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Giller KE, Hijbeek R, Andersson JA, Sumberg J. Regenerative Agriculture: An agronomic perspective. OUTLOOK ON AGRICULTURE 2021; 50:13-25. [PMID: 33867585 PMCID: PMC8023280 DOI: 10.1177/0030727021998063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is in crisis. Soil health is collapsing. Biodiversity faces the sixth mass extinction. Crop yields are plateauing. Against this crisis narrative swells a clarion call for Regenerative Agriculture. But what is Regenerative Agriculture, and why is it gaining such prominence? Which problems does it solve, and how? Here we address these questions from an agronomic perspective. The term Regenerative Agriculture has actually been in use for some time, but there has been a resurgence of interest over the past 5 years. It is supported from what are often considered opposite poles of the debate on agriculture and food. Regenerative Agriculture has been promoted strongly by civil society and NGOs as well as by many of the major multi-national food companies. Many practices promoted as regenerative, including crop residue retention, cover cropping and reduced tillage are central to the canon of 'good agricultural practices', while others are contested and at best niche (e.g. permaculture, holistic grazing). Worryingly, these practices are generally promoted with little regard to context. Practices most often encouraged (such as no tillage, no pesticides or no external nutrient inputs) are unlikely to lead to the benefits claimed in all places. We argue that the resurgence of interest in Regenerative Agriculture represents a re-framing of what have been considered to be two contrasting approaches to agricultural futures, namely agroecology and sustainable intensification, under the same banner. This is more likely to confuse than to clarify the public debate. More importantly, it draws attention away from more fundamental challenges. We conclude by providing guidance for research agronomists who want to engage with Regenerative Agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken E Giller
- Plant Production Systems, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renske Hijbeek
- Plant Production Systems, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jens A Andersson
- Plant Production Systems, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - James Sumberg
- Institute of Development Studies (IDS), University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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Qasim W, Xia L, Lin S, Wan L, Zhao Y, Butterbach-Bahl K. Global greenhouse vegetable production systems are hotspots of soil N 2O emissions and nitrogen leaching: A meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116372. [PMID: 33434865 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable production in greenhouses is often associated with the use of excessive amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizers, low NUE (15-35%), and high N losses along gaseous and hydrological pathways. In this meta-analysis, we assess the effects of application rate, fertilizer type, irrigation, and soil properties on soil N2O emissions and nitrogen leaching from greenhouse vegetable systems on the basis of 75 studies. Mean ± standard error (SE) N2O emissions from unfertilized control plots (N2Ocontrol) and N leaching (NLcontrol) of greenhouse vegetable systems were 3.2 ± 0.4 and 91 ± 20 kg N ha-1 yr-1, respectively, indicating legacy effects due to fertilization in preceding crop seasons. Soil organic carbon concentrations (SOC) and irrigation were significantly positively correlated with NLcontrol losses, while other soil properties did not significantly affect N2Ocontrol or NLcontrol. The annual mean soil N2O emission from fertilized greenhouse vegetable systems was 12.0 ± 1.0 kg N2O-N ha-1 yr-1 (global: 0.067 Tg N2O-N yr-1), with N2O emissions increasing exponentially with fertilization. The mean EFN2O was 0.85%. The mean annual nitrogen leaching (NL) was 297 ± 22 kg N ha-1 yr-1 (global: 1.66 Tg N yr-1), with fertilization, irrigation, and SOC explaining 65% of the observed variation. The mean leaching factor across all fertilizer types was 11.9%, but 18.7% for chemical fertilizer. Crop NUE was highest, while N2O emissions and N leaching were lowest, at fertilizer rates <500 kg N ha-1 year-1. Yield-scaled N2O emissions (0.05 ± 0.01 kg N2O-N Mg-1 yr-1) and nitrogen leaching (0.79 ± 0.08 kg N Mg-1 yr-1) were lowest at fertilizer rates <1000 kg N ha-1 yr-1. Vegetables are increasingly produced in greenhouses, often under management schemes of extreme fertilization (>1500 kg N ha-1 yr-1) and irrigation (>1200 mm yr-1). Our study indicates that high environmental N2O and N leaching losses can be mitigated by reducing fertilization rates to 500-1000 kg N ha-1 yr-1 (mean: ∼762 kg N ha-1 yr-1) without jeopardizing yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Qasim
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Longlong Xia
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Shan Lin
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Wan
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
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Dawar K, Khan A, Sardar K, Fahad S, Saud S, Datta R, Danish S. Effects of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin and mulch on N 2O emission and fertilizer use efficiency using 15N tracing techniques. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143739. [PMID: 33229088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O), is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) that shares 7% of global warming around the world. Among different sources, agricultural systems account for approx. 60% of global anthropogenic N2O emissions. These N2O emissions are associated with the activity of nitrifiers and denitrifiers that contribute to >4 Tg (teragrams) N2O-N emission per year. Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers and manures in agricultural fields plays an imperative role in this regard. On the other hand nitrification inhibitors are an effective approach to minimize N2O-N emissions from agricultural fields. Here we examined the effects of applying urea with a nitrification inhibitor (Ni) nitrapyrin and mulch (Mu) on urea transformation, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, grain yield and nitrogen (N) uptake efficiency. The treatments include a control (zero N), urea (U) applied at 200 kg N ha-1, U + Ni (Ni applied at 700 g ha-1), U+ Mu (Mu applied at 4 t ha-1) and U + Ni + Mu. The N2O emission factor (EF) was 66% and 75% when U and Mu were applied, respectively. Yield-scaled N2O emissions were lower in U and Mu by 45% and 55%, respectively. The Ni coupled with Mu enhanced urea-15N recovery by 58% and wheat grain yield by 23% and total N uptake by 30% compared with U alone. In conclusion, Ni usage is an effective strategy to mitigate N2O emissions under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadim Dawar
- Department of Soil and Environmental Science, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Aamir Khan
- Department of Soil and Environmental Science, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Kamil Sardar
- Department of Soil and Environmental Science, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Shah Fahad
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China; Department of Agronomy, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 22620, Pakistan.
