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Oyoshi MK, He R, Kumar L, Yoon J, Geha RS. Cellular and molecular mechanisms in atopic dermatitis. Adv Immunol 2009; 102:135-226. [PMID: 19477321 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(09)01203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a pruritic inflammatory skin disease associated with a personal or family history of allergy. The prevalence of AD is on the rise and estimated at approximately 17% in the USA. The fundamental lesion in AD is a defective skin barrier that results in dry itchy skin, and is aggravated by mechanical injury inflicted by scratching. This allows entry of antigens via the skin and creates a milieu that shapes the immune response to these antigens. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the abnormal skin barrier in AD, namely abnormalities in epidermal structural proteins, such as filaggrin, mutated in approximately 15% of patients with AD, epidermal lipids, and epidermal proteases and protease inhibitors. The review also dissects, based on information from mouse models of AD, the contributions of the innate and adaptive immune system to the pathogenesis of AD, including the effect of mechanical skin injury on the polarization of skin dendritic cells, mediated by keratinocyte-derived cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-6, and IL-1, that results in a Th2-dominated immune response with a Th17 component in acute AD skin lesions and the progressive conversion to a Th1-dominated response in chronic AD skin lesions. Finally, we discuss the mechanisms of susceptibility of AD skin lesions to microbial infections and the role of microbial products in exacerbating skin inflammation in AD. Based on this information, we discuss current and future therapy of this common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko K Oyoshi
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Li M, Chen Q, Shen Y, Liu W. Candida albicans phospholipomannan triggers inflammatory responses of human keratinocytes through Toll-like receptor 2. Exp Dermatol 2008; 18:603-10. [PMID: 19196344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the recognition of Candida albicans components and activation of innate immunity. Phospholipomannan (PLM), a glycolipid, is expressed at the surface of C. albicans cell wall, which acts as a member of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns family. In this study, we sought to clarify whether C. albicans-native PLM could induce an inflammation response in human keratinocytes and to determine the underlying mechanisms. Exposure of cultured human primary keratinocytes to PLM led to the increased gene expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6) and chemokines (IL-8). PLM hydrolysed with beta-d-mannoside mannohydrolase failed to induce gene expression and secretion of IL-6 and IL-8. PLM up-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of TLR2, whereas the mRNA level of TLR4 was not altered. Keratinocytes challenged with PLM resulted in the activation of NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) including p38. Anti-TLR2 neutralizing antibody, NFkappaB and p38MAPK inhibitors blocked the PLM-induced secretion of IL-6, IL-8 in keratinocytes, but no such effect was observed in pretreatment with anti-TLR4-neutralizing antibody and lipopolysaccharide inhibitor (polymyxin B). These data suggest C. albicans-native PLM may contribute to the inflammatory responses of cutaneous candidiasis in the TLR2-NF-kappaB and p38MAPK signalling pathway dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, 12 Jiangwangmiao St., Nanjing 210042, China.
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Paus R, Arck P, Tiede S. (Neuro-)endocrinology of epithelial hair follicle stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 288:38-51. [PMID: 18423849 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hair follicle is a repository of different types of somatic stem cells. However, even though the hair follicle is both a prominent target organ and a potent, non-classical site of production and/or metabolism of numerous polypetide- and steroid hormones, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters and neurotrophins, the (neuro-)endocrine controls of hair follicle epithelial stem cell (HFeSC) biology remain to be systematically explored. Focussing on HFeSCs, we attempt here to offer a "roadmap through terra incognita" by listing key open questions, by exploring endocrinologically relevant HFeSC gene profiling and mouse genomics data, and by sketching several clinically relevant pathways via which systemic and/or locally generated (neuro-)endocrine signals might impact on HFeSC. Exemplarily, we discuss, e.g. the potential roles of glucocorticoid and vitamin D receptors, the hairless gene product, thymic hormones, bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) and their antagonists, and Skg-3 in HFeSC biology. Furthermore, we elaborate on the potential role of nerve growth factor (NGF) and substance P-dependent neurogenic inflammation in HFeSC damage, and explore how neuroendocrine signals may influence the balance between maintenance and destruction of hair follicle immune privilege, which protects these stem cells and their progeny. These considerations call for a concerted research effort to dissect the (neuro-)endocrinology of HFeSCs much more systematically than before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocytes are not simply pigment-producing cells, but produce substances with a range of biological functions including antimicrobial defense. Recent studies suggest that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the cellular response through the recognition of pathogens. