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Wu X, Ding C, Baerson SR, Lian F, Lin X, Zhang L, Wu C, Hwang SY, Zeng R, Song Y. The roles of jasmonate signalling in nitrogen uptake and allocation in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:659-672. [PMID: 30251262 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore damage by chewing insects activates jasmonate (JA) signalling that can elicit systemic defense responses in rice. Few details are known, however, concerning the mechanism, whereby JA signalling modulates nutrient status in rice in response to herbivory. (15 NH4 )2 SO4 labelling experiments, proteomic surveys, and RT-qPCR analyses were used to identify the roles of JA signalling in nitrogen (N) uptake and allocation in rice plants. Exogenous applications of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to rice seedlings led to significantly reduced N uptake in roots and reduced translocation of recently-absorbed 15 N from roots to leaves, likely occurring as a result of down-regulation of glutamine synthetase cytosolic isozyme 1-2 and ferredoxin-nitrite reductase. Shoot MeJA treatment resulted in a remobilization of endogenous unlabelled 14 N from leaves to roots, and root MeJA treatment also increased 14 N accumulation in roots but did not affect 14 N accumulation in leaves of rice. Additionally, proteomic and RT-qPCR experiments showed that JA-mediated plastid disassembly and dehydrogenases GDH2 up-regulation contribute to N release in leaves to support production of defensive proteins/compounds under N-limited condition. Collectively, our results indicate that JA signalling mediates large-scale systemic changes in N uptake and allocation in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chaohui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Scott R Baerson
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Oxford, Mississippi
| | - Fazhuo Lian
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianhui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Choufei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Shaw-Yhi Hwang
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Gortari F, Guiamet JJ, Cortizo SC, Graciano C. Poplar leaf rust reduces dry mass accumulation and internal nitrogen recycling more markedly under low soil nitrogen availability, and decreases growth in the following spring. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:19-30. [PMID: 30053225 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rust is one of the most important biotic stress factors that affect poplars. The aims of this work were: (i) to analyze the changes in growth and nitrogen (N) accumulation in Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall plants infected with rust (Melampsora medusae Thümen.) and to determine how internal N stores are affected by the disease, in plants growing under two N availabilities in the soil; and (ii) to evaluate the impact of rust in the early sprout in the following growing season and the cumulative effect of the disease after repeated infections. Two clones with different susceptibility to rust were analyzed. At leaf level, rust reduced gas exchange capacity, water conductance in liquid phase and photosynthetic rate in both clones. At plant level, rust reduced plant growth, accelerated leaf senescence and abscission occurred with a higher concentration of leaf N. Even though N concentration in stems and roots were not significantly reduced by rust, total N accumulation in perennial tissues was reduced in infected plants. The vigor of the early sprout of plants infected by rust in the previous season was lower than that of non-infected plants. Therefore, rust affects plant growth by reducing the photosynthetic capacity and leaf area duration, and by decreasing internal nutrient recycling. As nutrient reserves in perennial tissues are lower, rust infection reduces not only the growth of the current season, but also has a cumulative effect on the following years. The reduction of growth was similar in both clones. High availability of N in the soil had no effect on leaf physiology but increased plant growth, delayed leaf senescence and abscission, and increased total N accumulation. If fertilization increases plant growth (stem and root dry mass) it can mitigate the negative effect of the pathogen in the reduction of nutrient storages and future growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fermín Gortari
- INFIVE (CONICET- Universidad Nacional de La Plata), Diag 113 n° 495, CC 327, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan José Guiamet
- INFIVE (CONICET- Universidad Nacional de La Plata), Diag 113 n° 495, CC 327, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 120, La Plata, Argentina
- CCT La Plata CONICET, calle 8 n° 1467, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Corina Graciano
- INFIVE (CONICET- Universidad Nacional de La Plata), Diag 113 n° 495, CC 327, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
- CCT La Plata CONICET, calle 8 n° 1467, La Plata, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Argentina
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53
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Zhang C, Meng S, Li M, Zhao Z. Transcriptomic insight into nitrogen uptake and metabolism of Populus simonii in response to drought and low nitrogen stresses. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1672-1684. [PMID: 30099549 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the regulation of plant responses to drought and low nitrogen (N) stresses is necessary to improve N use in water-limited lands, maintaining the sustainable and healthy development of ecosystems. In the present study, we investigated morphological, physiological and transcriptome changes in Populus simonii Carr. root responding to long-term drought and low N stresses. Both stresses resulted in lower net photosynthetic rates, chlorophyll content and total dry weight. Transcriptome analysis of fine roots identified 4642 genes that were differentially expressed in response to drought and/or low N stresses. Most ammonium transporters had high transcript abundances in response to drought and/or low N stress; meanwhile the ratio of ammonium to nitrate concentrations was increased under drought condition. Data of N uptakes and metabolism further supported that fine roots under drought stress increased ammonium uptake, and the aspartate-derived amino acid pathway might play a key role in tolerating drought stress in poplar roots. The large-scale dataset in this study presents a global view of the critical pathways involved in drought and low N stress. When linked with physiology and metabolomics data, these results provide new insights into the modulation of N uptake, metabolism and storage, and events within the N-related pathways for transportation, assimilation and amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Sen Meng
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
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54