| | - Shah Saud
- Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - Rahul Datta
- Department of Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Subhan Danish
- Department of Soil Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Punjab, Pakistan
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Liu B, Wang X, Ma L, Chadwick D, Chen X. Combined applications of organic and synthetic nitrogen fertilizers for improving crop yield and reducing reactive nitrogen losses from China's vegetable systems: A meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116143. [PMID: 33310496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The combined application of organic and synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers is being widely recommended in China's vegetable systems to reduce reliance on synthetic N fertilizer. However, the effect of substituting synthetic fertilizer with organic fertilizer on vegetable productivity (yield, N uptake and nitrogen use efficiency) and reactive nitrogen (Nr) losses (N2O emission, N leaching and NH3 volatilization) remains unclear. A meta-analysis was performed using peer-reviewed papers published from 2000 to 2019 to comprehensively assess the effects of combined application of organic and synthetic N fertilizers. The results indicate that overall, the vegetable yield, N2O emission and NH3 volatilization were not significantly changed, whereas N leaching was reduced by 44.6% and soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration increased by 12.5% compared to synthetic N fertilizer alone. Specifically, when synthetic N substitution rates (SRs) were ≤70%, vegetable yields and SOC concentration were increased by 5.5%-5.6% and 13.1-18.0%, and N leaching was reduced by 41.6%-48.1%. At the high substitution rate (SR>70%), vegetable yield was reduced by 13.6%, N2O emission was reduced by 14.3%, and SOC concentration increased by 16.4%. Mixed animal-plant sources of organic N preferentially increased vegetable yield and SOC concentration, and reduced N2O emission and N leaching compared with single sources of organic-N. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission was decreased by 28.4%-34.9% by combined applications of organic and synthetic N sources, relative to synthetic N fertilizer alone. We conclude that appropriate rates (SR ≤ 70%) of combined applications of organic and synthetic N fertilizers could improve vegetable yields, decrease Nr and GHG emission, and facilitate sustainable development of coupled vegetable-livestock systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xiaozhong Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, 050021, Hebei, China
| | - Dave Chadwick
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Xinping Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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55
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Yang X, Duan P, Li G, Zhao X, Lin Q, Zhu K. Spatial-heterogeneous granulation of organic amendments and chemical fertilizer stimulated N 2O emissions from agricultural soil: An microcosm study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 277:111437. [PMID: 33031998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The promising application modes of organic fertilizer (OF) and chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer (CF) could be the homogeneous granulation (HG: OF and CF are distributed spatially evenly) and spatial heterogeneous granulation (SG: OF and CF are distributed separately in space), where the N transformation processes, such as the nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, are greatly influenced by the spatial distribution of the OF and CF, particularly. Currently, there is a lack of in-depth understanding about the microbial mechanisms of the SG and HG application on N2O emissions, and the related functional guilds (ammonia oxidizers and heterotrophic denitrifiers) respond to the granular fertilizer is yet not known. In the present study, we made CF (15N-(NH4)2SO4), cow compost and maize straw (2% or 8% based on the N proportion) into granular of 1 cm in diameter, in HG and SG forms, respectively, and then applied these granules in soils for 80 days incubation. Results showed that, compared with HG treatments, the SG treatment promoted the ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) intensities, and increased the N2O emissions possibly through ammonia oxidize bacteria dependent nitrification and fungal denitrification. In addition, the high maize residues proportion in organic fertilizer significantly mitigated N2O emissions by the coupled impacts of suppressed nitrification and enhanced denitrification enzyme activity with high C input. Overall, our results suggest that spatial heterogeneous granulation of and CF may induce higher risk of N2O emissions and the higher proportion of maize residues could potentially mitigate such increased emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Yang
- Department of Soil and Water Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Pengpeng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Guitong Li
- Department of Soil and Water Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Zhao
- Department of Soil and Water Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Qimei Lin
- Department of Soil and Water Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Soil and Water Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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56
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Shakoor A, Shahbaz M, Farooq TH, Sahar NE, Shahzad SM, Altaf MM, Ashraf M. A global meta-analysis of greenhouse gases emission and crop yield under no-tillage as compared to conventional tillage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:142299. [PMID: 33182198 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
No-tillage (NT) practice is extensively adopted with aims to improve soil physical conditions, carbon (C) sequestration and to alleviate greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions without compromising crop yield. However, the influences of NT on GHGs emissions and crop yields remains inconsistent. A global meta-analysis was performed by using fifty peer-reviewed publications to assess the effectiveness of soil physicochemical properties, nitrogen (N) fertilization, type and duration of crop, water management and climatic zones on GHGs emissions and crop yields under NT compared to conventional tillage (CT) practices. The outcome reveals that compared to CT, NT increased CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions by 7.1, 12.0, and 20.8%, respectively. In contrast, NT caused up to 7.6% decline in global warming potential as compared to CT. However, absence of difference in crop yield was observed both under NT and CT practices. Increasing N fertilization rates under NT improved crop yield and GHGs emission up to 23 and 58%, respectively, compared to CT. Further, NT practices caused an increase of 16.1% CO2 and 14.7% N2O emission in the rainfed areas and up to 54.0% CH4 emission under irrigated areas as compared to CT practices. This meta-analysis study provides a scientific basis for evaluating the effects of NT on GHGs emissions and crop yields, and also provides basic information to mitigate the GHGs emissions that are associated with NT practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Shakoor
- Department of Environment and Soil Sciences, University of Lleida, Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Taimoor Hassan Farooq
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Najam E Sahar
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sher Muhammad Shahzad
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mohsin Altaf
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
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Zhang J, Tian H, Shi H, Zhang J, Wang X, Pan S, Yang J. Increased greenhouse gas emissions intensity of major croplands in China: Implications for food security and climate change mitigation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6116-6133. [PMID: 32697859 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Balancing crop production and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture soil requires a better understanding and quantification of crop GHG emissions intensity, a measure of GHG emissions per unit crop production. Here we conduct a state-of-the-art estimate of the spatial-temporal variability of GHG emissions intensities for wheat, maize, and rice in China from 1949 to 2012 using an improved agricultural ecosystem model (Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model-Agriculture Version 2.0) and meta-analysis covering 172 field-GHG emissions experiments. The results show that the GHG emissions intensities of these croplands from 1949 to 2012, on average, were 0.10-1.31 kg CO2 -eq/kg, with a significant increase rate of 1.84-3.58 × 10-3 kg CO2 -eq kg-1 year-1 . Nitrogen fertilizer was the dominant factor contributing to the increase in GHG emissions intensity in northern China and increased its impact in southern China in the 2000s. Increasing GHG emissions intensity implies that excessive fertilizer failed to markedly stimulate crop yield increase in China but still exacerbated soil GHG emissions. This study found that overfertilization of more than 60% was mainly located in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation systems in the North China Plain, the winter wheat-rice rotation systems in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and southwest China, and most of the double rice systems in the South. Our simulations suggest that roughly a one-third reduction in the current N fertilizer application level over these "overfertilization" regions would not significantly influence crop yield but decrease soil GHG emissions by 29.60%-32.50% and GHG emissions intensity by 0.13-0.25 kg CO2 -eq/kg. This reduction is about 29% and 5% of total agricultural soil GHG emissions in China and the world, respectively. This study suggests that improving nitrogen use efficiency would be an effective strategy to mitigate GHG emissions and sustain China's food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Hao Shi
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jingfang Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shufen Pan
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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Ashiq W, Nadeem M, Ali W, Zaeem M, Wu J, Galagedara L, Thomas R, Kavanagh V, Cheema M. Biochar amendment mitigates greenhouse gases emission and global warming potential in dairy manure based silage corn in boreal climate. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114869. [PMID: 32502870 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
About 11% of the global anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions result from agricultural practices. Dairy manure (DM) application to soil is regarded as a best management practice due to C sequestration and improvement of soil physiochemical properties. However, GHGs emissions from the soil following the DM application could offset its advantages. Biochar (BC) is known to affect N transformation and GHGs emissions from soil. There had been considerably less focus on the BC amendment and its effects on GHGs emissions following DM application under field conditions. The objectives of this study were; i) to determine the temporal patterns and cumulative GHGs fluxes following DM and inorganic nitrogen (IN) application and, ii) to investigate BC amendment impact on DMY, GWP, direct N2O emission factor (EFd) and the response of CH4 emissions (RC) in DM based silage corn. To achieve these objectives a two-year field experiment was conducted with these treatments: 1) DM with high N conc. (DM1: 0.37% N); 2) DM with low N conc. (DM2: 0.13% N); 3) IN; 4) DM1+BC; 5) DM2+BC; 6) IN + BC; and 7) Control (N0); and were laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications. BC amendment to DM1, DM2 and IN significantly reduced cumulative CO2 emission by 16, 25.5 and 26.5%, CH4 emission by 184, 200 and 293% and N2O emission by 95, 86 and 93% respectively. It also reduced area-scaled and yield-scaled GWP, EFd, RC and enhanced DMY. Thus, BC application showed great potential to offset the negative effects of DM application i.e GHGs emissions from the silage corn cropping system. Further research is needed to evaluate soil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics (substrates for GHG emissions) after DM and BC application on various soil types and cropping systems under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ashiq
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada; School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada
| | - Waqas Ali
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada
| | - Muhammad Zaeem
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada
| | - Jianghua Wu
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada
| | - Lakshman Galagedara
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada
| | - Raymond Thomas
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada
| | - Vanessa Kavanagh
- Department of Fisheries and Land Resources, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Pasadena, NL, A0L 1K0, Canada
| | - Mumtaz Cheema
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada.
