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B cell depletion changes the immune cell profile in multiple sclerosis patients: One-year report. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 359:577676. [PMID: 34364105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
B cell depletion therapy has been shown to be beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the mechanism by which B cell depletion mediates its beneficial effects in MS is still unclear. To better understand how B cell depletion may benefit patients with a disease previously thought to be primarily mediated by CD4 T cells, immune profiles were monitored in 48 patients in a phase II trial of ublituximab, a glycoengineered CD20 monoclonal antibody, at 18 time points over a year. As we previously described there was a significant shift in the percentages of T cells, NK cells, and myeloid cells following the initial dose of ublituximab, but this shift normalized within a week and these populations remained stable for the duration of the study. However, T cell subsets changed with an increase in the percentage of naïve CD4 and CD8 T cells and a decline in memory T cells. Importantly, the percentage of Th1 and CD4+GM-CSF+ T cells decreased, while the percentage of Tregs continued to increase over the year. Ublituximab not only depleted CD20+ B cells, but also CD20+ T cells. The favorable changes in the T cell subsets may contribute to the beneficial effects of B cell depletion therapy.
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Regulatory T Cells and Inflammatory Mediators in Autoimmune Disease. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:774-780. [PMID: 34284898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in regulating tissue inflammation. Reduced Treg numbers and/or suppressive function contribute to autoimmune disease. Tregs can adopt the transcriptional programming of T helper (Th) type-1/2/17 cells to optimally suppress these subsets. Under specific conditions, these Th-like Tregs lose suppressive capacity and release proinflammatory cytokines to promote inflammation. This Treg plasticity depends on inflammatory mediators in the local environment. In this study, we review how cytokines impact Treg function and may contribute to autoimmune disease. A comprehensive understanding of Th-like Tregs may elucidate novel and more focused therapeutic approaches.
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53
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Baeten P, Van Zeebroeck L, Kleinewietfeld M, Hellings N, Broux B. Improving the Efficacy of Regulatory T Cell Therapy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:363-381. [PMID: 34224053 PMCID: PMC8256646 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is caused by an unbalanced immune system, giving rise to a variety of organ-specific to system disorders. Patients with autoimmune diseases are commonly treated with broad-acting immunomodulatory drugs, with the risk of severe side effects. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have the inherent capacity to induce peripheral tolerance as well as tissue regeneration and are therefore a prime candidate to use as cell therapy in patients with autoimmune disorders. (Pre)clinical studies using Treg therapy have already established safety and feasibility, and some show clinical benefits. However, Tregs are known to be functionally impaired in autoimmune diseases. Therefore, ex vivo manipulation to boost and stably maintain their suppressive function is necessary when considering autologous transplantation. Similar to autoimmunity, severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by an exaggerated immune reaction and altered Treg responses. In light of this, Treg-based therapies are currently under investigation to treat severe COVID-19. This review provides a detailed overview of the current progress and clinical challenges of Treg therapy for autoimmune and hyperinflammatory diseases, with a focus on recent successes of ex vivo Treg manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulien Baeten
- Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lauren Van Zeebroeck
- University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bieke Broux
- Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium. .,University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Borzouei S, Mohamadtaheri M, Zamani A, Behzad M. Reduced frequency and functional potency of CD49d - T regulatory cells in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152113. [PMID: 34247018 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study set out to check the quantitative and qualitative properties of peripheral CD4+CD25+CD49d- T regulatory (CD49d- Treg) cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This work comprised 35 newly diagnosed patients and 35 healthy controls (HCs). The frequency of FoxP3 expressing CD49d- Treg cells was determined by flow cytometry. The gene expression of FoxP3 and CD49d was assessed by real-time PCR. Suppression assays with purified CD49d- Treg cells and CD4+CD25- T conventional (Tconv) cells were done by flow cytometry. The supernatants of Tconv/CD49d- Treg co-cultures were tested for IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and IL-10 using ELISA. The frequency of CD49d- Treg cells (by both CD4+CD25+CD49d- and CD4+CD25++CD49d- phenotypes) observed to be reduced in patients versus HCs. In the patients, decreased protein and gene expression of FoxP3 was seen in CD49d- Treg cells. Suppressive potency of CD49d- Treg cells to inhibit Tconv cells proliferation was diminished, and inversely related to fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c in the patients. Tconv cells from T2DM patients released higher amount of IL-17 and lower concentration of IL-10 versus HCs. In Tconv/CD49d- Tregs co-cultures, decreased IL-17 and increased IL-10 levels were seen in HCs, but not T2DM patients. CD49d- Treg cells from the patients have a fundamental defect and Treg cells fail to inhibit the aggressive inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Borzouei
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mina Mohamadtaheri
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Zamani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behzad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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55
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Haque R, Kim Y, Park K, Jang H, Kim SY, Lee H, Kim HJ. Altered distributions in circulating follicular helper and follicular regulatory T cells accountable for imbalanced cytokine production in multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 205:75-88. [PMID: 33759187 PMCID: PMC8209573 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper (Tfh) and regulatory (Tfr) cells are distinct subsets of CD4+ T lymphocytes, regulating humoral immune responses in the germinal center. It is widely accepted that dysregulated Tfh and Tfr cells are associated with autoimmunity. In this study, we evaluated the frequencies of circulating chemokine receptor (CXCR)5+ programmed cell death 1 (PD-1+ ) Tfh (cTfh) and CXCR5+ PD-1+ forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3+ ) CD25+ Tfr (cTfr) cells, and their corresponding cytokines from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 28 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and 16 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). Subsets of cTfh cells by Th1- and Th17-related surface markers (CXCR3 and CCR6) were also evaluated. We found that the frequency of cTfh cells was significantly higher in MS patients compared to that of HC. Conversely, the frequency of cTfr cells was lower in MS patients than that of HC. Interleukin (IL)-21-producing cTfh cells were significantly increased in MS patients, while IL-10-secreting cTfr cells were lower in MS patients compared to levels in HC. Among cTfh cells, cTfh17.1 cells were the major subtypes that were significantly increased in MS patients compared to HC, with the frequency of IL-21-secreting cells being the highest. These results suggest that an imbalanced distribution of cTfh and cTfr exist in MS patients, which contributes to the reciprocally altered IL-21 and IL-10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Haque
- Department of Cancer Biomedical ScienceGraduate School of Cancer Science and PolicyNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
- Department of NeurologyNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
- Division of Clinical ResearchNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
| | - Y. Kim
- Department of NeurologyNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
- Division of Clinical ResearchNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
| | - K. Park
- Division of Clinical ResearchNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
| | - H. Jang
- Department of NeurologyNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
| | - S. Y. Kim
- Department of NeurologyNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
- Division of Clinical ResearchNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
| | - H. Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical ScienceGraduate School of Cancer Science and PolicyNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
| | - H. J. Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical ScienceGraduate School of Cancer Science and PolicyNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
- Department of NeurologyNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
- Division of Clinical ResearchNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
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56
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Multiple sclerosis patients have reduced resting and increased activated CD4 +CD25 +FOXP3 +T regulatory cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10476. [PMID: 34006899 PMCID: PMC8131694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting and activated subpopulations of CD4+CD25+CD127loT regulatory cells (Treg) and CD4+CD25+CD127+ effector T cells in MS patients and in healthy individuals were compared. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated using Ficoll Hypaque were stained with monoclonal antibodies and analysed by flow cytometer. CD45RA and Foxp3 expression within CD4+ cells and in CD4+CD25+CD127loT cells identified Population I; CD45RA+Foxp3+, Population II; CD45RA−Foxp3hi and Population III; CD45RA−Foxp3+ cells. Effector CD4+CD127+ T cells were subdivided into Population IV; memory /effector CD45RA− CD25−Foxp3− and Population V; effector naïve CD45RA+CD25−Foxp3−CCR7+ and terminally differentiated RA+ (TEMRA) effector memory cells. Chemokine receptor staining identified CXCR3+Th1-like Treg, CCR6+Th17-like Treg and CCR7+ resting Treg. Resting Treg (Population I) were reduced in MS patients, both in untreated and treated MS compared to healthy donors. Activated/memory Treg (Population II) were significantly increased in MS patients compared to healthy donors. Activated effector CD4+ (Population IV) were increased and the naïve/ TEMRA CD4+ (Population V) were decreased in MS compared to HD. Expression of CCR7 was mainly in Population I, whereas expression of CCR6 and CXCR3 was greatest in Populations II and intermediate in Population III. In MS, CCR6+Treg were lower in Population III. This study found MS is associated with significant shifts in CD4+T cells subpopulations. MS patients had lower resting CD4+CD25+CD45RA+CCR7+ Treg than healthy donors while activated CD4+CD25hiCD45RA−Foxp3hiTreg were increased in MS patients even before treatment. Some MS patients had reduced CCR6+Th17-like Treg, which may contribute to the activity of MS.