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Cao X, Zhong C, Zhu C, Zhu L, Zhang J, Wu L, Jin Q. Ammonium uptake and metabolism alleviate PEG-induced water stress in rice seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:128-137. [PMID: 30189416 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium (NH4+) can enhance the water stress induced drought tolerance of rice seedlings in comparison to nitrate (NO3-) nutrition. To investigate the mechanism involved in nitrogen (N) uptake, N metabolism and transcript abundance of associated genes, a hydroponic experiment was conducted in which different N sources were supplied to seedlings growing under water stress. Compared to nitrate, ammonium prevented water stress-induced biomass, leaf SPAD and photosynthesis reduction to a significantly larger extent. Water stress significantly increased root nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) activities, but decreased leaf NiR and glutamate synthetase (GS) activities under NO3- supply, causing lower nitrate content in roots and higher in leaves. In contrast, under NH4+ supply root GS and glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT) activities were significantly decreased under water stress, but remained higher in leaves, compared to NO3- treatment, which was beneficial for the transport and assimilation of ammonium in leaves. 15N tracing assays demonstrated that rice 15N uptake rate and accumulation were significant reduced under water stress, but were higher in plants supplied with NH4+ than with NO3-. Therefore, the formers showed higher leaf soluble sugar, proline and amino acids contents, and in turn, associated with a higher photosynthesis rate and biomass accumulation. Most genes related to NO3- uptake and reduction in roots and leaves were down-regulated; however, two ammonium transporter genes closely related to NH4+ uptake (AMT1;2 and AMT1;3) were up-regulated in response to water stress. Overall, our findings suggest that ammonium supply alleviated waters tress in rice seedlings, mainly by increasing root NH4+ uptake and leaf N metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Chu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Chunquan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Lianghuan Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qianyu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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55
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Cánovas FM, Cañas RA, de la Torre FN, Pascual MB, Castro-Rodríguez V, Avila C. Nitrogen Metabolism and Biomass Production in Forest Trees. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1449. [PMID: 30323829 PMCID: PMC6172323 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Low nitrogen (N) availability is a major limiting factor for tree growth and development. N uptake, assimilation, storage and remobilization are key processes in the economy of this essential nutrient, and its efficient metabolic use largely determines vascular development, tree productivity and biomass production. Recently, advances have been made that improve our knowledge about the molecular regulation of acquisition, assimilation and internal recycling of N in forest trees. In poplar, a model tree widely used for molecular and functional studies, the biosynthesis of glutamine plays a central role in N metabolism, influencing multiple pathways both in primary and secondary metabolism. Moreover, the molecular regulation of glutamine biosynthesis is particularly relevant for accumulation of N reserves during dormancy and in N remobilization that takes place at the onset of the next growing season. The characterization of transgenic poplars overexpressing structural and regulatory genes involved in glutamine biosynthesis has provided insights into how glutamine metabolism may influence the N economy and biomass production in forest trees. Here, a general overview of this research topic is outlined, recent progress are analyzed and challenges for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M. Cánovas
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología de Plantas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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56
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Waqas M, Feng S, Amjad H, Letuma P, Zhan W, Li Z, Fang C, Arafat Y, Khan MU, Tayyab M, Lin W. Protein Phosphatase ( PP2C9) Induces Protein Expression Differentially to Mediate Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency in Rice under Nitrogen-Deficient Condition. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2827. [PMID: 30235789 PMCID: PMC6163212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential element usually limiting in plant growth and a basic factor for increasing the input cost in agriculture. To ensure the food security and environmental sustainability it is urgently required to manage the N fertilizer. The identification or development of genotypes with high nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) which can grow efficiently and sustain yield in low N conditions is a possible solution. In this study, two isogenic rice genotypes i.e., wild-type rice kitaake and its transgenic line PP2C9TL overexpressed protein phosphatase gene (PP2C9) were used for comparative proteomics analysis at control and low level of N to identify specific proteins and encoding genes related to high NUE. 2D gel electrophoresis was used to perform the differential proteome analysis. In the leaf proteome, 30 protein spots were differentially expressed between the two isogenic lines under low N level which were involved in the process of energy, photosynthesis, N metabolism, signaling, and defense mechanisms. In addition, we have found that protein phosphatase enhances nitrate reductase activation by downregulation of SnRK1 and 14-3-3 proteins. Furthermore, we showed that PP2C9TL exhibits higher NUE than WT due to higher activity of nitrate reductase. This study provides new insights on the rice proteome which would be useful in the development of new strategies to increase NUE in cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waqas
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shizhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Hira Amjad
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Puleng Letuma
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Wenshan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhong Li
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Changxun Fang
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yasir Arafat
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Muhammad Umar Khan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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57
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Dos Santos TB, Soares JDM, Lima JE, Silva JC, Ivamoto ST, Baba VY, Souza SGH, Lorenzetti APR, Paschoal AR, Meda AR, Nishiyama Júnior MY, de Oliveira ÚC, Mokochinski JB, Guyot R, Junqueira-de-Azevedo ILM, Figueira AVO, Mazzafera P, Júnior OR, Vieira LGE, Pereira LFP, Domingues DS. An integrated analysis of mRNA and sRNA transcriptional profiles in Coffea arabica L. roots: insights on nitrogen starvation responses. Funct Integr Genomics 2018; 19:151-169. [PMID: 30196429 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-018-0634-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Coffea arabica L. is an important agricultural commodity, accounting for 60% of traded coffee worldwide. Nitrogen (N) is a macronutrient that is usually limiting to plant yield; however, molecular mechanisms of plant acclimation to N limitation remain largely unknown in tropical woody crops. In this study, we investigated the transcriptome of coffee roots under N starvation, analyzing poly-A+ libraries and small RNAs. We also evaluated the concentration of selected amino acids and N-source preferences in roots. Ammonium was preferentially taken up over nitrate, and asparagine and glutamate were the most abundant amino acids observed in coffee roots. We obtained 34,654 assembled contigs by mRNA sequencing, and validated the transcriptional profile of 12 genes by RT-qPCR. Illumina small RNA sequencing yielded 8,524,332 non-redundant reads, resulting in the identification of 86 microRNA families targeting 253 genes. The transcriptional pattern of eight miRNA families was also validated. To our knowledge, this is the first catalog of differentially regulated amino acids, N sources, mRNAs, and sRNAs in Arabica coffee roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Benedito Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, 86047-902, Brazil. .,Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Rodovia Raposo Tavares Km 572, Presidente Prudente, 19067-175, Brazil.
