51
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Radford CA, Collins SP, Munday PL, Parsons D. Ocean acidification effects on fish hearing. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202754. [PMID: 33653144 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are rapidly changing the marine environment through a multitude of effects, including increased greenhouse gas emissions resulting in warmer and acidified oceans. Elevated CO2 conditions can cause sensory deficits and altered behaviours in marine organisms, either directly by affecting end organ sensitivity or due to likely alterations in brain chemistry. Previous studies show that auditory-associated behaviours of larval and juvenile fishes can be affected by elevated CO2 (1000 µatm). Here, using auditory evoked potentials (AEP) and micro-computer tomography (microCT) we show that raising juvenile snapper, Chrysophyrs auratus, under predicted future CO2 conditions resulted in significant changes to their hearing ability. Specifically, snapper raised under elevated CO2 conditions had a significant decrease in low frequency (less than 200 Hz) hearing sensitivity. MicroCT demonstrated that these elevated CO2 snapper had sacculus otolith's that were significantly larger and had fluctuating asymmetry, which likely explains the difference in hearing sensitivity. We suggest that elevated CO2 conditions have a dual effect on hearing, directly effecting the sensitivity of the hearing end organs and altering previously described hearing induced behaviours. This is the first time that predicted future CO2 conditions have been empirically linked through modification of auditory anatomy to changes in fish hearing ability. Given the widespread and well-documented impact of elevated CO2 on fish auditory anatomy, predictions of how fish life-history functions dependent on hearing may respond to climate change may need to be reassessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Radford
- Institute of Marine Science, Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, PO Box 349, Warkworth 0941, New Zealand
| | - S P Collins
- Institute of Marine Science, Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, PO Box 349, Warkworth 0941, New Zealand
| | - P L Munday
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - D Parsons
- Institute of Marine Science, Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, PO Box 349, Warkworth 0941, New Zealand.,National Institute of Water and Atmosphere, Private Bag 99940, Newmarket, Auckland 1149, New Zealand
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52
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Clements JC, Ramesh K, Nysveen J, Dupont S, Jutfelt F. Animal size and sea water temperature, but not pH, influence a repeatable startle response behaviour in a wide-ranging marine mollusc. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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53
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Ocean acidification boosts reproduction in fish via indirect effects. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001033. [PMID: 33465064 PMCID: PMC7815143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification affects species populations and biodiversity through direct negative effects on physiology and behaviour. The indirect effects of elevated CO2 are less well known and can sometimes be counterintuitive. Reproduction lies at the crux of species population replenishment, but we do not know how ocean acidification affects reproduction in the wild. Here, we use natural CO2 vents at a temperate rocky reef and show that even though ocean acidification acts as a direct stressor, it can indirectly increase energy budgets of fish to stimulate reproduction at no cost to physiological homeostasis. Female fish maintained energy levels by compensation: They reduced activity (foraging and aggression) to increase reproduction. In male fish, increased reproductive investment was linked to increased energy intake as mediated by intensified foraging on more abundant prey. Greater biomass of prey at the vents was linked to greater biomass of algae, as mediated by a fertilisation effect of elevated CO2 on primary production. Additionally, the abundance and aggression of paternal carers were elevated at the CO2 vents, which may further boost reproductive success. These positive indirect effects of elevated CO2 were only observed for the species of fish that was generalistic and competitively dominant, but not for 3 species of subordinate and more specialised fishes. Hence, species that capitalise on future resource enrichment can accelerate their reproduction and increase their populations, thereby altering species communities in a future ocean. Ocean acidification affects species populations and diversity through direct negative effects on physiology and behavior, but the indirect effects are less clear. Using volcanic carbon dioxide vents as natural analogues of future ocean acidification, this study shows that elevated CO2 can stimulate fish reproduction in the wild through increased food abundance, leading to increased energy budgets at no cost to physiological homeostasis.
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54
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Galloway AWE, von Dassow G, Schram JB, Klinger T, Hill TM, Lowe AT, Chan F, Yoshioka RM, Kroeker KJ. Ghost Factors of Laboratory Carbonate Chemistry Are Haunting Our Experiments. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2020; 239:183-188. [PMID: 33347796 DOI: 10.1086/711242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
AbstractFor many historical and contemporary experimental studies in marine biology, seawater carbonate chemistry remains a ghost factor, an uncontrolled, unmeasured, and often dynamic variable affecting experimental organisms or the treatments to which investigators subject them. We highlight how environmental variability, such as seasonal upwelling and biological respiration, drive variation in seawater carbonate chemistry that can influence laboratory experiments in unintended ways and introduce a signal consistent with ocean acidification. As the impacts of carbonate chemistry on biochemical pathways that underlie growth, development, reproduction, and behavior become better understood, the hidden effects of this previously overlooked variable need to be acknowledged. Here we bring this emerging challenge to the attention of the wider community of experimental biologists who rely on access to organisms and water from marine and estuarine laboratories and who may benefit from explicit considerations of a growing literature on the pervasive effects of aquatic carbonate chemistry changes.
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55
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Rong J, Tang Y, Zha S, Han Y, Shi W, Liu G. Ocean acidification impedes gustation-mediated feeding behavior by disrupting gustatory signal transduction in the black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 162:105182. [PMID: 33049543 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that ocean acidification (OA) may affect animal behaviors such as feeding. Although gustation plays a crucial role in evaluating the quality and palatability of food and ultimately influences whether or not teleosts consume the food, the potential impact of OA on gustation-mediated feeding behavior remains unknown. In this study, gustation mediated-feeding behavior, as indicated by the consumption rate (CR) and swallowing rate (SR) of agar pellets with or without feed upon OA exposure was investigated in black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). Results showed that the exposure to acidified seawater led to significant reductions in the CR and SR of feed-containing agar pellets. In addition, the in vivo contents of three neurotransmitters and expression of genes from the gustatory signal transduction pathway were all significantly suppressed by the OA treatment. In general, the data obtained indicated that OA may hinder the gustation-mediated feeding behavior of A. schlegelii by disrupting gustatory signal transduction, which may aggravate the issue of food shortage for wild populations of black sea bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuan Rong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanjie Zha
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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56
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The power struggle: assessing interacting global change stressors via experimental studies on sharks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19887. [PMID: 33199809 PMCID: PMC7669887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean warming and acidification act concurrently on marine ectotherms with the potential for detrimental, synergistic effects; yet, effects of these stressors remain understudied in large predatory fishes, including sharks. We tested for behavioural and physiological responses of blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) neonates to climate change relevant changes in temperature (28 and 31 °C) and carbon dioxide partial pressures (pCO2; 650 and 1050 µatm) using a fully factorial design. Behavioural assays (lateralisation, activity level) were conducted upon 7–13 days of acclimation, and physiological assays (hypoxia tolerance, oxygen uptake rates, acid–base and haematological status) were conducted upon 14–17 days of acclimation. Haematocrit was higher in sharks acclimated to 31 °C than to 28 °C. Significant treatment effects were also detected for blood lactate and minimum oxygen uptake rate; although, these observations were not supported by adequate statistical power. Inter-individual variability was considerable for all measured traits, except for haematocrit. Moving forward, studies on similarly ‘hard-to-study’ species may account for large inter-individual variability by increasing replication, testing larger, yet ecologically relevant, differences in temperature and pCO2, and reducing measurement error. Robust experimental studies on elasmobranchs are critical to meaningfully assess the threat of global change stressors in these data-deficient species.
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57
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Hattori RS, Castañeda-Cortés DC, Arias Padilla LF, Strobl-Mazzulla PH, Fernandino JI. Activation of stress response axis as a key process in environment-induced sex plasticity in fish. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4223-4236. [PMID: 32367192 PMCID: PMC11104976 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The determination of sex is an important hallmark in the life cycle of organisms, in which the fate of gonads and then the individual sex are defined. In gonochoristic teleost fish, this process is characterized by a high plasticity, considering that in spite of genotypic sex many environmental factors can cause shifts from one to another molecular pathway, resulting in organisms with mismatching genotypic and phenotypic sexes. Interestingly, in most instances, both female-to-male or male-to-female sex-reversed individuals develop functional gonads with normal gametogenesis and respective progenies with full viability. The study of these mechanisms is being spread to other non-model species or to those inhabiting more extreme environmental conditions. Although water temperature is an important mechanism involved in sex determination, there are other environmental stressors affected by the climate change which are also implicated in stress response-induced masculinization in fish. In this regard, the brain has emerged as the transducer of the environment input that can influence the gonadal fate. Furthermore, the evaluation of other environmental stressors or their synergic effect on sex determination at conditions that simulate the natural environments is growing gradually. Within such scope, the concerns related to climate change impacts rely on the fact that many of biotic and abiotic parameters reported to affect sex ratios are expected to increase concomitantly as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions and, particularly worrying, many of them are related to male bias in the populations, such as high temperature, hypoxia, and acidity. These environmental changes can also generate epigenetic changes in sex-related genes affecting their expression, with implications on sex differentiation not only of exposed individuals but also in following generations. The co-analysis of multi-stressors with potential inter- and transgenerational effects is essential to allow researchers to perform long-term predictions on climate change impacts in wild populations and for establishing highly accurate monitoring tools and suitable mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Hattori
- Salmonid Experimental Station at Campos do Jordão, UPD-CJ (APTA/SAA), Campos do Jordão, Brazil
| | - D C Castañeda-Cortés
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - L F Arias Padilla
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - P H Strobl-Mazzulla
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - J I Fernandino
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina.