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Ramaglia V, Rojas O, Naouar I, Gommerman JL. The Ins and Outs of Central Nervous System Inflammation-Lessons Learned from Multiple Sclerosis. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:199-226. [PMID: 33524273 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-124155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that is characterized by the inappropriate invasion of lymphocytes and monocytes into the central nervous system (CNS), where they orchestrate the demyelination of axons, leading to physical and cognitive disability. There are many reasons immunologists should be interested in MS. Aside from the fact that there is still significant unmet need for patients living with the progressive form of the disease, MS is a case study for how immune cells cross CNS barriers and subsequently interact with specialized tissue parenchymal cells. In this review, we describe the types of immune cells that infiltrate the CNS and then describe interactions between immune cells and glial cells in different types of lesions. Lastly, we provide evidence for CNS-compartmentalized immune cells and speculate on how this impacts disease progression for MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ramaglia
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Olga Rojas
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Ikbel Naouar
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;
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58
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Morgan BP, Gommerman JL, Ramaglia V. An "Outside-In" and "Inside-Out" Consideration of Complement in the Multiple Sclerosis Brain: Lessons From Development and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:600656. [PMID: 33488361 PMCID: PMC7817777 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.600656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The last 15 years have seen an explosion of new findings on the role of complement, a major arm of the immune system, in the central nervous system (CNS) compartment including contributions to cell migration, elimination of synapse during development, aberrant synapse pruning in neurologic disorders, damage to nerve cells in autoimmune diseases, and traumatic injury. Activation of the complement system in multiple sclerosis (MS) is typically thought to occur as part of a primary (auto)immune response from the periphery (the outside) against CNS antigens (the inside). However, evidence of local complement production from CNS-resident cells, intracellular complement functions, and the more recently discovered role of early complement components in shaping synaptic circuits in the absence of inflammation opens up the possibility that complement-related sequelae may start and finish within the brain itself. In this review, the complement system will be introduced, followed by evidence that implicates complement in shaping the developing, adult, and normal aging CNS as well as its contribution to pathology in neurodegenerative conditions. Discussion of data supporting "outside-in" vs. "inside-out" roles of complement in MS will be presented, concluded by thoughts on potential approaches to therapies targeting specific elements of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valeria Ramaglia
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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59
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Tapia-Maltos MA, Treviño-Frenk I, García-González HB, Rosetti M, Barriga-Maldonado V, Morales-Ramírez F, López-Hernández DC, Rosetti F, Crispín JC. Identification of regulatory T cell molecules associated with severity of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2020; 27:1695-1705. [PMID: 33300840 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520977045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs) exhibit functional alterations in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a key regulator of Treg development and function. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine whether the expression of functionally relevant TGF-β-regulated molecules is altered in Tregs from patients with MS. METHODS Expression of nine Treg markers was analyzed by multi-color flow cytometry in CD4+ T cells and Treg subpopulations of 31 untreated MS patients and age- and sex-matched healthy donors (HDs). Correlations between Treg marker expression and clinical variables were sought. RESULTS Expression of the transcription factor Helios, which defines thymic-derived Tregs, was decreased in this Treg subpopulation. The frequency of peripherally generated Tregs was increased in patients with MS, particularly in patients with progressive MS. Low frequencies of thymic-derived Tregs were associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesion-burden and a high relapse rate. Four surface markers associated with TGF-β signaling (ABCA1, BTLA, DNAM-1, and GARP) were differentially expressed on Tregs from patients with MS and HDs. Expression levels of CD73, CD103, ABCA1, and PAR2 showed strong correlations with disease severity. CONCLUSION We have identified novel markers abnormally expressed on Tregs from patients with MS that could detect patients with severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tapia-Maltos
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico/Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - I Treviño-Frenk
- Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - H B García-González
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Rosetti
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - V Barriga-Maldonado
- Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - F Morales-Ramírez
- Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - D C López-Hernández
- Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - F Rosetti
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J C Crispín
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico/Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
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60
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Primaquine elicits Foxp3+ regulatory T cells with a superior ability to limit CNS autoimmune inflammation. J Autoimmun 2020; 114:102505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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The contribution of thymic tolerance to central nervous system autoimmunity. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 43:135-157. [PMID: 33108502 PMCID: PMC7925481 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00822-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are associated with high levels of morbidity and economic cost. Research efforts have previously focused on the contribution of the peripheral adaptive and innate immune systems to CNS autoimmunity. However, a failure of thymic negative selection is a necessary step in CNS-reactive T cells escaping into the periphery. Even with defective thymic or peripheral tolerance, the development of CNS inflammation is rare. The reasons underlying this are currently poorly understood. In this review, we examine evidence implicating thymic selection in the pathogenesis of CNS autoimmunity. Animal models suggest that thymic negative selection is an important factor in determining susceptibility to and severity of CNS inflammation. There are indirect clinical data that suggest thymic function is also important in human CNS autoimmune diseases. Specifically, the association between thymoma and paraneoplastic encephalitis and changes in T cell receptor excision circles in multiple sclerosis implicate thymic tolerance in these diseases. We identify potential associations between CNS autoimmunity susceptibility factors and thymic tolerance. The therapeutic manipulation of thymopoiesis has the potential to open up new treatment modalities, but a better understanding of thymic tolerance in CNS autoimmunity is required before this can be realised.
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Vitale S, Russo V, Dettori B, Palombi C, Baev D, Proietti E, Le Bon A, Belardelli F, Pace L. Type I interferons induce peripheral T regulatory cell differentiation under tolerogenic conditions. Int Immunol 2020; 33:59-77. [PMID: 32840576 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I interferons (type I IFNs) are central to a vast array of immunological functions. The production of these immune-modulatory molecules is initiated at the early stages of the innate immune responses and, therefore, plays a dominant role in shaping downstream events in both innate and adaptive immunity. Indeed, the major role of IFNα/β is the induction of priming states, relevant for the functional differentiation of T lymphocyte subsets. Among T cell subtypes, the CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + T regulatory cells (Tregs) represent a specialized subset of CD4 + T cells with a critical role in maintaining peripheral tolerance and immune homeostasis. Although the role of type I IFNs in maintaining the function of thymus-derived Tregs has been previously described, the direct contribution of these innate factors to peripheral Treg (pTreg) and induced Treg (iTreg) differentiation and suppressive function is still unclear. We now show that, under tolerogenic conditions, IFNα/β play a critical role in antigen-specific and also polyclonal naïve CD4 + T cell conversion into peripheral antigen-specific CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + Tregs and inhibit CD4 + T helper (Th) cell expansion in mice. While type I IFNs sustain the expression and the activation of the transcription master regulators Foxp3, Stat3 and Stat5, these innate molecules reciprocally inhibit Th17 cell differentiation. Altogether, these results indicate a new pivotal role of IFNα/β on pTreg differentiation and induction of peripheral tolerance, which may have important implications in the therapeutic control of inflammatory disorders, such as of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vitale
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Immunology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Russo
- Armenise-Harvard Immune Regulation Unit, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Candiolo (TO), Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO- IRCCS Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Beatrice Dettori
- Laboratory of Immunology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Palombi
- Laboratory of Immunology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Denis Baev
- Armenise-Harvard Immune Regulation Unit, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Candiolo (TO), Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO- IRCCS Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | | | - Agnes Le Bon
- Inserm Pôle Infrastructures, Faculté de Médecine Pitié salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Filippo Belardelli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Istitute of Traslational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigia Pace
- Armenise-Harvard Immune Regulation Unit, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Candiolo (TO), Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO- IRCCS Candiolo (TO), Italy
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Targeting Dendritic Cells with Antigen-Delivering Antibodies for Amelioration of Autoimmunity in Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Diseases. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9020023. [PMID: 32549343 PMCID: PMC7345927 DOI: 10.3390/antib9020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The specific targeting of dendritic cells (DCs) using antigen-delivering antibodies has been established to be a highly efficient protocol for the induction of tolerance and protection from autoimmune processes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis (MS), as well as in some other animal disease models. As the specific mechanisms of such induced tolerance are being investigated, the newly gained insights may also possibly help to design effective treatments for patients. Here we review approaches applied for the amelioration of autoimmunity in animal models based on antibody-mediated targeting of self-antigens to DCs. Further, we discuss relevant mechanisms of immunological tolerance that underlie such approaches, and we also offer some future perspectives for the application of similar methods in certain related disease settings such as transplantation.