| | - João D M Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, 86047-902, Brazil
| | - Joni E Lima
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13400-970, Brazil.,Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, 86047-902, Brazil.,Programa de pós-graduação em Bioinformática, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Cornélio Procópio, 86300-000, Brazil
| | - Suzana T Ivamoto
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, 86047-902, Brazil.,Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Viviane Y Baba
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, 86047-902, Brazil
| | - Silvia G H Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, 87502-210, Brazil
| | - Alan P R Lorenzetti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Paschoal
- Programa de pós-graduação em Bioinformática, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Cornélio Procópio, 86300-000, Brazil
| | - Anderson R Meda
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, 86047-902, Brazil
| | | | - Úrsula C de Oliveira
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - João B Mokochinski
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Romain Guyot
- IRD, UMR IPME, COFFEEADAPT, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Antônio V O Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo R Júnior
- Life Sciences Core Facility (LaCTAD), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Luiz G E Vieira
- Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Rodovia Raposo Tavares Km 572, Presidente Prudente, 19067-175, Brazil
| | - Luiz F P Pereira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, 86047-902, Brazil.,Embrapa Café, Brasília, 70770-901, Brazil
| | - Douglas S Domingues
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, 86047-902, Brazil.,Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
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58
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Watanabe M, Netzer F, Tohge T, Orf I, Brotman Y, Dubbert D, Fernie AR, Rennenberg H, Hoefgen R, Herschbach C. Metabolome and Lipidome Profiles of Populus × canescens Twig Tissues During Annual Growth Show Phospholipid-Linked Storage and Mobilization of C, N, and S. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1292. [PMID: 30233628 PMCID: PMC6133996 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The temperate climax tree species Fagus sylvatica and the floodplain tree species Populus × canescens possess contrasting phosphorus (P) nutrition strategies. While F. sylvatica has been documented to display P storage and mobilization (Netzer et al., 2017), this was not observed for Populus × canescens (Netzer et al., 2018b). Nevertheless, changes in the abundance of organic bound P in gray poplar trees indicated adaptation of the P nutrition to different needs during annual growth. The present study aimed at characterizing seasonal changes in metabolite and lipid abundances in gray poplar and uncovering differences in metabolite requirement due to specific needs depending on the season. Seasonal variations in the abundance of (i) sugar-Ps and phospholipids, (ii) amino acids, (iii) sulfur compounds, and (iv) carbon metabolites were expected. It was hypothesized that seasonal changes in metabolite levels relate to N, S, and C storage and mobilization. Changes in organic metabolites binding Pi (Porg) are supposed to support these processes. Variation in triacylglycerols, in sugar-phosphates, in metabolites of the TCA cycle and in the amino acid abundance of poplar twig buds, leaves, bark, and wood were found to be linked to changes in metabolite abundances as well as to C, N, and S storage and mobilization processes. The observed changes support the view of a lack of any P storage in poplar. Yet, during dormancy, contents of phospholipids in twig bark and wood were highest probably due to frost-hardening and to its function in extra-plastidic membranes such as amyloplasts, oleosomes, and protein bodies. Consistent with this assumption, in spring sugar-Ps increased when phospholipids declined and poplar plants entering the vegetative growth period and, hence, metabolic activity increases. These results indicate that poplar trees adopt a policy of P nutrition without P storage and mobilization that is different from their N- and S-nutrition strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Watanabe
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
- NARA Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Florian Netzer
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
- NARA Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Isabel Orf
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - David Dubbert
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hoefgen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herschbach