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58
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Gravinese PM, Page HN, Butler CB, Spadaro AJ, Hewett C, Considine M, Lankes D, Fisher S. Ocean acidification disrupts the orientation of postlarval Caribbean spiny lobsters. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18092. [PMID: 33093550 PMCID: PMC7581715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic inputs into coastal ecosystems are causing more frequent environmental fluctuations and reducing seawater pH. One such ecosystem is Florida Bay, an important nursery for the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. Although adult crustaceans are often resilient to reduced seawater pH, earlier ontogenetic stages can be physiologically limited in their tolerance to ocean acidification on shorter time scales. We used a Y-maze chamber to test whether reduced-pH seawater altered the orientation of spiny lobster pueruli toward chemical cues produced by Laurencia spp. macroalgae, a known settlement cue for the species. We tested the hypothesis that pueruli conditioned in reduced-pH seawater would be less responsive to Laurencia spp. chemical cues than pueruli in ambient-pH seawater by comparing the proportion of individuals that moved to the cue side of the chamber with the proportion that moved to the side with no cue. We also recorded the amount of time (sec) before a response was observed. Pueruli conditioned in reduced-pH seawater were less responsive and failed to select the Laurencia cue. Our results suggest that episodic acidification of coastal waters might limit the ability of pueruli to locate settlement habitats, increasing postsettlement mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Gravinese
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Fisheries Ecology and Enhancement Program, Sarasota, FL, 34236, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, FL, 33801, USA.
| | - Heather N Page
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Elizabeth Moore International Center for Coral Reef Research and Restoration, Summerland Key, FL, 33042, USA.,Sea Education Association, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Casey B Butler
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Marathon, FL, 33050, USA
| | - Angelo Jason Spadaro
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Marathon, FL, 33050, USA.,Department of Marine Science and Technology, The College of the Florida Keys, Key West, FL, 33042, USA
| | - Clay Hewett
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Elizabeth Moore International Center for Coral Reef Research and Restoration, Summerland Key, FL, 33042, USA
| | - Megan Considine
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Elizabeth Moore International Center for Coral Reef Research and Restoration, Summerland Key, FL, 33042, USA
| | - David Lankes
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Elizabeth Moore International Center for Coral Reef Research and Restoration, Summerland Key, FL, 33042, USA
| | - Samantha Fisher
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Fisheries Ecology and Enhancement Program, Sarasota, FL, 34236, USA
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59
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Spady BL, Watson SA. Bigfin reef squid demonstrate capacity for conditional discrimination and projected future carbon dioxide levels have no effect on learning capabilities. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9865. [PMID: 33062415 PMCID: PMC7531335 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are being absorbed by the oceans, a process known as ocean acidification, and risks adversely affecting a variety of behaviours in a range of marine species, including inhibited learning in some fishes. However, the effects of elevated CO2 on learning in advanced invertebrates such as cephalopods are unknown. Any impacts to the learning abilities of cephalopods could have far-reaching consequences for their populations and the communities they inhabit. Cephalopods have some of the most advanced cognitive abilities among invertebrates and are one of the few invertebrate taxa in which conditional discrimination has been demonstrated, though the trait has not been demonstrated in any species of squid. Here, we tested for the first time the capacity for conditional discrimination in a squid species (Sepioteuthis lessoniana). Furthermore, we investigated the effects of projected future CO2 levels (1,084 µatm) on conditional discrimination and learning more generally. A three-task experiment within a two-choice arena was used to test learning and conditional discrimination. Learning was measured by improvements in task completion in repeated trials over time and the number of trials required to pass each task. Squid exhibited significant learning capabilities, with an increase in correct choices over successive trials and a decrease in the number of trials needed to complete the successive tasks. Six of the 12 squid tested successfully passed all three tasks indicating a capacity for conditional discrimination in the species. Elevated CO2 had no effect on learning or on the capacity for conditional discrimination in squid. This study highlights the remarkable cognitive abilities of S. lessoniana, demonstrated by their capacity for conditional discrimination, and suggests that ocean acidification will not compromise learning abilities. However, other behavioural traits in the species have been shown to be altered at comparable elevated CO2 conditions. It is not clear why some ecologically important behaviours are altered by elevated CO2 whereas others are unaffected. Future research should focus on the physiological mechanism responsible for altered behaviours in squid at elevated CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake L Spady
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Sue-Ann Watson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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60
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Ma Z, Zheng X, Fu Z, Lin S, Yu G, Qin JG. Transcriptional analysis reveals physiological response to acute acidification stress of barramundi Lates calcarifer (Bloch) in coastal areas. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1729-1741. [PMID: 32533395 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To understand the physiological response of estuarine fish to acidification, barramundi (Lates calcarifer) juveniles were exposed to acidified seawater in experimental conditions. The molecular response of barramundi to acidification stress was assessed by RNA-seq analysis. A total of 2188 genes were identified as differential expression genes. The gene ontology classification system and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database analysis showed that acidification caused differential expressions of genes and pathways in the gills of barramundi. Acidification had a great influence on the signal transduction pathway in cell process. Furthermore, we detected that numerous unigenes involved in the pathways associated with lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism specific and non-specific immunity were changed. This study indicates that the physiological responses in barramundi especially the immune system and energy allocation correspond to the variation of environmental pH. This study reveals the necessity for assessment of the potential of estuarine fishes to cope with acidification of the environment and the need to develop strategies for fish conservation in coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Ma
- Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Sanya, 572018, China
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510300, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Zheng
- Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Sanya, 572018, China
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510300, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyi Fu
- Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Sanya, 572018, China
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510300, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Lin
- Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Sanya, 572018, China
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510300, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Yu
- Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Sanya, 572018, China
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510300, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian G Qin
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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61
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Clements JC, Poirier LA, Pérez FF, Comeau LA, Babarro JMF. Behavioural responses to predators in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) are unaffected by elevated pCO 2. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 161:105148. [PMID: 32942209 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is expected to affect marine organisms in the near future. Furthermore, abrupt short-term fluctuations in seawater pCO2 characteristic of near-shore coastal regions and high-density aquaculture sites currently have the potential to influence organismal and community functioning by altering animal behaviour. While anti-predator responses in fishes exposed to elevated pCO2 are well documented, such responses in benthic marine invertebrates are poorly studied. We used high frequency, non-invasive biosensors to test whether or not short term (3-week) exposure to elevated pCO2 could impact behavioural responses to the threat of predation in adult Mediterranean mussels from Galicia on the northwestern coast of Spain. Predator alarm cues (crushed conspecifics) resulted in a prolonged (1 h) reduction in the degree of valve opening (-20%) but had no clear effect on overall valve movement activity, while elevated pCO2 did not affect either response. Our results add to the increasing body of evidence suggesting that the effects of end-of-century pCO2 levels on marine animal behaviour are likely weak. Nonetheless, longer-term exposures spanning multiple generations are needed to better understand how ocean acidification might impact behavioural responses to predation in marine bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff C Clements
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Luke A Poirier
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Region, 343 Avenue Université, Moncton, NB, E1C 9B6, Canada
| | - Fiz F Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM-CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Luc A Comeau
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Region, 343 Avenue Université, Moncton, NB, E1C 9B6, Canada
| | - José M F Babarro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM-CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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62
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Fast behavioral feedbacks make ecosystems sensitive to pace and not just magnitude of anthropogenic environmental change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:25580-25589. [PMID: 32989156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003301117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic environmental change is altering the behavior of animals in ecosystems around the world. Although behavior typically occurs on much faster timescales than demography, it can nevertheless influence demographic processes. Here, we use detailed data on behavior and empirical estimates of demography from a coral reef ecosystem to develop a coupled behavioral-demographic ecosystem model. Analysis of the model reveals that behavior and demography feed back on one another to determine how the ecosystem responds to anthropogenic forcing. In particular, an empirically observed feedback between the density and foraging behavior of herbivorous fish leads to alternative stable ecosystem states of coral population persistence or collapse (and complete algal dominance). This feedback makes the ecosystem more prone to coral collapse under fishing pressure but also more prone to recovery as fishing is reduced. Moreover, because of the behavioral feedback, the response of the ecosystem to changes in fishing pressure depends not only on the magnitude of changes in fishing but also on the pace at which changes are imposed. For example, quickly increasing fishing to a given level can collapse an ecosystem that would persist under more gradual change. Our results reveal conditions under which the pace and not just the magnitude of external forcing can dictate the response of ecosystems to environmental change. More generally, our multiscale behavioral-demographic framework demonstrates how high-resolution behavioral data can be incorporated into ecological models to better understand how ecosystems will respond to perturbations.