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64
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Zhang X, Olsen N, Zheng SG. The progress and prospect of regulatory T cells in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2020; 111:102461. [PMID: 32305296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are an important immune cell population, playing a crucial role in regulating immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases. These cells consist of various cell sub-populations and generally have an immunoregulatory or suppressive role against immune responses. They also have a different cell heterogeneity and each populations has own biological characteristics. Treg deficiency, reduction, instability, reduced vitality and dysfunction all account for multiple autoimmune diseases. In this review, we have systemically reviewed Treg classification, phenotypic features, regulation of Foxp3 expression, plasticity and stability of Treg as well as their relationship with several important autoimmune diseases. We particularly focus on why and how inflammatory and diet environments affect the functional capacity and underlying mechanisms of Treg cell populations. We also summarize new advances in technologies which help to analyze and dissect these cells in molecular levels in-depth. We also clarify the possible clinical relevance on application of these cells in patients with autoimmune diseases. The advantages and weaknesses have been carefully discussed as well. We also propose the possible approaches to overcome these weaknesses of Treg cells in complicate environments. Thus, we have displayed the updated knowledge of Treg cells, which provides an overall insight into the role and mechanisms of Treg cells in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximei Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China; Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, PA, 43201, USA
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine at Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, 17033, USA
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, PA, 43201, USA.
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Høglund RA, Bremel RD, Homan EJ, Torsetnes SB, Lossius A, Holmøy T. CD4 + T Cells in the Blood of MS Patients Respond to Predicted Epitopes From B cell Receptors Found in Spinal Fluid. Front Immunol 2020; 11:598. [PMID: 32328067 PMCID: PMC7160327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells are important pathogenic players in multiple sclerosis (MS), but their exact role is not known. We have previously demonstrated that B cells from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients can activate T cells that specifically recognize antigenic determinants (idiotopes) from their B cell receptors (BCRs). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether in silico prediction models could identify antigenic idiotopes of immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable (IGHV) transcriptomes in MS patients. We utilized a previously assembled dataset of CSF IGHV repertoires from MS patients. To guide selection of potential antigenic idiotopes, we used in silico predicted HLA-DR affinity, endosomal processing, as well as transcript frequency from nine MS patients. Idiotopes with predicted low affinity and low likelihood of cathepsins cleavage were inert controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these patients were stimulated with the selected idiotope peptides in presence of anti-CD40 for 12 h. T cells were then labeled for activation status with anti-CD154 antibodies and CD3+CD4+ T cells phenotyped as memory (CD45RO+) or naïve (CD45RO-), with potential for brain migration (CXCR3 and/or CCR6 expression). Anti-CD14 and -CD8 were utilized to exclude monocytes and CD8+ T cells. Unstimulated cells or insulin peptides were negative controls, and EBNA-1 peptides or CD3/CD28 beads were positive controls. The mean proportion of responding memory CD4+ T cells from all nine MS patients was significantly higher for idiotope peptides with predicted high HLA-DR affinity and high likelihood of cathepsin cleavage, than toward predicted inert peptides. Responses were mainly observed toward peptides affiliated with the CDR3 region. Activated memory CD4+ T cells expressed the chemokine receptor CCR6, affiliated with a Th17 phenotype and allowing passage into the central nervous system (CNS). This in vitro study suggests that that antigenic properties of BCR idiotopes can be identified in silico using HLA affinity and endosomal processing predictions. It further indicates that MS patients have a memory T cell repertoire capable of recognizing frequent BCR idiotopes found in endogenous CSF, and that these T cells express chemokine receptors allowing them to reach the CSF B cells expressing these idiotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune A. Høglund
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway
| | | | | | - Silje Bøen Torsetnes
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Andreas Lossius
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trygve Holmøy
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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66
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The Role of MicroRNAs in Regulatory T Cells. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:3232061. [PMID: 32322593 PMCID: PMC7154970 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3232061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are a class of conserved, 20 nt-23 nt long, noncoding small RNAs that inhibit expression of their respective target genes in different cell types. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subpopulation of T cells that negatively regulate immune responses, which is essential to immune homeostasis. Recent studies have indicated that microRNAs play an important role in the proliferation, differentiation, and functions of Treg. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding the roles of microRNAs in Treg and their dysregulation in immune-related diseases. This ongoing research continues to expand the understanding of Treg regulation and the mechanisms of immune disorders.
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67
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Balashova L, Bykovskaya S, Korobova L, Kuznetsova Y, Kantardgy E, Mukhin V, Popov A. Immunological outcomes in infants with ROP after dexamethasone and aminophylline. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1368-1373. [PMID: 32198937 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This research aims to improve anaesthesia services given to preterm infants by the use of dexamethasone and aminophylline administrated under sevoflurane, and to analyze its effect on the cell-mediated immunity (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+(T-reg) and CD4+CD25highFoxp3+CD127low). We have examined 74 premature babies with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) at the 3-5 stages during the 25-32 week gestation period (1-6 months after birth). Both immunomodulators had no significant effect on clinical parameters after one dose (P > .05). Aminophylline (2.4% solution, 0.1 mL/kg or 0.132 mL per infant on average) and dexamethasone (0.4% solution, 0.1 mg/kg or 0.132 mL per infant on average) were intravenously injected 15 minutes before the end of the surgery. Required anaesthesia depth was maintained with inhalation anaesthetic (1.5-2.0 IAC), and the minimum fresh gas flow was not less than 2 L. Blood samples were taken from the vein (anaesthesia induction stage) into the tubes containing EDTA (the anticoagulant), stored at 20-25°C, and then, processed and stained within 24 hours after sampling. Both immunomodulators had no significant effect on clinical parameters after one dose (P > .05). Short-term shift in regulatory T-cell level affected by dexamethasone has a negative effect combined with further withdrawal effect that this hormonal drug has. Aminophylline has such clinical effects as improving pulmonary ventilation, decrease in apnoea frequency, and improving blood gas indices. Aminophylline has less expressed but more prolonged positive effect during the day when used for several days. It may lead to a persistent positive effect with progressive treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Balashova
- Library of Children's Ophthalmology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (PRNIMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Bykovskaya
- Departament of Cell's Technology and Regenerative Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (PRNIMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila Korobova
- Departament of Anesthesiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (PRNIMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia Kuznetsova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (PRNIMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Kantardgy
- Library of Children's Ophthalmology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (PRNIMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Mukhin
- Departament of Cell's Technology and Regenerative Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (PRNIMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Popov
- Library of Children's Ophthalmology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (PRNIMU), Moscow, Russia
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68
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Wan Z, Zhou Z, Liu Y, Lai Y, Luo Y, Peng X, Zou W. Regulatory T cells and T helper 17 cells in viral infection. Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12873. [PMID: 32090360 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are the central element of the adaptive immune responses and protect the body from a variety of pathogens. Starting from naive cells, CD4+ T cells can differentiate into various effector cell subsets with specialized functions including T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th17, regulatory T (Treg) and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Among them, Tregs and Th17 cells show a strong plasticity allowing the functional adaptation to various physiological and pathological environments during immune responses. Although they are derived from the same precursor cells and their differentiation pathways are interrelated, the terminally differentiated cells have totally opposite functions. Studies have shown that Tregs and Th17 cells have rather complex interplays in viral infection: Th17 cells may contribute to immune activation and disease progression while Tregs may inhibit this process and play a key role in the maintenance of immune homoeostasis, possibly at the cost of compromised viral control. In this review, we take respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections as examples to discuss these interplays and their impacts on disease progression in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikai Wan
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhou
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuhan Lai
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoping Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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69
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Colamatteo A, Carbone F, Bruzzaniti S, Galgani M, Fusco C, Maniscalco GT, Di Rella F, de Candia P, De Rosa V. Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Foxp3 Expression in Health and Autoimmunity: From Epigenetic to Post-translational Regulation. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3136. [PMID: 32117202 PMCID: PMC7008726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the transcription factor Forkhead box-p3 (Foxp3) has shed fundamental insights into the understanding of the molecular determinants leading to generation and maintenance of T regulatory (Treg) cells, a cell population with a key immunoregulatory role. Work over the past few years has shown that fine-tuned transcriptional and epigenetic events are required to ensure stable expression of Foxp3 in Treg cells. The equilibrium between phenotypic plasticity and stability of Treg cells is controlled at the molecular level by networks of transcription factors that bind regulatory sequences, such as enhancers and promoters, to regulate Foxp3 expression. Recent reports have suggested that specific modifications of DNA and histones are required for the establishment of the chromatin structure in conventional CD4+ T (Tconv) cells for their future differentiation into the Treg cell lineage. In this review, we discuss the molecular events that control Foxp3 gene expression and address the associated alterations observed in human diseases. Also, we explore how Foxp3 influences the gene expression programs in Treg cells and how unique properties of Treg cell subsets are defined by other transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Colamatteo
- Treg Cell Laboratory, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Fortunata Carbone
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per L'Endocrinologia e L'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Unità di NeuroImmunologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Bruzzaniti
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per L'Endocrinologia e L'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Treg Cell Laboratory, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per L'Endocrinologia e L'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Clorinda Fusco