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Pascual MB, Molina-Rueda JJ, Cánovas FM, Gallardo F. Overexpression of a cytosolic NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase causes alterations in the vascular development of hybrid poplars. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:992-1005. [PMID: 29920606 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) is one of the major enzymes involved in the production of 2-oxoglutarate for amino acid biosynthesis in plants. In most plants studied, ICDH is encoded by either one gene or a small gene family, and the protein sequence has been highly conserved during evolution, suggesting it plays different and essential roles in metabolism and differentiation. To elucidate the role of ICDH in hybrid poplar (Populus tremula x P. alba), transgenic plants overexpressing the Pinus pinaster gene were generated. Overexpression of ICDH resulted in hybrid poplar (Populus tremula × P. alba) trees with higher expression levels of the endogenous ICDH gene and higher enzyme content than control untransformed plants. Transgenic poplars also showed an increased expression of glutamine synthetase (GS1.3), glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and other genes associated with vascular differentiation. Furthermore, these plants exhibited increased growth in height, longer internodes and enhanced vascular development in young leaves and the apical region of stem. Modifications in amino acid and organic acid content were observed in young leaves of the transgenic lines, suggesting an increased biosynthesis of amino acids for building new structures and also for transport to other sink organs, as expanding leaves or young stems. Taken together, these results support an important role of ICDH in plant growth and vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Pascual
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Jesús Molina-Rueda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco M Cánovas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Gallardo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
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Netzer F, Herschbach C, Oikawa A, Okazaki Y, Dubbert D, Saito K, Rennenberg H. Seasonal Alterations in Organic Phosphorus Metabolism Drive the Phosphorus Economy of Annual Growth in F. sylvatica Trees on P-Impoverished Soil. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:723. [PMID: 29928284 PMCID: PMC5998604 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important macronutrients limiting plant growth and development, particularly in forest ecosystems such as temperate beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests in Central Europe. Efficient tree internal P cycling during annual growth is an important strategy of beech trees to adapt to low soil-P. Organic P (Porg) is thought to play a decisive role in P cycling, but the significance of individual compounds and processes has not been elucidated. To identify processes and metabolites involved in P cycling of beech trees, polar-metabolome and lipidome profiling was performed during annual growth with twig tissues from a sufficient (Conventwald, Con) and a low-soil-P (Tuttlingen, Tut) forest. Autumnal phospholipid degradation in leaves and P export from senescent leaves, accumulation of phospholipids and glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P) in the bark, storage of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcNAc6P) in the wood, and establishing of a phospholipid "start-up capital" in buds constitute main processes involved in P cycling that were enhanced in beech trees on low-P soil of the Tut forest. In spring, mobilization of P from storage pools in the bark contributed to an effective P cycling. Due to the higher phospholipid "start-up capital" in buds of Tut beeches, the P metabolite profile in developing leaves in spring was similar in beech trees of both forests. During summer, leaves of Tut beeches meet their phosphate (Pi) needs by replacing phospholipids by galacto- and sulfolipids. Thus, several processes contribute to adequate Pi supply on P impoverished soil thereby mediating similar growth of beech at low and sufficient soil-P availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Netzer
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herschbach
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Akira Oikawa
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yozo Okazaki
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - David Dubbert
- Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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61
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Babst BA, Coleman GD. Seasonal nitrogen cycling in temperate trees: Transport and regulatory mechanisms are key missing links. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 270:268-277. [PMID: 29576080 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient accumulation, one of the major ecosystem services provided by forests, is largely due to the accumulation and retention of nutrients in trees. This review focuses on seasonal cycling of nitrogen (N), often the most limiting nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems. When leaves are shed during autumn, much of the N may be resorbed and stored in the stem over winter, and then used for new stem and leaf growth in spring. A framework exists for understanding the metabolism and transport of N in leaves and stems during winter dormancy, but many of the underlying genes remain to be identified and/or verified. Transport of N during seasonal N cycling is a particularly weak link, since the physical pathways for loading and unloading of amino N to and from the phloem are poorly understood. Short-day photoperiod followed by decreasing temperatures are the environmental cues that stimulate dormancy induction, and nutrient remobilization and storage. However, beyond the involvement of phytochrome, very little is known about the signal transduction mechanisms that link environmental cues to nutrient remobilization and storage. We propose a model whereby nutrient transport and sensing plays a major role in source-sink transitions of leaves and stems during seasonal N cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Babst
- Arkansas Forest Resources Center, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Monticello, AR 71656, USA; School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Arkansas at Monticello, Monticello, AR 71656, USA.