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63
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Laubenstein TD, Jarrold MD, Rummer JL, Munday PL. Beneficial effects of diel CO 2 cycles on reef fish metabolic performance are diminished under elevated temperature. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 735:139084. [PMID: 32480143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 levels have been shown to affect metabolic performance in some coral reef fishes. However, all studies to date have employed stable elevated CO2 levels, whereas reef habitats can experience substantial diel fluctuations in pCO2 ranging from ±50 to 600 μatm around the mean, fluctuations that are predicted to increase in magnitude by the end of the century. Additionally, past studies have often investigated the effect of elevated CO2 in isolation, despite the fact that ocean temperatures will increase in tandem with CO2 levels. Here, we tested the effects of stable (1000 μatm) versus diel-cycling (1000 ± 500 μatm) elevated CO2 conditions and elevated temperature (+2 °C) on metabolic traits of juvenile spiny damselfish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus. Resting oxygen uptake rates (ṀO2) were higher in fish exposed to stable elevated CO2 conditions when compared to fish from stable control conditions, but were restored to control levels under diel CO2 fluctuations. However, the benefits of diel CO2 fluctuations were diminished at elevated temperature. Factorial aerobic scope showed a similar pattern, but neither maximal ṀO2 nor absolute aerobic scope was affected by CO2 or temperature. Our results suggest that diel CO2 cycles can ameliorate the increased metabolic cost associated with elevated CO2, but elevated temperature diminishes the benefits of diel CO2 cycles. Thus, previous studies may have misestimated the effect of ocean acidification on the metabolic performance of reef fishes by not accounting for environmental CO2 fluctuations. Our findings provide novel insights into the interacting effects of diel CO2 fluctuations and temperature on the metabolic performance of reef fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn D Laubenstein
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - Michael D Jarrold
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Philip L Munday
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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64
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Li YF, Yang XY, Cheng ZY, Wang LY, Wang WX, Liang X, Yang JL. Near-future levels of ocean temperature weaken the byssus production and performance of the mussel Mytilus coruscus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:139347. [PMID: 32446082 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine mussels are key ecological engineers that form dense aggregations to maintain the vital habitat in benthic systems. It is essential to understand the consequences of mussel byssus attachment in elevated temperatures associated with ocean warming. We evaluated byssus production and the mechanical performance of threads in the mussel Mytilus coruscus at 21° (control), 27 °C (average temperature in the M. coruscus habitat during the summer season) and 31 °C (4 °C raised) for 72 h. We quantified byssus secretion and shedding number, measured byssal breaking force, byssal polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, byssal thread length and diameter. Expression of byssus foot protein genes was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR in foot tissue. High seawater temperature decreased the number of newly secreted byssus and the diameter of byssal threads, leading to the reduction of byssal breaking force and the alteration of the weakest part of the thread. Increased breakpoints in the upper part of the thread (proximal region) were higher at 27 °C than at 21 °C. High-temperature stress significantly reduced the PPO activity in byssus at 31 °C in comparison to 21 °C. The expression of mussel foot protein genes was affected by elevated temperature. The increased gene expression of byssus collagen-like protein 2 (Mccol2) at 31 °C conflicted with the number of byssuses produced. Suggesting the reduction of mussel foot protein abundance is not the cause of decreased byssus production at 31 °C. These results show that byssus, as an extracellular structure of mussels, may be highly susceptible to the adverse effects of ocean warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Feng Li
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Yang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Yang Cheng
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Yu Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Xiong Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Jin-Long Yang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
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65
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Fonseca JG, Laranjeiro F, Freitas DB, Oliveira IB, Rocha RJM, Machado J, Hinzmann M, Barroso CM, Galante-Oliveira S. Impairment of swimming performance in Tritia reticulata (L.) veligers under projected ocean acidification and warming scenarios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139187. [PMID: 32413662 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tritia reticulata (L.) is a neogastropod ubiquitous in the coastal communities of the NE Atlantic. Its life cycle relies on the swimming performance of planktonic early life stages, whose sensitivity to the climate conditions projected for the near future, namely of ocean acidification (OA) and warming (W), is, to our best knowledge, unknown. To examine the resilience of larval stages to future environmental conditions, this work investigates the effect of OA-W on the swimming performance of T. reticulata veligers under a range of experimental conditions, based on the end-of-century projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Veligers were exposed to six experimental scenarios for 14 days, employing a full factorial design with three temperatures (T°C: 18, 20 and 22 °C) and two pH levels (pHtarget: 8.1 and 7.8). Mortality was assessed throughout the trial, after which swimming behaviour - characterised by the activity, speed and the distance travelled by veligers - was analysed by automated video recordings in a Zebrabox® device. Mortality increased with OA-W and, although more active, larvae travelled shorter distances revealing reduced swimming speed under acidic and warmer conditions, with the interaction of the tested stressors - pH and T°C - being highly significant. Results motivated the morpho-histological analysis of larvae preserved at the end of the trial, to check for the integrity of the organs involved in veligers' motion: statocysts, velum and foot. Statocyst and velar morpho-structure were conserved but histological damage of metapodial epithelia was evident under acidity, namely an apparent hypertrophy and protrusion of the secretory cells, with dispersed pigmented granules and, at 22 °C, less cilia, with potential functional implications. Negative consequences of the OA-W scenarios tested on veligers' competence are unveiled, pointing towards the eminent threat these phenomena constitute to T. reticulata perpetuation in case no mitigation measures are taken, and projections become effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Fonseca
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F Laranjeiro
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - D B Freitas
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - I B Oliveira
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R J M Rocha
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J Machado
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, ICBAS, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Hinzmann
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - C M Barroso
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - S Galante-Oliveira
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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66
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Foo SA, Koweek DA, Munari M, Gambi MC, Byrne M, Caldeira K. Responses of sea urchin larvae to field and laboratory acidification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:138003. [PMID: 32217382 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the extent to which laboratory findings of low pH on marine organisms can be extrapolated to the natural environment is key toward making better projections about the impacts of global change on marine ecosystems. We simultaneously exposed larvae of the sea urchin Arbacia lixula to ocean acidification in laboratory and natural CO2 vents and assessed the arm growth response as a proxy of net calcification. Populations of embryos were simultaneously placed at both control and volcanic CO2 vent sites in Ischia (Italy), with a parallel group maintained in the laboratory in control and low pH treatments corresponding to the mean pH levels of the field sites. As expected, larvae grown at constant low pH (pHT 7.8) in the laboratory exhibited reduced arm growth, but counter to expectations, the larvae that developed at the low pH vent site (pHT 7.33-7.99) had the longest arms. The larvae at the control field site (pHT 7.87-7.99) grew at a similar rate to laboratory controls. Salinity, temperature, oxygen and flow regimes were comparable between control and vent sites; however, chlorophyll a levels and particulate organic carbon were higher at the vent site than at the control field site. This increased food availability may have modulated the effects of low pH, creating an opposite calcification response in the laboratory from that in the field. Divergent responses of the same larval populations developing in laboratory and field environments show the importance of considering larval phenotypic plasticity and the complex interactions among decreased pH, food availability and larval responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna A Foo
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - David A Koweek
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marco Munari
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Ischia Marine Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Punta San Pietro, 80077, Ischia(Naples), Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Gambi
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Ischia Marine Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Punta San Pietro, 80077, Ischia(Naples), Italy
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ken Caldeira
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Wang X, Lv Y, Xie J, Li B, Zhou T, Chen Y, Chen Y, Song J. Brain regions of marine medaka activated by acute and short-term ocean acidification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137279. [PMID: 32145610 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Altered behaviors have been reported in many marine fish following exposure to high CO2 concentrations. However, the mechanistic link between elevated CO2 and activation of brain regions in fish is unknown. Herein, we examined the relative quantification and location of c-Fos expression in marine medaka following acute (360 min) and short-term (7 d) exposure to CO2-enriched water (1000 ppm and 1800 ppm CO2). In the control and two treatment groups, pH was stable at 8.21, 7.92 and 7.64, respectively. After acute exposure to seawater acidified by enrichment with CO2, there was a clear upregulation of c-Fos protein in the medaka brain (P < 0.05). c-Fos protein expression peaked after 120 min exposure in the two treatment groups and thereafter began to decline. There were marked increases in c-Fos-labeling in the ventricular and periventricular zones of the cerebral hemispheres and the medulla oblongata. After 1800 ppm CO2 exposure for 7 d, medaka showed significant preference for dark zones during the initial 2 min period. c-Fos protein expression in the ventricular and periventricular zones of the diencephalon in medaka exposed to 1000 ppm and 1800 ppm CO2 were 0.51 ± 0.10 and 1.34 ± 0.30, respectively, which were significantly higher than controls (P < 0.05). Highest doublecortin protein expression occurred in theventricular zones of the diencephalon and mesencephalon. These findings suggest that the ventricular and periventricular zones of the cerebral hemispheres and the medulla oblongata of marine medaka are involved in rapid acid-base regulation. Prolonged ocean acidification may induce cell mitosis and differentiation in the adult medaka brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neurosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Yutao Lv
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), China
| | - Jinling Xie
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), China
| | - Baolin Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), China
| | - Tangjian Zhou
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), China
| | - Yaqi Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), China
| | - Yi Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), China
| | - Jiakun Song
- Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neurosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China
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68