- Treg Cell Laboratory, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Teresa Maniscalco
- Dipartimento di Neurologia, Centro Regionale Sclerosi Multipla, Azienda Ospedaliera "A. Cardarelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Rella
- Clinical and Experimental Senology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Veronica De Rosa
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per L'Endocrinologia e L'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Unità di NeuroImmunologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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70
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Mexhitaj I, Nyirenda MH, Li R, O'Mahony J, Rezk A, Rozenberg A, Moore CS, Johnson T, Sadovnick D, Collins DL, Arnold DL, Gran B, Yeh EA, Marrie RA, Banwell B, Bar-Or A. Abnormal effector and regulatory T cell subsets in paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Brain 2020; 142:617-632. [PMID: 30759186 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of distinct T-cell subsets involved in multiple sclerosis immune-pathophysiology continues to be of considerable interest since an ultimate goal is to more selectively target the aberrant immune response operating in individual patients. While abnormalities of both effector (Teff) and regulatory (Treg) T cells have been reported in patients with multiple sclerosis, prior studies have mostly assessed average abnormalities in either limb of the immune response, rather than both at the same time, which limits the ability to evaluate the balance between effectors and regulators operating in the same patient. Assessing both phenotypic and functional responses of Teffs and Tregs has also proven important. In studies of adults with multiple sclerosis, in whom biological disease onset likely started many years prior to the immune assessments, an added challenge for any reported abnormality is whether the abnormality indeed contributes to the disease (and hence of interest to target therapeutically) or merely develops consequent to inflammatory injury (in which case efforts to develop targeted therapies are unlikely to be beneficial). Paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis, though rare, offers a unique window into early disease mechanisms. Here, we carried out a comprehensive integrated study, simultaneously assessing phenotype and functional responses of both effector and regulatory T cells in the same children with multiple sclerosis, monophasic inflammatory CNS disorders, and healthy controls, recruited as part of the multicentre prospective Canadian Pediatric Demyelinating Disease Study (CPDDS). Stringent standard operating procedures were developed and uniformly applied to procure, process and subsequently analyse peripheral blood cells using rigorously applied multi-parametric flow cytometry panels and miniaturized functional assays validated for use with cryopreserved cells. We found abnormally increased frequencies and exaggerated pro-inflammatory responses of CD8+CD161highTCR-Vα7.2+ MAIT T cells and CD4+CCR2+CCR5+ Teffs in paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis, compared to both control groups. CD4+CD25hiCD127lowFOXP3+ Tregs of children with multiple sclerosis exhibited deficient suppressive capacity, including diminished capacity to suppress disease-implicated Teffs. In turn, the implicated Teffs of multiple sclerosis patients were relatively resistant to suppression by normal Tregs. An abnormal Teff/Treg ratio at the individual child level best distinguished multiple sclerosis children from controls. We implicate abnormalities in both frequencies and functional responses of distinct pro-inflammatory CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets, as well as Treg function, in paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis, and suggest that mechanisms contributing to early multiple sclerosis development differ across individuals, reflecting an excess abnormality in either Teff or Treg limbs of the T cell response, or a combination of lesser abnormalities in both limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Mexhitaj
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mukanthu H Nyirenda
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rui Li
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julia O'Mahony
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, SickKids Research Institute, Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayman Rezk
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ayal Rozenberg
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Craig S Moore
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Trina Johnson
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dessa Sadovnick
- Department of Medical Genetics and Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D Louis Collins
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Douglas L Arnold
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruno Gran
- Clinical Neurology Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
| | - E Ann Yeh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, SickKids Research Institute, Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruth Ann Marrie
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Brenda Banwell
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, SickKids Research Institute, Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Philadelphia, PA, USA
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71
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Sambucci M, Gargano F, Guerrera G, Battistini L, Borsellino G. One, No One, and One Hundred Thousand: T Regulatory Cells' Multiple Identities in Neuroimmunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2947. [PMID: 31956323 PMCID: PMC6955595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the Nobel laureate Luigi Pirandello wrote in his novels, identities can be evanescent. Although a quarter of a century has passed since regulatory T cells (Treg) were first described, new studies continue to reveal surprising and contradictory features of this lymphocyte subset. Treg cells are the core of the immunological workforce engaged in the restraint of autoimmune or inflammatory reactions, and their characterization has revealed substantial heterogeneity and complexity in the phenotype and gene expression profiles, proving them to be a most versatile and adaptive cell type, as exemplified by their plasticity in fine-tuning immune responses. Defects in Treg function are associated with several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, which is caused by an inappropriate immune reaction toward brain components; conversely, the beneficial effects of immunomodulating therapies on disease progression have been shown to partly act upon the biology of these cells. Both in animals and in humans the pool of circulating Treg cells is a mixture of natural (nTregs) and peripherally-induced Treg (pTregs). Particularly in humans, circulating Treg cells can be phenotypically subdivided into different subpopulations, which so far are not well-characterized, particularly in the context of autoimmunity. Recently, Treg cells have been rediscovered as mediators of tissue healing, and have also shown to be involved in organ homeostasis. Moreover, stability of the Treg lineage has recently been addressed by several conflicting reports, and immune-suppressive abilities of these cells have been shown to be dynamically regulated, particularly in inflammatory conditions, adding further levels of complexity to the study of this cell subset. Finally, Treg cells exert their suppressive function through different mechanisms, some of which—such as their ectoenzymatic activity—are particularly relevant in CNS autoimmunity. Here, we will review the phenotypically and functionally discernible Treg cell subpopulations in health and in multiple sclerosis, touching also upon the effects on this cell type of immunomodulatory drugs used for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo Sambucci
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Battistini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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72
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Choileáin SN, Kleinewietfeld M, Raddassi K, Hafler DA, Ruff WE, Longbrake EE. CXCR3+ T cells in multiple sclerosis correlate with reduced diversity of the gut microbiome. J Transl Autoimmun 2019; 3:100032. [PMID: 32743517 PMCID: PMC7388357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a genetically mediated autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). Disease onset is thought to occur when autoreactive T cells orchestrate a cascade of events in the CNS resulting in white and grey matter inflammation and axonal degeneration. It is unclear what triggers the activation of CNS-reactive T cells and their polarization into inflammatory subsets. Mounting evidence from animal and human studies supports the hypothesis that the gut microbiome affects MS pathogenesis. We investigated the association between the gut microbiome and inflammatory T cell subsets in relapsing-remitting MS patients and healthy controls. Gut microbiome composition was characterized by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene from fecal DNA, and inflammatory T cell subsets were characterized by flow cytometry. We identified an altered gut microbiome in MS patients, including decreased abundance of Coprococcus, Clostridium, and an unidentified Ruminococcaceae genus. Among circulating immune cells, patients had increased expression of CXCR3 in both CD4 and CD8 T cells, and both CD4+CXCR3+ and CD8+CXCR3+ populations expressing the gut-homing α4β7 integrin receptor were increased. Finally, we show that alpha diversity inversely correlated with a CXCR3+ Th1 phenotype in MS. These findings indicate the presence of an aberrant gut-immune axis in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán Ní Choileáin
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), UHasselt, Campus Diepenbeek, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Khadir Raddassi
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - David A. Hafler
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - William E. Ruff
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Erin E. Longbrake
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Neurological Research, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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73
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Wessels I, Rink L. Micronutrients in autoimmune diseases: possible therapeutic benefits of zinc and vitamin D. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 77:108240. [PMID: 31841960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A functional immune system is essential for healthy life. This is achieved by the coordinate activation and interaction of different immune cells. One should be aware that activation of the immune response is as important as its deactivation when the pathogens are cleared, as otherwise host tissue can be damaged up to life-threatening levels. Autoimmune diseases (AID) represent a phenomenon of immune cells attacking host cells and tissue. Five to eight percent of the world's population are currently affected by 80-100 AID. In recent years, the incidence has been constantly increasing, reaching alarmingly high numbers particularly for type 1 diabetes mellitus, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome and multiple sclerosis. This indicates a higher societal burden of AID for the future. This article provides an overview of general concepts of triggers and underlying mechanisms leading to self-destruction. Lately, several original concepts of disease etiology were revised, and there is a variety of hypotheses on triggers, underlying mechanisms and preventive actions. This article concentrates on the importance of nutrition, especially zinc and vitamin D, for balancing the immune function. Homespun nutritional remedies seem to reenter today's therapeutic strategies. Current treatment approaches are largely symptomatic or suppress the immune system. However, recent studies reveal significant benefits of nutrition-related therapeutic approaches including prevention and treatment of established disease, which offer a cost-efficient and trigger-unspecific alternative addressing balancing rather than suppression of the immune system. Zinc and vitamin D are currently the best studied and most promising candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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74
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Hendrawan K, Visweswaran M, Ma DDF, Moore JJ. Tolerance regeneration by T regulatory cells in autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases. Bone Marrow Transplant 2019; 55:857-866. [PMID: 31619766 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-019-0710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation shows increasing promise as a therapeutic option for patients with treatment-refractory autoimmune disease, particularly systemic sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. However, this intensive chemotherapy-based procedure is not always possible due to potential treatment toxicities and comorbidities. The biological mechanisms of how this procedure induces long-term remission in autoimmune disease are increasingly understood. The focus of this review is on recent research findings on the role of CD4+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) in resetting the immune system leading to the eradication of the autoimmune disease after transplantation. Discovery of the precise mechanisms of this process will allow development of novel Treg-based therapies and thus avoid the need for intensive chemotherapy-based treatment for these autoimmune diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hendrawan
