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Piovezan RD, Abucham J, dos Santos RVT, Mello MT, Tufik S, Poyares D. The impact of sleep on age-related sarcopenia: Possible connections and clinical implications. Ageing Res Rev 2015. [PMID: 26216211 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a geriatric condition that comprises declined skeletal muscle mass, strength and function, leading to the risk of multiple adverse outcomes, including death. Its pathophysiology involves neuroendocrine and inflammatory factors, unfavorable nutritional habits and low physical activity. Sleep may play a role in muscle protein metabolism, although this hypothesis has not been studied extensively. Reductions in duration and quality of sleep and increases in prevalence of circadian rhythm and sleep disorders with age favor proteolysis, modify body composition and increase the risk of insulin resistance, all of which have been associated with sarcopenia. Data on the effects of age-related slow-wave sleep decline, circadian rhythm disruptions and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA), hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG), somatotropic axes, and glucose metabolism indicate that sleep disorder interventions may affect muscle loss. Recent research associating OSA with the risk of conditions closely related to the sarcopenia process, such as frailty and sleep quality impairment, indirectly suggest that sleep can influence skeletal muscle decline in the elderly. Several protein synthesis and degradation pathways are mediated by growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), testosterone, cortisol and insulin, which act on the cellular and molecular levels to increase or reestablish muscle fiber, strength and function. Age-related sleep problems potentially interfere intracellularly by inhibiting anabolic hormone cascades and enhancing catabolic pathways in the skeletal muscle. Specific physical exercises combined or not with nutritional recommendations are the current treatment options for sarcopenia. Clinical studies testing exogenous administration of anabolic hormones have not yielded adequate safety profiles. Therapeutic approaches targeting sleep disturbances to normalize circadian rhythms and sleep homeostasis may represent a novel strategy to preserve or recover muscle health in older adults. Promising research results regarding the associations between sleep variables and sarcopenia biomarkers and clinical parameters are required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Mônico-Neto M, Antunes HKM, Lee KS, Phillips SM, Giampá SQDC, Souza HDS, Dáttilo M, Medeiros A, de Moraes WM, Tufik S, de Mello MT. Resistance training minimizes catabolic effects induced by sleep deprivation in rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:1143-50. [PMID: 26513007 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) can induce muscle atrophy. We aimed to investigate the changes underpinning SD-induced muscle atrophy and the impact of this condition on rats that were previously submitted to resistance training (RT). Adult male Wistar EPM-1 rats were randomly allocated into 1 of 5 groups: control, sham, SD (for 96 h), RT, and RT+SD. The major outcomes of this study were muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), anabolic and catabolic hormone profiles, and the abundance of select proteins involved in muscle protein synthesis and degradation pathways. SD resulted in muscle atrophy; however, when SD was combined with RT, the reduction in muscle fiber CSA was attenuated. The levels of IGF-1 and testosterone were reduced in SD animals, and the RT+SD group had higher levels of these hormones than the SD group. Corticosterone was increased in the SD group compared with the control group, and this increase was minimized in the RT+SD group. The increases in corticosterone concentrations paralleled changes in the abundance of ubiquitinated proteins and the autophagic proteins LC3 and p62/SQSTM1, suggesting that corticosterone may trigger these changes. SD induced weight loss, but this loss was minimized in the RT+SD group. We conclude that SD induced muscle atrophy, probably because of the increased corticosterone and catabolic signal. High-intensity RT performed before SD was beneficial in containing muscle loss induced by SD. It also minimized the catabolic signal and increased synthetic activity, thereby minimizing the body's weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Mônico-Neto
- a Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,b Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Fisiologia e Exercício, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hanna Karen Moreira Antunes
- b Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Fisiologia e Exercício, São Paulo, Brazil.,c Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Kil Sun Lee
- d Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- e Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sara Quaglia de Campos Giampá
- b Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Fisiologia e Exercício, São Paulo, Brazil.,c Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Helton de Sá Souza
- a Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,b Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Fisiologia e Exercício, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo Dáttilo
- a Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,b Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Fisiologia e Exercício, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Medeiros
- c Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Tufik
- a Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- a Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,f School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Venancio DP, Suchecki D. Prolonged REM sleep restriction induces metabolic syndrome-related changes: Mediation by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 47:109-17. [PMID: 25532784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic sleep restriction in human beings results in metabolic abnormalities, including changes in the control of glucose homeostasis, increased body mass and risk of cardiovascular disease. In rats, 96h of REM sleep deprivation increases caloric intake, but retards body weight gain. Moreover, this procedure increases the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which may be involved with the molecular mechanism proposed to mediate insulin resistance. The goal of the present study was to assess the effects of a chronic protocol of sleep restriction on parameters of energy balance (food intake and body weight), leptin plasma levels and its hypothalamic receptors and mediators of the immune system in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RPAT). Thirty-four Wistar rats were distributed in control (CTL) and sleep restriction groups; the latter was kept onto individual narrow platforms immersed in water for 18h/day (from 16:00h to 10:00h), for 21days (SR21). Food intake was assessed daily, after each sleep restriction period and body weight was measured daily, after the animals were taken from the sleep deprivation chambers. At the end of the 21day of sleep restriction, rats were decapitated and RPAT was obtained for morphological and immune functional assays and expression of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) was assessed in skeletal muscle. Another subset of animals was used to evaluate blood glucose clearance. The results replicated previous findings on energy balance, e.g., increased food intake and reduced body weight gain. There was a significant reduction of RPAT mass (p<0.001), of leptin plasma levels and hypothalamic leptin receptors. Conversely, increased levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and expression of phosphorylated NFκ-β in the RPAT of SR21 compared to CTL rats (p<0.01, for all parameters). SR21 rats also displayed reduced glucose clearance and IRS-1 expression than CTL rats (p<0.01). The present results indicated that 21days of sleep restriction by the platform method induced metabolic syndrome-related alterations that may be mediated by inflammation of the RPAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paulino Venancio
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Periasamy S, Hsu DZ, Fu YH, Liu MY. Sleep deprivation-induced multi-organ injury: role of oxidative stress and inflammation. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:672-83. [PMID: 26648820 PMCID: PMC4669910 DOI: 10.17179/excli2015-245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation affects all aspects of health. Adverse health effects by sleep deviation are still underestimated and undervalued in clinical practice and, to a much greater extent in monitoring human health. We hypothesized that sleep deprivation-induced mild organ injuries; oxidative stress and inflammation might play a crucial role in inducing multi-organ injury. Male C57BL/6J mice (n = 6-7) were sleep-deprived for 0-72 h using a modified multiple platform boxes method. Blood and tissue were collected. Liver, heart, kidney, lung, and pancreatic injuries were evaluated using biochemical and histological analyses. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), total billirubin (TBIL), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), creatine phosphokinase-myocardial band (CKMB), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine (CRE), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were assayed in blood. Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 levels were measured. Histology revealed mild-to-moderate liver and lung injury in sleep-deprived mice. Sleep-deprived mice had significantly higher GOT, GPT, TBIL, CPK, CKMB, LDH, BUN, and α-amylase (AMYL) levels, which indicated liver, heart, kidney, and pancreatic injuries. Serum IL-1β at 24 h and IL-6 at 72 h were significantly higher in sleep-deprived than in control mice. Hepatic TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly higher, but IL-6 significantly lower in mice that had been sleep-deprived for 72 h. Sleep deprivation-mediated inflammation may be associated with mild to moderate multi-organ damage in mice. The implication of this study indicates sleep deprivation in humans may induce multi-organ injury that negatively affects cardiovascular and gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Periasamy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan
| | - Dur-Zong Hsu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Fu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yie Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan
