Depression and PTSD in Survivors of Male Violence: Research and Training Initiatives to Facilitate Recovery

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, Relationship Adjustment, and Relationship Aggression in a Sample of Female Flood Victims

This study tested a model examining the interrelationships among posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, intimate relationship adjustment, and intimate relationship aggression in a sample of 205 adult female flood victims. At the bivariate level, higher PTSD symptoms were associated with higher physical and psychological aggression victimization, poorer relationship adjustment, and higher physical and psychological aggression perpetration. Results from structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses indicated that relationship aggression victimization influenced aggression perpetration directly, and in the case of physical aggression, indirectly through its relationship with PTSD symptoms and relationship adjustment. The influence of PTSD symptoms on physical aggression perpetration was fully explained by poorer relationship adjustment. These findings extend prior work from other traumatized populations documenting associations between variables reflecting PTSD symptomatology and indices of relationship functioning, and indicate a need for further investigation in this area of inquiry.

Psychological outcomes and measurement of maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period

For many parents, labor, delivery, and/or the perinatal and neonatal periods present significant stressors that result in clinically significant parental feelings of psychological distress or trauma. This review article identifies known preexisting risk, and protective, factors for such distress, focusing on individual variables and familial or other social support networks. Research describing the full range of possible psychological reactions is also presented, loosely categorized as representing psychological outcomes of resiliency or growth, externalized distress, and internalized distress. These outcomes are viewed as neither linear nor mutually exclusive, and specific implications for each outcome are presented. The primary focus of this review is on the most well understood internalizing distress outcome during the perinatal period, maternal posttraumatic stress reactions. The utility of a brief, freely available measure quantifying such distress is also overviewed, including standards for its usage. Healthcare and particularly nursing staff are encouraged to attend to the range of possible psychological outcomes that may emerge during the perinatal period, identifying distressed mothers, so that they may be referred for care. The review concludes by presenting recommended future directions for research regarding the measurement of posttraumatic stress disorder in parents.

Histórico de violência intrafamiliar em pacientes psiquiátricos

O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi caracterizar o histórico de violência intrafamiliar em pacientes psiquiátricos inseridos em tratamento de regime ambulatorial. Pretendeu-se, mais especificamente, identificar o tipo de violência vivenciada pelos usuários. Participaram do estudo 23 pacientes de ambos os sexos, em tratamento ambulatorial. A coleta de dados envolveu a aplicação de um roteiro de entrevista individual, com informações sobre o histórico de internação e violência intrafamiliar e com descrição da infância, dentre outros itens. Apenas um dentre 23 participantes relatou ausência de histórico de violência intrafamiliar, 20 participantes indicaram histórico infantil de maus tratos físicos e psicológicos. Na fase adulta, dos 13 participantes que declararam viver com parceiros/parceiras no presente ou no passado, 8 participantes do sexo feminino relataram agressividade por parte do companheiro e 2 participantes do sexo masculino afirmaram ter agredido as esposas no passado. Com relação à violência sexual, 5 participantes relataram ter experienciado relação sexual forçada por parte do parceiro e um participante relatou ter abusado sexualmente da parceira. Os resultados chamam a atenção pela alta freqüência e pela gravidade de episódios de violência intrafamiliar, que evidenciam a necessidade de se replicar o estudo com amostras maiores e, na prática clínica, investigar tais questões rotineiramente, uma vez que sua esquiva pode contribuir para o processo de adoecimento psíquico.

Revictimizing the victims? Interviewing women about interpersonal violence

Research on women's experiences of interpersonal violence has grown dramatically and, as a result, the ethical issues surrounding this research are a concern. Although regulatory procedures ensure that research participants are protected from undue risk, little is known about the impact of victimization research on participants. In this study, the authors examine the differences in the abilities of a "vulnerable" population (142 incarcerated women) to complete interviews about the extent and nature of their violent experiences. Using quantitative and qualitative analysis, the authors assess whether the prevalence and incidence of women's victimization experiences, other stressful life events, and personal backgrounds are related to response rates to specific questions and completion rates. The authors find that the cumulative effect of violence over the life course has a significant relationship to women's disclosure of sensitive issues and that providing multiple avenues for disclosure of prior victimization is critical for facilitating a positive outcome for research participants.

Gender-based violence: concepts, methods, and findings

The United Nations has identified gender-based violence against women as a global health and development issue, and a host of policies, public education, and action programs aimed at reducing gender-based violence have been undertaken around the world. This article highlights new conceptualizations, methodological issues, and selected research findings that can inform such activities. In addition to describing recent research findings that document relationships between gender, power, sexuality, and intimate violence cross-nationally, it identifies cultural factors, including linkages between sex and violence through media images that may increase women's risk for violence, and profiles a host of negative physical, mental, and behavioral health outcomes associated with victimization including unwanted pregnancy and abortion. More research is needed to identify the causes, dynamics, and outcomes of gender-based violence, including media effects, and to articulate how different forms of such violence vary in outcomes depending on cultural context.