- Blood, Stem Cells and Cancer Research Programme, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2011, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Department of Haematology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Malini Visweswaran
- Blood, Stem Cells and Cancer Research Programme, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2011, Australia.,Department of Haematology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - David D F Ma
- Blood, Stem Cells and Cancer Research Programme, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2011, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Department of Haematology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - John J Moore
- Blood, Stem Cells and Cancer Research Programme, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2011, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia. .,Department of Haematology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
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Li H, Deng Y, Liang J, Huang F, Qiu W, Zhang M, Long Y, Hu X, Lu Z, Liu W, Zheng SG. Mesenchymal stromal cells attenuate multiple sclerosis via IDO-dependent increasing the suppressive proportion of CD5+ IL-10+ B cells. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:5673-5688. [PMID: 31632539 PMCID: PMC6789281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), one of the autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, is a major cause of neurological disability worldwide. The existing clinical treatments are not curable, and better treatments are urgently needed. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown promise for treating MS, but the favorable effects and mechanism of MSC therapy on MS are still not fully understood. In this study, we analyzed the phenotypic feature of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in MS patients and found that the patients exhibited an increase in the frequency of B cells, but a markedly decrease in frequency of CD5+ and IL-10+ B cells compared to healthy controls. Infusion of MSCs exhibited a significant therapeutic effect on the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice, infiltration of mononuclear cells and demyelination of the spinal cords were both reduced in CNS of the mice, the frequency of CD5+ IL-10+ B cells in the mice was significantly increased. Additionally, when PBMCs or B cells from MS patients were co-cultured with MSCs, the frequency of CD5+ IL-10+ B cells also increased, the proliferative and immunosuppressive capacity of CD5+ B cells were significantly enhanced while the apoptosis ratio of this cellular subset significantly decreased. Moreover, those effects could be eliminated while the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor, D/L-1MT, was added to the co-cultured cells. In summary, this study suggests that MSCs can control EAE via IDO pathway to promote the proportion and function of CD5+ IL-10+ B cells, providing a promise to treat patients with MS in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
- Clinical Immunology Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinan Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdonng, China
| | - Jinliang Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdonng, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Clinical Immunology Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdonng, China
| | - Youming Long
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueqiang Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdonng, China
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbus, OH 43210, USA
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76
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Khosravi M, Majdinasab N, Amari A, Ghadiri AA. Increased frequency of CD4 +CD25 high CD127 low/ - regulatory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. GENE REPORTS 2019; 17:100456. [PMID: 32337385 PMCID: PMC7172308 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS), one of the most common diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), is characterized by demyelination and chronic inflammation of the CNS. Failure of immune tolerance and induced autoimmune processes are involved in MS immunopathogenesis. Regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role in maintaining peripheral tolerance and immune homeostasis. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of CD4+CD25highCD127low/−Treg cells in MS patients. Methods The study population was composed of 25 healthy controls (HCs), 35 patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and 25 patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS). Frequency of CD4+CD25highCD127low/− Treg cells in RRMS and PMS patients was compared with HC by flow cytometry. Results Treg cells frequency in PMS patients was significantly higher compared to RRMS patients (P < 0.001) and HCs (P < 0.001). It was lower in RRMS patients than HCs (P = 0.005). A Significant direct correlation between Treg cells frequency and expanded disability status scale (EDSS) in PMS patients (P = 0.001, r = 0.6) was observed. Reverse correlation between Treg cells frequency and EDSS in RRMS patients was found (P = 0.01, r = −0.4). Conclusion More detailed clarification of the role of Treg cells in MS patients could provide a basis for development of Treg cells-mediated therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khosravi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nastaran Majdinasab
- Department of Neurology of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Afshin Amari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ata A. Ghadiri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Corresponding author: Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran and Department of Immunology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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77
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Lovett-Racke AE, Gormley M, Liu Y, Yang Y, Graham C, Wray S, Racke MK, Shubin R, Twyman C, Alvarez E, Bass A, Eubanks JL, Fox E. B cell depletion with ublituximab reshapes the T cell profile in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 332:187-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Ryba-Stanisławowska M, Sakowska J, Zieliński M, Ławrynowicz U, Trzonkowski P. Regulatory T cells: the future of autoimmune disease treatment. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:777-789. [PMID: 31104510 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1620602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: CD4 + T regulatory cells (Tregs) have been described as the most potent immunosuppressive cells in the human body. They have been found to control autoimmunity, and clinical attempts have been made to apply them to treat autoimmune diseases. Some specific pathways utilized by Tregs in the regulation of immune response or Tregs directly as cellular products are tested in the clinic. Areas covered: Here, we present recent advances in the research on the biology and clinical applications of Tregs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Expert opinion: Regulatory T cells seem to be a promising tool for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The development of both cell-based therapies and modern pharmacotherapies which affect Tregs may strongly improve the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Growing knowledge about Treg biology together with the latest biotechnology tools may give an opportunity for personalized therapies in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ryba-Stanisławowska
- a Department of Medical Immunology , Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
| | - Justyna Sakowska
- b Department of Medical Immunology , Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
| | - Maciej Zieliński
- b Department of Medical Immunology , Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
| | - Urszula Ławrynowicz
- a Department of Medical Immunology , Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
| | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- a Department of Medical Immunology , Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
- b Department of Medical Immunology , Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
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79
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Haas J, Würthwein C, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Viehoever A, Jarius S, Ruck T, Pfeuffer S, Meuth SG, Wildemann B. Alemtuzumab in Multiple Sclerosis: Short- and Long-Term Effects of Immunodepletion on the Peripheral Treg Compartment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1204. [PMID: 31214176 PMCID: PMC6558003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with alemtuzumab is followed by an early increase in Treg frequencies. Whether naïve and memory subsets are differentially affected and how depletion influences dysfunctional MS-Treg is unclear. In this study, we analyzed the effect of alemtuzumab on regulatory T-cells (Treg) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). For this purpose 182 blood samples from 25 MS patients were taken shortly before treatment and serially for up to 24 months after two alemtuzumab cycles. We studied Treg by flow cytometry (quantitation, phenotypical characterization), real-time polymerase chain reaction (T-cell receptor (TCR) excision circles [TREC] content), CDR3-spectratyping (clonal distribution), and proliferation assays (suppressive function). CD52-mediated cytolysis of Treg and conventional T-cells was determined by a complement-dependent cytolysis assay. Our studies revealed that 1 week post-alemtuzumab, Treg were depicted at constant frequencies among CD4+ T-cells. In contrast, Treg frequencies were massively increased at month 1. Post-depletional Treg exhibited a CD45RO+ memory phenotype, a skewed TCR repertoire, and contained minimum TREC numbers. Naïve Treg, thymic markers, and TCR-variability commenced to rise after 6 months but did not attain baseline levels. In vitro, Treg exhibited higher susceptibility to lysis than Tcon. Treg suppressive function constantly increased within 1 year when co-cultured with syngeneic T-cells, but remained stable against allogeneic T-cells from normal donors. Our findings suggest that (1) Treg are not spared from alemtuzumab-mediated depletion and thymopoiesis does not considerably contribute to long-term recovery, (2) either homeostatic proliferation and/or conversion from residual Tcon contributes to Treg expansion during the early post-treatment phase (3) the enhanced inhibitory effect of Treg following alemtuzumab is due to altered composition and reactivity of post-depletional Tcon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Haas
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Würthwein
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirjam Korporal-Kuhnke
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Viehoever
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology and With Institute for Translational Neurology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Steffen Pfeuffer
- Department of Neurology and With Institute for Translational Neurology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology and With Institute for Translational Neurology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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80
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Gandy KAO, Zhang J, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M. The role of gut microbiota in shaping the relapse-remitting and chronic-progressive forms of multiple sclerosis in mouse models. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6923. [PMID: 31061496 PMCID: PMC6502871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), we evaluated the role of gut microbiota in modulating chronic-progressive (CP) versus relapse-remitting (RR) forms of the disease. We hypothesized that clinical courses of EAE may be shaped by differential gut microbiota. Metagenomic sequencing of prokaryotic 16S rRNA present in feces from naïve mice and those exhibiting CP-EAE or RR-EAE revealed significantly diverse microbial populations. Microbiota composition was considerably different between naïve strains of mice, suggesting microbial components present in homeostatic conditions may prime mice for divergent courses of disease. Additionally, there were differentially abundant bacteria in CP and RR forms of EAE, indicating a potential role for gut microbiota in shaping tolerant or remittance-favoring, and pathogenic or pro-inflammatory-promoting conditions. Furthermore, immunization to induce EAE led to significant alterations in gut microbiota, some were shared between disease courses and others were course-specific, supporting a role for gut microbial composition in EAE pathogenesis. Moreover, using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) coupled with effect size measurement (LEfSe) to analyze microbial content, biomarkers of each naïve and disease states were identified. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that gut microbiota may determine the susceptibility to CP or RR forms of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Alexa Orr Gandy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, USA.