| | - Gary D Coleman
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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62
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Lu T, Liu L, Wei M, Liu Y, Qu Z, Yang C, Wei H, Wei Z. The Effect of Poplar PsnGS1.2 Overexpression on Growth, Secondary Cell Wall, and Fiber Characteristics in Tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:9. [PMID: 29403519 PMCID: PMC5780347 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The glutamine synthetase (GS1) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of glutamate and ammonia to produce glutamine in the nitrogen (N) metabolism. Previous studies on GS1s in several plant species suggest that overexpression of GS1s can enhance N utilization, accelerate plant vegetative growth, and change wood formation. In this study, we isolated a GS1 gene, termed PsnGS1.2, from Populus simonii × Populus nigra. This gene was expressed at a higher level in roots, and relatively lower but detectable levels in xylem, leaves and phloem of P. simonii × P. nigra. The protein encoded by PsnGS1.2 is primarily located in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of PsnGS1.2 in tobacco led to the increased GS1 activity and IAA content, the augmented N assimilation, and the enlarged leaves with altered anatomical structures. These changes presumably promoted photosynthetic, growth, and biomass productivity. It was noteworthy that the secondary cell walls and fiber characteristics changed remarkably in PsnGS1.2 transgenic tobacco. These changes aligned well with the altered expression levels of the genes involved in fiber development, secondary cell wall component biosynthesis, IAA biosynthesis, amino acid transport, and starch breakdown. Taken together, the results from our study suggest that catalytic functions of PsnGS1.2 on N assimilation and metabolism in transgenic tobacco had significant effects on vegetative growth, leaf development, and secondary cell wall formation and properties through acceleration of photosynthesis and IAA biosynthesis, and redirection of carbon flux to synthesis of more cellulose and hemicellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Minjing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zianshang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hairong Wei
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Zhigang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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63
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Netzer F, Mueller CW, Scheerer U, Grüner J, Kögel-Knabner I, Herschbach C, Rennenberg H. Phosphorus nutrition of Populus × canescens reflects adaptation to high P-availability in the soil. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:6-24. [PMID: 29077948 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) constitutes one of five macronutrients essential for plant growth and development due to the central function of phosphate in energy metabolism, inheritance and metabolic control. In many ecosystems, plant available soil-P gets limited by soil aging. Hence, plants have developed adaptation strategies to cope with such limitation by an efficient plant and ecosystem internal P-cycling during annual growth. The natural floodplain habitat of fast-growing Populus × canescens is characterized by high soil-P availability. It was thus expected that the P-nutrition of P. × canescens had adapted to this conditions. Therefore, different P-fractions in different twig tissues were investigated during two annual growth cycles. The P-nutrition of P. × canescens markedly differs from that of European beech grown at low soil-P availability (Netzer F, Schmid C, Herschbach C, Rennenberg H (2017) Phosphorus-nutrition of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) during annual growth depends on tree age and P-availability in the soil. Environ Exp Bot 137:194-207). This was mainly due to a lack of tree internal P-cycling during annual growth indicated by the absence of P-storage and remobilization in twig bark and wood. Hence, strategies to economize P-nutrition and to prevent P-losses had not developed. This fits with the fast-growth strategy of P. × canescens at unrestricted P-availability. Hence, the P-nutrition strategy of P. × canescens can be seen as an evolutionary adaptation to its natural growth habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Netzer
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carsten W Mueller
- Chair of Soil Science, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ursula Scheerer
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Grüner
- Chair of Forest Botany, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Bertoldstraße 17, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Kögel-Knabner
- Chair of Soil Science, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herschbach
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- King Saud University, College of Science, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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64
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Jiao Y, Chen Y, Ma C, Qin J, Nguyen THN, Liu D, Gan H, Ding S, Luo ZB. Phenylalanine as a nitrogen source induces root growth and nitrogen-use efficiency in Populus × canescens. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:66-82. [PMID: 29036367 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the physiological responses of poplars to amino acids as sole nitrogen (N) sources, Populus × canescens (Ait.) Smith plants were supplied with one of three nitrogen fertilizers (NH4NO3, phenylalanine (Phe) or the mixture of NH4NO3 and Phe) in sand culture. A larger root system, and decreased leaf size and CO2 assimilation rate was observed in Phe- versus NH4NO3-treated poplars. Consistently, a greater root biomass and a decreased shoot growth were detected in Phe-supplied poplars. Decreased enzymatic activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and elevated activities of nitrite reductase (NiR), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), glutamine synthetase (GS) and asparagine synthase (AS) were found in Phe-treated roots. Accordingly, reduced concentrations of NH4+, NO3- and total N, and enhanced N-use efficiencies (NUEs) were detected in Phe-supplied poplars. Moreover, the transcript levels of putative Phe transporters ANT1 and ANT3 were upregulated, and the mRNA levels of NR, glutamine synthetase 2 (GS2), NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT), GDH and asparagine synthetase 2 (ASN2) were downexpressed in Phe-treated roots and/or leaves. The 15N-labeled Phe was mainly allocated in the roots and only a small amount of 15N-Phe was translocated to poplar aerial parts. These results indicate that poplar roots can acquire Phe as an N source to support plant growth and that Phe-induced NUEs in the poplars are probably associated with NH4+ re-utilization after Phe deamination and the carbon bonus simultaneously obtained during Phe uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yinghao Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Chaofeng Ma
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jingjing Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | | | - Di Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Honghao Gan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Shen Ding
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zhi-Bin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, PR China
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65