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Mirasole A, Signa G, Gianguzza P, Bonaviri C, Mazzola A, Vizzini S. Fish assemblages cope with ocean acidification in a shallow volcanic CO 2 vent benefiting from an adjacent recovery area. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 157:104851. [PMID: 32275499 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shallow CO2 vents are used to test ecological hypotheses about the effects of ocean acidification (OA). Here, we studied fish assemblages associated with Cymodocea nodosa meadows exposed to high pCO2/low pH conditions at a natural CO2 vent in the Mediterranean Sea. Using underwater visual census, we assessed fish community structure and biodiversity in a low pH site (close to the CO2 vent), a close control site and a far control site, hypothesising a decline in biodiversity and a homogenization of fish assemblages under OA conditions. Our findings revealed that fish diversity did not show a unique spatial pattern, or even significant relationships with pH, but correlated with seagrass leaf canopy. Among-site similarity was found in the abundance of juveniles, contrary to the expected impacts of OA on early life stages. However, pH seems an important driver in structuring fish assemblage in the low pH site, despite its high similarity with the close control site. This unexpected pattern may represent a combined response of fish mobility, enhanced food resources in the acidified site, and a 'recovery area' effect of the adjacent control site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mirasole
- University of Palermo, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Villa Dohrn-Benthic Ecology Center, Punta San Pietro s/n, 80077, Ischia, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Geraldina Signa
- CoNISMa, National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Science, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Gianguzza
- University of Palermo, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonaviri
- University of Palermo, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Mazzola
- University of Palermo, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy; CoNISMa, National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Science, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Roma, Italy
| | - Salvatrice Vizzini
- University of Palermo, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy; CoNISMa, National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Science, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Roma, Italy
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69
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Jarrold MD, Welch MJ, McMahon SJ, McArley T, Allan BJM, Watson SA, Parsons DM, Pether SMJ, Pope S, Nicol S, Smith N, Herbert N, Munday PL. Elevated CO 2 affects anxiety but not a range of other behaviours in juvenile yellowtail kingfish. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 157:104863. [PMID: 32275516 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Elevated seawater CO2 can cause a range of behavioural impairments in marine fishes. However, most studies to date have been conducted on small benthic species and very little is known about how higher oceanic CO2 levels could affect the behaviour of large pelagic species. Here, we tested the effects of elevated CO2, and where possible the interacting effects of high temperature, on a range of ecologically important behaviours (anxiety, routine activity, behavioural lateralization and visual acuity) in juvenile yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi. Kingfish were reared from the egg stage to 25 days post-hatch in a full factorial design of ambient and elevated CO2 (~500 and ~1000 μatm pCO2) and temperature (21 °C and 25 °C). The effects of elevated CO2 were trait-specific with anxiety the only behaviour significantly affected. Juvenile S. lalandi reared at elevated CO2 spent more time in the dark zone during a standard black-white test, which is indicative of increased anxiety. Exposure to high temperature had no significant effect on any of the behaviours tested. Overall, our results suggest that juvenile S. lalandi are largely behaviourally tolerant to future ocean acidification and warming. Given the ecological and economic importance of large pelagic fish species more studies investigating the effect of future climate change are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Jarrold
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Megan J Welch
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Shannon J McMahon
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Tristan McArley
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, The University of Auckland, Leigh, 0985, New Zealand
| | - Bridie J M Allan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia; Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Sue-Ann Watson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia; Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia
| | - Darren M Parsons
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, The University of Auckland, Leigh, 0985, New Zealand; National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M J Pether
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Northland Marine Research Centre, Station Road, Ruakaka, 0116, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Pope
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Nicol
- Insitute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - Neville Smith
- Oceanic Fisheries Programme, Pacific Community, CPS - B.P, D5 98848, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Neill Herbert
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, The University of Auckland, Leigh, 0985, New Zealand
| | - Philip L Munday
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
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Horwitz R, Norin T, Watson SA, Pistevos JCA, Beldade R, Hacquart S, Gattuso JP, Rodolfo-Metalpa R, Vidal-Dupiol J, Killen SS, Mills SC. Near-future ocean warming and acidification alter foraging behaviour, locomotion, and metabolic rate in a keystone marine mollusc. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5461. [PMID: 32214174 PMCID: PMC7096400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmentally-induced changes in fitness are mediated by direct effects on physiology and behaviour, which are tightly linked. We investigated how predicted ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) affect key ecological behaviours (locomotion speed and foraging success) and metabolic rate of a keystone marine mollusc, the sea hare Stylocheilus striatus, a specialist grazer of the toxic cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. We acclimated sea hares to OW and/or OA across three developmental stages (metamorphic, juvenile, and adult) or as adults only, and compare these to sea hares maintained under current-day conditions. Generally, locomotion speed and time to locate food were reduced ~1.5- to 2-fold when the stressors (OW or OA) were experienced in isolation, but reduced ~3-fold when combined. Decision-making was also severely altered, with correct foraging choice nearly 40% lower under combined stressors. Metabolic rate appeared to acclimate to the stressors in isolation, but was significantly elevated under combined stressors. Overall, sea hares that developed under OW and/or OA exhibited a less severe impact, indicating beneficial phenotypic plasticity. Reduced foraging success coupled with increased metabolic demands may impact fitness in this species and highlight potentially large ecological consequences under unabated OW and OA, namely in regulating toxic cyanobacteria blooms on coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rael Horwitz
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013, 98729, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia.
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France.
| | - Tommy Norin
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sue-Ann Watson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Jennifer C A Pistevos
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013, 98729, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Ricardo Beldade
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013, 98729, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Simon Hacquart
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013, 98729, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Jean-Pierre Gattuso
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 181 chemin du Lazaret, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
- Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, 27 rue Saint Guillaume, F-75007, Paris, France
| | - Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
- ENTROPIE IRD - Université de La Réunion - CNRS, Nouméa, 98848, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Jeremie Vidal-Dupiol
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
- IFREMER, UMR 241 EIO, BP 7004, 98719, Taravao, Tahiti, French Polynesia
- IHPE, Université Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Shaun S Killen
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne C Mills
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013, 98729, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
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71
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Resistance of seagrass habitats to ocean acidification via altered interactions in a tri-trophic chain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5103. [PMID: 32198395 PMCID: PMC7083920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the wide knowledge about prevalent effects of ocean acidification on single species, the consequences on species interactions that may promote or prevent habitat shifts are still poorly understood. Using natural CO2 vents, we investigated changes in a key tri-trophic chain embedded within all its natural complexity in seagrass systems. We found that seagrass habitats remain stable at vents despite the changes in their tri-trophic components. Under high pCO2, the feeding of a key herbivore (sea urchin) on a less palatable seagrass and its associated epiphytes decreased, whereas the feeding on higher-palatable green algae increased. We also observed a doubled density of a predatory wrasse under acidified conditions. Bottom-up CO2 effects interact with top-down control by predators to maintain the abundance of sea urchin populations under ambient and acidified conditions. The weakened urchin herbivory on a seagrass that was subjected to an intense fish herbivory at vents compensates the overall herbivory pressure on the habitat-forming seagrass. Overall plasticity of the studied system components may contribute to prevent habitat loss and to stabilize the system under acidified conditions. Thus, preserving the network of species interactions in seagrass ecosystems may help to minimize the impacts of ocean acidification in near-future oceans.
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Vianna BDS, Miyai CA, Augusto A, Costa TM. Effects of temperature increase on the physiology and behavior of fiddler crabs. Physiol Behav 2020; 215:112765. [PMID: 31812521 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Intertidal organisms rely on physiological and behavioral adjustments to maintain homeostasis under warm exposure. We examined the effects of the temperature increase related to climate warming on the physiology and behavior of two fiddler crab species: Leptuca uruguayensis, which inhabits mostly vegetated areas, and Leptuca leptodactyla, that inhabits unvegetated areas. We hypothesized that L. uruguayensis would be more sensitive to warming than L. leptodactyla. Crabs were exposed to different temperatures: 27 °C (control), 31 and 33 °C (+4 and +6 °C, respectively) for 15 days to evaluate their physiological responses (oxygen consumption, Q10, ammonia excretion and hepatosomatic index) and for 2 days to observe their behavioral responses (feeding rate and duration of burrow retreat). We also tested in situ the effect of air, surface, and body temperatures on the claw-waving display of both species. We found that species were affected differently by increasing temperature. Leptuca uruguayensis showed adaptation limit (Q10 <1), increasing oxygen consumption. Also, in comparison with control, L. uruguayensis decreased the ammonia excretion at 31 °C, but not at 33 °C, indicating a compensatory mechanism to cope with thermal stress. In contrast, L. leptodactyla was able to adjust its metabolic rate to temperature rise (Q10 ~3) and reduce ammonia excretion, suggesting changes in the energetic substrate and amino acid catabolism. Higher temperatures reduce the hepatosomatic index of both species, indicating increased use of energy reserve (although only the L. uruguayensis feeding rate was reduced). Furthermore, warmer temperatures increase the duration of burrow retreat in both species, potentially impacting social interactions, such as mating. Temperature increase did not affect the claw-waving display frequency, suggesting that other factors may affect this behavior, e.g., the presence of females and competitors. Specific behavioral (e.g., microhabitat selection) and morphological attributes (e.g., larger major claw) might benefit the thermoregulation of each crab species since no differences in body temperature were found between them in situ. Therefore, fiddler crabs that inhabit vegetated areas are more vulnerable to higher temperatures and may change its geographic range as a result of climate warming, while fiddler crabs that inhabit unvegetated areas are more tolerant to temperature rise and may have a competitive advantage under a temperature increase scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunna da Silva Vianna
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Coastal Campus, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900, São Vicente, SP, Brazil.