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Xia F, Mei K, Xu Y, Zhang C, Dahlgren RA, Zhang M. Response of N 2O emission to manure application in field trials of agricultural soils across the globe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:139390. [PMID: 32446092 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The response of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emission to manure application has been widely reported for laboratory experiments. However, the in-situ effects of manure application on soil N2O emission from field trials (i.e. real-world conditions) and related mechanisms are poorly understood at the global scale. Here, we performed a meta-analysis using 262 field observations from 44 publications to assess the in-situ effects of manure application on soil N2O emission and factors regulating N2O emission (e.g., agricultural practices, manure characteristics and initial soil properties). Our analysis found that manure application significantly increased soil N2O emission in field trials. The largest N2O emissions were observed in soils from warm temperate climates, planted with upland non-leguminous crops and using raw manure. Notably, water-filled pore space (WFPS) significantly affected N2O emission; soils with 50-90% WFPS had the highest N2O emissions. Initial soil properties (e.g. pH, texture and organic carbon (C)) were generally not significant for predicting N2O emission, possibly due to changes in soil properties induced by manure additions. Manures with carbon: nitrogen ratios (C:N) of 10-15 and C contents of 100-300 g C kg-1 produced the lowest N2O emission. The net N2O emission factor (1.13%) resulting from manure application was similar to additions of synthetic N fertilizer (1.25%) and crop residues (1.06%), suggesting that manure application resulted in a similar N2O emission to other soil amendments. Our analysis provides a scientific basis for manure management options to minimize N2O emissions from animal waste disposal on agricultural lands globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xia
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing 312000, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Environmental Science and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Kun Mei
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Environmental Science and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Environmental Science and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Randy A Dahlgren
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Minghua Zhang
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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60
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Kiran Kumara TM, Kandpal A, Pal S. A meta-analysis of economic and environmental benefits of conservation agriculture in South Asia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 269:110773. [PMID: 32560994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture plays a key role in ensuring food and livelihood security in South Asia. However, this region is vulnerable to climate change which is likely to impact the livelihoods of millions of marginal and small holders. Agriculture is not only impacted by climate change but also one of the major contributor to global warming in South Asia. As compared to the traditional practices, Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices help mitigate the impact of climate change through a reduction in carbon emission and conservation of natural resources. In this article, a meta-analysis of the important studies was done for the impact of CA on carbon sequestration, water use, greenhouse gas emissions and cost and net returns. Carbon sequestration potential was found significantly higher in the CA practices (+16.30%) as compared to the conventional tillage. Inclusion of legumes, clay-rich soils, irrigation and presence of soil cover are the major drivers for higher carbon sequestration potential in the region. Additionally, a significant amount of water was also saved as CA practices led to relatively less consumption of water over the conventional tillage. Further, the adoption of CA based management practices resulted in a substantial reduction of CO2 (-4.28%) and CH4 (-25.67%) emissions both in aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. However, the emission of NO2 and N2O-N gases were higher under the CA, +14.45 and + 5.20% respectively. Nevertheless, the emission of N2O-N was lesser in CA (-1.78%) under aerobic conditions whereas it is increased under anaerobic soil conditions (+12.15%). The adoption of CA practices resulted in higher returns and lower costs as compared to the conventional system. Although CA has significant environmental benefits, the study suggests judicious use of inorganic inputs under CA for managing the impact of climate change in South Asia. Therefore, CA is a sustainable agricultural practice that deserves outscaling in South Asia for mitigation and adaptation of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Kiran Kumara
- ICAR- National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ankita Kandpal
- ICAR- National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi, India.
| | - Suresh Pal
- ICAR- National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi, India.
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Lv F, Song J, Giltrap D, Feng Y, Yang X, Zhang S. Crop yield and N 2O emission affected by long-term organic manure substitution fertilizer under winter wheat-summer maize cropping system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 732:139321. [PMID: 32438150 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Application of organic manure combined with synthetic fertilizer can maintain crop yield and improve soil fertility, but the long-term effects of substituting different proportions of synthetic fertilizers with organic manure on N2O emission remain unclear. In this study, field experiments and DNDC model simulations were used to study the long-term effects of substituting synthetic fertilizers with organic manure on crop yield and N2O emission. The field experiment was conducted at Guanzhong Plain, northern China, under a wheat-maize cropping system. Six treatments were included: no fertilization (CK); synthetic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers (NPK); and 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the synthetic N substituted by dairy manure (25%M, 50%M, 75%M, and 100%M), respectively. The DNDC model was calibrated using the field data from the NPK treatment from 2014 to 2017 and was validated for the other treatments. The results showed that the DNDC model can successfully simulate the crop yield (e.g. nRMSE < 5%) and annual N2O emission (nRMSE < 20%). In addition, a 30-year simulation found that organic manure substitution treatments could maintain wheat yield well, and the yield variation between different years was small. However, relative to the NPK treatment, the maize yields for the first 6 and 7 years were lower under 50%M and 75%M, and under 100%M maize yields were reduced for the first 15 years. The long-term simulation showed that N2O emission of fertilized treatment had an increasing trend over time, especially the 75%M treatment where the N2O emission was higher than that of NPK treatment after 25 years of fertilization. The annual mean N2O emission under different treatments was, in decreasing order, NPK > 25%M > 50%M > 75%M > 100%M > CK. The yield-scale N2O emission and emission factor were highest for the NPK treatment. Considering crop yield, yield stability and N2O emission, substitution of 25% synthetic fertilizer by organic manure can simultaneously ensure crop productivity and environmental protection under the tested environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglian Lv
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiashan Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Donna Giltrap
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yongtao Feng
- Baoji Extension and Service Centre of Agricultural Technology, Baoji 721001, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueyun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shulan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Pilecco GE, Chantigny MH, Weiler DA, Aita C, Thivierge MN, Schmatz R, Chaves B, Giacomini SJ. Greenhouse gas emissions and global warming potential from biofuel cropping systems fertilized with mineral and organic nitrogen sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138767. [PMID: 32387769 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-legume bioenergy crops can be fertilized with animal manures instead of mineral fertilizers, but the simultaneous application of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) with manures can increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. On the other hand, manure could increase soil organic C stocks and partly offset greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and global warming potential (GWP) of crop systems. We performed a two-year study in a biofuel cropping system with sunflower and canola to examine the effects of manure fertilization on grain yields and N use efficiency of crops, and on GWP and GHG intensity (GHGI) in no-till soils under subtropical conditions. The GWP and GHGI were calculated from measured methane (CH4) and N2O emissions and soil organic C stock change, and from estimated carbon dioxide emissions associated with agricultural inputs and farm operations. The following treatments were tested: (i) mineral fertilizer (MF); (ii) poultry manure (PM); (iii) pig deep-litter (PDL); and (iv) no-N control. The application rate of each treatment was adjusted to provide 60 kg available N ha-1 to crops. Grain yield and N accumulated by sunflower and canola were greater in fertilized treatments than in the control, and did not differ among N sources. However, crop N use efficiency was on average 50% lower with manures than MF. CH4 emissions were not affected by N sources, but N2O emissions increased as follows: control (1.37) < MF (2.04) < PDL (4.12) < PM (4.95 kg N ha-1). On the other hand, soil organic C stocks increased more rapidly with manures than MF, resulting in significantly lower GWP and GHGI with manures than MF after two years. These results indicate that animal manures can replace MF as the main source of N to non-legume oil crops and reduce net GHG emissions in biofuel cropping systems under subtropical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getúlio Elias Pilecco
- Department of Soils, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Martin H Chantigny
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Quebec Research and Development Centre, 2560 Hochelaga Blvd, Quebec, QC G1V 2J3, Canada
| | - Douglas Adams Weiler
- Special Coordination for Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 89520-000 Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Celso Aita
- Department of Soils, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marie-Noëlle Thivierge
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Quebec Research and Development Centre, 2560 Hochelaga Blvd, Quebec, QC G1V 2J3, Canada
| | - Raquel Schmatz
- Department of Soils, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Chaves
- Department of Soils, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sandro José Giacomini
- Department of Soils, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Hu M, Sardans J, Yang X, Peñuelas J, Tong C. Patterns and environmental drivers of greenhouse gas fluxes in the coastal wetlands of China: A systematic review and synthesis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109576. [PMID: 32361080 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coastal wetlands play an increasingly important role in regulating greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and thus affecting climate change. However, the overall magnitude, trend, and environmental drivers of GHG fluxes in these wetlands of China remain uncertain. Herein, we synthesized data from 70 publications involving 187 field observations to identify patterns and drivers of GHG fluxes across coastal wetlands in China. Average methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (ecosystem respiration) across coastal wetlands were estimated as 2.20±0.31 mg·m-2·h-1, 16.44±2.96 μg·m-2·h-1, and 388.76±42.28 mg·m-2·h-1, respectively. GHG emissions varied with tidal inundation, where CH4 and CO2 emissions during tidal inundation were lower than during ebbing. CH4 and CO2 emissions from wetlands decreased linearly with increasing latitude, while N2O did not. CH4 fluxes were positively related to air temperature and aboveground biomass, and CO2 emissions were positively related to soil organic carbon. N2O fluxes were lower with increasing soil pH, and CH4 and CO2 emissions were greater with increasing soil moisture. Based on the results of sustained-flux global warming potential and sustained-flux global cooling potential models, our paper indicate that the fluxes of CH4 and N2O in coastal wetlands have a positive feedback to global warming, which is mainly driven by the CH4 emission. Our synthesis improved understanding of the roles of coastal wetlands in the ecosystem C cycle under global change. We suggest that long-term field observations of GHG fluxes across a wider range of spatiotemporal scales are urgently required to improve the prediction accuracy in GHG fluxes and the assessment of net GHG balance and its contribution to the GWP of coastal wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Humid Sub-tropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, Fujian, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xianyu Yang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Chuan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Humid Sub-tropical Eco-geographical Process of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, Fujian, China.