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Kurita Y, Baba K, Ohnishi M, Matsubara R, Kosuge K, Anegawa A, Shichijo C, Ishizaki K, Kaneko Y, Hayashi M, Suzaki T, Fukaki H, Mimura T. Inositol Hexakis Phosphate is the Seasonal Phosphorus Reservoir in the Deciduous Woody Plant Populus alba L. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1477-1485. [PMID: 28922751 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal recycling of nutrients is an important strategy for deciduous perennials. Deciduous perennials maintain and expand their nutrient pools by the autumn nutrient remobilization and the subsequent winter storage throughout their long life. Phosphorus (P), one of the most important elements in living organisms, is remobilized from senescing leaves during autumn in deciduous trees. However, it remains unknown how phosphate is stored over winter. Here we show that in poplar trees (Populus alba L.), organic phosphates are accumulated in twigs from late summer to winter, and that IP6 (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis phosphate: phytic acid) is the primary storage form. IP6 was found in high concentrations in twigs during winter and quickly decreased in early spring. In parenchyma cells of winter twigs, P was associated with electron-dense structures, similar to globoids found in seeds of higher plants. Various other deciduous trees were also found to accumulate IP6 in twigs during winter. We conclude that IP6 is the primary storage form of P in poplar trees during winter, and that it may be a common strategy for seasonal P storage in deciduous woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kurita
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kei'ichi Baba
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
| | - Miwa Ohnishi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsubara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Keiko Kosuge
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Aya Anegawa
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Chizuko Shichijo
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Yasuko Kaneko
- Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Masahiko Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Toshinobu Suzaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Tetsuro Mimura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
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66
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Matyssek R, Kozovits AR, Wieser G, King J, Rennenberg H. Woody-plant ecosystems under climate change and air pollution-response consistencies across zonobiomes? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:706-732. [PMID: 28338970 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Forests store the largest terrestrial pools of carbon (C), helping to stabilize the global climate system, yet are threatened by climate change (CC) and associated air pollution (AP, highlighting ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)). We adopt the perspective that CC-AP drivers and physiological impacts are universal, resulting in consistent stress responses of forest ecosystems across zonobiomes. Evidence supporting this viewpoint is presented from the literature on ecosystem gross/net primary productivity and water cycling. Responses to CC-AP are compared across evergreen/deciduous foliage types, discussing implications of nutrition and resource turnover at tree and ecosystem scales. The availability of data is extremely uneven across zonobiomes, yet unifying patterns of ecosystem response are discernable. Ecosystem warming results in trade-offs between respiration and biomass production, affecting high elevation forests more than in the lowland tropics and low-elevation temperate zone. Resilience to drought is modulated by tree size and species richness. Elevated O3 tends to counteract stimulation by elevated carbon dioxide (CO2). Biotic stress and genomic structure ultimately determine ecosystem responsiveness. Aggrading early- rather than mature late-successional communities respond to CO2 enhancement, whereas O3 affects North American and Eurasian tree species consistently under free-air fumigation. Insect herbivory is exacerbated by CC-AP in biome-specific ways. Rhizosphere responses reflect similar stand-level nutritional dynamics across zonobiomes, but are modulated by differences in tree-soil nutrient cycling between deciduous and evergreen systems, and natural versus anthropogenic nitrogen (N) oversupply. The hypothesis of consistency of forest responses to interacting CC-AP is supported by currently available data, establishing the precedent for a global network of long-term coordinated research sites across zonobiomes to simultaneously advance both bottom-up (e.g., mechanistic) and top-down (systems-level) understanding. This global, synthetic approach is needed because high biological plasticity and physiographic variation across individual ecosystems currently limit development of predictive models of forest responses to CC-AP. Integrated research on C and nutrient cycling, O3-vegetation interactions and water relations must target mechanisms' ecosystem responsiveness. Worldwide case studies must be subject to biostatistical exploration to elucidate overarching response patterns and synthesize the resulting empirical data through advanced modelling, in order to provide regionally coherent, yet globally integrated information in support of internationally coordinated decision-making and policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matyssek
- Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Ecophysiology of Plants, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - A R Kozovits
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Department of Biodiversity, Evolution and Environment, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Bauxita, 35.400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - G Wieser
- Department of Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Federal Office and Research Centre for Forests, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J King
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - H Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, D79110 Freiburg, Germany
- King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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67
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Netzer F, Schmid C, Herschbach C, Rennenberg H. Phosphorus-nutrition of European beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) during annual growth depends on tree age and P-availability in the soil. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 137:194-207. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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68
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Transcriptomic response of durum wheat to nitrogen starvation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1176. [PMID: 28446759 PMCID: PMC5430780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a key macronutrient representing a limiting factor for plant growth and development and affects productivity in wheat. In this study, durum wheat response to N chronic starvation during grain filling was investigated through a transcriptomic approach in roots, leaves/stems, flag leaf and spikes of cv. Svevo. Nitrogen stress negatively influenced plant height, tillering, flag leaf area, spike and seed traits, and total N content. RNA-seq data revealed 4,626 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Most transcriptomic changes were observed in roots, with 3,270 DEGs, while 963 were found in leaves/stems, 470 in flag leaf, and 355 in spike tissues. A total of 799 gene ontology (GO) terms were identified, 180 and 619 among the upregulated and downregulated genes, respectively. Among the most addressed GO categories, N compound metabolism, carbon metabolism, and photosynthesis were mostly represented. Interesting DEGs, such as N transporters, genes involved in N assimilation, along with transcription factors, protein kinases and other genes related to stress were highlighted. These results provide valuable information about the transcriptomic response to chronic N stress in durum wheat, which could be useful for future improvement of N use efficiency.