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Tokizawa K, Sawada SI, Tai T, Lu J, Oka T, Yasuda A, Takahashi M. Effects of partial sleep restriction and subsequent daytime napping on prolonged exertional heat strain. Occup Environ Med 2015; 72:521-8. [PMID: 25907211 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is considered that sleep restriction is one of the risk factors for the development of exertional heat stroke and illness. However, how sleep restriction affects exertional heat strain and the nature of the coping strategy involved in this phenomenon remain unclear. METHODS Fourteen healthy subjects were studied on four occasions: after a night of normal sleep (NS, 7-8 h) and after a night of partial sleep restriction (PSR, 4 h), each with or without taking a daytime nap during the subsequent experimental day. The laboratory test consisted of two 40 min periods of moderate walking in a hot room in the morning and the afternoon. RESULTS The increase in rectal temperature during walking was significantly greater in PSR than in NS in the afternoon. The rating scores for physical and psychological fatigue and sleepiness were significantly greater in PSR than in NS, both in the morning and in the afternoon. The reaction times and lapses in the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) after walking were significantly worse in PSR than in NS in the morning and after lunch. The nap intervention attenuated significantly the scores for fatigue and sleepiness in PSR. Furthermore, the decreased PVT response in PSR was significantly reversed by the nap. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PSR augments physiological and psychological strain and reduces vigilance in the heat. Taking a nap seemed to be effective in reducing psychological strain and inhibiting the decrease in vigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Tokizawa
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sawada
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Tai
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jian Lu
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Oka
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akinori Yasuda
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaya Takahashi
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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de Oliveira EM, Visniauskas B, Sandri S, Migliorini S, Andersen ML, Tufik S, Fock RA, Chagas JR, Campa A. Late effects of sleep restriction: Potentiating weight gain and insulin resistance arising from a high-fat diet in mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:391-8. [PMID: 25557274 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological studies show the association of sleep restriction (SR) with obesity and insulin resistance. Experimental studies are limited to the concurrent or short-term effects of SR. Here, we examined the late effects of SR regarding weight gain and metabolic alterations induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a multiple platform method of SR for 15 days, 21 h daily, followed by 6 weeks of a 30% HFD. RESULTS Just after SR, serum insulin and resistin concentrations were increased and glycerol content decreased. In addition, resistin, TNF-α, and IL-6 mRNA expression were notably increased in epididymal fat. At the end of the HFD period, mice previously submitted to SR gained more weight (32.3 ± 1.0 vs. 29.4 ± 0.7 g) with increased subcutaneous fat mass, had increments in the expression of the adipogenic genes PPARγ, C/EBPα, and C/EBPβ, and had macrophage infiltration in the epididymal adipose tissue. Furthermore, enhanced glucose tolerance and insulin resistance were also observed. CONCLUSIONS The consequences of SR may last for a long period, characterizing SR as a predisposing factor for weight gain and insulin resistance. Metabolic changes during SR seem to prime adipose tissue, aggravating the harmful effects of diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Mendes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rodrigues NC, da Cruz NS, de Paula Nascimento C, da Conceição RR, da Silva ACM, Olivares EL, Marassi MP. Sleep deprivation alters thyroid hormone economy in rats. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:193-202. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.083303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nayana Coutinho Rodrigues
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences; Department of Physiological Sciences; Institute of Biology; Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro; Seropedica Brazil
| | - Natália Santos da Cruz
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences; Department of Physiological Sciences; Institute of Biology; Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro; Seropedica Brazil
| | - Cristine de Paula Nascimento
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences; Department of Physiological Sciences; Institute of Biology; Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro; Seropedica Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rodrigues da Conceição
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences; Department of Physiological Sciences; Institute of Biology; Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro; Seropedica Brazil
| | - Alba Cenélia Matos da Silva
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences; Department of Physiological Sciences; Institute of Biology; Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro; Seropedica Brazil
| | - Emerson Lopes Olivares
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences; Department of Physiological Sciences; Institute of Biology; Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro; Seropedica Brazil
| | - Michelle Porto Marassi
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences; Department of Physiological Sciences; Institute of Biology; Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro; Seropedica Brazil
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58
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Mônico-Neto M, Giampá SQDC, Lee KS, de Melo CM, Souza HDS, Dáttilo M, Minali PA, Santos Prado PH, Tufik S, de Mello MT, Antunes HKM. Negative energy balance induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation causes multicompartmental changes in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:908159. [PMID: 25821467 PMCID: PMC4364052 DOI: 10.1155/2015/908159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Describe multicompartmental changes in the fat and various muscle fiber types, as well as the hormonal profile and metabolic rate induced by SD in rats. Methods. Twenty adult male Wistar rats were equally distributed into two groups: experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). The EG was submitted to SD for 96 h. Blood levels of corticosterone (CORT), total testosterone (TESTO), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) were used to assess the catabolic environment. Muscle trophism was measured using a cross-sectional area of various muscles (glycolytic, mixed, and oxidative), and lipolysis was inferred by the weight of fat depots from various locations, such as subcutaneous, retroperitoneal, and epididymal. The metabolic rate was measured using oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O2) measurement. Results. SD increased CORT levels and decreased TESTO, IGF-1, and T4. All fat depots were reduced in weight after SD. Glycolytic and mixed muscles showed atrophy, whereas atrophy was not observed in oxidative muscle. Conclusion. Our data suggest that glycolytic muscle fibers are more sensitive to atrophy than oxidative fibers during SD and that fat depots are reduced regardless of their location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Mônico-Neto
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sara Quaglia de Campos Giampá
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, 11015-020 Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Kil Sun Lee
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Maria de Melo
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helton de Sá Souza
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Murilo Dáttilo
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Alexandre Minali
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Santos Prado
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, 11015-020 Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hanna Karen Moreira Antunes
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, 11015-020 Santos, SP, Brazil
- *Hanna Karen Moreira Antunes:
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The energy allocation function of sleep: A unifying theory of sleep, torpor, and continuous wakefulness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:122-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Moraes DA, Venancio DP, Suchecki D. Sleep deprivation alters energy homeostasis through non-compensatory alterations in hypothalamic insulin receptors in Wistar rats. Horm Behav 2014; 66:705-12. [PMID: 25304978 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown a gradual reduction of sleep time in the general population, accompanied by increased food intake, representing a risk for developing obesity, type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Rats subjected to paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) exhibit feeding and metabolic alterations, both of which are regulated by the communication between peripheral signals and the hypothalamus. This study aimed to investigate the daily change of 96 h of PSD-induced food intake, body weight, blood glucose, plasma insulin and leptin concentrations and the expression of their receptors in the hypothalamus of Wistar rats. Food intake was assessed during the light and dark phases and was progressively increased in sleep-deprived animals, during the light phase. PSD produced body weight loss, particularly on the first day, and decreased plasma insulin and leptin levels, without change in blood glucose levels. Reduced leptin levels were compensated by increased expression of leptin receptors in the hypothalamus, whereas no compensations occurred in insulin receptors. The present results on body weight loss and increased food intake replicate previous studies from our group. The fact that reduced insulin levels did not lead to compensatory changes in hypothalamic insulin receptors, suggests that this hormone may be, at least in part, responsible for PSD-induced dysregulation in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deborah Suchecki