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Guo S, Pan J, Zhai L, Khoshnevisan B, Wu S, Wang H, Yang B, Liu H, Lei B. The reactive nitrogen loss and GHG emissions from a maize system after a long-term livestock manure incorporation in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137558. [PMID: 32135283 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of livestock manure as a substitution for synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers is recommended to improve the sustainable use of manure nutrients and alleviate the adverse impacts of synthetic N fertilizers on the environment. A thorough understanding of how such substitutions affect reactive N losses and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in cereal production systems in the North China Plain (a main livestock production region in China), is needed to achieve an environmental friendly and sustainable production. Based on a long-term field experiment, different manure/chemical fertilizer treatments were designed, i.e., non-fertilization control (CK), chemical fertilizers alone (NPK), and manure substitution for chemical N fertilizers (with equivalent N rate; NPKP, 50% N from pig manure; NPKC, 50% N from chicken manure). Crop yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), soil fertility, N losses, and GHG emissions were chosen as prominent indicators to evaluate the consequences of manure substitutions for N-based fertilizers. The replacement of synthetic fertilizers by livestock manure decreased NO3-N leaching and NH3 volatilization by 46.2% and 5.61-22.2%, respectively, while sustained the crop yields and improved NUE. However, both NPKP and NPKC treatments did not have any impact on N2O and CO2 mitigation. Compared with NPK, NPKC and NPKP meaningfully increased SOC by 9.56% and 19.6%, respectively. More specifically, NPKC increased TN content by 14.7% (P < 0.05) compared to NPK treatment. The results showed that 50% substitution of manure for synthetic N fertilizers is a potential option in maize production systems to decrease N losses (including NH3, N2O emissions and N leaching) by approximately 45% (42.8-48.1%). However, only 1.81% of the total farmers surveyed (i.e., 16,595) have being applied livestock manure for maize cultivation in the North China Plain. Therefore, famers in this plain should be encouraged to use manure to improve ecological aspects of cereal cultivation and decrease the associated environmental pollutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Junting Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Limei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Benyamin Khoshnevisan
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuxia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Baokun Lei
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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65
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Song H, Wang J, Zhang K, Zhang M, Hui R, Sui T, Yang L, Du W, Dong Z. A 4-year field measurement of N 2O emissions from a maize-wheat rotation system as influenced by partial organic substitution for synthetic fertilizer. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 263:110384. [PMID: 32174526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil N2O emissions depend on the status of stoichiometric balance between organic C and inorganic N. As a beneficial management practice to sustain soil fertility and crop productivity, partial substitution of organic fertilizers (OFs) for synthetic fertilizers (SFs) can directly affect this balance status and regulate N2O emissions. However, no multi-year field studies of N2O emissions under different ratios of OFS to SFs have been performed. We conducted a 4-year experiment to measure N2O emissions in a maize-wheat rotation in central China. Six treatments were included: total SF (TS), total OF, no N fertilizer, and ratios of to SF with 1: 2 (LO), 1: 1 (MO), and 2: 1 (HO), based on N content. Two incubation experiments were performed to further interpret the field data. In the first year, cumulative N2O emissions (kg N ha-1) in LO, MO, and HO were 4.59, 4.68, and 3.59, respectively, significantly lower than in TS (6.67). However, from the second year onwards, organic substitution did not reduce N2O emissions and even significantly enhanced them in the fourth year relative to TS. Soil respiration under OF-amended soils increased over the course of the experiment. From the second year onwards, there was no marked difference in mineral N concentrations between OF- and SF-amended soils. OF caused a drop in soil pH. Cumulative N2O was negatively correlated with pH. Long-term organic substitution enhanced N2O emissions produced via denitrification rather than nitrification and resulted in higher temperature sensitivity of N2O emissions than TS. The enhanced N2O emissions from the OF-treated soils were mainly attributable to accelerated OF decomposition, increased denitrification-N2O emissions, and lessened N2O reduction due to lower pH and greater NO3-. These results indicate that OF substitution can reduce N2O emissions in the first year, but in the long-term it can increase emissions, especially as soils warm.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Song
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Manyu Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Rui Hui
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Tianyi Sui
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Wenbin Du
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhaorong Dong
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Thorman RE, Nicholson FA, Topp CFE, Bell MJ, Cardenas LM, Chadwick DR, Cloy JM, Misselbrook TH, Rees RM, Watson CJ, Williams JR. Towards Country-Specific Nitrous Oxide Emission Factors for Manures Applied to Arable and Grassland Soils in the UK. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Carbon Balance under Organic Amendments in the Wheat-Maize Cropping Systems of Sloppy Upland Soil. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12072747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
With an increasing interest in closing the nutrient loop in agroecosystems, organic amendments are highly recommended as a reliable resource for soil nutrient recycling. However, from a carbon sequestration perspective, not much has been reported on the contribution of different organic amendments to soil organic carbon (SOC), crop carbon (C) uptake, and soil carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in wheat-maize cropping systems of sloppy upland soil. To fill the knowledge gap, a two-year lysimeter-field plots experiment was conducted in a sloppy upland purplish soil under wheat-maize cropping systems. The experiments were arranged in a complete random block design with five treatment plots, namely; fresh pig slurry as organic manure (OM), crop residues (CR), conventional mineral fertilizers (NPK) as the control, organic manure plus mineral fertilizers (OMNPK), and crop residues plus mineral fertilizers (CRNPK). Our results showed the leaf photosynthesis rate was not significantly increased by organic amendment application treatments compared to NPK treatment, and was within a range of 4.8 to 45.3 µmol m−2 s−1 for the wheat season and −20.1 to 40.4 µmol m−2 s−1 for the maize season across the five treatments and the measured growth stages. The soil CO2 emissions for the maize season (in the range of 203 to 362 g C m−2) were higher than for the wheat season (in the range of 118 to 252 g C m−2) on average across the different experimental treatments over the two-year experiment. The organic amendment application increased annual cumulative CO2 emissions from 30% to 51% compared to NPK treatment. Over the two years, the average crop C uptake ranged from 174 to 378 g C m−2 and from 287 to 488 g C m−2 for the wheat and maize seasons, respectively, and the organic amendment application increased the crop C uptake by 4% to 23% compared to NPK treatment. In the organic amendment treatments, the C balance ranged from −160 to 460 g C m−2 and from −301 to 334 g C m−2 for the wheat and the maize seasons, respectively, which were greater than those in the NPK treatment. Overall, the present study results suggest incorporation of organic amendments could be an effective strategy for increasing C sequestration and sustaining crop productivity in sloppy upland soil.