- WJB Dorn VA Medical Center, 29208, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Mahmoodi M, Amiri H, Ayoobi F, Rahmani M, Taghipour Z, Ghavamabadi RT, Jafarzadeh A, Sankian M. Carvacrol ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through modulating pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Life Sci 2019; 219:257-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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82
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Jayaraman S, Prabhakar BS. Immune Tolerance in Autoimmune Central Nervous System Disorders. CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121051 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19515-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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83
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Kitz A, Singer E, Hafler D. Regulatory T Cells: From Discovery to Autoimmunity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a029041. [PMID: 29311129 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a genetically mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Allelic variants lead to lower thresholds of T-cell activation resulting in activation of autoreactive T cells. Environmental factors, including, among others, diet, vitamin D, and smoking, in combination with genetic predispositions, play a substantial role in disease development and activation of autoreactive T cells. FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have emerged as central in the control of autoreactive T cells. A consistent finding in patients with MS is defects in Treg cell function with reduced suppression of effector T cells and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Emerging data suggests that functional Tregs become effector-like T cells with loss of function associated with T-bet expression and interferon γ (IFN-γ) secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kitz
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Emily Singer
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - David Hafler
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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84
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Mondal S, Jana M, Dasarathi S, Roy A, Pahan K. Aspirin ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through interleukin-11-mediated protection of regulatory T cells. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/558/eaar8278. [PMID: 30482850 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar8278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a human disease that results from autoimmune T cells targeting myelin protein that is expressed within the central nervous system. In MS, the number of FoxP3-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) is reduced, which facilitates the activation of autoreactive T cells. Because aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is the most widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, we examined its immunomodulatory effect in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. We found that low-dose aspirin suppressed the clinical symptoms of EAE in mouse models of both relapsing-remitting and chronic disease. Aspirin reduced the development of EAE driven by myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells and the associated perivascular cuffing, inflammation, and demyelination. The effects of aspirin required the presence of CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs Aspirin increased the amounts of Foxp3 and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in T cells and suppressed the differentiation of naïve T cells into T helper 17 (TH17) and TH1 cells. Aspirin also increased the transcription of Il11 mediated by the transcription factor CREB, which was necessary for the generation of Tregs Neutralization of IL-11 negated the effects of aspirin on Treg development and exacerbated EAE. Furthermore, we found that IL-11 alone was sufficient to maintain the percentage of FoxP3+ Tregs and protect mice from EAE. These results identify a previously uncharacterized mode of action of aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanta Mondal
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Malabendu Jana
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sridevi Dasarathi
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Avik Roy
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. .,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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85
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Regulatory B and T lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis: friends or foes? AUTOIMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2018; 9:9. [PMID: 30415321 PMCID: PMC6230324 DOI: 10.1007/s13317-018-0109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current clinical experience with immunomodulatory agents and monoclonal antibodies in principle has established the benefit of depleting lymphocytic populations in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). B and T cells may exert multiple pro-inflammatory actions, but also possess regulatory functions making their role in RRMS pathogenesis much more complex. There is no clear correlation of Tregs and Bregs with clinical features of the disease. Herein, we discuss the emerging data on regulatory T and B cell subset distributions in MS and their roles in the pathophysiology of MS and its murine model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In addition, we summarize the immunomodulatory properties of certain MS therapeutic agents through their effect on such regulatory cell subsets and their relevance to clinical outcomes.
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system in young adults. This disorder is a heterogeneous, multifactorial, immune-mediated disease that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. In most patients, reversible episodes of neurological dysfunction lasting several days or weeks characterize the initial stages of the disease (that is, clinically isolated syndrome and relapsing-remitting MS). Over time, irreversible clinical and cognitive deficits develop. A minority of patients have a progressive disease course from the onset. The pathological hallmark of MS is the formation of demyelinating lesions in the brain and spinal cord, which can be associated with neuro-axonal damage. Focal lesions are thought to be caused by the infiltration of immune cells, including T cells, B cells and myeloid cells, into the central nervous system parenchyma, with associated injury. MS is associated with a substantial burden on society owing to the high cost of the available treatments and poorer employment prospects and job retention for patients and their caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Solari
- Unit of Neuroepidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandra Vukusic
- Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Fondation Eugène Devic EDMUS Contre la Sclérose en Plaques, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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87
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The Gut Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis: A Potential Therapeutic Avenue. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6030069. [PMID: 30149548 PMCID: PMC6163724 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a substantial increase in the number of studies focused upon connecting the gut microbiome with cases of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disorder of the CNS. Recent experimental and clinical evidence suggests the presence of microbial imbalances in the gut of MS sufferers. The gut microbiome is defined as the summation of all the microbial entities as well as their genes, proteins, and metabolic products in a given space and time. Studies show the MS gut microbiome as having general alterations in specific taxa, some associated with the promotion of inflammatory cytokines and overall inflammation. In conjunction with these findings, experimental models of the disease have reported that T regulatory (Treg) cells have deficits in their function as a result of the aberrant gut microbiota composition. The findings suggest that the interactions between the host and the microbiota are reciprocal, although more extensive work is required to confirm this. Moreover, evidence indicates that changes in microbiota composition may result in imbalances that could result in disease, with the gut as a potential novel therapeutic avenue. By understanding the biological effects of aberrant gut microbiome composition, it is possible to contemplate current therapeutic options and their efficacy. Ultimately, more research is necessary in this field, but targeting the gut microbiota may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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88
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Small GTPase RAS in multiple sclerosis - exploring the role of RAS GTPase in the etiology of multiple sclerosis. Small GTPases 2018; 11:312-319. [PMID: 30043672 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2018.1502591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS signaling is involved in the development of autoimmunity in general. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. It is widely recognized that a reduction of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells is an immunological hallmark of MS, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In experimental autoimmune models, N-Ras and K-Ras inhibition triggers an anti-inflammatory effect up-regulating, via foxp3 elevation, the numbers and the functional suppressive properties of Tregs. Similarly, an increase in natural Tregs number during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in R-RAS -/- mice results in attenuated disease. In humans, only KRAS GTPase isoform is involved in mechanism causing tolerance defects in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). T cells from these patients have increased transcription of KRAS (but not NRAS). RAS genes are major drivers in human cancers. Consequently, there has been considerable interest in developing anti-RAS inhibitors for cancer treatment. Despite efforts, no anti-RAS therapy has succeeded in the clinic. The major strategy that has so far reached the clinic aimed to inhibit activated Ras indirectly through blocking its post-translational modification and inducing its mis-localization. The disappointing clinical outcome of Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitors (FTIs) in cancers has decreased interest in these drugs. However, FTIs suppress EAE by downregulation of myelin-reactive activated T-lymphocytes and statins are currently studied in clinical trials for MS. However, no pharmacologic approaches to targeting Ras proteins directly have yet succeeded. The therapeutic strategy to recover immune function through the restoration of impaired Tregs function with the mounting evidences regarding KRAS in autoimmune mediated disorder (MS, SLE, RA, T1D) suggest as working hypothesis the direct targeting KRAS activation using cancer-derived small molecules may be clinically relevant. ABBREVIATIONS FTIs: Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitors; MS: Multiple Sclerosis; RRMS: Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis; PPMS: Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis; Tregs: regulatory T-cells; Foxp3: Forkhead box P3; EAE: Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis; T1D: Type 1 Diabete; SLE: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis; CNS: Central Nervous System; TMEV: Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus; FTS: farnesyl thiosalicylic acid; TCR: T-Cell Receptor; AIA: Adjuvant-induced Arthritis; EAN: experimental autoimmune neuritis; HVR: hypervariable region; HMG-CoA: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase; PBMC: Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.