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether TLR4 and their adapter molecules are expressed in human melanocytes. The regulation and functional role of TLR4 on cell activation were also investigated. METHODS The expression of TLR4 in human melanocytes was determined by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, immunochemistry and flow cytometry. In vivo expression of TLR4 in melanocytes of normal human epidermis was detected by immunohistochemical double staining. The effects of gram-negative bacterial derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on pigmentation were investigated with the measurement of melanin content. RESULTS TLR4 and its adaptor molecule CD14 and myeloid differentiation protein gene (MyD88) were constitutively expressed in cultured human melanocytes. Co-staining of histological human skin sections with TLR4 and a melanocyte marker, gp100, confirmed the expression of TLR4 in melanocytes under physiological conditions. LPS upregulated the expression of TLR4 and MyD88 and induced NF-kappaB nuclear translocation B nuclear translocation in melanocytes. Treatment of LPS increased pigmentation of human melanocytes. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that functional TLR4 was expressed in human melanocytes. Our findings suggest that TLR4 may play a role in microbial-induced melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hee Ahn
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Migration, cell-cell interaction and adhesion in the immune system. ERNST SCHERING FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS 2008:97-137. [PMID: 18510101 DOI: 10.1007/2789_2007_062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Migration is an essential function of immune cells. It is necessary to lead immune cell precursors from their site of generation to the places of maturation or function. Cells of the adaptive immune system also need to interact physically with each other or with specialized antigen presenting cells in lymphatic tissues in order to become activated. Thereby a complex series of controlled migration events, adhesive interactions and signalling responses is induced. Finally cells must be able to leave the activating tissues and re-enter the bloodstream from which they extravasate into inflamed tissue sites. Cells of the innate immune system can function directly without the need for previous activation. However, these cells have to adapt their function to a panoply of pathogens and environmental niches which can be invaded. The current review highlights the central aspects of cellular dynamics underlying adaptive and innate cellular immunity. Thereby a focus will be put on recent results obtained by microscopic observation of live cells in vitro or by intravital 2-photon microscopy in live animals.
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Abstract
TLRs have emerged as a major class of PRRs that are involved in detecting invading pathogens in the skin and initiating cutaneous immune responses. TLRs are expressed on many different cell types in the skin, including keratinocytes and Langerhans cells in the epidermis. Each TLR can recognize a different microbial component and there are differences among the TLR signaling pathways, which lead to distinct immune responses against a given pathogen. Certain TLRs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and acne vulgaris. In addition, TLRs have been shown to be important in cutaneous host defense mechanisms against common bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens in the skin, such as S aureus, C albicans, and HSV. Since the discovery that topical TLR agonists promote antiviral and antitumor immune responses, there has been considerable interest in the development of TLR-based therapies for skin diseases, skin cancer, and infections. Future research involving TLRs in skin will hopefully provide new insights into host defense against skin pathogens and novel therapeutic targets aimed at treating skin disease and skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd S Miller
- University of California Los Angeles, Division of Dermatology, Center for Health Sciences, Room 52-121, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Smith K, Hamza S, Germain M, Skelton H. Does imiquimod histologically rejuvenate ultraviolet radiation-damaged skin? Dermatol Surg 2007; 33:1419-28; discussion 1428-9. [PMID: 18076606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2007.33311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imiquimod (IMI) 5% is believed by some to result in an improved cosmetic appearance of chronically ultraviolet radiation (UV)-damaged skin. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine what histologic and immunohistologic changes were present in actinically damaged skin after treatment with IMI. METHODS AND MATERIALS Pre- and posttherapy biopsies of 12 patients with histories of actinic keratoses were evaluated with routine histology and immunohistochemical stains including p53, p63, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), c-kit, and Factor XIIIa. RESULTS After IMI therapy there was less compact hyperkeratosis, a more uniform rete ridge pattern with a more ordered proliferation of the epidermis, and a decrease in sun-damaged melanocytes. The papillary dermis showed a more uniform cellularity, and there was increased cellularity within the area of solar elastosis. After therapy, staining for p53, p63, and PCNA was decreased within the epidermis; staining for c-kit was decreased but more uniform in the basal cell; and Factor XIIIa expression was increased within the papillary dermis with a more ordered pattern of staining. CONCLUSION These morphologic and immunohistochemical patterns may explain some of the improvement in overall skin appearance after IMI therapy and may be related to the spectrum of signaling pathways induced by the imidazoquinolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Smith
- Dermatopathology, Quest Diagnostics, Tucker, Georgia 30084, USA
