3627797 DOI: 10.7812/tpp/12-056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In previous studies, writing about traumatic life events produced positive physical and psychological outcomes in various populations. Specific linguistic trends, such as increasing insight and cognitive words, have paralleled health benefits. OBJECTIVE This study explored the effects of written traumatic emotional disclosure on eating disorder behavior and cognitions as well as linguistic dimensions of the disclosure writings completed by eating-disordered patients. DESIGN Twenty-nine female patients, aged 16 to 39 years, from the Penn State Hershey Eating Disorders partial-hospitalization program participated. Twenty-five subjects completed a traumatic disclosure or control writing task, and 21 completed all writings and baseline and follow-up questionnaires to assess eating-disorder symptoms, emotional regulation strategies, self-efficacy, and motivation to change eating-disorder behaviors. The handwritten essays were transcribed into a word-processed document and analyzed on numerous dimensions using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software. RESULTS Individuals completing the disclosure writing did not differ from those in the control task group on any of the questionnaires at follow-up. However, the disclosure group did use more negative emotion, insight, cognitive, function, and filler words on all writing days along with decrease of tentative words. These changes in word use correlated with previous study findings. CONCLUSIONS Whereas the expected linguistic trends were evident in the disclosure group writings, no correlating health benefits could be found between the disclosure and control groups. Eating-disordered populations, often alexithymic, may have difficulty engaging with the disclosure task and could potentially benefit from guidance in processing traumatic events and their affective states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashli M Gamber
- Department of Psychiatry at the University of Maryland Medical Cnenter, Baltimore, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Cohen SJ. Construction and preliminary validation of a dictionary for cognitive rigidity: linguistic markers of overconfidence and overgeneralization and their concomitant psychological distress. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2012; 41:347-370. [PMID: 22120141 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-011-9196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fanaticism and extremism are increasingly recognized as seminal to psychopathology and distress, especially considering the increase in political unrest and violence over the last decade. In the psychopathological literature, however, the cognitive style associated with extremism and overgeneralization has long been recognized as a risk factor for emotional distress, leading to both externalizing behavior (e.g. aggression) and internalizing pathology (e.g. depression). Despite its recognized importance, however, virtually no standardized measures of this cognitive style exist. Since direct inquiry about a respondent's Cognitive Rigidity, is likely to be biased, a text-analytical measure of extremism in spontaneous autobiographical narratives is proposed. In contrast to self-reports, naturally occurring speech often suggests cognitive proclivities towards overgeneralization, overconfidence or extremization. In this study, spoken autobiographical narratives were elicited from 483 participants, and contrasted with extensive mental health information using a hierarchical concordanced-keyword technique. The resulting corpus-based dictionary is context-sensitive, and exhibits significant correlations with measures of negative emotionality, with minimal association with response bias measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuki J Cohen
- Psychology Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 445 W 59th St rm# 2402, New York, NY 10019, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Vambheim SM, Wangberg SC, Johnsen JAK, Wynn R. Language use in an internet support group for smoking cessation: development of sense of community. Inform Health Soc Care 2012; 38:67-78. [DOI: 10.3109/17538157.2012.710685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
77
|
Carter PE, Grenyer BFS. Expressive language disturbance in borderline personality disorder in response to emotional autobiographical stimuli. J Pers Disord 2012; 26:305-21. [PMID: 22686220 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2012.26.3.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Clinicians recognize expressive language disturbances in borderline personality disorder (BPD) as a feature attenuating psychiatric history-taking. Neuroimaging studies demonstrate activation of key differentiating neural networks characterizing a traumatic memory system in BPD patients. Yet there are few BPD studies evaluating expressive language disturbances in response to emotionally salient, clinically relevant stimuli and no controlled studies. The aim was to examine expressive language disturbances in response to a clinically relevant emotional stimulus, the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Twenty BPD participants and 20 age-, sex-, and education-matched controls were administered the AAI. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed by four computerized measures designed to evaluate various linguistic components of speech (i.e., overall expressive language impairment, lexical complexity, syntactic complexity, and semantic complexity). BPD participants evidenced significantly greater levels of overall expressive language impairment and reduced syntactic and lexical complexity, but not semantic complexity scores. Detailed linguistic profiles demonstrated specific deficits linked to BPD.