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69
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Xu Z, Ma J, Qu C, Hu Y, Hao B, Sun Y, Liu Z, Yang H, Yang C, Wang H, Li Y, Liu G. Identification and expression analyses of the alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) gene family in poplar seedlings. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45933. [PMID: 28378825 PMCID: PMC5380993 DOI: 10.1038/srep45933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT, E.C.2.6.1.2) catalyzes the reversible conversion of pyruvate and glutamate to alanine and α-oxoglutarate. The AlaAT gene family has been well studied in some herbaceous plants, but has not been well characterized in woody plants. In this study, we identified four alanine aminotransferase homologues in Populus trichocarpa, which could be classified into two subgroups, A and B. AlaAT3 and AlaAT4 in subgroup A encode AlaAT, while AlaAT1 and AlaAT2 in subgroup B encode glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase (GGAT), which catalyzes the reaction of glutamate and glyoxylate to α-oxoglutarate and glycine. Four AlaAT genes were cloned from P. simonii × P. nigra. PnAlaAT1 and PnAlaAT2 were expressed predominantly in leaves and induced by exogenous nitrogen and exhibited a diurnal fluctuation in leaves, but was inhibited in roots. PnAlaAT3 and PnAlaAT4 were mainly expressed in roots, stems and leaves, and was induced by exogenous nitrogen. The expression of PnAlaAT3 gene could be regulated by glutamine or its related metabolites in roots. Our results suggest that PnAlaAT3 gene may play an important role in nitrogen metabolism and is regulated by glutamine or its related metabolites in the roots of P. simonii × P. nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiru Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.,College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chunpu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.,School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yanbo Hu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Bingqing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhongye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Han Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chengjun Yang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guanjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.,School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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70
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Kavka M, Polle A. Dissecting nutrient-related co-expression networks in phosphate starved poplars. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171958. [PMID: 28222153 PMCID: PMC5319788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient, but its availability is often limited in soil. Here, we studied changes in the transcriptome and in nutrient element concentrations in leaves and roots of poplars (Populus × canescens) in response to P deficiency. P starvation resulted in decreased concentrations of S and major cations (K, Mg, Ca), in increased concentrations of N, Zn and Al, while C, Fe and Mn were only little affected. In roots and leaves >4,000 and >9,000 genes were differently expressed upon P starvation. These genes clustered in eleven co-expression modules of which seven were correlated with distinct elements in the plant tissues. One module (4.7% of all differentially expressed genes) was strongly correlated with changes in the P concentration in the plant. In this module the GO term "response to P starvation" was enriched with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinases, phosphatases and pyrophosphatases as well as regulatory domains such as SPX, but no phosphate transporters. The P-related module was also enriched in genes of the functional category "galactolipid synthesis". Galactolipids substitute phospholipids in membranes under P limitation. Two modules, one correlated with C and N and the other with biomass, S and Mg, were connected with the P-related module by co-expression. In these modules GO terms indicating "DNA modification" and "cell division" as well as "defense" and "RNA modification" and "signaling" were enriched; they contained phosphate transporters. Bark storage proteins were among the most strongly upregulated genes in the growth-related module suggesting that N, which could not be used for growth, accumulated in typical storage compounds. In conclusion, weighted gene coexpression network analysis revealed a hierarchical structure of gene clusters, which separated phosphate starvation responses correlated with P tissue concentrations from other gene modules, which most likely represented transcriptional adjustments related to down-stream nutritional changes and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Kavka
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Labor für Radio-Isotope, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Labor für Radio-Isotope, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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71
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Wu X, Yu Y, Baerson SR, Song Y, Liang G, Ding C, Niu J, Pan Z, Zeng R. Interactions between Nitrogen and Silicon in Rice and Their Effects on Resistance toward the Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:28. [PMID: 28167952 PMCID: PMC5253352 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and silicon (Si) are two important nutritional elements required for plant growth, and both impact host plant resistance toward insect herbivores. The interaction between the two elements may therefore play a significant role in determining host plant resistance. We investigated this interaction in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its effect on resistance to the herbivore brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (BPH). Our results indicate that high-level (5.76 mM) N fertilization reduced Si accumulation in rice leaves, and furthermore, this decrease was likely due to decreased expression of Si transporters OsLsi1 and OsLsi2. Conversely, reduced N accumulation was observed at high N fertilization levels when Si was exogenously provided, and this was associated with down-regulation of OsAMT1;1 and OsGS1;1, which are involved in ammonium uptake and assimilation, respectively. Under lower N fertilization levels (0.72 and/or 1.44 mM), Si amendment resulted in increased OsNRT1:1, OsGS2, OsFd-GOGAT, OsNADH-GOGAT2, and OsGDH2 expression. Additionally, bioassays revealed that high N fertilization level significantly decreased rice resistance to BPH, and the opposite effect was observed when Si was provided. These results provide additional insight into the antagonistic interaction between Si and N accumulation in rice, and the effects on plant growth and susceptibility to herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University (SCAU)Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Yaoguang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University (SCAU)Guangzhou, China
| | - Scott R. Baerson
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, StarkvilleMS, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University (SCAU)Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Guohua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University (SCAU)Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaohui Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University (SCAU)Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinbo Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University (SCAU)Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, StarkvilleMS, USA
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Rensen Zeng, ;
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72
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Coskun D, Britto DT, Kronzucker HJ. Nutrient constraints on terrestrial carbon fixation: The role of nitrogen. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 203:95-109. [PMID: 27318532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the earth's atmosphere are projected to rise from current levels near 400ppm to over 700ppm by the end of the 21st century. Projections over this time frame must take into account the increases in total net primary production (NPP) expected from terrestrial plants, which result from elevated CO2 (eCO2) and have the potential to mitigate the impact of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that limitations in soil nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N), the soil nutrient most limiting to plant growth, may greatly constrain future carbon fixation. Here, we review recent studies about the relationships between soil N supply, plant N nutrition, and carbon fixation in higher plants under eCO2, highlighting key discoveries made in the field, particularly from free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology, and relate these findings to physiological and ecological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Coskun
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research (CCWHR), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Dev T Britto
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research (CCWHR), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research (CCWHR), University of Toronto, Canada.