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Siran R, Ahmad AH, Abdul Aziz CB, Ismail Z. REM sleep deprivation induces changes of Down Regulatory Antagonist Modulator (DREAM) expression in the ventrobasal thalamic nuclei of Sprague–Dawley rats. J Physiol Biochem 2014; 70:877-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-014-0356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Wodarski R, Schuh-Hofer S, Yurek DA, Wafford KA, Gilmour G, Treede RD, Kennedy JD. Development and pharmacological characterization of a model of sleep disruption-induced hypersensitivity in the rat. Eur J Pain 2014; 19:554-66. [PMID: 25195796 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbance is a commonly reported co-morbidity in chronic pain patients, and conversely, disruption of sleep can cause acute and long-lasting hypersensitivity to painful stimuli. The underlying mechanisms of sleep disruption-induced pain hypersensitivity are poorly understood. Confounding factors of previous studies have been the sleep disruption protocols, such as the 'pedestal over water' or 'inverted flower pot' methods, that can cause large stress responses and therefore may significantly affect pain outcome measures. METHODS Sleep disruption was induced by placing rats for 8 h in a slowly rotating cylindrical cage causing arousal via the righting reflex. Mechanical (Von Frey filaments) and thermal (Hargreaves) nociceptive thresholds were assessed, and plasma corticosterone levels were measured (mass spectroscopy). Sleep disruption-induced hypersensitivity was pharmacologically characterized with drugs relevant for pain treatment, including gabapentin (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg), Ica-6p (Kv7.2/7.3 potassium channel opener; 10 mg/kg), ibuprofen (30 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (10 mg/kg). RESULTS Eight hours of sleep disruption caused robust mechanical and heat hypersensitivity in the absence of a measurable change in plasma corticosterone levels. Gabapentin had no effect on reduced nociceptive thresholds. Ibuprofen attenuated mechanical thresholds, while Ica-6p and amitriptyline attenuated only reduced thermal nociceptive thresholds. CONCLUSIONS These results show that acute and low-stress sleep disruption causes mechanical and heat hypersensitivity in rats. Mechanical and heat hypersensitivity exhibited differential sensitivity to pharmacological agents, thus suggesting dissociable mechanisms for those two modalities. Ultimately, this model could help identify underlying mechanisms linking sleep disruption and hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wodarski
- Eli Lilly & Company, Neuroscience Discovery, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK
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63
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Page GG, Opp MR, Kozachik SL. Reduced sleep, stress responsivity, and female sex contribute to persistent inflammation-induced mechanical hypersensitivity in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 40:244-51. [PMID: 24594386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in humans suggest that female sex, reduced sleep opportunities and biological stress responsivity increase risk for developing persistent pain conditions. To investigate the relative contribution of these three factors to persistent pain, we employed the Sciatic Inflammatory Neuritis (SIN) model of repeated left sciatic perineurial exposures to zymosan, an inflammatory stimulus, to determine their impact upon the development of persistent mechanical hypersensitivity. Following an initial moderate insult, a very low zymosan dose was infused daily for eight days to model a sub-threshold inflammatory perturbation to which only susceptible animals would manifest or maintain mechanical hypersensitivity. Using Sprague Dawley rats, maintaining wakefulness throughout the first one-half of the 12-h light phase resulted in a bilateral reduction in paw withdrawal thresholds (PWTs); zymosan infusion reduced ipsilateral PWTs in all animals and contralateral PWTs only in females. This sex difference was validated in Fischer 344, Lewis and Sprague Dawley rats, suggesting that females are the more susceptible phenotype for both local and centrally driven responses to repeated low-level inflammatory perturbations. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyporesponsive Lewis rats exhibited the most robust development of mechanical hypersensitivity and HPA axis hyperresponsive Fischer 344 rats matched the Lewis rats' mechanical hypersensitivity throughout the latter four days of the protocol. If HPA axis phenotype does indeed influence these findings, the more balanced responsivity of Sprague Dawley rats would seem to promote resilience in this paradigm. Taken together, these findings are consistent with what is known regarding persistent pain development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle G Page
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, 525 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| | - Mark R Opp
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Ave, Box #359724, Seattle, WA 98104, United States.
| | - Sharon L Kozachik
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, 525 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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Prolonged sleep fragmentation of mice exacerbates febrile responses to lipopolysaccharide. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 219:104-12. [PMID: 23872243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disruption is a frequent occurrence in modern society. Whereas many studies have focused on the consequences of total sleep deprivation, few have investigated the condition of sleep disruption. NEW METHOD We disrupted sleep of mice during the light period for 9 consecutive days using an intermittently rotating disc. RESULTS Electroencephalogram (EEG) data demonstrated that non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep was severely fragmented and REM sleep was essentially abolished during the 12h light period. During the dark period, when sleep was not disrupted, neither NREM sleep nor REM sleep times differed from control values. Analysis of the EEG revealed a trend for increased power in the peak frequency of the NREM EEG spectra during the dark period. The fragmentation protocol was not overly stressful as body weights and water consumption remained unchanged, and plasma corticosterone did not differ between mice subjected to 3 or 9 days of sleep disruption and home cage controls. However, mice subjected to 9 days of sleep disruption by this method responded to lipopolysaccharide with an exacerbated febrile response. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Existing methods to disrupt sleep of laboratory rodents often subject the animal to excessive locomotion, vibration, or sudden movements. This method does not suffer from any of these confounds. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that prolonged sleep disruption of mice exacerbates febrile responses to lipopolysaccharide. This device provides a method to determine mechanisms by which chronic insufficient sleep contributes to the etiology of many pathologies, particularly those with an inflammatory component.
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Schwean-Lardner K, Fancher BI, Classen HL. Impact of daylength on the productivity of two commercial broiler strains. Br Poult Sci 2012; 53:7-18. [PMID: 22404800 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.659652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The impact of daylength on productivity in male and female broilers of two genotypes was studied in two replicated experiments. In each experiment, four lighting programs (14L:10D (14L), 17L:7D (17L), 20L:4D (20L) and 23L:1D (23L)) were used to study the relationships between productivity and daylength in two genotypes and both genders. 2. General Linear Model analysis was used to test for differences in daylength, genotype, gender and their interactions, and regression analysis to define relationships between productivity and daylength in experiment one and daylength differences in experiment two. 3. In experiment one, body weights at d 32 (P = 0·002) and d 39 (P = 0·011) were related in a quadratic fashion to daylength, with the heaviest birds raised under 20L. The growth curve at d 49 was similar in shape, and body weights under both 17L and 20L were significantly higher than under 14L and 23L (P < 0·001). In experiment two, data were similar, although the quadratic relationship was not significant. 4. Feed consumption was highest to d 39 or d 49 under 20L, and birds under 23L ate as much (d 39) or less feed (d 49) than under 17L. 5. Gain-to-feed efficiency (FCR) responded in a quadratic fashion, with maximum efficiency observed under the shortest daylength. 6. Mortality increased linearly with daylength for all time periods in both experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schwean-Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, 51 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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66
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Metabolic consequences of chronic sleep restriction in rats: Changes in body weight regulation and energy expenditure. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:322-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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67
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Sleep deprivation alters rat ventral prostate morphology, leading to glandular atrophy: a microscopic study contrasted with the hormonal assays. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:285938. [PMID: 22927719 PMCID: PMC3423984 DOI: 10.1155/2012/285938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of 96 h paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) and 21-day sleep restriction (SR) on prostate morphology using stereological assays in male rats. After euthanasia, the rat ventral prostate was removed, weighed, and prepared for conventional light microscopy. Microscopic analysis of the prostate reveals that morphology of this gland was altered after 96 h of PSD and 21 days of SR, with the most important alterations occurring in the epithelium and stroma in the course of both procedures compared with the control group. Both 96 h PSD and 21-day SR rats showed lower serum testosterone and higher corticosterone levels than control rats. The significance of our result referring to the sleep deprivation was responsible for deep morphological alterations in ventral prostate tissue, like to castration microscopic modifications. This result is due to the marked alterations in hormonal status caused by PSD and SR.