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Shpacovitch VM, Seeliger S, Huber-Lang M, Balkow S, Feld M, Hollenberg MD, Sarma VJ, Ward PA, Strey A, Gerke V, Sommerhoff CP, Vergnolle N, Steinhoff M. Agonists of proteinase-activated receptor-2 affect transendothelial migration and apoptosis of human neutrophils. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:799-806. [PMID: 17845211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the first barrier preventing microorganism invasion in host. Wounds destroy this defense barrier and, without an appropriate care, may lead to sepsis. Neutrophil activation and immigration plays an important role at the inflammatory stage of wound healing. Neutrophils are known to express proteinase-activated receptors (PARs), which can be activated by serine proteases, also by enzymes involved in wound healing. We previously reported that PAR(2) agonists up-regulate cell adhesion molecule expression and cytokine production by human neutrophils. Here, we demonstrate that PAR(2) agonists (serine proteases as well as synthetic peptides) reduce transendothelial migration of neutrophils and prolong their life in vitro. Synthetic PAR(2) agonist also enhanced protective interferon (IFN)gamma-induced FcgammaRI expression at neutrophil cell surface. Of note, IFNgamma is a cytokine, which was used in clinical trials to reactivate human neutrophil functions during sepsis. Moreover, we observed a significant increase of PAR(2) expression on cell surface of neutrophils from septic patients as compared with healthy volunteers. Together, our results indicate that PAR(2) may be involved in the pathophysiology of neutrophil-endothelial interactions during wound healing or later during sepsis in humans, potentially by affecting neutrophil apoptosis, transendothelial migration and Fcgamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Shpacovitch
- Department of Dermatology, IZKF Münster, and Boltzmann Institute for Immunobiology of the Skin, University of Münster, Germany.
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Donnarumma G, Buommino E, Baroni A, Auricchio L, Filippis AD, Cozza V, Msika P, Piccardi N, Tufano MA. Effects of AV119, a natural sugar from avocado, on Malassezia furfur invasiveness and on the expression of HBD-2 and cytokines in human keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:912-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
The human skin represents the first line of defense against potentially hazardous environmental threats (ie, infection by microbes, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi). To fulfill this crucial function and to maintain the integrity of the skin compartment, evolution has equipped the human immune system with a variety of sophisticated tools leading to an efficient defense system of responses to various infectious challenges. The role of the skin within the different defense lines is multifaceted. The central role of the immune defense system is performed by the group of "pathogen-associated pattern recognition receptors," among which the group of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has evolved as the central family during the last years. Ten TLRs are identified in humans, all of which share similarities in their structure and function, but respond to different microbial components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mempel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University Munich, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, 80802 Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are a subtype of dendritic cells, which reside in the epidermis. LCs are antigen-presenting cells that originate in bone marrow and enter the epidermis through blood vessels. LCs exhibit a variety of antigen receptors that are able to respond to a wide range of antigens. Within the last two decades, these receptors have been the subject of considerable research. This article focuses on the rapidly growing body of knowledge with respect to the functions of LC receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arieh Ingber
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah University Hospital, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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63
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Harrison LI, Astry C, Kumar S, Yunis C. Pharmacokinetics of 852A, an imidazoquinoline Toll-like receptor 7-specific agonist, following intravenous, subcutaneous, and oral administrations in humans. J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 47:962-9. [PMID: 17660481 DOI: 10.1177/0091270007303766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
852A is an imidazoquinoline Toll-like receptor 7 agonist undergoing evaluation for the systemic treatment of cancer. 852A was administered to 6 healthy subjects as 3 rising subcutaneous doses (0.5 to 1.0 to 2.0 mg), to 6 subjects as 3 oral doses (10.0 to 20.0 to 15.0 mg, the third dose being a de-escalation), and to 6 subjects as a 2.0-mg dose by the subcutaneous, intravenous, and oral routes in crossover fashion. The subcutaneous and intravenous doses were well tolerated. One subject withdrew following the 20.0-mg oral dose because of hypotension. The 2.0-mg subcutaneous dose had 80.5% +/- 12.8% (mean +/- SD) bioavailability and gave serum concentrations comparable to intravenous administration by 30 minutes. Linear kinetics and an interferon-alpha dose response were observed for the 3 subcutaneous doses. Serum concentrations following the 2.0-mg oral dose were always lower than those following the same intravenous dose, and the oral route had a bioavailability of 26.5% +/- 7.84%. Concentrations appeared to increase with oral dose; however, large variabilities in both the rate and extent of absorption were seen between individuals. Approximately 40% of an absorbed dose was excreted unchanged in the urine. Overall, the study suggests that subcutaneous administration may be an acceptable method to deliver 852A for systemic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester I Harrison
- Department of Pharmacokinetics/Drug Metabolism, 3M Pharmaceuticals, Center Bldg 270-3S-05, St Paul, MN 55144, USA.