Collapse
|
78
|
Bond M, Pennebaker JW. Automated computer-based feedback in expressive writing. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
79
|
Lorenz TA, Meston CM. Associations among childhood sexual abuse, language use, and adult sexual functioning and satisfaction. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2012; 36:190-9. [PMID: 22387124 PMCID: PMC3307865 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To better understand the link between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and adult sexual functioning and satisfaction, we examined cognitive differences between women with (N=128) and without (NSA, N=99) CSA histories. METHODS We used the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count, a computerized text analysis program, to investigate language differences between women with and without CSA histories when writing about their daily life (neutral essay) and their beliefs about sexuality and their sexual experiences (sexual essay). RESULTS Compared to NSA women, women with CSA histories used fewer first person pronouns in the neutral essay but more in the sexual essay, suggesting women with CSA histories have greater self-focus when thinking about sexuality. Women who reported CSA used more intimacy words and more language consistent with psychological distancing in the sexual essay than did NSA women. Use of positive emotion words in the sexual essay predicted sexual functioning and satisfaction in both groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the view that language use differs in significant ways between women with and without sexual abuse histories, and that these differences relate to sexual functioning and satisfaction.
Collapse
|
80
|
Hussain D. Healing Through Writing: Insights from Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH PROMOTION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/14623730.2010.9721810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
81
|
Arntz A, Hawke LD, Bamelis L, Spinhoven P, Molendijk ML. Changes in natural language use as an indicator of psychotherapeutic change in personality disorders. Behav Res Ther 2012; 50:191-202. [PMID: 22317755 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Word use has been shown to reflect various psychological processes and psychological change. This study examines the self-view in personality disorders (PDs) and its change over the course of therapy using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count analysis procedure. A sample of 299 participants with PDs and 108 community control participants wrote short essays about their lives. Patients repeated the assignment three times over two years and completed assessments of PD-pathology, general psychopathology, PD-beliefs, and quality of life. Results show that as hypothesized the use of words in the 1st Person Singular Pronouns, Negative Emotion, Causation, Past and Future Tense Verbs categories significantly declines over the course of treatment, while the use of Present Tense Verbs and Positive Emotion increases. These categories tend to distinguish patients from non-patients prior to treatment. We also found 12 additional word categories changing over time, including Word Count and Negations. Change in word use statistically predicts better treatment outcome on all outcome measures (p < .001). Reductions in the use of Negative Emotion Words and Negations are the strongest predictors of outcome. The non-hypothesized role of Negations was explored and seemed to reflect that PD-patients miss a lot in their lives. Reduction of what they miss seems central to recovery. This issue seems relatively neglected in theoretical and treatment models of PDs. An increased focus on what patients miss in their lives might improve our understanding and treatment of PDs. In sum, Negative Emotion and Negation word categories appear to reflect key treatment targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnoud Arntz
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, P O Box 616, NL 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Trepal H, Haberstroh S, Duffey T, Evans M. Considerations and Strategies for Teaching Online Counseling Skills: Establishing Relationships in Cyberspace. COUNSELOR EDUCATION AND SUPERVISION 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6978.2007.tb00031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
83
|
|
84
|
Abstract
Evidence generated within the emotional disclosure paradigm (EDP) suggests that talking or writing about emotional experiences produces health benefits, but recent meta-analyses have questioned its efficacy. Studies within the EDP typically rely upon a unidimensional and relatively unsophisticated notion of emotional inhibition, and tend to use quantitative forms of content analysis to identify associations between percentages of word types and positive or negative health outcomes. In this article, we use a case study to show how a qualitative discourse analysis has the potential to identify more of the complexity linking the disclosure practices and styles that may be associated with emotional inhibition. This may illuminate the apparent lack of evidence for efficacy of the EDP by enabling more comprehensive theorisations of the variations within it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Ellis
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of East London, London E16 2RD, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Seih YT, Chung CK, Pennebaker JW. Experimental manipulations of perspective taking and perspective switching in expressive writing. Cogn Emot 2011; 25:926-38. [PMID: 21824030 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2010.512123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that those who naturally vary their pronoun use over the course of expressive writing subsequently report the greatest improvements in physical and mental health. To explore possible perspective taking or perspective switching effects, two studies manipulated writing perspectives about emotional events from either a first-person, second-person, or third-person perspective. In Study 1, 55 students were randomly assigned to one of the three writing perspectives and were asked to write from the same perspective for three 5-minute writing sessions. In Study 2, 129 students wrote for three 5-minute sessions, one from each perspective in a counterbalanced order. The results showed that writing from a first-person perspective conferred more perceived benefits and was associated with using more cognitive mechanism words, whether engaged in perspective taking or perspective switching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tai Seih