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68
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Leenaars CHC, Kalsbeek A, Hanegraaf MAJ, Foppen E, Joosten RNJMA, Post G, Dematteis M, Feenstra MGP, van Someren EJW. Unaltered instrumental learning and attenuated body-weight gain in rats during non-rotating simulated shiftwork. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:344-55. [PMID: 22390247 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2011.654018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to shiftwork has been associated with multiple health disorders and cognitive impairments in humans. We tested if we could replicate metabolic and cognitive consequences of shiftwork, as reported in humans, in a rat model comparable to 5 wks of non-rotating night shifts. The following hypotheses were addressed: (i) shiftwork enhances body-weight gain, which would indicate metabolic effects; and (ii) shiftwork negatively affects learning of a simple goal-directed behavior, i.e., the association of lever pressing with food reward (instrumental learning), which would indicate cognitive effects. We used a novel method of forced locomotion to model work during the animals' normal resting period. We first show that Wistar rats, indeed, are active throughout a shiftwork protocol. In contrast with previous findings, the shiftwork protocol attenuated the normal weight gain to 76 ± 8 g in 5 wks as compared to 123 ± 15 g in the control group. The discrepancy with previous work may be explained by the concurrent observation that with our shiftwork protocol rats did not adjust their between-work circadian activity pattern. They maintained a normal level of activity during the "off-work" periods. In the control experiment, rats were kept active during the dark period, normally dominated by activity. This demonstrated that forced activity, per se, did not affect body-weight gain (mean ± SEM: 85 ± 11 g over 5 wks as compared to 84 ± 11 g in the control group). Rats were trained on an instrumental learning paradigm during the fifth week of the protocol. All groups showed equivalent increases in lever pressing from the first (3.8 ± .7) to the sixth (21.3 ± 2.4) session, and needed a similar amount of sessions (5.1 ± .3) to reach a learning criterion (≥ 27 out of 30 lever presses). These results suggest that while on prolonged non-rotating shiftwork, not fully reversing the circadian rhythm might actually be beneficial to prevent body-weight gain and cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H C Leenaars
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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69
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Klingenberg L, Sjödin A, Holmbäck U, Astrup A, Chaput JP. Short sleep duration and its association with energy metabolism. Obes Rev 2012; 13:565-77. [PMID: 22440089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.00991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of observational evidence suggests that short sleep duration is a risk factor for the development of obesity. Although increased energy intake is the most prevailing causal explanation for this association, we should also consider possible effects on energy metabolism to understand fully the potential impact of short sleep duration on the regulation of energy balance. We performed a search of the literature from 1970 to 2011, including original papers, investigating the relation between short sleep and energy metabolism in animals and humans. Although the limited number of experimental studies in humans precludes any definitive conclusions about causality, short sleep duration does not seem to substantially affect total daily energy expenditure, nor is there sufficient evidence in support of any meaningful effect of restricted sleep on the specific components of energy metabolism (i.e. resting metabolic rate, intentional as well as unintentional physical activity, diet-induced thermogenesis, and substrate utilization). As studies on rats suggest that other factors that can potentially influence energy metabolism could be affected (i.e. hormonal systems and thermoregulation), we included these factors in our literature search and found some indications in support of an up-regulation of thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids as well as increased heat dissipation following total or severe sleep deficit. Although we found some evidence also in humans that suggests a possible effect on energy metabolism, the limitations of the studies make it difficult to draw conclusions on the effect of short sleep on energy metabolism under relevant free living conditions. To explore this area further, more studies using suitable methodology under relevant conditions to mimic real-life situations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Klingenberg
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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70
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Baud MO, Magistretti PJ, Petit JM. Sustained sleep fragmentation affects brain temperature, food intake and glucose tolerance in mice. J Sleep Res 2012; 22:3-12. [PMID: 22734931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2012.01029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sleep fragmentation is present in numerous sleep pathologies and constitutes a major feature of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. A prevalence of metabolic syndrome, diabetes and obesity has been shown to be associated to obstructive sleep apnea. While sleep fragmentation has been shown to impact sleep homeostasis, its specific effects on metabolic variables are only beginning to emerge. In this context, it is important to develop realistic animal models that would account for chronic metabolic effects of sleep fragmentation. We developed a 14-day model of instrumental sleep fragmentation in mice, and show an impact on both brain-specific and general metabolism. We first report that sleep fragmentation increases food intake without affecting body weight. This imbalance was accompanied by the inability to adequately decrease brain temperature during fragmented sleep. In addition, we report that sleep-fragmented mice develop glucose intolerance. We also observe that sleep fragmentation slightly increases the circadian peak level of glucocorticoids, a factor that may be involved in the observed metabolic effects. Our results confirm that poor-quality sleep with sustained sleep fragmentation has similar effects on general metabolism as actual sleep loss. Altogether, these results strongly suggest that sleep fragmentation is an aggravating factor for the development of metabolic dysfunctions that may be relevant for sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime O Baud
- LNDC, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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72
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Martins PJ, Fernandes L, de Oliveira AC, Tufik S, D'Almeida V. Type of diet modulates the metabolic response to sleep deprivation in rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011; 8:86. [PMID: 22152222 PMCID: PMC3261100 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that sleep loss is associated with an increased risk of obesity and diabetes; however, animal models have failed to produce weight gain under sleep deprivation (SD). Previous studies have suggested that this discrepancy could be due to more extreme SD conditions in experimental animals, their higher resting metabolic rate than that of humans, and the decreased opportunity for animals to ingest high-calorie foods. Thus, our objective was to determine whether diets with different textures/compositions could modify feeding behavior and affect the metabolic repercussions in SD in rats. METHODS Three groups of male rats were used: one was designated as control, one was sleep deprived for 96 h by the platform technique (SD-96h) and one was SD-96h followed by a 24-h recovery (rebound). In the first experiment, the animals were fed chow pellets (CPs); in the second, they received high-fat diet and in the third, they were fed a liquid diet (LD). RESULTS We observed that SD induces energy deficits that were related to changes in feeding behavior and affected by the type of diet consumed. Regardless of the diet consumed, SD consistently increased animals' glucagon levels and decreased their leptin and triacylglycerol levels and liver glycogen stores. However, such changes were mostly avoided in the rats on the liquid diet. SD induces a wide range of metabolic and hormonal changes that are strongly linked to the severity of weight loss. CONCLUSIONS The LD, but not the CP or high-fat diets, favored energy intake, consequently lessening the energy deficit induced by SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Jf Martins
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP/São Paulo - Brazil.