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Papadavid E, Stratigos AJ, Falagas ME. Imiquimod: an immune response modifier in the treatment of precancerous skin lesions and skin cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:1743-55. [PMID: 17685890 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.11.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Actinic keratosis (AK) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are precancerous and cancerous skin lesions that should be treated especially when multiple or in cosmetically important areas. Apart from 5% 5-fluorouracil topical cream, which some feel is the gold standard topical treatment for AK, several invasive treatment modalities are available for AK and superficial BCC, such as cryotherapy, electrodessication, carbon dioxide laser and surgery causing patients discomfort and pain, pigmentary changes or necessitate multiple office visits. Additionally, there are precancerous lesions that necessitate non-invasive treatment with good esthetic results or skin cancer refractory to invasive techniques. Imiquimod is an immune response modifier approved by the FDA for the treatment of AK and superficial BCC lesions and its use is gradually expanded to various off-label precancerous and cancerous skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Papadavid
- 2nd Department of Dermatology, ATTIKON University General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Fan Z, Huang XL, Kalinski P, Young S, Rinaldo CR. Dendritic cell function during chronic hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:1127-37. [PMID: 17634507 PMCID: PMC2043301 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00141-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can persist despite HCV-specific T-cell immunity and can have a more aggressive course in persons coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Defects in antigen-presenting, myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) could underlie this T-cell dysfunction. Here we show that monocyte-derived DCs from persons with chronic HCV infection, with or without HIV-1 coinfection, being treated with combination antiretroviral therapy produced lower levels of interleukin 12 (IL-12) p70 in response to CD40 ligand (CD40L), whereas the expression of DC surface activation and costimulatory molecules was unimpaired. The deficiency in IL-12 production could be overcome by addition of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) with CD40L, resulting in very high, comparable levels of IL-12 production by DCs from HCV- and HIV-1-infected subjects. Smaller amounts of IL-12 p70 were produced by DCs treated with the immune modulators tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-1beta, with or without IFN-gamma, and the amounts did not differ among the uninfected and infected subjects. Blocking of IL-10 with an anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody in the CD40L-stimulated DC cultures from HCV-infected persons increased the level of IL-12 p70 production. The ability of DCs from HCV-infected persons to stimulate allogeneic CD4+ T cells or induce IL-2, IL-5, or IL-10 in a mixed lymphocyte reaction was not impaired. Thus, myeloid DCs derived from persons with chronic HCV infection or with both HCV and HIV-1 infections have defects in IL-12 p70 production related to IL-10 activity that can be overcome by treatment of the DCs with CD40L and IFN-gamma. DCs from these infected subjects have a normal capacity to stimulate CD4+ T cells. The functional effectiveness of DCs derived from HCV-infected individuals provides a rationale for the DC-based immunotherapy of chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fan
- Graduate School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Brusic V, Marina O, Wu CJ, Reinherz EL. Proteome informatics for cancer research: from molecules to clinic. Proteomics 2007; 7:976-91. [PMID: 17370257 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics offers the most direct approach to understand disease and its molecular biomarkers. Biomarkers denote the biological states of tissues, cells, or body fluids that are useful for disease detection and classification. Clinical proteomics is used for early disease detection, molecular diagnosis of disease, identification and formulation of therapies, and disease monitoring and prognostics. Bioinformatics tools are essential for converting raw proteomics data into knowledge and subsequently into useful applications. These tools are used for the collection, processing, analysis, and interpretation of the vast amounts of proteomics data. Management, analysis, and interpretation of large quantities of raw and processed data require a combination of various informatics technologies such as databases, sequence comparison, predictive models, and statistical tools. We have demonstrated the utility of bioinformatics in clinical proteomics through the analysis of the cancer antigen survivin and its suitability as a target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Brusic
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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67