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89
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Haensgen H, Albornoz E, Opazo MC, Bugueño K, Jara Fernández EL, Binzberger R, Rivero-Castillo T, Venegas Salas LF, Simon F, Cabello-Verrugio C, Elorza AA, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM, Riedel CA. Gestational Hypothyroxinemia Affects Its Offspring With a Reduced Suppressive Capacity Impairing the Outcome of the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1257. [PMID: 29928277 PMCID: PMC5997919 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroxinemia (Hpx) is a thyroid hormone deficiency (THD) condition highly frequent during pregnancy, which although asymptomatic for the mother, it can impair the cognitive function of the offspring. Previous studies have shown that maternal hypothyroidism increases the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an autoimmune disease model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we analyzed the immune response after EAE induction in the adult offspring gestated in Hpx. Mice gestated in Hpx showed an early appearance of EAE symptoms and the increase of all parameters of the disease such as: the pathological score, spinal cord demyelination, and immune cell infiltration in comparison to the adult offspring gestated in euthyroidism. Isolated CD4+CD25+ T cells from spleen of the offspring gestated in Hpx that suffer EAE showed reduced capacity to suppress proliferation of effector T cells (TEff) after being stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. Moreover, adoptive transfer experiments of CD4+CD25+ T cells from the offspring gestated in Hpx suffering EAE to mice that were induced with EAE showed that the receptor mice suffer more intense EAE pathological score. Even though, no significant differences were detected in the frequency of Treg cells and IL-10 content in the blood, spleen, and brain between mice gestated in Hpx or euthyroidism, T cells CD4+CD25+ from spleen have reduced capacity to differentiate in vitro to Treg and to produce IL-10. Thus, our data support the notion that maternal Hpx can imprint the immune response of the offspring suffering EAE probably due to a reduced capacity to trigger suppression. Such “imprints” on the immune system could contribute to explaining as to why adult offspring gestated in Hpx suffer earlier and more intense EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henny Haensgen
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Albornoz
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - María C Opazo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katherinne Bugueño
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Evelyn Liliana Jara Fernández
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Tomás Rivero-Castillo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Luis F Venegas Salas
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro A Elorza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
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90
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Sacramento PM, Monteiro C, Dias ASO, Kasahara TM, Ferreira TB, Hygino J, Wing AC, Andrade RM, Rueda F, Sales MC, Vasconcelos CC, Bento CAM. Serotonin decreases the production of Th1/Th17 cytokines and elevates the frequency of regulatory CD4 + T-cell subsets in multiple sclerosis patients. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1376-1388. [PMID: 29719048 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Excessive levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the CNS are associated with reduced serotonin (5-HT) synthesis, a neurotransmitter with diverse immune effects. In this study, we evaluated the ability of exogenous 5-HT to modulate the T-cell behavior of patients with MS, a demyelinating autoimmune disease mediated by Th1 and Th17 cytokines. Here, 5-HT attenuated, in vitro, T-cell proliferation and Th1 and Th17 cytokines production in cell cultures from MS patients. Additionally, 5-HT reduced IFN-γ and IL-17 release by CD8+ T cells. By contrast, 5-HT increased IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells from MS patients. A more accurate analysis of these IL-10-secreting CD4+ T cells revealed that 5-HT favors the expansion of FoxP3+ CD39+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and type 1 regulatory T cells. Notably, this neurotransmitter also elevated the frequency of Treg17 cells, a novel regulatory T-cell subset. The effect of 5-HT in upregulating CD39+ Treg and Treg17 cells was inversely correlated with the number of active brain lesions. Finally, in addition to directly reducing cytokine production by purified Th1 and Th17 cells, 5-HT enhanced in vitro Treg function. In summary, our data suggest that serotonin may play a protective role in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila M Sacramento
- Post-graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of General Medicine Department, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clarice Monteiro
- Post-graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of General Medicine Department, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aleida S O Dias
- Post-graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of General Medicine Department, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taissa M Kasahara
- Post-graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of General Medicine Department, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaís B Ferreira
- Post-graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of General Medicine Department, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joana Hygino
- Post-graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Wing
- Post-graduate Program in Neurology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Regis M Andrade
- Department of General Medicine Department, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rueda
- Clinical of Diagnosis by Image, Barra da Tijuca Unity, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marisa C Sales
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Cleonice A M Bento
- Post-graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of General Medicine Department, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Post-graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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91
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Haase S, Haghikia A, Wilck N, Müller DN, Linker RA. Impacts of microbiome metabolites on immune regulation and autoimmunity. Immunology 2018; 154:230-238. [PMID: 29637999 PMCID: PMC5980218 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast number of studies have demonstrated a remarkable role for the gut microbiota and their metabolites in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS, have revealed that modifying certain intestinal bacterial populations may influence immune cell priming in the periphery, resulting in dysregulation of immune responses and neuroinflammatory processes in the central nervous system (CNS). Conversely, some commensal bacteria and their antigenic products can protect against inflammation within the CNS. Specific components of the gut microbiome have been implicated in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and subsequent generation of Th17 cells. Similarly, commensal bacteria and their metabolites can also promote the generation of regulatory T-cells (Treg), contributing to immune suppression. Short-chain fatty acids may induce Treg either by G-protein-coupled receptors or inhibition of histone deacetylases. Tryptophan metabolites may suppress inflammatory responses by acting on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in T-cells or astrocytes. Interestingly, secretion of these metabolites can be impaired by excess consumption of dietary components, such as long-chain fatty acids or salt, indicating that the diet represents an environmental factor affecting the complex crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the immune system. This review discusses new aspects of host-microbiota interaction and the immune system with a special focus on MS as a prototype T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Haase
- Department of NeurologyFriedrich‐Alexander UniversityErlangenGermany
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Department of NeurologyRuhr‐University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Nicola Wilck
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Joint Cooperation of Max‐Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Dominik N. Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Joint Cooperation of Max‐Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner siteBerlinGermany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH)BerlinGermany
| | - Ralf A. Linker
- Department of NeurologyFriedrich‐Alexander UniversityErlangenGermany
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92
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Kim BS, Lu H, Ichiyama K, Chen X, Zhang YB, Mistry NA, Tanaka K, Lee YH, Nurieva R, Zhang L, Yang X, Chung Y, Jin W, Chang SH, Dong C. Generation of RORγt + Antigen-Specific T Regulatory 17 Cells from Foxp3 + Precursors in Autoimmunity. Cell Rep 2018; 21:195-207. [PMID: 28978473 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells are potent mediators in autoimmune diseases, and RORγt is required for their development. Recent studies have shown that RORγt+ Treg cells in the gut regulate intestinal inflammation by inhibiting effector T cell function. In the current study, we report that RORγt+ Treg cells were also found in lymph nodes following immunization. Not only distinct from intestinal RORγt+ Treg cells in their transcriptomes, peripheral RORγt+ Treg cells were derived from Foxp3+ thymic Treg cells in an antigen-specific manner. Development of these RORγt+ Treg cells, coined T regulatory 17 (Tr17) cells, depended on IL-6/Stat3 signaling. Tr17 cells showed suppressive activity against antigen-specific effector T cells in vitro. In addition, Tr17 cells efficiently inhibited myelin-specific Th17-cell-mediated CNS auto-inflammation in a passive EAE model. Collectively, our study demonstrates that Tr17 cells are effector Treg cells that potentially restrict autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Seok Kim
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Laboratory of Immune Regulation, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Huiping Lu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kenji Ichiyama
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Yi-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Nipun A Mistry
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Young-Hee Lee
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Xuexian Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Jin
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Seon Hee Chang
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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93
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Nagy N, Kuipers HF, Marshall PL, Wang E, Kaber G, Bollyky PL. Hyaluronan in immune dysregulation and autoimmune diseases. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:292-313. [PMID: 29625181 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tissue microenvironment contributes to local immunity and to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases - a diverse set of conditions characterized by sterile inflammation, immunity against self-antigens, and destruction of tissues. However, the specific factors within the tissue microenvironment that contribute to local immune dysregulation in autoimmunity are poorly understood. One particular tissue component implicated in multiple autoimmune diseases is hyaluronan (HA), an extracellular matrix (ECM) polymer. HA is abundant in settings of chronic inflammation and contributes to lymphocyte activation, polarization, and migration. Here, we first describe what is known about the size, amount, and distribution of HA at sites of autoimmunity and in associated lymphoid structures in type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Next, we examine the recent literature on HA and its impact on adaptive immunity, particularly in regards to the biology of lymphocytes and Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Treg), a T-cell subset that maintains immune tolerance in healthy individuals. We propose that HA accumulation at sites of chronic inflammation creates a permissive environment for autoimmunity, characterized by CD44-mediated inhibition of Treg expansion. Finally, we address potential tools and strategies for targeting HA and its receptor CD44 in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Nagy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Payton L Marshall
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Esther Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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94
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Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells reversed the suppressive deficiency of T regulatory cells from peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis in a co-culture - a preliminary study. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72537-72545. [PMID: 27705922 PMCID: PMC5341927 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoregulatory function of T regulatory cells (Tregs) is impaired in multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent studies have shown that umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) exert regulatory effect on the functions of immune cells. Thus, we investigated whether UC-MSCs could improve the impaired function of Tregs from MS patients. Co-cultures of UC-MSCs with PBMCs of MS patients were performed for 3 days. Flow cytometry was used to determine the frequency of Tregs. A cell proliferation assay was used to evaluate the suppressive capacity of Tregs. ELISA was conducted for cytokine analysis in the co-cultures. Our results showed that UC-MSCs significantly increased the frequency of CD4+CD25+CD127low/− Tregs in resting CD4+ T cells (p<0.01) from MS, accompanied by the significantly augmented production of cytokine prostaglandin E2, transforming growth factor (−β1, and interleukin-10, along with a reduced interferon-γ production in these co-cultures (p<0.05 - 0.01). More importantly, UC-MSC-primed Tregs of MS patients significantly inhibited the proliferation of PHA-stimulated autologous and allogeneic CD4+CD25− T effector cells (Teffs) from MS patients and healthy individuals compared to non-UC-MSC-primed (naïve) Tregs from the same MS patients (p<0.01). Furthermore, no remarkable differences in suppressing the proliferation of PHA-stimulated CD4+CD25− Teffs was observed in UC-MSC-primed Tregs from MS patients and naïve Tregs from healthy subjects. The impaired suppressive function of Tregs from MS can be completely reversed in a co-culture by UC-MSC modulation. This report is the first to demonstrate that functional defects of Tregs in MS can be repaired in vitro using a simple UC-MSC priming approach.