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68
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Zhang X, Fang Q, Zhang T, Ma W, Velthof GL, Hou Y, Oenema O, Zhang F. Benefits and trade-offs of replacing synthetic fertilizers by animal manures in crop production in China: A meta-analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:888-900. [PMID: 31495039 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recycling of livestock manure to agricultural land may reduce the use of synthetic fertilizer and thereby enhance the sustainability of food production. However, the effects of substitution of fertilizer by manure on crop yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and emissions of ammonia (NH3 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O) and methane (CH4 ) as function of soil and manure properties, experimental duration and application strategies have not been quantified systematically and convincingly yet. Here, we present a meta-analysis of these effects using results of 143 published studies in China. Results indicate that the partial substitution of synthetic fertilizers by manure significantly increased the yield by 6.6% and 3.3% for upland crop and paddy rice, respectively, but full substitution significantly decreased yields (by 9.6% and 4.1%). The response of crop yields to manure substitution varied with soil pH and experimental durations, with relatively large positive responses in acidic soils and long-term experiments. NUE increased significantly at a moderate ratio (<40%) of substitution. NH3 emissions were significantly lower with full substitution (62%-77%), but not with partial substitution. Emissions of CH4 from paddy rice significantly increased with substitution ratio (SR), and varied by application rates and manure types, but N2 O emissions decreased. The SR did not significantly influence N2 O emissions from upland soils, and a relative scarcity of data on certain manure characteristic was found to hamper identification of the mechanisms. We derived overall mean N2 O emission factors (EF) of 0.56% and 0.17%, as well as NH3 EFs of 11.1% and 6.5% for the manure N applied to upland and paddy soils, respectively. Our study shows that partial substitution of fertilizer by manure can increase crop yields, and decrease emissions of NH3 and N2 O, but depending on site-specific conditions. Manure addition to paddy rice soils is recommended only if abatement strategies for CH4 emissions are also implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qunchao Fang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenqi Ma
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Gerard L Velthof
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yong Hou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Oene Oenema
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Soil Quality, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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69
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Yin M, Gao X, Tenuta M, Kuang W, Gui D, Zeng F. Manure application increased denitrifying gene abundance in a drip-irrigated cotton field. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7894. [PMID: 31660271 PMCID: PMC6815196 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer and manure can increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. We tested the hypothesis that increased N2O flux from soils amended with manure reflects a change in bacterial community structure and, specifically, an increase in the number of denitrifiers. To test this hypothesis, a field experiment was conducted in a drip-irrigated cotton field in an arid region of northwestern China. Treatments included plots that were not amended (Control), and plots amended with urea (Urea), animal manure (Manure) and a 50/50 mix of urea and manure (U+M). Manure was broadcast-incorporated into the soil before seeding while urea was split-applied with drip irrigation (fertigation) over the growing season. The addition treatments did not, as assessed by nextgen sequencing of PCR-amplicons generated from rRNA genes in soil, affect the alpha diversity of bacterial communities but did change the beta diversity. Compared to the Control, the addition of manure (U+M and Manure) significantly increased the abundance of genes associated with nitrate reduction (narG) and denitrfication (nirK and nosZ). Manure addition (U+M and Manure) did not affect the nitrifying enzyme activity (NEA) of soil but resulted in 39–59 times greater denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA). In contrast, urea application had no impact on the abundances of nitrifier and denitrifier genes, DEA and NEA; likely due to a limitation of C availability. DEA was highly correlated (r = 0.70–0.84, P < 0.01) with the abundance of genes narG, nirK and nosZ. An increase in the abundance of these functional genes was further correlated with soil NO3−, dissolved organic carbon, total C, and total N concentrations, and soil C:N ratio. These results demonstrated a positive relationship between the abundances of denitrifying functional genes (narG, nirK and nosZ) and denitrification potential, suggesting that manure application increased N2O emission by increasing denitrification and the population of bacteria that mediated that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystem, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cele, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystem, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cele, China.,Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mario Tenuta
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Wennong Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystem, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cele, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongwei Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystem, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cele, China
| | - Fanjiang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystem, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cele, China
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70
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Todman LC, Coleman K, Milne AE, Gil JDB, Reidsma P, Schwoob MH, Treyer S, Whitmore AP. Multi-objective optimization as a tool to identify possibilities for future agricultural landscapes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:535-545. [PMID: 31212161 PMCID: PMC6692559 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural landscapes provide many functions simultaneously including food production, regulation of water and regulation of greenhouse gases. Thus, it is challenging to make land management decisions, particularly transformative changes, that improve on one function without unintended consequences for other functions. To make informed decisions the trade-offs between different landscape functions must be considered. Here, we use a multi-objective optimization algorithm with a model of crop production that also simulates environmental effects such as nitrous oxide emissions to identify trade-off frontiers and associated possibilities for agricultural management. Trade-offs are identified in three soil types, using wheat production in the UK as an example, then the trade-off for combined management of the three soils is considered. The optimization algorithm identifies trade-offs between different objectives and allows them to be visualised. For example, we observed a highly non-linear trade-off between wheat yield and nitrous oxide emissions, illustrating where small changes might have a large impact. We used a cluster analysis to identify distinct management strategies with similar management actions and use these clusters to link the trade-off curves to possibilities for management. There were more possible strategies for achieving desirable environmental outcomes and remaining profitable when the management of different soil types was considered together. Interestingly, it was on the soil capable of the highest potential profit that lower profit strategies were identified as useful for combined management. Meanwhile, to maintain average profitability across the soils, it was necessary to maximise the profit from the soil with the lowest potential profit. These results are somewhat counterintuitive and so the range of strategies supplied by the model could be used to stimulate discussion amongst stakeholders. In particular, as some key objectives can be met in different ways, stakeholders could discuss the impact of these management strategies on other objectives not quantified by the model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Coleman
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Alice E Milne
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Juliana D B Gil
- Plant Production Systems group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | - Pytrik Reidsma
- Plant Production Systems group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Hélène Schwoob
- Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales (IDDRI), 41 Rue du Four, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Treyer
- Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales (IDDRI), 41 Rue du Four, 75006 Paris, France
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71
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Yue Q, Wu H, Sun J, Cheng K, Smith P, Hillier J, Xu X, Pan G. Deriving Emission Factors and Estimating Direct Nitrous Oxide Emissions for Crop Cultivation in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10246-10257. [PMID: 31362503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Updating and refining the N2O emission factors (N2O-EFs) are vital to reduce the uncertainty in estimates of direct N2O emissions. Based on a database with 1151 field measurements across China, the N2O-EFs were established via three approaches including the maximum likelihood method, a linear regression with an intercept and a linear regression with the intercept set to 0 using 70% of the observations. The remaining 30% of the observations were then used to evaluate the predicted N2O-EFs. The third method had the highest R2 of 0.39 and the best model efficiency of 0.38 with no significant bias, showing the best calculation efficiency. The results showed that the N2O-EFs varied with agroregions, crops, and management patterns. The agroregions of Huang-Huai-Hai and Yangtze River had the higher N2O-EFs in maize and wheat seasons than other regions, and the highest N2O-EFs of 0.66-0.92% in the rice season was found in the South and Southwest agroregions. Both fertilizer types and water regimes had the remarkable effects on N2O-EFs. Based on the best estimation by the selected method, direct N2O emissions from China's crop cultivation were estimated to be 194 Gg N2O-N with a 95% confidence interval of 180-208 Gg N2O-N in the year 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yue
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture , Nanjing Agricultural University , 1 Weigang , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Recycling Agriculture Research Center , Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing 210014 , China
| | - Hua Wu
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture , Nanjing Agricultural University , 1 Weigang , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture , Nanjing Agricultural University , 1 Weigang , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
| | - Kun Cheng
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture , Nanjing Agricultural University , 1 Weigang , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen AB24 3UU , U.K
| | - Jon Hillier
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute , The University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian , EH25 9RG , U.K
| | - Xiangrui Xu
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture , Nanjing Agricultural University , 1 Weigang , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
| | - Genxing Pan
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture , Nanjing Agricultural University , 1 Weigang , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
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72