| | - Caio Akira Miyai
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Coastal Campus, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900, São Vicente, SP, Brazil; Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Augusto
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Coastal Campus, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900, São Vicente, SP, Brazil; Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Tânia Marcia Costa
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Coastal Campus, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900, São Vicente, SP, Brazil; Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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73
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Richardson LE, Graham NAJ, Hoey AS. Coral species composition drives key ecosystem function on coral reefs. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192214. [PMID: 32070253 PMCID: PMC7062023 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and unprecedented ecological change threatens the functioning and stability of ecosystems. On coral reefs, global climate change and local stressors are reducing and reorganizing habitat-forming corals and associated species, with largely unknown implications for critical ecosystem functions such as herbivory. Herbivory mediates coral-algal competition, thereby facilitating ecosystem recovery following disturbance such as coral bleaching events or large storms. However, relationships between coral species composition, the distribution of herbivorous fishes and the delivery of their functional impact are not well understood. Here, we investigate how herbivorous fish assemblages and delivery of two distinct herbivory processes, grazing and browsing, differ among three taxonomically distinct, replicated coral habitats. While grazing on algal turf assemblages was insensitive to different coral configurations, browsing on the macroalga Laurencia cf. obtusa varied considerably among habitats, suggesting that different mechanisms may shape these processes. Variation in browsing among habitats was best predicted by the composition and structural complexity of benthic assemblages (in particular the cover and composition of corals, but not macroalgal cover), and was poorly reflected by visual estimates of browser biomass. Surprisingly, the lowest browsing rates were recorded in the most structurally complex habitat, with the greatest cover of coral (branching Porites habitat). While the mechanism for the variation in browsing is not clear, it may be related to scale-dependent effects of habitat structure on visual occlusion inhibiting foraging activity by browsing fishes, or the relative availability of alternate dietary resources. Our results suggest that maintained functionality may vary among distinct and emerging coral reef configurations due to ecological interactions between reef fishes and their environment determining habitat selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Richardson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.,School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Nicholas A J Graham
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.,Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Andrew S Hoey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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74
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Strader ME, Wong JM, Hofmann GE. Ocean acidification promotes broad transcriptomic responses in marine metazoans: a literature survey. Front Zool 2020; 17:7. [PMID: 32095155 PMCID: PMC7027112 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-020-0350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
For nearly a decade, the metazoan-focused research community has explored the impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on marine animals, noting that changes in ocean chemistry can impact calcification, metabolism, acid-base regulation, stress response and behavior in organisms that hold high ecological and economic value. Because OA interacts with several key physiological processes in marine organisms, transcriptomics has become a widely-used method to characterize whole organism responses on a molecular level as well as inform mechanisms that explain changes in phenotypes observed in response to OA. In the past decade, there has been a notable rise in studies that examine transcriptomic responses to OA in marine metazoans, and here we attempt to summarize key findings across these studies. We find that organisms vary dramatically in their transcriptomic responses to pH although common patterns are often observed, including shifts in acid-base ion regulation, metabolic processes, calcification and stress response mechanisms. We also see a rise in transcriptomic studies examining organismal response to OA in a multi-stressor context, often reporting synergistic effects of OA and temperature. In addition, there is an increase in studies that use transcriptomics to examine the evolutionary potential of organisms to adapt to OA conditions in the future through population and transgenerational experiments. Overall, the literature reveals complex organismal responses to OA, in which some organisms will face more dramatic consequences than others. This will have wide-reaching impacts on ocean communities and ecosystems as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Strader
- 1Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.,2Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Juliet M Wong
- 1Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.,3Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181 USA
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- 1Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
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75
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Pereira P. Ecosystem services in a changing environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 702:135008. [PMID: 31733548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Pereira
- Environmental Management Center, Mykolas Romeris University, Ateities g. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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76
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Leung HM, Yue PYK, Sze SCW, Au CK, Cheung KC, Chan KL, Lok HY, Li WC, Yung KKL. Behavioural toxicity studies of Cyclope neritea and Nassarius mutabilis exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:6695-6700. [PMID: 31865573 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the work was to study behavioural change of Cyclope neritea (sea snail) and Nassarius mutabilis (land snail) upon exposure to different levels of PAHs. Snail's behaviour was translated and expressed in Behavioural State Score (BSS) where the score ranged from "0" to "5" points refers to the ascending level of locomotion of a snail. A significant difference was found in snail's behaviour in 25.0 mg/L than in 0.5 mg/L with p value smaller than 0.01. BSS scores appear most frequent on the treatment and control group were 5 (61.5-64.5%) and 2 (41.0-45.0%), respectively. Intersex behaviour was found in all species (i.e. the same sex was grouped together) regardless of PAH concentrations. This is the first reported to study the behavioural change of snail sampled in Hong Kong area when exposed to PAHs. Further studies should be carried on the impact of snail's behaviour exposure on each congener in the family of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Man Leung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Ying Kit Yue
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen Cho Wing Sze
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Kin Au
- History Department, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, North Point, Hong Kong
| | - Kwai Chung Cheung
- Institute of Vocational Education, Hong Kong Vocational Training Council, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Loi Chan
- Po Leung Kuk Ngan Po Ling College, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Ho Yiu Lok
- Po Leung Kuk Ngan Po Ling College, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Chin Li
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong.
| | - Ken Kin Lam Yung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
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77
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Xu M, Sun T, Tang X, Lu K, Jiang Y, Cao S, Wang Y. Title: CO 2 and HCl-induced seawater acidification impair the ingestion and digestion of blue mussel Mytilus edulis. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124821. [PMID: 31546185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic CO2 emissions lead to seawater acidification that reportedly exerts deleterious impacts on marine organisms, especially on calcifying organisms such as mussels. A 21-day experiment focusing on the impacts of seawater acidification on the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, was performed in this study, within which two acidifying treatments, CO2 enrichment and HCl addition, were applied. Two acidifying pH values (7.7 and 7.1) and the alteration of the key physiological processes of ingestion and digestion were estimated. To thoroughly investigate the impact of acidification on mussels, a histopathological study approach was adopted. The results showed that: (1) Seawater acidification induced either by CO2 enrichment or HCl addition impaired the gill structure. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) results suggested that the most obvious impacts were inflammatory lesions and edema, while more distinct alterations, including endoplasmic reticulum edema, nuclear condensation and chromatin plate-like condensation, were placed in the CO2-treated groups compared to HCl-treated specimens. The ciliary activity of the CO2 group was significantly inhibited simultaneously, leading to an obstacle in food intake. (2) Seawater acidification prominently damaged the structure of digestive glands, and the enzymatic activities of amylase, protease and lipase significantly decreased, which might indicate that the digestion was suppressed. The negative impacts induced by the CO2 group were more severe than that by the HCl group. The present results suggest that acidification interferes with the processes of ingestion and digestion, which potentially inhibits the energy intake of mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Xu
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Pilot Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Tianli Sun
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Beijing, 100194, China.
| | - Xuexi Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Pilot Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Keyu Lu
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Yongshun Jiang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Sai Cao
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Pilot Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - You Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Pilot Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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78
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Park S, Ahn IY, Sin E, Shim J, Kim T. Ocean freshening and acidification differentially influence mortality and behavior of the Antarctic amphipod Gondogeneia antarctica. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 154:104847. [PMID: 32056702 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) has experienced rapid atmospheric and ocean warming over the past few decades and many marine-terminating glaciers have considerably retreated. Glacial retreat is accompanied by fresh meltwater intrusion, which may result in the freshening and acidification of coastal waters. Marian Cove (MC), on King George Island in the WAP, undergoes one of the highest rates of glacial retreat. Intertidal and shallow subtidal waters are likely more susceptible to these processes, and sensitive biological responses are expected from the organisms inhabiting this area. The gammarid amphipod Gondogeneia antarctica is one of the most abundant species in the shallow, nearshore Antarctic waters, and it occupies an essential ecological niche in the coastal marine WAP ecosystem. In this study, we tested the sensitivity of G. antarctica to lowered salinity and pH by meltwater intrusion following glacial retreat. We exposed G. antarctica to four different treatments combining two salinities (34 and 27 psu) and pH (8.0 and 7.6) levels for 26 days. Mortality, excluding cannibalized individuals, increased under low pH but decreased under low salinity conditions. Meanwhile, low salinity increased cannibalism, whereas low pH reduced food detection. Shelter use during the daytime decreased under each low salinity and pH condition, indicating that the two stressors act as disruptors of amphipod behavior. Under low salinity conditions, swimming increased during the daytime but decreased at night. Although interactions between low salinity and low pH were not observed during the experiment, the results suggest that each stressor, likely induced by glacial melting, causes altered behaviors in amphipods. These environmental factors may threaten population persistence in Marian Cove and possibly other similar glacial embayments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seojeong Park
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Young Ahn
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunchong Sin
- Department of Taxonomy and Systematics, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, 101-75 Jangsan-ro, Janghang-eup, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - JeongHee Shim
- Fisheries Resources and Environment Research Division, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, NIFS, 1194 Haean-ro, Yeongok-myeon, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25435, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewon Kim
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
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79
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Cassidy C, Grange LJ, Garcia C, Bolam SG, Godbold JA. Species interactions and environmental context affect intraspecific behavioural trait variation and ecosystem function. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192143. [PMID: 31992167 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional trait-based approaches are increasingly adopted to understand and project ecological responses to environmental change; however, most assume trait expression is constant between conspecifics irrespective of context. Using two species of benthic invertebrate (brittlestars Amphiura filiformis and Amphiura chiajei), we demonstrate that trait expression at individual and community levels differs with biotic and abiotic context. We use PERMANOVA to test the effect of species identity, density and local environmental history on individual (righting and burrowing) and community (particle reworking and burrow ventilation) trait expression, as well as associated effects on ecosystem functioning (sediment nutrient release). Trait expression differs with context, with repercussions for the faunal mediation of ecosystem processes; we find increased rates of righting and burial behaviour and greater particle reworking with increasing density that are reflected in nutrient generation. However, the magnitude of effects differed within and between species, arising from site-specific environmental and morphological differences. Our results indicate that traits and processes influencing change in ecosystem functioning are products of both prevailing and historic conditions that cannot be constrained within typologies. Trait-based study must incorporate context-dependent variation, including intraspecific differences from individual to ecosystem scales, to avoid jeopardizing projections of ecosystem functioning and service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Cassidy