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95
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Akbari Z, Taheri M, Jafari A, Sayad A. FOXP3 gene expression in the blood of Iranian multiple sclerosis patients. Hum Antibodies 2018. [PMID: 29526847 DOI: 10.3233/hab-180334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous disease with an unknown etiology. Both genetic and environmental factors lead to MS disease. Recent studies have revealed the inhibitory role of T regulatory cells in the MS disease. Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) gene is a transcript of the CD4+CD25+FOXP3 and T regulatory cells that is recently introduced as a factor in determining the lineage of immune cells. Based on these assumptions we investigate the expression of this gene in the peripheral blood of fifty MS patients in comparison to fifty controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this case-control study, we investigate the FOXP3 expression in fifty MS patients (30 females (60%) and 20 males (40%), mean age ± SD: 33.3 ± 5.4 years) in comparing to fifty healthy age and sex matched-controls (30 females (60%) and 20 males (40%), mean age ± SD: 34.2 ± 4.8) using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) in order to explore any association between FOXP3 expression level and MS. RESULTS The expression level of FOXP3 gene was not significantly different between MS patients and controls (p: 0.79). In addition the expression level of the gene was not significantly different between male and female (p: 0.8, p: 0.79, respectively). CONCLUSION Although, the FOXP3 gene is one of the most important genes in the regulation of the immune cells, according to no significant results of this study it may concluded that the expression of the gene is not different between MS patients and healthy controls at least at mRNA level. So it seems that investigating the protein level of FOXP3, related LNCs and microRNAs could be useful to investigate the relation between this gene and the disease. However, the clinical relevance of FOXP3 in patients with regard to their therapy needs to be further explored by evaluation of genetic background in relation to immune responses in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Akbari
- Department of Biology, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Urogenital Stem Cell Research, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Jafari
- Department of Biology, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran
| | - Arezou Sayad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
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96
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Sambucci M, Gargano F, De Rosa V, De Bardi M, Picozza M, Placido R, Ruggieri S, Capone A, Gasperini C, Matarese G, Battistini L, Borsellino G. FoxP3 isoforms and PD-1 expression by T regulatory cells in multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3674. [PMID: 29487369 PMCID: PMC5829149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ regulatory T cells (Treg) are powerful mediators of immune regulation and immune homeostasis. In humans, Tregs are a heterogeneous population expressing surface markers which define phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets. Moreover, it is now clear that intracellular staining for FoxP3 does not unequivocally identify “true” suppressor cells, since several FoxP3 isoforms exist, and different reagents for FoxP3 detection are available. Here, we propose a strategy to identify potentially functional and suppressive Treg cells in an autoimmune disease like multiple sclerosis, and we suggest that in patients affected by this disease these cells are both reduced in number and functionally exhausted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo Sambucci
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00143, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Oncology and Endocrinology, National Research Council (IEOS-CNR), Treg Cell Lab, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Francesca Gargano
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00143, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Endocrinology, National Research Council (IEOS-CNR), Treg Cell Lab, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Marco De Bardi
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00143, Italy
| | - Mario Picozza
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00143, Italy
| | - Roberta Placido
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00143, Italy
| | - Serena Ruggieri
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, 00152, Italy.,Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00189, Italy
| | - Alessia Capone
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00143, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuroembryology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00143, Italy
| | - Claudio Gasperini
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, 00152, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Endocrinology, National Research Council (IEOS-CNR), Treg Cell Lab, Naples, 80131, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Luca Battistini
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00143, Italy.
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97
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Matveeva O, Bogie JFJ, Hendriks JJA, Linker RA, Haghikia A, Kleinewietfeld M. Western lifestyle and immunopathology of multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1417:71-86. [PMID: 29377214 PMCID: PMC5947729 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for a sudden and unprecedented rise in the incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Westernized countries over the past decades, emphasizing the role of environmental factors. Among many candidates, rapid changes in dietary habits seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of MS. Here, we summarize and discuss the available evidence for the role of dietary nutrients, such as table salt, fatty acids, and flavonoids, in the development and pathogenesis of MS. We also discuss new and emerging risk factors accompanying Western lifestyle, such as shift work, sleep, and circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Matveeva
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F J Bogie
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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98
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T Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 341:125-168. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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99
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Kang K, Chung J, Yang J, Kim H. Current Perspectives on Emerging CAR-Treg Cell Therapy: Based on Treg Cell Therapy in Clinical Trials and the Recent Approval of CAR-T Cell Therapy. KOREAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION 2017. [DOI: 10.4285/jkstn.2017.31.4.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koeun Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeseok Yang
- Transplantation Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyori Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Wang J, Qi Y, Niu X, Tang H, Meydani SN, Wu D. Dietary naringenin supplementation attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by modulating autoimmune inflammatory responses in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 54:130-139. [PMID: 29331869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune disease is highly prevalent in humans. Since conventional therapies have limited efficacy and often come with significant side effects, nutrition may provide an alternative and complementary approach to improving autoimmune disorders. Naringenin, a flavonoid found in citrus fruits, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a rodent model of human multiple sclerosis, we determined the effect of dietary naringenin (0.5%) on autoimmune disease. We found that naringenin reduced the incidence, delayed the onset, and attenuated the symptoms of EAE, which were accompanied by reduced immune cell infiltration and demyelination in the spinal cord. Additionally, the pro-inflammatory CD4+ T cell subsets Th1, Th9, and Th17 cells together with their respective transcription factors T-bet, PU.1, and RORγt were reduced in both the central nervous system (CNS) and lymph nodes of EAE mice fed naringenin while no difference was found in Th2 and regulatory T cell (Treg) populations in either CNS or lymph nodes between the two groups. We further showed that pathologic T cell proliferation induced by ex vivo re-stimulation with MOG35-55 and proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were lower in naringenin-fed mice than in the control mice. Additionally, we found that naringenin treatment inhibited mRNA expression of CXCL10 (Th1 recruiting chemokine), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and VLA-4 (VCAM-1 ligand) in the CNS of EAE mice. Altogether, these results indicate that naringenin may have a potential to ameliorate autoimmune disease by favorably modulating autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Wang
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston 02111, USA; Institute of Infection and Immunity of Huaihe Clinical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ying Qi
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston 02111, USA; Tianjin Life Science Research Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinli Niu
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston 02111, USA; College of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Simin Nikbin Meydani
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston 02111, USA
| | - Dayong Wu
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston 02111, USA.
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