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Tenaud I, Khammari A, Dreno B. In vitro modulation of TLR-2, CD1d and IL-10 by adapalene on normal human skin and acne inflammatory lesions. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:500-6. [PMID: 17518990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of adapalene, a synthetic retinoid used for the treatment of acne patients, are partially understood. They seem particularly related to the modulation of the non-specific immunity. Recent studies have shown that Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 expression, a receptor of the innate immune system, was increased in acne lesions and could play an essential role in acne-linked inflammation. The aim of our study was to investigate the new mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory activity of adapalene in vitro, and more specifically the modulatory effect of adapalene on the expression of TLR-2, CD1d, a cell surface glycoprotein that plays a role as antigen-presenting molecules and is responsible for the development of cutaneous inflammation, and also on the expression and the secretion of the anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10 cytokine. Both explants of normal human skin and explants of acne patients were incubated with adapalene (10(-7) or 10(-6) M) or the control medium for 24 h. Evaluation of epidermal expression by immunohistochemistry showed a decreased expression of TLR-2 and IL-10 in explants of normal skin and explants of acne with adapalene. On the contrary, adapalene increased CD1d expression in explants of acne patients. Thus, adapalene can modulate the epidermal immune system by increasing the CD1d expression and by decreasing the IL-10 expression by keratinocytes. Moreover, these modulations could increase the interactions between dendritic cells and T lymphocytes and could strengthen the antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. The decreased expression of TLR-2 by the keratinocytes can contribute to explain the anti-inflammatory activity of adapalene observed in clinical practice.
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68
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Elliott B, Scolyer RA, Suciu S, Lebecque S, Rimoldi D, Gugerli O, Musat E, Sharma RN, Lienard D, Keilholz U, Testori A, Eggermont A, MacKie R, Robert C, Cook M, Thompson JF, Angevin E, Spatz A. Long-term protective effect of mature DC-LAMP+ dendritic cell accumulation in sentinel lymph nodes containing micrometastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:3825-30. [PMID: 17606713 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In a previous immunohistochemical study of dendritic cells (DC) in sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) draining regressing melanomas, we found that the accumulation of mature DC-LAMP(+) DCs in SLNs was associated with local expansion of antigen-specific memory effector CTLs and the absence of metastasis in downstream lymph nodes. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic importance of the maximal density of mature DCs in SLNs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A total of 458 consecutive patients with micrometastatic melanoma within SLNs were eligible for analysis. The maximal density of mature DC-LAMP(+) DCs was evaluated by three independent observers and categorized into three classes (<100, 100 to <200, and >or=200/mm(2)). RESULTS There was excellent interobserver reproducibility for maximum density of mature DC-LAMP(+) DC scores (kappa score = 0.82). There were differences in the maximal density scores and staining intensity according to the treating melanoma center (P < 0.001). The higher the mature DC density in the SLN is, the longer is the duration of survival [P = 0.047; hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.50-1.00]. Adjusted by thickness and ulceration, the prognostic importance of DC density was lower (P = 0.36). CONCLUSION This study is the first to report the prognostic value of DC-LAMP(+) DC counts in SLNs containing metastatic melanoma. Patients with a high density of mature DCs (>or=200/mm(2)) have the lowest risk of death. It also provides evidence that a lack of maturation in the SLNs is important in biological facilitation of melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Elliott
- Royal Surrey County Hospital Guildford, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Amadori M. The role of IFN-alpha as homeostatic agent in the inflammatory response: a balance between danger and response? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2007; 27:181-9. [PMID: 17348816 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) is thought of by most immunologists as a fundamental component of the antiviral innate immune response, with other, accessory properties. Several lines of evidence point to a fundamental reappraisal of this conceptual framework because it may neglect other crucial functions of this cytokine under both health and disease conditions. Among these, a regulatory role in the inflammatory response is probably of paramount importance, as shown by in vivo and in vitro studies on humans, pets, and farm and laboratory animals. This role would not conflict with the main functions of IFN-alpha in the innate immune system and would complement these in line with major, evolution-based needs of the host. A hinge role of IFN-alpha between innate and adaptive immunity was recognized in the past on the basis of compelling evidence. This concept should now be widened; not only does IFN-alpha act to trigger, amplify, and sustain the different phases of the immune response, but it could also promote a substantial balance between danger and inflammatory response when an infectious challenge is either declining or completely over.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Amadori
- Department of Animal Welfare and Immunoprophylaxis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Brescia, Italy.