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Escanhoela ASB, Pitombo LM, Brandani CB, Navarrete AA, Bento CB, do Carmo JB. Organic management increases soil nitrogen but not carbon content in a tropical citrus orchard with pronounced N 2O emissions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 234:326-335. [PMID: 30639856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic amendments is important for the sustainability of organic farming, with implications for soil organic matter turnover, nutrient cycling and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions to the atmosphere. Here, we investigated how long-term citrus organic farming influenced carbon sequestration and GHG emissions under organic and conventional management. We assessed the effects of management systems on soil organic matter dynamics and GHG emissions, focusing on N2O direct emissions from fertilizers. Soil stable isotope C and N compositions (0-100 cm) were used as parameters to assess changes in soil organic matter dynamics, with native forest as the reference. After the conversion from forest to orange orchard, stocks of soil C increased approximately 40 Mg ha-1, whereas stocks were similar in the organic and conventional treatments. Enrichment of 13C through the entire soil profile showed that organic matter from fertilizer replaced the original soil C by at least 20%, considering that poultry was fed only with C4 plants. By contrast, organic farming increased soil N stocks and inorganic N. Nitrogen emission factors for inorganic and organic fertilizers were 1.47 and 3.14, respectively. Organic management increased soil GHG emissions, primarily N2O emissions. Carbon emissions either as CO2 or CH4 were greater at the mid-rows than those under the crop canopy. We conclude that organic management did not promote C sequestration after six years of management. Moreover, organic management increased N2O emissions, and the GHG balance was more negative for organic than that for conventional farming when the ratio between crop harvest and emissions was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Sibila Bisca Escanhoela
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring PPGBMA, Federal University of São Carlos, 18052-780, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Machado Pitombo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 18052-780, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Braga Brandani
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring PPGBMA, Federal University of São Carlos, 18052-780, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Acacio Aparecido Navarrete
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring PPGBMA, Federal University of São Carlos, 18052-780, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 18052-780, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Bolfarini Bento
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring PPGBMA, Federal University of São Carlos, 18052-780, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Janaina Braga do Carmo
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring PPGBMA, Federal University of São Carlos, 18052-780, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 18052-780, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
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73
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Borchard N, Schirrmann M, Cayuela ML, Kammann C, Wrage-Mönnig N, Estavillo JM, Fuertes-Mendizábal T, Sigua G, Spokas K, Ippolito JA, Novak J. Biochar, soil and land-use interactions that reduce nitrate leaching and N 2O emissions: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:2354-2364. [PMID: 30336425 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biochar can reduce both nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrate (NO3-) leaching, but refining biochar's use for estimating these types of losses remains elusive. For example, biochar properties such as ash content and labile organic compounds may induce transient effects that alter N-based losses. Thus, the aim of this meta-analysis was to assess interactions between biochar-induced effects on N2O emissions and NO3- retention, regarding the duration of experiments as well as soil and land use properties. Data were compiled from 88 peer-reviewed publications resulting in 608 observations up to May 2016 and corresponding response ratios were used to perform a random effects meta-analysis, testing biochar's impact on cumulative N2O emissions, soil NO3- concentrations and leaching in temperate, semi-arid, sub-tropical, and tropical climate. The overall N2O emissions reduction was 38%, but N2O emission reductions tended to be negligible after one year. Overall, soil NO3- concentrations remained unaffected while NO3- leaching was reduced by 13% with biochar; greater leaching reductions (>26%) occurred over longer experimental times (i.e. >30 days). Biochar had the strongest N2O-emission reducing effect in paddy soils (Anthrosols) and sandy soils (Arenosols). The use of biochar reduced both N2O emissions and NO3- leaching in arable farming and horticulture, but it did not affect these losses in grasslands and perennial crops. In conclusion, the time-dependent impact on N2O emissions and NO3- leaching is a crucial factor that needs to be considered in order to develop and test resilient and sustainable biochar-based N loss mitigation strategies. Our results provide a valuable starting point for future biochar-based N loss mitigation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Borchard
- Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor 16115, Indonesia; Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Michael Schirrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Maria Luz Cayuela
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Waste Management, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Claudia Kammann
- Geisenheim University, Department of Applied Ecology, Von-Lade-Straße 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Nicole Wrage-Mönnig
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Grassland and Fodder Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jose M Estavillo
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Teresa Fuertes-Mendizábal
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gilbert Sigua
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Coastal Plains Research Center, 2611 West Lucas Street, Florence, SC 29501, USA
| | - Kurt Spokas
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Soil & Water Management Research Unit, 439 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Buford Circle, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - James A Ippolito
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, C127 Plant Sciences Building, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1170, USA
| | - Jeff Novak
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Coastal Plains Research Center, 2611 West Lucas Street, Florence, SC 29501, USA
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74
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Zhao X, Pu C, Ma ST, Liu SL, Xue JF, Wang X, Wang YQ, Li SS, Lal R, Chen F, Zhang HL. Management-induced greenhouse gases emission mitigation in global rice production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:1299-1306. [PMID: 30308900 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitigating greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions from rice paddy (Oryza sativa L.) and balancing the trade-offs between reducing emission and sustaining food security have raised global concerns. A global meta-analysis of rice experimental data was conducted to assess changes in emissions of GHGs (CH4 and N2O) and global warming potential (GWP) in response to improvements through 12 field management practices. The results indicated that changes in GWP were mainly attributed to CH4 emission even though N2O emission was significantly affected by conversion of field management practices. Specifically, GWP per unit rice plant area (area-scaled) was significantly increased by 20.1%, 66.2%, and 84.5% with nitrogen (N) fertilizer input, manuring, and residue retention (P < 0.05), along with significant increments in area-scaled CH4 emission under the above management practices by 8.9%, 60.4%, and 91.8%, respectively (P < 0.05). Due to the significant increase in rice yield, a decreasing trend for GWP per unit rice yield (yield-scaled) was observed with N fertilizer input. In addition, CH4 and GWP decreased significantly at both area- and yield-scale under non-flooding irrigation but with a reduction in rice yield by 3.3% (P < 0.05). Improvement in rice variety significantly enhanced crop yield by 15.3% while reducing area-scaled GWP by 27.7% (P < 0.05). Furthermore, other management practices, such as application of herbicides, biochar, and amendments (non-fertilizer materials) reduced yield-scaled GWP while increasing rice yield. Thus, changes in field management practices have the potential to balance the trade-offs between high yield and low emission of GHGs. However, in-depth studies are needed to determine the interactions between field management practices and site-specific soil/climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chao Pu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shou-Tian Ma
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sheng-Li Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jian-Fu Xue
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Xing Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu-Qiao Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rattan Lal
- Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Fu Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hai-Lin Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing 100193, China.
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Gao B, Huang T, Ju X, Gu B, Huang W, Xu L, Rees RM, Powlson DS, Smith P, Cui S. Chinese cropping systems are a net source of greenhouse gases despite soil carbon sequestration. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:5590-5606. [PMID: 30118572 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil carbon sequestration is being considered as a potential pathway to mitigate climate change. Cropland soils could provide a sink for carbon that can be modified by farming practices; however, they can also act as a source of greenhouse gases (GHG), including not only nitrous oxide (N2 O) and methane (CH4 ), but also the upstream carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions associated with agronomic management. These latter emissions are also sometimes termed "hidden" or "embedded" CO2 . In this paper, we estimated the net GHG balance for Chinese cropping systems by considering the balance of soil carbon sequestration, N2 O and CH4 emissions, and the upstream CO2 emissions of agronomic management from a life cycle perspective during 2000-2017. Results showed that although soil organic carbon (SOC) increased by 23.2 ± 8.6 Tg C per year, the soil N2 O and CH4 emissions plus upstream CO2 emissions arising from agronomic management added 269.5 ± 21.1 Tg C-eq per year to the atmosphere. These findings demonstrate that Chinese cropping systems are a net source of GHG emissions and that total GHG emissions are about 12 times larger than carbon uptake by soil sequestration. There were large variations between different cropping systems in the net GHG balance ranging from 328 to 7,567 kg C-eq ha-1 year-1 , but all systems act as a net GHG source to the atmosphere. The main sources of total GHG emissions are nitrogen fertilization (emissions during production and application), power use for irrigation, and soil N2 O and CH4 emissions. Optimizing agronomic management practices, especially fertilization, irrigation, plastic mulching, and crop residues to reduce total GHG emissions from the whole chain is urgently required in order to develop a low-carbon future for Chinese crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gao
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Huang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaotang Ju
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Baojing Gu
- Department of Land Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen, China
| | - Lilai Xu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen, China
| | | | - David S Powlson
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Shenghui Cui
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen, China
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76
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Does Organic Farming Provide a Viable Alternative for Smallholder Rice Farmers in India? SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10124424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Smallholder rice farming is characterized by low returns and substantial environmental impact. Conversion to organic management and linking farmers to fair trade markets could offer an alternative. Engaging in certified cash-crop value chains could thereby provide an entry path to simultaneously reduce poverty and improve environmental sustainability. Based on comprehensive data from a representative sample of approximately 80 organic and 80 conventional farms in northern India, we compared yield and profitability of the main rotation crops over a period of five years. Contrary to the widespread belief that yields in organic farming are inevitably lower, our study shows that organic farmers achieved the same yields in cereals and pulses as conventional farmers, with considerably lower external inputs. Due to 45% lower production costs and higher sales prices, organic basmati cultivation was 105% more profitable than cultivating ordinary rice under conventional management. However, since holdings are small and the share of agricultural income of total household income is declining, conversion to organic basmati farming alone will not provide households a sufficiently attractive perspective into the future. We propose that future efforts to enhance the long-term viability of rice-based organic farming systems in this region focus on diversification involving higher value crops.