Development of personality disorder symptoms and the risk for partner violence

In a community sample (N = 543) followed over 20 years, the authors studied associations among childhood family violence exposure, personality disorder (PD) symptoms, and adult partner violence. PD symptoms (DSM-III-R Clusters A, B, and C) in early adulthood partially mediated the effect of earlier childhood risks on the odds of perpetrating partner violence. The authors tested whether stability of PD symptoms from adolescence to the early 20s differs for individuals who later perpetrated partner violence. Cluster A ("Odd/Eccentric") symptoms declined less with age among partner violent versus nonviolent men and women. Cluster B ("Dramatic/Erratic") symptoms were more stable through late adolescence in partner violent men, compared with nonviolent men and violent women. Cluster C ("Anxious") symptoms were most stable among partner violent men.

The impact of current and past interpersonal violence on women's mental health

Violence against women, and more particularly male partner violence, is frequent. Although there are many studies on the consequences of violence on women's mental health, a number of aspects are still unclear. The impact of violence is seldom studied in the context of other risk factors of mental distress, psychological abuse is rarely considered, and older women are generally excluded from the sample. This study aims to analyze the relationships between current and past violence and three indicators of current women's health--psychological distress, the use of psychoactive drugs and a subjective evaluation of health--controlling for demographic and social characteristics. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among patients of family practices in an Italian town and 444 women responded to a self-administrated questionnaire: 20% of them had experienced some kind of abuse in the last 12 months and 5.2% reported physical or sexual aggression, mostly (4%) inflicted by a partner or ex-partner. Current violence was strongly associated with psychological distress, the use of psychoactive drugs and a negative evaluation of health. Experiencing solely psychological abuse with no sexual or physical violence was also associated with impaired health. The relationship between current violence and health was independent of age. After controlling for age, education, children, marital and employment status, women victims of partner violence were around 6 times more likely to be depressed and to feel in bad health, and 4 times more likely to use psychoactive pills than other women. Moreover, there was a strong association between past and current violence. Compared to women who reported no violence, women who reported both types were 5.95 times, women who reported only current but no past violence were 4.81 times, and women who reported only past but no current violence were 3.01 times more likely to report psychological distress.

Pathways to Adolescent Substance Use Among Sexually Abused Girls

This study examined the link between childhood sexual abuse and adolescent substance use among girls, and evaluated depressive self-concept and behavioral under-control (BUC) as pathways to substance use for sexually abused girls. Participants (n = 150) were drawn from a longitudinal study of the impact of domestic violence on the lives of women and children. Structural equation modeling revealed that girls' childhood sexual abuse was associated prospectively with their later substance use. This relationship persisted when age, co-occurring forms of child abuse (physical, exposure to domestic violence), childhood depression and aggression, family income, maternal substance use, and parenting practices were controlled. Behavioral under-control mediated the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and later substance use, but depressive self-concept did not. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.

Social stress-associated depression in adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

This paper describes a behavior pattern in adult female cynomolgus monkeys that has several behavioral and physiological characteristics in common with human depression including reduced body fat, low levels of activity, high heart rate, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis disturbances, and increased mortality. Under certain circumstances, this depressive behavior appears more common in socially stressed subordinate, than dominant, females. This is the first animal model of social stress-related depression in females and the first primate model of adult depression. It is important to have a female animal model of depression because women are more likely to experience a clinically significant depression than men, and depression in women is often associated with changes in reproductive system function. This model is particularly useful because these monkeys have menstrual cycles that are similar to those of women, and those that exhibit depressive behavior have relatively low levels of ovarian steroids. These monkeys may be a useful model of reproductive system-associated mood disorders in females.

Does It Matter What You Call It? The Relationship Between Labeling Unwanted Sexual Experiences and Distress

Using cross-sectional data from 2 samples of women attending a university (N = 1,395), the author examined the relationship among women's labeling of their unwanted sexual experiences (USEs) with dating partners and a variety of psychological and school-related outcomes. Three competing path analysis models were tested to determine whether the distress associated with sexual victimization stems from the USE itself, from the woman's self-definition as a victim, or from both. The best-fitting model indicates that labeling is irrelevant to the determination of negative outcomes and that it is the USE itself that is associated with psychological and school-related distress. These results suggest that labeling cannot be considered a valid criterion for determining who has experienced sexual victimization.