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Abstract
Studies in murine experimental Leishmania major infection have helped to understand the requirements for efficient development of T helper (Th)1/cytotoxic T (Tc)1-mediated protection against the parasite. As such they have revealed that Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R)I and Fc gamma RIII-mediated uptake of L. major amastigotes by dendritic cells (DC) is an important prerequisite for Th1 development. In addition, DC-derived cytokines contribute to adequate T-cell education. DC-based vaccines may thus provide an important tool for both the development of a prophylactic vaccine against leishmaniasis and - together with leishmanicidal drugs - for eliciting immune-deviating functions towards protective immunity in non-healing leishmaniasis. This review highlights recent advances in the understanding of the role of DC for the induction of Th1/Tc1-predominant immunity against L. major and how this knowledge may translate into clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther von Stebut
- Department of Dermatology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Nikolic WV, Bai Y, Obregon D, Hou H, Mori T, Zeng J, Ehrhart J, Shytle RD, Giunta B, Morgan D, Town T, Tan J. Transcutaneous beta-amyloid immunization reduces cerebral beta-amyloid deposits without T cell infiltration and microhemorrhage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2507-12. [PMID: 17264212 PMCID: PMC1892920 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609377104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) immunotherapy accomplished by vaccination with beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide has proved efficacious in AD mouse models. However, "active" Abeta vaccination strategies for the treatment of cerebral amyloidosis without concurrent induction of detrimental side effects are lacking. We have developed a transcutaneous (t.c.) Abeta vaccination approach and evaluated efficacy and monitored for deleterious side effects, including meningoencephalitis and microhemorrhage, in WT mice and a transgenic mouse model of AD. We demonstrate that t.c. immunization of WT mice with aggregated Abeta(1-42) plus the adjuvant cholera toxin (CT) results in high-titer Abeta antibodies (mainly of the Ig G1 class) and Abeta(1-42)-specific splenocyte immune responses. Confocal microscopy of the t.c. immunization site revealed Langerhans cells in areas of the skin containing the Abeta(1-42) immunogen, suggesting that these unique innate immune cells participate in Abeta(1-42) antigen processing. To evaluate the efficacy of t.c. immunization in reducing cerebral amyloidosis, transgenic PSAPP (APPsw, PSEN1dE9) mice were immunized with aggregated Abeta(1-42) peptide plus CT. Similar to WT mice, PSAPP mice showed high Abeta antibody titers. Most importantly, t.c. immunization with Abeta(1-42) plus CT resulted in significant decreases in cerebral Abeta(1-40,42) levels coincident with increased circulating levels of Abeta(1-40,42), suggesting brain-to-blood efflux of Abeta. Reduction in cerebral amyloidosis was not associated with deleterious side effects, including brain T cell infiltration or cerebral microhemorrhage. Together, these data suggest that t.c. immunization constitutes an effective and potentially safe treatment strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yun Bai
- *Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine
| | | | - Huayan Hou
- *Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine
| | - Takashi Mori
- *Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine
- Institute of Medical Science, Saitama Medical Center/School, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
| | - Jin Zeng
- *Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine
| | | | - R. Douglas Shytle
- *Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine
- Center for Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, and
| | - Brian Giunta
- *Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine
| | - Dave Morgan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613
| | - Terrence Town
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8011; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Jun Tan
- *Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine
- Center for Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, and
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613
- **Department of Molecular Genetics, Third Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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72