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Laura J Grange
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Clement Garcia
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Stefan G Bolam
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Jasmin A Godbold
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
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80
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Bashevkin SM, Dibble CD, Dunn RP, Hollarsmith JA, Ng G, Satterthwaite EV, Morgan SG. Larval dispersal in a changing ocean with an emphasis on upwelling regions. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M. Bashevkin
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute and Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California, Davis 2099 Westshore Road, P.O. Box 247 Bodega Bay California 94923 USA
- Delta Science Program Delta Stewardship Council 980 9th Street, Suite 1500 Sacramento California 95814 USA
| | - Connor D. Dibble
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute and Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California, Davis 2099 Westshore Road, P.O. Box 247 Bodega Bay California 94923 USA
| | - Robert P. Dunn
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
- Coastal and Marine Institute & Department of Biology San Diego State University 4165 Spruance Road San Diego California 92182 USA
| | - Jordan A. Hollarsmith
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute and Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California, Davis 2099 Westshore Road, P.O. Box 247 Bodega Bay California 94923 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Gabriel Ng
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute and Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California, Davis 2099 Westshore Road, P.O. Box 247 Bodega Bay California 94923 USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Erin V. Satterthwaite
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute and Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California, Davis 2099 Westshore Road, P.O. Box 247 Bodega Bay California 94923 USA
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara 735 State Street, Suite 300 Santa Barbara California USA
- Future Earth School of Global Environmental Sustainability Colorado State University 108 Johnson Drive Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Steven G. Morgan
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute and Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California, Davis 2099 Westshore Road, P.O. Box 247 Bodega Bay California 94923 USA
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81
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Melzner F, Mark FC, Seibel BA, Tomanek L. Ocean Acidification and Coastal Marine Invertebrates: Tracking CO 2 Effects from Seawater to the Cell. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2020; 12:499-523. [PMID: 31451083 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-010658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, numerous studies have investigated the impacts of simulated ocean acidification on marine species and communities, particularly those inhabiting dynamic coastal systems. Despite these research efforts, there are many gaps in our understanding, particularly with respect to physiological mechanisms that lead to pathologies. In this review, we trace how carbonate system disturbances propagate from the coastal environment into marine invertebrates and highlight mechanistic links between these disturbances and organism function. We also point toward several processes related to basic invertebrate biology that are severely understudied and prevent an accurate understanding of how carbonate system dynamics influence organismic homeostasis and fitness-related traits. We recommend that significant research effort be directed to studying cellular phenotypes of invertebrates acclimated or adapted to elevated seawater pCO2 using biochemical and physiological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Melzner
- Marine Ecology Research Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Felix C Mark
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;
| | - Brad A Seibel
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA;
| | - Lars Tomanek
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA;
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82
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Nay TJ, Johansen JL, Rummer JL, Steffensen JF, Pratchett MS, Hoey AS. Habitat complexity influences selection of thermal environment in a common coral reef fish. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa070. [PMID: 32864133 PMCID: PMC7448933 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Coral reef species, like most tropical species, are sensitive to increasing environmental temperatures, with many species already living close to their thermal maxima. Ocean warming and the increasing frequency and intensity of marine heatwaves are challenging the persistence of reef-associated species through both direct physiological effects of elevated water temperatures and the degradation and loss of habitat structure following disturbance. Understanding the relative importance of habitat degradation and ocean warming in shaping species distributions is critical in predicting the likely biological effects of global warming. Using an automated shuttle box system, we investigated how habitat complexity influences the selection of thermal environments for a common coral reef damselfish, Chromis atripectoralis. In the absence of any habitat (i.e. control), C. atripectoralis avoided temperatures below 22.9 ± 0.8°C and above 31.9 ± 0.6°C, with a preferred temperature (T pref) of 28.1 ± 0.9°C. When complex habitat was available, individual C. atripectoralis occupied temperatures down to 4.3°C lower (mean ± SE; threshold: 18.6 ± 0.7°C; T pref: 18.9 ± 1.0°C) than control fish. Conversely, C. atripectoralis in complex habitats occupied similar upper temperatures as control fish (threshold: 31.7 ± 0.4°C; preference: 28.3 ± 0.7°C). Our results show that the availability of complex habitat can influence the selection of thermal environment by a coral reef fish, but only at temperatures below their thermal preference. The limited scope of C. atripectoralis to occupy warmer environments, even when associated with complex habitat, suggests that habitat restoration efforts in areas that continue to warm may not be effective in retaining populations of C. atripectoralis and similar species. This species may have to move to cooler (e.g. deeper or higher latitude) habitats under predicted future warming. The integration of habitat quality and thermal environment into conservation efforts will be essential to conserve of coral reef fish populations under future ocean warming scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany J Nay
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, James Cook Dr., Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Corresponding author: ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Dr., Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - Jacob L Johansen
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46-007 Lilipuna Rd, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, James Cook Dr., Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, Helsingør, 3000, Denmark
| | - Morgan S Pratchett
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, James Cook Dr., Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Andrew S Hoey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, James Cook Dr., Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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83
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Elevated CO 2 and food ration affect growth but not the size-based hierarchy of a reef fish. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19706. [PMID: 31873126 PMCID: PMC6928027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Under projected levels of ocean acidification, shifts in energetic demands and food availability could interact to effect the growth and development of marine organisms. Changes to individual growth rates could then flow on to influence emergent properties of social groups, particularly in species that form size-based hierarchies. To test the potential interactive effects of (1) food availability, (2) elevated CO2 during juvenile development, and (3) parental experience of elevated CO2 on the growth, condition and size-based hierarchy of juvenile fish, we reared orange clownfish (Amphiprion percula) for 50 days post-hatching in a fully orthogonal design. Development in elevated CO2 reduced standard length and weight of juveniles, by 9% and 11% respectively, compared to ambient. Development under low food availability reduced length and weight of juveniles by 7% and 15% respectively, compared to high food. Parental exposure to elevated CO2 restored the length of juveniles to that of controls, but it did not restore weight, resulting in juveniles from elevated CO2 parents exhibiting 33% lower body condition when reared in elevated CO2. The body size ratios (relative size of a fish from the rank above) within juvenile groups were not affected by any treatment, suggesting relative robustness of group-level structure despite alterations in individual size and condition. This study demonstrates that both food availability and elevated CO2 can influence the physical attributes of juvenile reef fish, but these changes may not disrupt the emergent group structure of this social species, at least amongst juveniles.
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84
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Schunter C, Ravasi T, Munday PL, Nilsson GE. Neural effects of elevated CO 2 in fish may be amplified by a vicious cycle. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz100. [PMID: 31832196 PMCID: PMC6899223 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Maladaptive behavioural disturbances have been reported in some fishes and aquatic invertebrates exposed to projected future CO2 levels. These disturbances have been linked to altered ion gradients and neurotransmitter function in the brain. Still, it seems surprising that the relatively small ionic changes induced by near-future CO2 levels can have such profound neural effects. Based on recent transcriptomics data, we propose that a vicious cycle can be triggered that amplifies the initial disturbance, explaining how small pH regulatory adjustments in response to ocean acidification can lead to major behavioural alterations in fish and other water-breathing animals. The proposed cycle is initiated by a reversal of the function of some inhibitory GABAA receptors in the direction of neural excitation and then amplified by adjustments in gene expression aimed at suppressing the excitation but in reality increasing it. In addition, the increased metabolic production of CO2 by overexcited neurons will feed into the cycle by elevating intracellular bicarbonate levels that will lead to increased excitatory ion fluxes through GABAA receptors. We also discuss the possibility that an initiation of a vicious cycle could be one of the several factors underlying the differences in neural sensitivity to elevated CO2 displayed by fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Schunter
- Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Timothy Ravasi
- Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Philip L Munday
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Dr, Townsville, Queensland 4814, Australia
| | - Göran E Nilsson
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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85
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Sasaki MC, Dam HG. Integrating patterns of thermal tolerance and phenotypic plasticity with population genetics to improve understanding of vulnerability to warming in a widespread copepod. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:4147-4164. [PMID: 31449341 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Differences in population vulnerability to warming are defined by spatial patterns in thermal adaptation. These patterns may be driven by natural selection over spatial environmental gradients, but can also be shaped by gene flow, especially in marine taxa with high dispersal potential. Understanding and predicting organismal responses to warming requires disentangling the opposing effects of selection and gene flow. We begin by documenting genetic divergence of thermal tolerance and developmental phenotypic plasticity. Ten populations of the widespread copepod Acartia tonsa were collected from sites across a large thermal gradient, ranging from the Florida Keys to Northern New Brunswick, Canada (spanning over 20° latitude). Thermal performance curves (TPCs) from common garden experiments revealed local adaptation at the sampling range extremes, with thermal tolerance increasing at low latitudes and decreasing at high latitudes. The opposite pattern was observed in phenotypic plasticity, which was strongest at high latitudes. No relationship was observed between phenotypic plasticity and environmental variables. Instead, the results are consistent with the hypothesis of a trade-off between thermal tolerance and the strength of phenotypic plasticity. Over a large portion of the sampled range, however, we observed a remarkable lack of differentiation of TPCs. To examine whether this lack of divergence is the result of selection for a generalist performance curve or constraint by gene flow, we analyzed cytochrome oxidase I mtDNA sequences, which revealed four distinct genetic clades, abundant genetic diversity, and widely distributed haplotypes. Strong divergence in thermal performance within genetic clades, however, suggests that the pace of thermal adaptation can be relatively rapid. The combined insight from the laboratory physiological experiments and genetic data indicate that gene flow constrains differentiation of TPCs. This balance between gene flow and selection has implications for patterns of vulnerability to warming. Taking both genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity into account, our results suggest that local adaptation does not increase vulnerability to warming, and that low-latitude populations in general may be more vulnerable to predicted temperature change over the next century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Sasaki
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Hans G Dam
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA
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86