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73
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Barf RP, Desprez T, Meerlo P, Scheurink AJW. Increased food intake and changes in metabolic hormones in response to chronic sleep restriction alternated with short periods of sleep allowance. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 302:R112-7. [PMID: 22012696 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00326.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rodent models for sleep restriction have good face validity when examining food intake and related regulatory metabolic hormones. However, in contrast to epidemiological studies in which sleep restriction is associated with body weight gain, sleep-restricted rats show a decrease in body weight. This difference with the human situation might be caused by the alternation between periods of sleep restriction and sleep allowance that often occur in real life. Therefore, we assessed the metabolic consequences of a chronic sleep restriction protocol that modeled working weeks with restricted sleep time alternated by weekends with sleep allowance. We hypothesized that this protocol could lead to body weight gain. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: sleep restriction (SR), forced activity control (FA), and home cage control (HC). SR rats were subjected to chronic sleep restriction by keeping them awake for 20 h per day in slowly rotating drums. To model the human condition, rats were subjected to a 4-wk protocol, with each week consisting of a 5-day period of sleep restriction followed by a 2-day period of sleep allowance. During the first experimental week, SR caused a clear attenuation of growth. In subsequent weeks, two important processes occurred: 1) a remarkable increase in food intake during SR days, 2) an increase in weight gain during the weekends of sleep allowance, even though food intake during those days was comparable to controls. In conclusion, our data revealed that the alternation between periods of sleep restriction and sleep allowance leads to complex changes in food intake and body weight, that prevent the weight loss normally seen in continuous sleep-restricted rats. Therefore, this "week-weekend" protocol may be a better model to study the metabolic consequences of restricted sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Paulien Barf
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Center for Behavior and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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74
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Shimizu N, Chikahisa S, Kitaoka K, Nishino S, Séi H. Refeeding after a 24-hour fasting deepens NREM sleep in a time-dependent manner. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:480-7. [PMID: 21605579 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sleep/wake cycle is regulated by a variety of neuropeptides in the hypothalamus, a brain region that also regulates energy homeostasis and feeding behavior. Since circadian rhythms are affected by energy metabolism and feeding condition, we investigated whether changes in feeding regimen would influence sleep/wake parameters and body temperature. We monitored sleep and body temperature across three days of baseline (day 1), fasting (day 2), and refeeding (day 3) conditions under ordinary ambient temperature and employed different refeeding schedules. Refeeding at ZT1 following the 24-h fasting enhanced EEG delta power in NREM sleep. However, when the time of refeeding was set at either ZT7 or ZT12, the enhancement of EEG delta power was attenuated. The amount of NREM sleep was not largely affected by a 24-h fasting started at ZT1, although fasting that started at ZT12 changed the temporal distribution of NREM sleep. Hypothalamic nNOS mRNA level was increased both before and after refeeding at ZT1 compared with control condition, while there was no significant change in mice refed at ZT7. Level of NPY mRNA in the arcuate nucleus was increased before the refeeding only at ZT1. These results suggest that refeeding after a 24-h fasting makes NREM sleep deeper in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Shimizu
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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75
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Dattilo M, Antunes HKM, Medeiros A, Mônico Neto M, Souza HS, Tufik S, de Mello MT. Sleep and muscle recovery: endocrinological and molecular basis for a new and promising hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:220-2. [PMID: 21550729 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is essential for the cellular, organic and systemic functions of an organism, with its absence being potentially harmful to health and changing feeding behavior, glucose regulation, blood pressure, cognitive processes and some hormonal axes. Among the hormonal changes, there is an increase in cortisol (humans) and corticosterone (rats) secretion, and a reduction in testosterone and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1, favoring the establishment of a highly proteolytic environment. Consequently, we hypothesized that sleep debt decreases the activity of protein synthesis pathways and increases the activity of degradation pathways, favoring the loss of muscle mass and thus hindering muscle recovery after damage induced by exercise, injuries and certain conditions associated with muscle atrophy, such as sarcopenia and cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dattilo
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, São Paulo, Brazil
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76
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Süer C, Dolu N, Artis AS, Sahin L, Yilmaz A, Cetin A. The effects of long-term sleep deprivation on the long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus and brain oxidation status in rats. Neurosci Res 2011; 70:71-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Leenaars CH, Dematteis M, Joosten RN, Eggels L, Sandberg H, Schirris M, Feenstra MG, Van Someren EJ. A new automated method for rat sleep deprivation with minimal confounding effects on corticosterone and locomotor activity. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 196:107-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Esumi LA, Palma BD, Gomes VL, Tufik S, Hipólide DC. Inflammatory markers are associated with inhibitory avoidance memory deficit induced by sleep deprivation in rats. Behav Brain Res 2011; 221:7-12. [PMID: 21356250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) causes detrimental effects to the body, such as memory impairment and weight loss. SD also changes the concentration of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, which, in turn, can affect cognitive functioning. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of these inflammatory mediators in inhibitory avoidance memory deficit in sleep-deprived rats. Male Wistar rats were deprived of sleep by the modified multiple platform method for 96 h, while their respective controls remained in their housing cages. To assess memory after SD, all animals underwent training, followed by the inhibitory avoidance task test 24h later. Also, the weight of each animal was recorded daily. In the first experiment, animals received an acute administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 or 75 μg/kg i.p.) 3h before the inhibitory avoidance training. In the experiment 2, the animals received acute or chronic administration of anti-IL-6 antibody (Ab, 2 μg/kg i.p.). The acute administration was performed 3h before the inhibitory avoidance training, while the chronic treatment administrations were performed daily during the SD period. The 75 μg/kg dose of LPS, but not the 50 μg/kg dose, caused a significant attenuation of memory impairment in the sleep-deprived animals. Although the treatments with the anti-IL-6 Ab did not produce any significant changes in cognitive performance, the Ab attenuated weight loss in sleep-deprived animals. Taken together, these results suggest the involvement of inflammatory mediators in the modulation of memory deficit and weight loss that are observed in sleep-deprived rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Esumi
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paula, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, São Paulo, Brazil
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79
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Calegare BFA, Fernandes L, Tufik S, D'Almeida V. Biochemical, biometrical and behavioral changes in male offspring of sleep-deprived mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35:775-84. [PMID: 19962833 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest a high prevalence of cognitive impairment and social behavior deficits in adolescents and adults that have experienced prenatal exposure to adverse conditions. This study investigated whether sleep deprivation during the pre-implantation stage of development alters the physiological, behavioral and oxidative metabolic processes in adult male mouse offspring. One group of dams was continuously sleep-deprived using the platform technique from gestational days 0 to 3 (PSD 72). Three additional groups were sleep-deprived by gentle handling for 6h on gestational days 1 (GH 1), 2 (GH 2) or 3 (GH 3). After sleep deprivation, homocysteine, cysteine, corticosterone, estrogen and progesterone concentrations were measured from the experimental mothers and time-matched controls. The sizes and weights of the male pups were measured at various stages throughout the experiment. At PND 90, behavioral (Activity Box and Elevated Plus Maze) and biochemical parameters were assessed. The dams' plasma progesterone concentrations decreased in the PSD 72 group, and the levels of plasma estradiol increased in GH 2. Corticosterone levels were found to increase after all sleep-deprivation procedures. Homocysteine concentrations increased in the GH 2 but decreased in the PSD 72 group. The offspring of GH 1 mothers exhibited decreased superoxide dismutase activity. Exposure to sleep deprivation had a long-lasting impact on tissue weight; in particular, there was a decrease in hemilateral epididymal fat weight in mature animals from the PSD 72 group. Although some of the alterations observed in the mothers (elevated estrogen and corticosterone levels and decreased progesterone) might have played a role in the permanent alterations in the adult offspring, they were not the main cause. The homocysteine changes detected in the sleep-deprived dams may contribute to redox changes, controlling gene expression and shaping epigenetic development.