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77
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Parihar CM, Parihar MD, Sapkota TB, Nanwal RK, Singh AK, Jat SL, Nayak HS, Mahala DM, Singh LK, Kakraliya SK, Stirling CM, Jat ML. Long-term impact of conservation agriculture and diversified maize rotations on carbon pools and stocks, mineral nitrogen fractions and nitrous oxide fluxes in inceptisol of India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1382-1392. [PMID: 30021305 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing scarcity of production resources such as water, energy and labour coupled with growing climatic risks, maize-based production systems could be potential alternatives to intensive rice-wheat (RW) rotation in western Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). Conservation agriculture (CA) in maize systems has been widely promoted for minimizing soil degradation and ensuring sustainability under emerging climate change scenario. Such practices are also believed to provide mitigation co-benefits through reduced GHG emission and increased soil carbon sequestration. However, the combined effects of diversified crop rotations and CA-based management on GHG mitigation potential and other co-benefits are generally over looked and hence warrant greater attention. A field trial was conducted for 5-years to assess the changes in soil organic carbon fractions, mineral-N, N2O emission and global warming potential (GWP) of maize-based production systems under different tillage & crop establishment methods. Four diversified cropping systems i.e. maize-wheat-mungbean (MWMb), maize-chickpea-Sesbania (MCS), maize-mustard-mungbean (MMuMb) and maize-maize-Sesbania (MMS) were factorially combined with three tillage & crop establishment methods i.e. zero tilled permanent beds (PB), zero-tillage flat (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) in a split-plot design. After 5-years of continued experimentation, we recorded that across the soil depths, SOC content, its pools and mineral-N fractions were greatly affected by tillage & crop establishment methods and cropping systems. ZT and PB increased SOC stock (0-30 cm depth) by 7.22-7.23 Mg C ha-1 whereas CT system increased it only by 0.88 Mg C ha-1as compared to initial value. Several researchers reported that SOC & mineral-N fraction contents in the top 30 cm soil depth are correlated with N2O-N emission. In our study, global warming potential (GWP) under CT system was higher by 18.1 and 17.4%, compared to CA-based ZT and PB, respectively. Among various maize systems, GWP of MMS were higher by 11.2, 6.7 and 6.6%, compared that of MWMb (1212 kg CO2-eq. ha-1), MCS (1274 kg CO2-eq. ha-1) and MMuMb (1275 kg CO2-eq. ha-1), respectively. The results of our study suggest that CA and diversified crop rotations should be promoted in north-western IGP and other similar agro-ecologies across the globe for ensuring food security, restoration of soil health and climate change mitigation, the key sustainable development goals (SDGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Parihar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research (IIMR), New Delhi 110012, India; ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - M D Parihar
- Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125006, Haryana, India
| | - Tek B Sapkota
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - R K Nanwal
- Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125006, Haryana, India
| | - A K Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research (IIMR), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - S L Jat
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research (IIMR), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - H S Nayak
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - D M Mahala
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research (IIMR), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - L K Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - S K Kakraliya
- Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125006, Haryana, India; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Clare M Stirling
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico
| | - M L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi 110 012, India.
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78
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Zhou Y, Jiao S, Li N, Grace J, Yang M, Lu C, Geng X, Zhu X, Zhang L, Lei G. Impact of plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) on soil properties and nitrous oxide fluxes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203691. [PMID: 30260971 PMCID: PMC6159860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the impact of an endemic fossorial animal, plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae), on soil properties and N2O flux at the Zoige Wetland. Pika burrow and control sites without disturbance by pika were selected to measure the soil water content, bulk density, soil organic matter (SOM), NH4-N content and NO3-N content in August 2012. N2O fluxes were measured with static opaque chambers at these sites in June and August 2012. Pika burrowing altered soil aeration by transferring deeper soil to the surface and by constructing underground burrows, which significantly increased bulk density, and reduced soil water content, SOM and NH4-N content at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depth. N2O flux had a significant correlation with bulk density, SOM and NH4-N content. Pika burrowing significantly influenced N2O flux by increasing N2O flux at the control site from near zero to 0.063±0.011 mg m-2 h-1. Our findings described how pika burrowing influences the soil traits and significantly increases the principal greenhouse gas N2O emission. As plateau pika was commonly considered as a pest, our findings give a novel clue to effectively manage populations of plateau pika on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from the perspective of greenhouse gas emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center/College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengwu Jiao
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, China
| | - Nana Li
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - John Grace
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Meng Yang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Cai Lu
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemeng Geng
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinwei Zhu
- Aba Prefecture Research Institute of Forestry Science and Technology, Aba, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Aba Prefecture Research Institute of Forestry Science and Technology, Aba, China
| | - Guangchun Lei
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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79
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Zhang T, Liu H, Luo J, Wang H, Zhai L, Geng Y, Zhang Y, Li J, Lei Q, Bashir MA, Wu S, Lindsey S. Long-term manure application increased greenhouse gas emissions but had no effect on ammonia volatilization in a Northern China upland field. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:230-239. [PMID: 29574366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of manure application on soil ammonia (NH3) volatilization and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are of interest for both agronomic and environmental reasons. However, how the swine manure addition affects greenhouse gas and N emissions in North China Plain wheat fields is still unknown. A long-term fertilization experiment was carried out on a maize-wheat rotation system in Northern China (Zea mays L-Triticum aestivum L.) from 1990 to 2017. The experiment included four treatments: (1) No fertilizer (CK), (2) single application of chemical fertilizers (NPK), (3) NPK plus 22.5t/ha swine manure (NPKM), (4) NPK plus 33.7t/ha swine manure (NPKM+). A short-term fertilization experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2017 using the same treatments in a field that had been abandoned for decades. The emissions of NH3 and GHGs were measured during the wheat season from 2016 to 2017. Results showed that after long-term fertilization the wheat yields for NPKM treatment were 7105kg/ha, which were higher than NPK (3880kg/ha) and NPKM+ treatments (5518kg/ha). The wheat yields were similar after short-term fertilization (6098-6887kg/ha). The NH3-N emission factors (EFamm) for NPKM and NPKM+ treatments (1.1 and 1.1-1.4%, respectively) were lower than NPK treatment (2.2%) in both the long and short-term fertilization treatments. In the long- and short-term experiments the nitrous oxide (N2O) emission factors (EFnit) for NPKM+ treatment were 4.2% and 3.7%, respectively, which were higher than for the NPK treatment (3.5% and 2.5%, respectively) and the NPKM treatment (3.6% and 2.2%, respectively). In addition, under long and short-term fertilization, the greenhouse gas intensities for the NPKM+ treatment were 33.7 and 27.0kg CO2-eq/kg yield, respectively, which were higher than for the NPKM treatment (22.8 and 21.1kg CO2-eq/kg yield, respectively). These results imply that excessive swine manure application does not increase yield but increases GHG emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Jiafa Luo
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China.
| | - Limei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Yucong Geng
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Yitao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Jungai Li
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Qiuliang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Muhammad Amjad Bashir
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Shuxia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Stuart Lindsey
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
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80
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Shrestha NK, Wang J. Current and future hot-spots and hot-moments of nitrous oxide emission in a cold climate river basin. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:648-660. [PMID: 29709836 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An ecosystem in a cold climate river basin is vulnerable to the effects of climate change affecting permafrost thaw and glacier retreat. We currently lack sufficient data and information if and how hydrological processes such as glacier retreat, snowmelt and freezing-thawing affect sediment and nutrient runoff and transport, as well as N2O emissions in cold climate river basins. As such, we have implemented well-established, semi-empirical equations of nitrification and denitrification within the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), which correlate the emissions with water, sediment and nutrients. We have tested this implementation to simulate emission dynamics at three sites on the Canadian prairies. We then regionalized the optimized parameters to a SWAT model of the Athabasca River Basin (ARB), Canada, calibrated and validated for streamflow, sediment and water quality. In the base period (1990-2005), agricultural areas (2662 gN/ha/yr) constituted emission hot-spots. The spring season in agricultural areas and summer season in forest areas, constituted emission hot-moments. We found that warmer conditions (+13% to +106%) would have a greater influence on emissions than wetter conditions (-19% to +13%), and that the combined effect of wetter and warmer conditions would be more offsetting than synergetic. Our results imply that the spatiotemporal variability of N2O emissions will depend strongly on soil water changes caused by permafrost thaw. Early snow freshet leads to spatial variability of soil erosion and nutrient runoff, as well as increases of emissions in winter and decreases in spring. Our simulations suggest crop residue management may reduce emissions by 34%, but with the mixed results reported in the literature and the soil and hydrology problems associated with stover removal more research is necessary. This modelling tool can be used to refine bottom-up emission estimations at river basin scale, test plausible management scenarios, and assess climate change impacts including climate feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Kumar Shrestha
- Athabasca River Basin Research Institute (ARBRI), Athabasca University, 1 University Drive, Athabasca, Alberta, T9S 3A3, Canada
| | - Junye Wang
- Athabasca River Basin Research Institute (ARBRI), Athabasca University, 1 University Drive, Athabasca, Alberta, T9S 3A3, Canada.