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Marleau AM, Lipton JH, Riordan NH, Ichim TE. Therapeutic use of Aldara in chronic myeloid leukemia. J Transl Med 2007; 5:4. [PMID: 17254347 PMCID: PMC1790884 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-5-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The potent clinical responses seen in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) after administration of donor-specific lymphocytes, as well as the correlation between the presence of antigen specific T cells and prolonged remission in these patients, suggests a role for the immunological control of CML. Here we propose Aldara™, a clinically used formulation of imiquimod, as an agent for augmenting immune responses to CML antigens. Our proposition is based upon 3 tenets: 1) Endogenous dendritic cells (DC) of CML patients, which are known to be derived from the malignant clone, express and present various leukemic antigens; 2) CML-antigen reactive T cell clones exist in the patient but in many situations are ineffectively stimulated to cause significant hematological responses; and 3) Antigen presentation by mature, activated DC, which endogenously express CML-antigens may endow the pre-existing ineffective T cell responses with ability to control CML progression. The practical use of Aldara™ as a localized activator of DC in the context of present day leukemic therapeutics, as well as various properties of this unique immune modulator will be discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/drug effects
- Adaptive Immunity/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Aminoquinolines/pharmacology
- Aminoquinolines/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Imiquimod
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey H Lipton
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Schepetkin IA, Kirpotina LN, Khlebnikov AI, Quinn MT. High-Throughput Screening for Small-Molecule Activators of Neutrophils: Identification of NovelN-Formyl Peptide Receptor Agonists. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 71:1061-74. [PMID: 17229869 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.033100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We screened a chemolibrary of drug-like molecules for their ability to activate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in murine phagocytes, and we identified 26 novel compounds with potent neutrophil activating properties. We used substructure screening, fragment-focusing, and structure-activity relationship analyses to further probe the parent library and defined at least two groups of activators of ROS production in murine neutrophils: t-butyl benzene and thiophene-2-amide-3-carboxylic ester derivatives. Further studies of the active compounds revealed 11 compounds that activated ROS production in human neutrophils, and six of these compounds also activated intercellular Ca(2+) mobilization and chemotaxis in human neutrophils. Of the latter compounds, compound 14 (1,3-benzodioxolane-5-carboxylic acid 4'-benzyloxy-3'-methoxybenzylidene-hydrazide) activated neutrophils at nanomolar concentrations, and Ca(2+) mobilization was inhibited by pertussis toxin and N-t-butoxycarbonyl-Phe-Leu-Phe-Leu-Phe (Boc-2), an antagonist of formyl peptide receptors (FPR/FPRL1). Likewise, activation by compound 14 was desensitized after N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe pretreatment. Similar biological activities were found for compound 104 (1,3-benzodioxolane-5-carboxylic acid 3'-bromo-5'-ethoxy-4'-hydroxybenzylidene-hydrazide), an analog of compound 14. Furthermore, conformational analysis of the activators of chemotaxis and Ca(2+) mobilization showed a high degree of similarity in distances between pharmacophore points of compounds 14 and 104 with a model of FPR published by Edwards et al. (Mol Pharmacol 68:1301-1310, 2005), indicating that conformational features of the agonists identified here are structurally compatible with steric constraints of the ligand-binding pocket of the receptor. Based on these results, we conclude that compounds 14 and 104 represent novel small-molecule agonists of FPR. These studies enhance our understanding of FPR ligand/receptor interactions and structure/activity relationships of phagocyte agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
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74
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Abbo L, Vincek V, Dickinson G, Shrestha N, Doblecki S, Haslett PAJ. Selective defect in plasmacyoid dendritic cell function in a patient with AIDS-associated atypical genital herpes simplex vegetans treated with imiquimod. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 44:e25-7. [PMID: 17205432 DOI: 10.1086/510426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated, acyclovir-refractory genital herpes infection treated with topical imidazoquinoline therapy. The patient's plasmacytoid dendritic cells made a robust interferon- alpha response following in vitro stimulation with imidazoquinoline but not with herpes simplex virus. We hypothesize that disease resulting from defective herpes simplex virus-stimulated interferon- alpha may be overcome by stimulating intact alternative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Abbo
- The Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
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