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80
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Sharma S, Kavuru M. Sleep and metabolism: an overview. Int J Endocrinol 2010; 2010:270832. [PMID: 20811596 PMCID: PMC2929498 DOI: 10.1155/2010/270832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep and its disorders are increasingly becoming important in our sleep deprived society. Sleep is intricately connected to various hormonal and metabolic processes in the body and is important in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Research shows that sleep deprivation and sleep disorders may have profound metabolic and cardiovascular implications. Sleep deprivation, sleep disordered breathing, and circadian misalignment are believed to cause metabolic dysregulation through myriad pathways involving sympathetic overstimulation, hormonal imbalance, and subclinical inflammation. This paper reviews sleep and metabolism, and how sleep deprivation and sleep disorders may be altering human metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sharma
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, 27834 NC, USA
- *Sunil Sharma:
| | - Mani Kavuru
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, 27834 NC, USA
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81
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Galvão MDOL, Sinigaglia-Coimbra R, Kawakami SE, Tufik S, Suchecki D. Paradoxical sleep deprivation activates hypothalamic nuclei that regulate food intake and stress response. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:1176-83. [PMID: 19346078 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence has shown that prolonged paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) results in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, and in loss of body weight despite an apparent increase of food intake, reflecting increased energy expenditure. The flowerpot technique for PSD is an efficient paradigm for investigating the relationships among metabolic regulation and stress response. The purpose of the present study was to examine the mechanisms involved in the effects of 96 h of PSD on metabolism regulation, feeding behaviour and stress response by studying corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and orexin (ORX) immunoreactivity in specific hypothalamic nuclei. Once-daily assessments of body weight, twice-daily measurements of (spillage-corrected) food intake, and once-daily determinations of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone were made throughout PSD or at corresponding times in control rats (CTL). Immunoreactivity for CRH in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and for ORX in the hypothalamic lateral area was evaluated at the end of the experimental period. PSD resulted in increased diurnal, but not nocturnal, food intake, producing no significant changes in global food intake. PSD augmented the immunoreactivity for CRH and plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels, characterizing activation of the HPA axis. PSD also markedly increased the ORX immunoreactivity. The average plasma level of corticosterone correlated negatively with body weight gain throughout PSD. These results indicate that augmented ORX and CRH immunoreactivity in specific hypothalamic nuclei may underlie some of the metabolic changes consistently described in PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene de Oliveira Lara Galvão
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, São Paulo, SP 04024-002, Brazil
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Tufik S, Andersen ML, Bittencourt LRA, Mello MTD. Paradoxical sleep deprivation: neurochemical, hormonal and behavioral alterations. Evidence from 30 years of research. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2009; 81:521-38. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep comprises approximately one-third of a person's lifetime, but its impact on health and medical conditions remains partially unrecognized. The prevalence of sleep disorders is increasing in modern societies, with significant repercussions on people's well-being. This article reviews past and current literature on the paradoxical sleep deprivation method as well as data on its consequences to animals, ranging from behavioral changes to alterations in the gene expression. More specifically, we highlight relevant experimental studies and our group's contribution over the last three decades.
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To what extent is sleep rebound effective in reversing the effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation on gene expression in the brain? Behav Brain Res 2009; 201:53-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jaiswal MK, Mallick BN. Prazosin modulates rapid eye movement sleep deprivation-induced changes in body temperature in rats. J Sleep Res 2009; 18:349-56. [PMID: 19552734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (REMSD) causes hypothermia and death; however, the effect of deprivation within 24 h and its mechanism(s) of action were unknown. Based on existing reports we argued that REMSD should, at least initially, induce hyperthermia and the death upon prolonged deprivation could be due to persistent hypothermia. We proposed that noradrenaline (NA), which modulates body temperature and is increased upon REMSD, may be involved in REMSD- associated body temperature changes. Adult male Wistar rats were REM sleep deprived for 6-9 days by the classical flower pot method; suitable free moving, large platform and recovery controls were carried out. The rectal temperature (Trec) was recorded every minute for 1 h, or once daily, or before and after i.p. injection of prazosin, an alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist. The Trec was indeed elevated within 24 h of REMSD which decreased steadily, despite continuation of deprivation. Prazosin injection into the deprived rats reduced the Trec within 30 min, and the duration of effect was comparable to its pharmacological half life. The findings have been explained on the basis of REMSD-induced elevated NA level, which has opposite actions on the peripheral and the central nervous systems. We propose that REMSD-associated immediate increase in Trec is due to increased Na-K ATPase as well as metabolic activities and peripheral vasoconstriction. However, upon prolonged deprivation, probably the persistent effect of NA on the central thermoregulatory sites induced sustained hypothermia, which if remained uncontrolled, results in death. Thus, our findings suggest that peripheral prazosin injection in REMSD would not bring the body temperature to normal, rather might become counterproductive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Jaiswal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
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85
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Gottschlich MM, Khoury J, Warden GD, Kagan RJ. An evaluation of the neuroendocrine response to sleep in pediatric burn patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009; 33:317-26. [PMID: 19223527 DOI: 10.1177/0148607108325180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous work demonstrated reduced stage 3+4 and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep following burn injury. This study evaluated the hormonal effects of drug intervention on measures of endocrine status. A secondary objective examined the relationship between hormones and sleep stage distribution. METHODS Forty patients 3-18 years of age with a mean percent total body surface area burn of 50.1 +/- 2.9 were randomly assigned to zolpidem or haloperidol utilizing a blinded crossover design. Polysomnography was performed 6 nights, 3/week over 2 weeks. Each week's first night of monitoring was conducted without medication, serving as a baseline. Hormonal levels (epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, melatonin, dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA], serotonin, cortisol) were obtained at 0600 h each study day. RESULTS Both drugs were associated with increased DHEA levels (P < .03); no other hormones were affected by medication. Significant inverse correlation was observed between REM sleep and epinephrine (r = -.34, P = .004) and norepinephrine levels (r = -.45, P = .02). A positive relationship existed between serotonin and sleep stage 3+4 (r = 0.24, P = .01) and REM (r = 0.48, P = .01). No other significant associations were identified between hormones and sleep. CONCLUSIONS This work characterizes the relationship between sleep deprivation and select endocrine parameters postburn. Drug interventions utilized in this study were either ineffective or insufficient in modulating improved hormonal response. Significance of zolpidem's and haloperidol's effect on serum levels of DHEA is unclear. The inverse correlation of epinephrine with REM may suggest that hypermetabolism associated with burns is partly due to lack of REM sleep. Questions remain regarding the effects of sleep deprivation on metabolism and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Gottschlich
- Department of Nutrition, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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de Mattos ABM, Pinto MJS, Oliveira C, Biz C, Ribeiro EB, do Nascimento CMO, Andersen ML, Tufik S, Oyama LM. Dietary fish oil did not prevent sleep deprived rats from a reduction in adipose tissue adiponectin gene expression. Lipids Health Dis 2008; 7:43. [PMID: 18986529 PMCID: PMC2613381 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-7-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation in humans has been related to weight gain and consequently, increased risk for insulin resistance. In contrast, there is a significant loss of weight in sleep deprived rats suggesting a state of insulin resistance without obesity interference. Thus, we aimed to assess the effects of a rich fish oil dietetic intervention on glucose tolerance, serum insulin and adiponectin, and adipose tissue gene expression of adiponectin and TNF-α of paradoxically sleep deprived (PSD) rats. The study was performed in thirty day-old male Wistar randomly assigned into two groups: rats fed with control diet (soybean oil as source of fat) and rats fed with a fish oil rich diet. After 45 days of treatment, the animals were submitted to PSD or maintained as home cage control group for 96 h. Body weight and food intake were carefully monitored in all groups. At the end of PSD period, a glucose tolerance test was performed and the total blood and adipose tissues were collected. Serum insulin and adiponectin were analyzed. Adipose tissues were used for RT-PCR to estimate the gene expression of adiponectin and TNF-α. Results showed that although fish oil diet did not exert any effect upon these measurements, PSD induced a reduction in adiponectin gene expression of retroperitoneal adipose tissues, with no change in serum adiponectin concentration or in adiponectin and TNF-α gene expression of epididymal adipose tissue. Thus, the stress induced by sleep deprivation lead to a desbalance of adiponectin gene expression.