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Manríquez PH, González CP, Brokordt K, Pereira L, Torres R, Lattuca ME, Fernández DA, Peck MA, Cucco A, Antognarelli F, Marras S, Domenici P. Ocean warming and acidification pose synergistic limits to the thermal niche of an economically important echinoderm. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133469. [PMID: 31635008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To make robust projectios of the impacts of climate change, it is critical to understand how abiotic factors may interact to constrain the distribution and productivity of marine flora and fauna. We evaluated the effects of projected end of the century ocean acidification (OA) and warming (OW) on the thermal tolerance of an important living marine resource, the sea urchin Loxechinus albus, a benthic shallow water coastal herbivore inhabiting part of the Pacific coast of South America. After exposing young juveniles for a 1-month period to contrasting pCO2 (~500 and 1400 μatm) and temperature (~15 °C and 20 °C) levels, critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and minimum (CTmin) as well as thermal tolerance polygons were assessed based on self-righting success as an end point. Transcription of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), a chaperone protecting cellular proteins from environmental stress, was also measured. Exposure to elevated pCO2 significantly reduced thermal tolerance by increasing CTmin at both experimental temperatures and decreasing CTmax at 20 °C. There was also a strong synergistic effect of OA × OW on HSP70 transcription levels which were 75 times higher than in control conditions. If this species is unable to adapt to elevated pCO2 in the future, the reduction in thermal tolerance and HSP response suggests that near-future warming and OA will disrupt their performance and reduce their distribution with ecological and economic consequences. Given the wider latitudinal range (6 to 56°S) and environmental tolerance of L. albus compared to other members of this region's benthic invertebrate community, OW and OA may cause substantial changes to the coastal fauna along this geographical range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio H Manríquez
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Claudio P González
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Katherina Brokordt
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Luis Pereira
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias de Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile; Centro de Investigación: Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - María E Lattuca
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Fisiología y Evolución de Organismos Acuáticos (LEFyE), Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Fernández
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Fisiología y Evolución de Organismos Acuáticos (LEFyE), Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Fuegia Basket 251, 9410 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - Myron A Peck
- Institute of Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, University of Hamburg, GroßeElbstrasse 133, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Cucco
- CNR-IAMC-Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Localita Sa Mardini, Torregrande, Oristano 09170, Italy
| | - Fabio Antognarelli
- CNR-IAMC-Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Localita Sa Mardini, Torregrande, Oristano 09170, Italy
| | - Stefano Marras
- CNR-IAMC-Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Localita Sa Mardini, Torregrande, Oristano 09170, Italy
| | - Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IAMC-Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Localita Sa Mardini, Torregrande, Oristano 09170, Italy
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87
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Marangon E, Goldenberg SU, Nagelkerken I. Ocean warming increases availability of crustacean prey via riskier behavior. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Marine prey and predators will respond to future climate through physiological and behavioral adjustments. However, our understanding of how such direct effects may shift the outcome of predator–prey interactions is still limited. Here, we investigate the effects of ocean warming and acidification on foraging behavior and biomass of a common prey (shrimps, Palaemon spp.) tested in large mesocosms harboring natural resources and habitats. Acidification did not alter foraging behavior in prey. Under warming, however, prey showed riskier behavior by foraging more actively and for longer time periods, even in the presence of a live predator. No effects of longer-term exposure to climate stressors were detected on prey biomass. Our findings suggest that ocean warming may increase the availability of some prey to predators via a behavioral pathway (i.e., increased risk-taking by prey), likely by elevating metabolic demand of prey species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Marangon
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, DX 650 418, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Silvan U Goldenberg
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, DX 650 418, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ivan Nagelkerken
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, DX 650 418, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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88
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Salo T, Mattila J, Eklöf J. Long‐term warming affects ecosystem functioning through species turnover and intraspecific trait variation. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Salo
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm Univ. SE‐10691 Stockholm Sweden
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi Univ. FI‐20520 Turku Finland
| | - Johanna Mattila
- Dept of Aquatic Resources, Inst. of Coastal Research, The Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Öregrund Sweden
- Åland Univ. of Applied Sciences, Mariehamn Åland Finland
| | - Johan Eklöf
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm Univ. SE‐10691 Stockholm Sweden
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89
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Rodriguez-Dominguez A, Connell SD, Leung JYS, Nagelkerken I. Adaptive responses of fishes to climate change: Feedback between physiology and behaviour. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:1242-1249. [PMID: 31539955 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive capacity of individuals, from their cells to their overall performance, allows species to adjust to environmental change. We assess a hierarchy of responses (from cells to organismal growth and behaviour) to understand the flexibility of adaptive responses to future ocean conditions (warming and acidification) in two species of fish with short lifespans by conducting a long-term mesocosm/aquarium experiment. Fishes were exposed to elevated CO2 and temperature in a factorial design for a five-month period. We found a feedback mechanism between cellular defence and behavioural responses. In circumstances where their antioxidant defence mechanism was activated (i.e. warming or acidification), increased feeding rates prevented oxidative damage (i.e. during warming Sp. 1). However, when feeding rates failed to increase to provide additional energy needed for antioxidant defence, oxidative damage could not be prevented (warming + acidification Sp. 1). In contrast, when the activation of antioxidant defence was not required, energy intake from increased feeding was redirected to increased fish growth (acidification Sp. 2, warming + acidification Sp. 2), whilst no gain in growth rate was observed where feeding remained unchanged (acidification Sp. 1 or warming Sp. 2). This adaptive strategy seems to rely on the inherent behavioural response of fishes to their environment and such adjustability shows the kind of responses that organisms may express to prevail in future ocean climate. Indeed, assessing the link between responses from cellular to organismal levels, using a diversity of fitness indicators and behaviour, provides a fundamental understanding of how organisms as a whole may adjust to prevail in a future world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almendra Rodriguez-Dominguez
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, DX 650 418, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Sean D Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, DX 650 418, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jonathan Y S Leung
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, DX 650 418, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Ivan Nagelkerken
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, DX 650 418, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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90
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Walden G, Noirot C, Nagelkerken I. A future 1.2 °C increase in ocean temperature alters the quality of mangrove habitats for marine plants and animals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:596-603. [PMID: 31301500 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Global climate stressors, like ocean warming and acidification, contribute to the erosion of structural complexity in marine foundation habitats by promoting the growth of low-relief turf, increasing grazing pressure on structurally complex marine vegetation, and by directly affecting the growth and survival of foundation species. Because mangrove roots are woody and their epibionts are used to ever-changing conditions in highly variable environments, mangrove habitats may be more resilient to global change stressors than other marine foundation species. Using a large-scale mesocosm experiment, we examined how ocean warming and acidification, under a reduced carbon emission scenario, affect the composition and structural complexity of mangrove epibiont communities and the use of mangrove habitat by juvenile fishes. We demonstrate that even a modest increase in seawater temperature of 1.2 °C leads to the homogenisation and flattening of mangrove root epibiont communities. Warming led to a 24% increase in the overall cover of algal epibionts on roots but the diversity of the epibiont species decreased by 33%. Epibiont structural complexity decreased owing to the shorter stature of weedy algal turfs which prospered under elevated temperature. Juvenile fishes showed alterations in mangrove habitat use with ocean warming and acidification, but these were independent of changes to the root epibiont community. We reveal that the quality of apparently resilient mangrove habitats and their perceived value as habitat for associated fauna are still vulnerable under a globally reduced carbon emission scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Walden
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, DX650 418, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Christelle Noirot
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, DX650 418, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Ivan Nagelkerken
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, DX650 418, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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91
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Complex and interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming on the life span of a marine trematode parasite. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:1015-1021. [PMID: 31655036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human activities have caused an increase in atmospheric CO2 over the last 250 years, leading to unprecedented rates of change in seawater pH and temperature. These global scale processes are now commonly referred to as ocean acidification and warming, and have the potential to substantially alter the physiological performance of many marine organisms. It is vital that the effects of ocean acidification and warming on marine organisms are explored so that we can predict how marine communities may change in future. In particular, the effect of ocean acidification and warming on host-parasite dynamics is poorly understood, despite the ecological importance of these relationships. Here, we explore the response of one himasthlid trematode, Himasthla sp., an abundant and broadly distributed species of marine parasite, to combinations of elevated temperature and pCO2 that represent physiological extremes, pre-industrial conditions, and end of century predictions. Specifically, we quantified the life span of the free-living cercarial stage under elevated temperature and pCO2, focussing our research on functional life span (the time cercariae spend actively swimming) and absolute life span (the period before death). We found that the effects of temperature and pCO2 were complex and interactive. Overall, increased temperature negatively affected functional and absolute life span, e.g. across all pCO2 treatments the average time to 50% cessation of active swimming was approximately 8 h at 5 °C, 6 h at 15 °C, 4 h at 25 °C, and 2 h at 40 °C. The effect of pCO2, which significantly affected absolute life span, was highly variable across temperature treatments. These results strongly suggest that ocean acidification and warming may alter the transmission success of trematode cercariae, and potentially reduce the input of cercariae to marine zooplankton. Either outcome could substantially alter the community structure of coastal marine systems.
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92
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Boco SR, Pitt KA, Melvin SD. Extreme, but not moderate climate scenarios, impart sublethal effects on polyps of the Irukandji jellyfish, Carukia barnesi. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:471-479. [PMID: 31176232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification and warming, fueled by excess atmospheric carbon dioxide, can impose stress on marine organisms. Most studies testing the effects of climate change on marine organisms, however, use extreme climate projection scenarios, despite moderate projections scenarios being most likely to occur. Here, we examined the interactive effects of warming and acidification on reproduction, respiration, mobility and metabolic composition of polyps of the Irukandji jellyfish, Carukia barnesi, to determine the responses of a cubozoan jellyfish to moderate and extreme climate scenarios in Queensland, Australia. The experiment consisted two orthogonal factors: temperature (current 25 °C and future 28 °C) and pH (current (8.0) moderate (7.9) and extreme (7.7)). All polyps survived in the experiment but fewer polyps were produced in the pH 7.7 treatment compared to pH 7.9 and pH 8.0. Respiration rates were elevated in the lowest pH treatment throughout most of the experiment and polyps were approximately half as mobile in this treatment compared to pH 7.9 and pH 8.0, regardless of temperature. We identified metabolites occurring at significantly lower relative abundance in the lowest pH (i.e. glutamate, acetate, betaine, methylguanidine, lysine, sarcosine, glycine) and elevated temperature (i.e. proline, trigonelline, creatinine, mannose, acetate, betaine, methylguanidine, lysine, sarcosine) treatments. Glycine was the only metabolite exhibiting an interactive effect between pH and temperature. Our results suggest that C. barnesi polyps are unaffected by the most optimistic climate scenario and may tolerate even extreme climate conditions to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon Rey Boco
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia.