- Department of Psychology A8000, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Les effets de l’écriture expressive sur la santé physique et psychologique des rédacteurs : un bilan, des perspectives de recherches. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
87
|
Cohen SJ. Measurement of negativity bias in personal narratives using corpus-based emotion dictionaries. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2011; 40:119-135. [PMID: 20972887 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-010-9158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a novel methodology for the measurement of negativity bias using positive and negative dictionaries of emotion words applied to autobiographical narratives. At odds with the cognitive theory of mood dysregulation, previous text-analytical studies have failed to find significant correlation between emotion dictionaries and negative affectivity or dysphoria. In the present study, an a priori list dictionary of emotion words was refined based on the actual use of these words in personal narratives collected from close to 500 college students. Half of the corpus was used to construct, via concordance analysis, the grammatical structures associated with the words in their emotional sense. The second half of the corpus served as a validation corpus. The resulting dictionary ignores words that are not used in their intended emotional sense, including negated emotions, homophones, frozen idioms etc. Correlations of the resulting corpus-based negative and positive emotion dictionaries with self-report measures of negative affectivity were in the expected direction, and were statistically significant, with medium effect size. The potential use of these dictionaries as implicit measures of negativity bias and in the analysis of psychotherapy transcripts is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuki J Cohen
- Psychology Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, 445 W 59th St. rm #2402, New York, NY 10019, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Crawley RA. Closure of autobiographical memories: The effects of written recounting from first- or third-person visual perspective. Memory 2011; 18:900-17. [PMID: 21108108 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2010.524650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Autobiographical memories are recalled with varying degrees of psychological closure. Closure is a subjective assessment of how far a remembered experience feels resolved, and it has been suggested that one predictor of closure is the amount of emotional detail in the memory. Study 1 examined which aspect of emotional detail is important for closure, and showed that open and closed negative memories were distinguished by ratings of emotion evoked during recall, not by remembered emotion from the time of the event. The recall of open memories was accompanied by more intense, more negative, and less positive emotion than the recall of closed memories. Biased retelling of memories has been shown to influence closure and on the basis of evidence that third-person recall serves a distancing function, Study 2 examined whether instructions to repeatedly recount an open memory from a third-person perspective would increase closure compared with a single or repeated recounting from a first-person perspective. While repeated third-person recounting had the greatest influence on closure, there were also increases in the first-person recounting groups. The results suggest that closure can be increased by reporting memories in written narrative form, particularly if repeatedly expressed from the third-person perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ros A Crawley
- Department of Psychology, University of Sunderland, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Cognitive distancing, cognitive restructuring, and cardiovascular recovery from stress. Biol Psychol 2011; 86:143-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
90
|
Kim Y. Effects of expressive writing among bilinguals: Exploring psychological well-being and social behaviour. Br J Health Psychol 2010; 13:43-7. [DOI: 10.1348/135910707x251225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
91
|
East P, Startup H, Roberts C, Schmidt U. Expressive writing and eating disorder features: A preliminary trial in a student sample of the impact of three writing tasks on eating disorder symptoms and associated cognitive, affective and interpersonal factors. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2010; 18:180-96. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
92
|
Stuckey HL, Nobel J. The connection between art, healing, and public health: a review of current literature. Am J Public Health 2010; 100:254-63. [PMID: 20019311 PMCID: PMC2804629 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2008.156497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the relationship between engagement with the creative arts and health outcomes, specifically the health effects of music engagement, visual arts therapy, movement-based creative expression, and expressive writing. Although there is evidence that art-based interventions are effective in reducing adverse physiological and psychological outcomes, the extent to which these interventions enhance health status is largely unknown. Our hope is to establish a foundation for continued investigation into this subject and to generate further interest in researching the complexities of engagement with the arts and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Stuckey
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, C6860 (H034), 500 University Dr, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Boals A, Perez AS. Language use predicts phenomenological properties of Holocaust memories and health. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
94
|
Dunnack ES, Park CL. The Effect of an Expressive Writing Intervention on Pronouns: The Surprising Case of I. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15325020902925084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
95
|
Spreitzer G, Stephens JP, Sweetman D. The Reflected Best Self field experiment with adolescent leaders: exploring the psychological resources associated with feedback source and valence. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760902992340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