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87
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Tiba PA, Oliveira MGDM, Rossi VC, Tufik S, Suchecki D. Glucocorticoids are not responsible for paradoxical sleep deprivation-induced memory impairments. Sleep 2008; 31:505-15. [PMID: 18457238 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/31.4.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether paradoxical sleep deprivation-induced memory impairments are due to release of glucocorticoids, by means of corticosterone inhibition with metyrapone. DESIGN The design was a 2 (Groups [control, paradoxical sleep-deprived]) x 2 (Treatments [vehicle, metyrapone]) study, performed in 2 experiments: Acute treatment (single injection given immediately after 96 hours of sleep deprivation) and chronic treatment (8 injections, twice per day, throughout the sleep-deprivation period). Animals were either paradoxical sleep-deprived or remained in their home cages for 96 hours before training in contextual fear conditioning and received intraperitoneal injections of a corticosterone synthesis inhibitor, metyrapone. Memory performance was tested 24 hours after training. SUBJECTS Three-month old Wistar male rats. MEASUREMENTS Freezing behavior was considered as the conditioning index, and adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone plasma levels were determined from trunk blood of animals sacrificed in different time points. Animals were weighed before and after the paradoxical sleep-deprivation period. RESULTS Acute metyrapone treatment impaired memory in control animals and did not prevent paradoxical sleep deprivation-induced memory impairment. Likewise, in the chronic treatment, paradoxical sleep-deprived animals did not differ from control rats in their corticosterone or adrenocorticotropic hormone response to training, but still did not learn as well, and did not show any stress responses to the testing. Chronic metyrapone was, however, effective in preventing the weight loss typically observed in paradoxical sleep-deprived animals. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that glucocorticoids do not mediate memory impairments but might be responsible for the weight loss induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ayako Tiba
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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88
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Meerlo P, Sgoifo A, Suchecki D. Restricted and disrupted sleep: Effects on autonomic function, neuroendocrine stress systems and stress responsivity. Sleep Med Rev 2008; 12:197-210. [PMID: 18222099 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Meerlo
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Behavior and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
A privação do sono é a remoção ou supressão parcial do sono, e esta condição pode causar diversas alterações: endócrinas, metabólicas, físicas, cognitivas, neurais e modificações na arquitetura do sono, que em conjunto comprometem a saúde e a qualidade de vida do sujeito nestas condições. Já o exercício físico praticado regularmente promove benefícios como melhora do aparato cardiovascular, respiratório, endócrino, muscular e humoral, além disso, pode melhorar a qualidade do sono. Entretanto, a associação desses dois parâmetros não tem sido bem explorada, em parte pela dificuldade conseguir voluntários que se submetam a essa condição principalmente sem nenhum tipo de compensação financeira. A maioria dos estudos que investigaram o binômio exercício físico e privação de sono focou os efeitos no desempenho aeróbio. Embora ainda haja controvérsias, os estudos apontam para pequena ou nenhuma alteração desse parâmetro quando as duas situações se fazem presentes. Em relação à potência anaeróbia e força não tem sido encontrados alterações significativas, mas para eventos prolongados, parece haver uma interação entre a privação de sono e o exercício físico, o que sugere um mecanismo de proteção. Entretanto, é importante considerar que uma das alterações mais importantes causadas pela privação do sono é o aumento na percepção subjetiva, que por si só já representa um fator para diminuição e comprometimento do desempenho físico e pode representar um elemento de "mascaramento" dos efeitos deletérios da privação. Assim, o objetivo da presente revisão é o de discutir os diferentes aspectos da relação entre o exercício físico e a privação de sono, evidenciando seus efeitos e reflexos no desempenho físico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marco Tulio De Mello
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo; Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício
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A Randomized, Controlled Prospective Trial of Zolpidem and Haloperidol for Use as Sleeping Agents in Pediatric Burn Patients. J Burn Care Res 2008; 29:238-47. [DOI: 10.1097/bcr.0b013e31815f384e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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91
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Bosy-Westphal A, Hinrichs S, Jauch-Chara K, Hitze B, Later W, Wilms B, Settler U, Peters A, Kiosz D, Müller MJ. Influence of partial sleep deprivation on energy balance and insulin sensitivity in healthy women. Obes Facts 2008; 1:266-73. [PMID: 20054188 PMCID: PMC6515888 DOI: 10.1159/000158874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Voluntary sleep restriction is a lifestyle feature of modern societies that may contribute to obesity and diabetes. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of partial sleep deprivation on the regulation of energy balance and insulin sensitivity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In a controlled intervention, 14 healthy women (age 23-38 years, BMI 20.0-36.6 kg/m(2)) were investigated after 2 nights of >8 h sleep/night (T0), after 4 nights of consecutively increasing sleep curtailment (7 h sleep/night, 6 h sleep/night, 6 h sleep/night and 4 h sleep/night; T1) and after 2 nights of sleep recovery (>8 h sleep/night; T2). Resting and total energy expenditure (REE, TEE), glucose-induced thermogenesis (GIT), physical activity, energy intake, glucose tolerance and endocrine parameters were assessed. RESULTS After a decrease in sleep du-ration, energy intake (+20%), body weight (+0.4 kg), leptin/fat mass (+29%), free triiodothyronine (+19%), free thyroxine (+10%) and GIT (+34%) significantly increased (all p < 0.05). Mean REE, physical activity, TEE, oral glucose tolerance, and ghrelin levels remained unchanged at T1. The effect of sleep loss on GIT, fT3 and fT4 levels was inversely related to fat mass. CONCLUSION Short-term sleep deprivation increased energy intake and led to a net weight gain in women. The effect of sleep restriction on energy expenditure needs to be specifically addressed in future studies using reference methods for total energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Silvia Hinrichs
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Britta Hitze
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Wiebke Later
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Britta Wilms
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Uta Settler
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Achim Peters
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dieter Kiosz
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred James Müller
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
- *Prof. Dr. med. Manfred J. Müller, Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany, Tel. +49 43188056-70, Fax -79,
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92