| | - Kylie A Pitt
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia
| | - Steven D Melvin
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia
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93
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Colossi Brustolin M, Nagelkerken I, Moitinho Ferreira C, Urs Goldenberg S, Ullah H, Fonseca G. Future ocean climate homogenizes communities across habitats through diversity loss and rise of generalist species. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3539-3548. [PMID: 31273894 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Predictions of the effects of global change on ecological communities are largely based on single habitats. Yet in nature, habitats are interconnected through the exchange of energy and organisms, and the responses of local communities may not extend to emerging community networks (i.e., metacommunities). Using large mesocosms and meiofauna communities as a model system, we investigated the interactive effects of ocean warming and acidification on the structure of marine metacommunities from three shallow-water habitats: sandy soft-bottoms, marine vegetation, and rocky reef substrates. Primary producers and detritus-key food sources for meiofauna-increased in biomass under the combined effect of temperature and acidification. The enhanced bottom-up forcing boosted nematode densities but impoverished the functional and trophic diversity of nematode metacommunities. The combined climate stressors further homogenized meiofauna communities across habitats. Under present-day conditions metacommunities were structured by habitat type, but under future conditions they showed an unstructured random pattern with fast-growing generalist species dominating the communities of all habitats. Homogenization was likely driven by local species extinctions, reducing interspecific competition that otherwise could have prevented single species from dominating multiple niches. Our findings reveal that climate change may simplify metacommunity structure and prompt biodiversity loss, which may affect the biological organization and resilience of marine communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colossi Brustolin
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pontal do Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ivan Nagelkerken
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Camilo Moitinho Ferreira
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Silvan Urs Goldenberg
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hadayet Ullah
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gustavo Fonseca
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
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94
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Paula JR, Repolho T, Pegado MR, Thörnqvist PO, Bispo R, Winberg S, Munday PL, Rosa R. Neurobiological and behavioural responses of cleaning mutualisms to ocean warming and acidification. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12728. [PMID: 31484945 PMCID: PMC6726634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleaning interactions are textbook examples of mutualisms. On coral reefs, most fishes engage in cooperative interactions with cleaners fishes, where they benefit from ectoparasite reduction and ultimately stress relief. Furthermore, such interactions elicit beneficial effects on clients' ecophysiology. However, the potential effects of future ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) on these charismatic associations are unknown. Here we show that a 45-day acclimation period to OW (+3 °C) and OA (980 μatm pCO2) decreased interactions between cleaner wrasses (Labroides dimidiatus) and clients (Naso elegans). Cleaners also invested more in the interactions by providing tactile stimulation under OA. Although this form of investment is typically used by cleaners to prolong interactions and reconcile after cheating, interaction time and client jolt rate (a correlate of dishonesty) were not affected by any stressor. In both partners, the dopaminergic (in all brain regions) and serotoninergic (forebrain) systems were significantly altered by these stressors. On the other hand, in cleaners, the interaction with warming ameliorated dopaminergic and serotonergic responses to OA. Dopamine and serotonin correlated positively with motivation to interact and cleaners interaction investment (tactile stimulation). We advocate that such neurobiological changes associated with cleaning behaviour may affect the maintenance of community structures on coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ricardo Paula
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Maria Rita Pegado
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Per-Ove Thörnqvist
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology Unit, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, Box 593, Uppsala, SE, 75124, Sweden
| | - Regina Bispo
- Departamento de Matemática, Centro de Matemática e Aplicações, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Svante Winberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology Unit, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, Box 593, Uppsala, SE, 75124, Sweden
| | - Philip L Munday
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
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95
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Spinks RK, Munday PL, Donelson JM. Developmental effects of heatwave conditions on the early life stages of a coral reef fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/16/jeb202713. [PMID: 31444281 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Marine heatwaves, which are increasing in frequency, duration and intensity owing to climate change, are an imminent threat to marine ecosystems. On coral reefs, heatwave conditions often coincide with periods of peak recruitment of juvenile fishes and exposure to elevated temperature may affect their development. However, whether differences in the duration of high temperature exposure have effects on individual performance is unknown. We exposed juvenile spiny damselfish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus, to increasing lengths of time (3, 7, 30 and 108 days post-hatching) of elevated temperature (+2°C). After 108 days, we measured escape performance at present-day control and elevated temperatures, standard length, mass and critical thermal maximum. Using a Bayesian approach, we show that 30 days or more exposure to +2°C leads to improved escape performance, irrespective of performance temperature, possibly owing to developmental effects of high temperature on muscle development and/or anaerobic metabolism. Continued exposure to elevated temperature for 108 days caused a reduction in body size compared with the control, but not in fish exposed to high temperature for 30 days or less. By contrast, exposure to elevated temperatures for any length of time had no effect on critical thermal maximum, which, combined with previous work, suggests a short-term physiological constraint of ∼37°C in this species. Our study shows that extended exposure to increased temperature can affect the development of juvenile fishes, with potential immediate and future consequences for individual performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Spinks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Drive, Douglas 4814, James Cook University, QLD, Australia
| | - Philip L Munday
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Drive, Douglas 4814, James Cook University, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Donelson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Drive, Douglas 4814, James Cook University, QLD, Australia
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96
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Schwieterman GD, Crear DP, Anderson BN, Lavoie DR, Sulikowski JA, Bushnell PG, Brill RW. Combined Effects of Acute Temperature Change and Elevated pCO 2 on the Metabolic Rates and Hypoxia Tolerances of Clearnose Skate ( Rostaraja eglanteria), Summer Flounder ( Paralichthys dentatus), and Thorny Skate ( Amblyraja radiata). BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8030056. [PMID: 31357558 PMCID: PMC6783964 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how rising temperatures, ocean acidification, and hypoxia affect the performance of coastal fishes is essential to predicting species-specific responses to climate change. Although a population's habitat influences physiological performance, little work has explicitly examined the multi-stressor responses of species from habitats differing in natural variability. Here, clearnose skate (Rostaraja eglanteria) and summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) from mid-Atlantic estuaries, and thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata) from the Gulf of Maine, were acutely exposed to current and projected temperatures (20, 24, or 28 °C; 22 or 30 °C; and 9, 13, or 15 °C, respectively) and acidification conditions (pH 7.8 or 7.4). We tested metabolic rates and hypoxia tolerance using intermittent-flow respirometry. All three species exhibited increases in standard metabolic rate under an 8 °C temperature increase (Q10 of 1.71, 1.07, and 2.56, respectively), although this was most pronounced in the thorny skate. At the lowest test temperature and under the low pH treatment, all three species exhibited significant increases in standard metabolic rate (44-105%; p < 0.05) and decreases in hypoxia tolerance (60-84% increases in critical oxygen pressure; p < 0.05). This study demonstrates the interactive effects of increasing temperature and changing ocean carbonate chemistry are species-specific, the implications of which should be considered within the context of habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail D Schwieterman
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
| | - Daniel P Crear
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Brooke N Anderson
- Marine Sciences Department, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Danielle R Lavoie
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology, and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI 02809, USA
| | - James A Sulikowski
- School of Mathematical & Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA
| | - Peter G Bushnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indiana University South Bend, South Bend, IN, 46615, USA
| | - Richard W Brill
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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97
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Wallingford PD, Sorte CJB. Community regulation models as a framework for direct and indirect effects of climate change on species distributions. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Piper D. Wallingford
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Irvine California USA
| | - Cascade J. B. Sorte
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Irvine California USA
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98
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Cattano C, Fine M, Quattrocchi F, Holzman R, Milazzo M. Behavioural responses of fish groups exposed to a predatory threat under elevated CO 2. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 147:179-184. [PMID: 31060864 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Most of the studies dealing with the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on fish behaviour tested individuals in isolation, even when the examined species live in shoals in the wild. Here we evaluated the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations (i.e. ∼900 μatm) on the shelter use and group cohesion of the gregarious damselfish Chromis viridis using groups of sub-adults exposed to a predatory threat. Results showed that, under predatory threat, fish reared at elevated CO2 concentrations displayed a risky behaviour (i.e. decreased shelter use), whereas their group cohesion was unaffected. Our findings add on increasing evidence to account for social dynamics in OA experiments, as living in groups may compensate for CO2-induced risky behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cattano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 20, I-90123, Palermo, Italy; CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00197, Roma. Italy.
| | - M Fine
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel; The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, 88103, Israel
| | - F Quattrocchi
- Institute for marine biological resources and biotechnologies, Via Vaccara, 61, 91026, Mazara del Vallo, TP, Italy
| | - R Holzman
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, 88103, Israel; Department of Zoology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Milazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 20, I-90123, Palermo, Italy; CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00197, Roma. Italy
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99
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100
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Laubenstein TD, Rummer JL, McCormick MI, Munday PL. A negative correlation between behavioural and physiological performance under ocean acidification and warming. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4265. [PMID: 30862781 PMCID: PMC6414711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have examined the average effects of ocean acidification and warming on phenotypic traits of reef fishes, finding variable, but often negative effects on behavioural and physiological performance. Yet the presence and nature of a relationship between these traits is unknown. A negative relationship between phenotypic traits could limit individual performance and even the capacity of populations to adapt to climate change. Here, we examined the relationship between behavioural and physiological performance of a juvenile reef fish under elevated CO2 and temperature in a full factorial design. Behaviourally, the response to an alarm odour was negatively affected by elevated CO2, but not elevated temperature. Physiologically, aerobic scope was significantly diminished under elevated temperature, but not under elevated CO2. At the individual level, there was no relationship between behavioural and physiological traits in the control and single-stressor treatments. However, a statistically significant negative relationship was detected between the traits in the combined elevated CO2 and temperature treatment. Our results demonstrate that trade-offs in performance between behavioural and physiological traits may only be evident when multiple climate change stressors are considered, and suggest that this negative relationship could limit adaptive potential to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn D Laubenstein
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Mark I McCormick
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Philip L Munday
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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