96
|
Psycho-Immunological Effects of Written Emotional Disclosure During Long-Term Injury Rehabilitation. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.3.3.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Psychological trauma associated with long-term injury can cause athletes to experience intense stress-like symptoms and considerable negative affect (e.g., Tracey, 2003; Udry, 1997). Due to the nature of competitive sport, however, it is thought that injured athletes inhibit these emotions to the detriment of their physical health. The present study examined Pennebaker’s (1989) emotional disclosure paradigm within a sporting context. It was hypothesized that writing about a traumatic injury would reduce athletes’ mood disturbance and stress during rehabilitation. Further, it was believed that these changes would correspond with an increase in immune expression from pre- to postintervention. Elite injured athletes (N = 9) rehabilitating from anterior cruciate ligament surgery participated in the 3-day writing intervention, consisting of 3 X 20 min writing sessions, during which athletes disclosed negative emotions associated with their injury and rehabilitation experiences. Measures were taken at six time-points (T1-T6), with pre- and postintervention phases lasting for 4 weeks each. Measures consisted of psychological stress (intrusion and avoidance), total mood disturbance, and relative cell-counts/µL for circulating T-cells (CD4/8) and NK cells (CD16/56). Repeated-measures ANOVAs showed a signifcant main effect of time for intrusion, F(5, 70) = 5.83, p =.001, η2 = .29 and avoidance, F(5, 70) = 5.73, p =.002, η2 = 0.29 subscales; mood disturbance, F(5, 70) = 3.71, p= 0.005, η2 = 0.21; and CD4+, F(5, 65) = 2.39, p= 0.048, η2 = .16. Subsequent linear contrasts provided further evidence of significant prepost differences among the stress, mood state, and immune variables. These results suggest that the written disclosure intervention has potential psycho-immunological benefits for athletes rehabilitating from long-term injury.
Collapse
|
97
|
Cohen SJ. Gender differences in speech temporal patterns detected using lagged co-occurrence text-analysis of personal narratives. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2009; 38:111-127. [PMID: 19043784 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-008-9088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a novel methodology for the detection of speech patterns. Lagged co-occurrence analysis (LCA) utilizes the likelihood that a target word will be uttered in a certain position after a trigger word. Using this methodology, it is possible to uncover a statistically significant repetitive temporal patterns of word use, compared to a random choice of words. To demonstrate this new tool on autobiographical narratives, 200 subjects related each a 5-min story, and these stories were transcribed and subjected to LCA, using software written by the author. This study focuses on establishing the usefulness of LCA in psychological research by examining its associations with gender. The application of LCA to the corpus of personal narratives revealed significant differences in the temporal patterns of using the word "I" between male and female speakers. This finding is particularly demonstrative of the potential for studying speech temporal patterns using LCA, as men and women tend to utter the pronoun "I" in comparable frequencies. Specifically, LCA of the personal narratives showed that, on average, men tended to have shorter interval between their use of the pronoun, while women speak longer between two subsequent utterances of the pronoun. The results of this study are discussed in light of psycholinguistic factors governing male and female speech communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuki J Cohen
- Psychology Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY 10019, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Rullkoetter N, Bullig R, Driessen M, Beblo T, Mensebach C, Wingenfeld K. Autobiographical memory and language use: linguistic analyses of critical life event narratives in a non-clinical population. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
99
|
Shaw BR, Jeong Yeob Han, Hawkins RP, McTavish FM, Gustafson DH. Communicating about self and others within an online support group for women with breast cancer and subsequent outcomes. J Health Psychol 2009; 13:930-9. [PMID: 18809644 DOI: 10.1177/1359105308095067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research suggests communicating too much about one's self within an online support group may amplify breast cancer patients' focus on their own problems and exacerbate negative emotions while focusing on others may have the opposite effects. This study explored how pronoun usage within an online support group was associated with subsequent mental health outcomes. There were 286 patients recruited into the study who filled out the pre-test and 231 completed post-tests four months later with survey measures including breast cancer-related concerns and negative emotions. Messages were analyzed using a program counting first person and relational pronouns. A positive relationship was found between use of first person pronouns and negative emotions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bret R Shaw
- University of Wisconsin -Madison & Center for Excellence in Cancer Communication Research, Department of Life Sciences Communication, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Abstract
Bernard Rimé effectively reorients emotions and emotional disclosure in a more social and interpersonal direction, outlining the intricate interplay between emotion generation, emotional sharing, and social integration. However, he also takes a hard line on the intra-psychic emphasis of emotional disclosure, which he frames as the product of an individualistic “Lone Ranger” perspective. In many ways Rimé's critique is on target, but it does not fully credit research and theory demonstrating the benefits of private, self-to-self disclosure. This commentary proposes a reconciliation between Rimé's social structuralist perspective and an intra-psychic, self-based perspective. George Herbert Mead's symbolic interactionism, which suggests that the people can relate to their own selves as with another person, provides the basis for this accord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kent D. Harber
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University at Newark,
USA,
| |
Collapse
|