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Allard JS, Tizabi Y, Shaffery JP, Manaye K. Effects of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation on hypocretin neurons in the hypothalamus of a rat model of depression. Neuropeptides 2007; 41:329-37. [PMID: 17590434 PMCID: PMC2000483 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypocretin (Hcrt, also known as orexin) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide linked to narcolepsy, a disorder diagnosed by the appearance of rapid eye-movement sleep (REMS)-state characteristics during waking. Major targets of Hcrt-containing fibers include the locus coeruleus and the raphe nucleus, areas with important roles in regulation of mood and sleep. A relationship between REMS and mood is suggested by studies demonstrating that REMS-deprivation (REMSD) ameliorates depressive symptoms in humans. Additional support is found in animal studies where antidepressants and REMSD have similar effects on monoamiergic systems thought to be involved in major depression. Recently, we have reported that Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, an animal model of depression, have reduced number and size of hypothalamic cells expressing Hcrt-immunoractivity compared to the parent, Wistar (WIS) strain, suggesting the possibility that the depressive-like attributes of the WKY rat may be determined by this relative reduction in Hcrt cells [Allard, J.S., Tizabi, Y., Shaffery, J.P., Trouth, C.O., Manaye, K., 2004. Stereological analysis of the hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin neurons in an animal model of depression. Neuropeptides 38, 311-315]. In this study, we sought to test the hypothesis that REMSD would result in a greater increase in the number and/or size of hypothalamic, Hcrt-immunoreactive (Hcrt-ir) neurons in WKY, compared to WIS rats. The effect of REMSD, using the multiple-small-platforms-over-water (SPRD) method, on size and number of Hcrt-ir cells were compared within and across strains of rats that experienced multiple-large-platforms-over-water (LPC) as well as to those in a normal, home-cage-control (CC) setting. In accord with previous findings, the number of Hcrt-ir cells was larger in all three WIS groups compared to the respective WKY groups. REMSD produced a 20% increase (p<0.02) in the number of hypothalamic Hcrt-ir neurons in WKY rats compared to cage control WKY (WKY-CC) animals. However, an unexpected higher increase in number of Hcrt-ir cells was also observed in the WKY-LPC group compared to both WKY-CC (31%, p<0.001) and WKY-SPRD (20%, p<0.002) rats. A similar, smaller, but non-significant, pattern of change was noted in WIS-LPC group. Overall the data indicate a differential response to environmental manipulations where WKY rats appear to be more reactive than WIS rats. Moreover, the findings do not support direct antidepressant-like activity for REMSD on hypothalamic Hcrt neurons in WKY rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne S. Allard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University, College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - James P. Shaffery
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 601 984 5998; fax: +1 601 984 5899. E-mail address: (J.P. Shaffery)
| | - Kebreten Manaye
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Many people currently sleep only 5-6 h per night. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that self-reported short sleep is associated with an increased incidence of obesity and diabetes, highlighting the importance of this trend for public health. This finding has triggered renewed research into the mechanisms that link the regulation of mammalian sleep and metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS In rodents, periods of starvation are accompanied by increased vigilance and sleep loss, presumably to help maximize food finding and energetic survival, whereas sleep deprivation results in increased energy expenditure and weight loss, consistent with a role of sleep in energy conservation and tissue maintenance. Information about the corresponding processes in humans is limited. Available data indicate that despite the presence of qualitative and quantitative differences, human sleep and metabolism also share reciprocal connections. SUMMARY Evolution in an environment with limited resources has established bidirectional links between sleep and energy homeostasis, the molecular mechanisms of which are emerging rapidly. Epidemiological data suggest that the unique ability of humans to restrict their sleep voluntarily in an environment that promotes physical inactivity and overeating may have a negative impact on metabolic health. Randomized intervention trials are needed to confirm the validity of this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plamen D Penev
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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94
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Sánchez-Alavez M, Conti B, Moroncini G, Criado JR. Contributions of neuronal prion protein on sleep recovery and stress response following sleep deprivation. Brain Res 2007; 1158:71-80. [PMID: 17570349 PMCID: PMC1994827 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to gain insights on the function of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) sleep and the levels of the stress hormones corticosterone (CORT) and the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) before and after sleep deprivation (SD) were compared in two wild type (WT) mice strains and the following three PrP(C) transgenic lines: mice null for PrP(C) (mPrP(0/0)) and mice with specific and central expression of PrP in neurons (NSE-HPrP/mPrP(0/0)) or in glia cells (GFAP-HPrP/mPrP(0/0)). After SD mPrP(0/0) mice showed a larger degree of sleep fragmentation and of latency to enter rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep (NREM) than WT. During sleep recovery, the amount of NREM sleep and the slow-wave activity (SWA) were reduced in mPrP(0/0) mice. After SD, CORT and ACTH levels have distinct patterns in WT and mPrP(0/0). The NREM and SWA deficit was restored in NSE-HPrP/mPrP(0/0) mice but not in GFAP-HPrP/mPrP(0/0). Hormonal profile was only partially restored in NSE-HPrP/mPrP(0/0) mice and was similar to that of mPrP(0/0) and GFAP-HPrP/mPrP(0/0) mice. These findings demonstrate that neuronal, but not non-neuronal, PrP(C) is involved in sleep homeostasis and sleep continuity. They also suggest that neuronal PrP(c)-dependent hormonal regulation of HPA axis may contribute to the sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sánchez-Alavez
- Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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95
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Palma BD, Gabriel A, Colugnati FAB, Tufik S. Effects of sleep deprivation on the development of autoimmune disease in an experimental model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291:R1527-32. [PMID: 16809486 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00186.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is hypothesized to play a restorative role on immune system. In addition, disturbed sleep is thought to impair host defense mechanisms. Chronic sleep deprivation is a common occurrence in modern society and has been observed in a number of chronic inflammatory conditions, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). New Zealand Black/New Zealand White (NZB/NZW) F1mice develop an autoimmune disease that strongly resembles SLE in humans, exhibiting high titers of antinuclear antibodies associated with the development of rapidly progressive and lethal glomerulonephritis. On the basis of this evidence, the present study examined the onset and progress of lupus in as-yet healthy female mice submitted to sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation was accomplished by two 96-h periods in the multiple-platform method when mice were 10 wk old, and they were observed until 28 wk of age. Blood samples were collected from the orbital plexus fortnightly to evaluate serum antinuclear antibodies and anti-double-stranded DNA. Proteinuria and longevity as well as body weight were also assessed. The results indicated that mice submitted to sleep deprivation exhibited an earlier onset of the disease, as reflected by the increased number of antinuclear antibodies. However, no statistical difference was found in the other parameters analyzed. According to these results, sleep deprivation could be considered as a risk factor for the onset but not for the evolution of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Duarte Palma
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862-1 andar, 04023-062 Vila Clementino, São Paulo, Brazil.
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96
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Schmerz aus psychosomatischer Sicht unter Berücksichtigung neuerer Forschungsergebnisse. MANUELLE MEDIZIN 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00337-006-0425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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