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81
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Wang X, Zou C, Gao X, Guan X, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Shi X, Chen X. Nitrous oxide emissions in Chinese vegetable systems: A meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:375-383. [PMID: 29674216 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
China accounts for more than half of the world's vegetable production, and identifying the contribution of vegetable production to nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in China is therefore important. We performed a meta-analysis that included 153 field measurements of N2O emissions from 21 field studies in China. Our goal was to quantify N2O emissions and fertilizer nitrogen (N) based-emission factors (EFs) in Chinese vegetable systems and to clarify the effects of rates and types of N fertilizer in both open-field and greenhouse systems. The results indicated that the intensive vegetable systems in China had an average N2O emission of 3.91 kg N2O-N ha-1 and an EF of 0.69%. Although the EF was lower than the IPCC default value of 1.0%, the average N2O emission was generally greater than in other cropping systems due to greater input of N fertilizers. The EFs were similar in greenhouse vs. open-field systems but N2O emissions were about 1.4 times greater in greenhouses. The EFs were not affected by N rate, but N2O emissions for both open-field and greenhouse systems increased with N rate. The total and fertilizer-induced N2O emissions, as well as EFs, were unaffected by the type of fertilizers in greenhouse system under same N rates. In addition to providing basic information about N2O emissions from Chinese vegetable systems, the results suggest that N2O emissions could be reduced without reducing yields by treating vegetable systems in China with a combination of synthetic N fertilizer and manure at optimized economic rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Wang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunqin Zou
- Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaopeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Xilin Guan
- Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wushuai Zhang
- Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yueqiang Zhang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xinping Chen
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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82
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Poulton P, Johnston J, Macdonald A, White R, Powlson D. Major limitations to achieving "4 per 1000" increases in soil organic carbon stock in temperate regions: Evidence from long-term experiments at Rothamsted Research, United Kingdom. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2563-2584. [PMID: 29356243 PMCID: PMC6001646 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the "4 per 1000" initiative for increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) by analysing rates of SOC increase in treatments in 16 long-term experiments in southeast United Kingdom. The initiative sets a goal for SOC stock to increase by 4‰ per year in the 0-40 cm soil depth, continued over 20 years. Our experiments, on three soil types, provided 114 treatment comparisons over 7-157 years. Treatments included organic additions (incorporated by inversion ploughing), N fertilizers, introducing pasture leys into continuous arable systems, and converting arable land to woodland. In 65% of cases, SOC increases occurred at >7‰ per year in the 0-23 cm depth, approximately equivalent to 4‰ per year in the 0-40 cm depth. In the two longest running experiments (>150 years), annual farmyard manure (FYM) applications at 35 t fresh material per hectare (equivalent to approx. 3.2 t organic C/ha/year) gave SOC increases of 18‰ and 43‰ per year in the 23 cm depth during the first 20 years. Increases exceeding 7‰ per year continued for 40-60 years. In other experiments, with FYM applied at lower rates or not every year, there were increases of 3‰-8‰ per year over several decades. Other treatments gave increases between zero and 19‰ per year over various periods. We conclude that there are severe limitations to achieving the "4 per 1000" goal in practical agriculture over large areas. The reasons include (1) farmers not having the necessary resources (e.g. insufficient manure); (2) some, though not all, practices favouring SOC already widely adopted; (3) practices uneconomic for farmers-potentially overcome by changes in regulations or subsidies; (4) practices undesirable for global food security. We suggest it is more realistic to promote practices for increasing SOC based on improving soil quality and functioning as small increases can have disproportionately large beneficial impacts, though not necessarily translating into increased crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Poulton
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture SciencesRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | - Johnny Johnston
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture SciencesRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | - Andy Macdonald
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture SciencesRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | - Rodger White
- Department of Computational and Analytical SciencesRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | - David Powlson
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture SciencesRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
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83
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Shah GA, Shah GM, Rashid MI, Groot JCJ, Traore B, Lantinga EA. Bedding additives reduce ammonia emission and improve crop N uptake after soil application of solid cattle manure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 209:195-204. [PMID: 29291489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the influences of three potential additives, i.e., lava meal, sandy soil top-layer and zeolite (used in animal bedding) amended solid cattle manures on (i) ammonia (NH3), dinitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions and (ii) maize crop or grassland apparent N recovery (ANR). Diffusion samplers were installed at 20 cm height on grassland surface to measure the concentrations of NH3 from the manures. A photoacoustic gas monitor was used to quantitate the fluxes of N2O, CH4 and CO2 after manures' incorporation into the maize-field. Herbage ANR was calculated from dry matter yield and N uptake of three successive harvests, while maize crop ANR was determined at cusp of juvenile stage, outset of grain filling as well as physiological maturity stages. Use of additives decreased the NH3 emission rates by about two-third from the manures applied on grassland surface than control untreated-manure. Total herbage ANR was more than doubled in treated manures and was 25% from manure amended with farm soil, 26% and 28% from zeolite and lava meal, respectively compared to 11% from control manure. In maize experiment, mean N2O and CO2 emission rates were the highest from the latter treatment but these rates were not differed from zero control in case of manures amended with farm soil or zeolite. However, mean CH4 emissions was not differed among all treatments during the whole measuring period. The highest maize crop ANR was obtained at the beginning of grain filling stage (11-40%), however ample lower crop recoveries (8-14%) were achieved at the final physiological maturity stage. This phenomenon was occurred due to leaf senescence N losses from maize crop during the period of grains filling. The lowest losses were observed from control manure at this stage. Hence, all additives decreased the N losses from animal manure and enhanced crop N uptake thus improved the agro-environmental worth of animal manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Abbas Shah
- Farming Systems Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Agronomy, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mustafa Shah
- Farming Systems Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid
- Farming Systems Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan; Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jeroen C J Groot
- Farming Systems Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bouba Traore
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid and Tropics (ICRISAT), Mali
| | - Egbert A Lantinga
- Farming Systems Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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84
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Wang Y, Guo J, Vogt RD, Mulder J, Wang J, Zhang X. Soil pH as the chief modifier for regional nitrous oxide emissions: New evidence and implications for global estimates and mitigation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e617-e626. [PMID: 29171128 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2 O) is a greenhouse gas that also plays the primary role in stratospheric ozone depletion. The use of nitrogen fertilizers is known as the major reason for atmospheric N2 O increase. Empirical bottom-up models therefore estimate agricultural N2 O inventories using N loading as the sole predictor, disregarding the regional heterogeneities in soil inherent response to external N loading. Several environmental factors have been found to influence the response in soil N2 O emission to N fertilization, but their interdependence and relative importance have not been addressed properly. Here, we show that soil pH is the chief factor explaining regional disparities in N2 O emission, using a global meta-analysis of 1,104 field measurements. The emission factor (EF) of N2 O increases significantly (p < .001) with soil pH decrease. The default EF value of 1.0%, according to IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) for agricultural soils, occurs at soil pH 6.76. Moreover, changes in EF with N fertilization (i.e. ΔEF) is also negatively correlated (p < .001) with soil pH. This indicates that N2 O emission in acidic soils is more sensitive to changing N fertilization than that in alkaline soils. Incorporating our findings into bottom-up models has significant consequences for regional and global N2 O emission inventories and reconciling them with those from top-down models. Moreover, our results allow region-specific development of tailor-made N2 O mitigation measures in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingheng Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jan Mulder
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jingguo Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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