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73
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Kalcsits LA, Guy RD. Genotypic variation in nitrogen isotope discrimination in Populus balsamifera L. clones grown with either nitrate or ammonium. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 201:54-61. [PMID: 27423015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific variability in nitrogen use has not been comprehensively assessed in a natural poplar species. Here, a nitrogen isotope mass balance approach was used to assess variability in nitrogen uptake, assimilation and allocation traits in 25 genotypes from five climatically dispersed provenances of Populus balsamifera L. grown hydroponically with either nitrate or ammonium. Balsam poplar was able to grow well with either ammonium or nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. Variation within provenances exceeded significant provenance level variation. Interestingly, genotypes with rapid growth on nitrate achieved similar growth with ammonium. In most cases, the root:shoot ratio was greater in plants grown with ammonium. However, there were genotypes where root:shoot ratio was lower for some genotypes grown with ammonium compared to nitrate. Tissue nitrogen concentration was greater in the leaves and stems but not the roots for plants grown with ammonium compared to nitrate. There was extensive genotypic variation in organ-level nitrogen isotope composition. Root nitrogen isotope discrimination was greater under nitrate than ammonium, but leaf nitrogen isotope discrimination was not significantly different between plants on different sources. This can indicate variation in partitioning of nitrogen assimilation, efflux/influx (E/I) and root or leaf assimilation rates. The proportion of nitrogen assimilated in roots was lower under nitrate than ammonium. E/I was lower for nitrate than ammonium. With the exception of E/I, genotype-level variations in nitrogen-use traits for nitrate were correlated with the same traits when grown with ammonium. Using the nitrogen isotope mass balance model, a high degree of genotypic variation in nitrogen use traits was identified at both the provenance and, more extensively, the genotypic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Kalcsits
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA, United States
| | - Robert D Guy
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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74
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Chen M, Wang C, Bao H, Chen H, Wang Y. Genome-wide identification and characterization of novel lncRNAs in Populus under nitrogen deficiency. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 291:1663-80. [PMID: 27138920 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as important regulatory factors of gene expression in eukaryotic species, such as Homo sapiens, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Oryza sativa. However, the systematic identification of potential lncRNAs in trees is comparatively rare. In particular, the characteristics, expression, and regulatory roles of lncRNAs in trees under nutrient stress remain largely unknown. A genome-wide strategy was used in this investigation to identify and characterize novel and low-nitrogen (N)-responsive lncRNAs in Populus tomentosa; 388 unique lncRNA candidates belonging to 380 gene loci were detected and only seven lncRNAs were found to belong to seven conserved non-coding RNA families indicating the majority of P. tomentosa lncRNAs are species-specific. In total, 126 lncRNAs were significantly altered under low-N stress; 8 were repressed, and 118 were induced. Furthermore, 9 and 5 lncRNAs were detected as precursors of 11 known and 14 novel Populus miRNAs, respectively, whereas 4 lncRNAs were targeted by 29 miRNAs belonging to 5 families, including 22 conserved and 7 non-conserved miRNAs. In addition, 15 antisense lncRNAs were identified to be generated from opposite strands of 14 corresponding protein-coding genes. In total, 111 protein-coding genes with regions complementary to 38 lncRNAs were also predicted with some lncRNAs corresponding to multiple genes and vice versa, and their functions were annotated, which further demonstrated the complex regulatory relationship between lncRNAs and protein-coding genes in plants. Moreover, an interaction network among lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs was investigated. These findings enrich our understanding of lncRNAs in Populus, expand the methods of miRNA identification. Our results present the first global characterization of lncRNAs and their potential target genes in response to nitrogen stress in trees, which provides more information on low-nutrition adaptation mechanisms in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenlu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Bao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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75
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Allwright MR, Taylor G. Molecular Breeding for Improved Second Generation Bioenergy Crops. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:43-54. [PMID: 26541073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing urgency to develop and deploy sustainable sources of energy to reduce our global dependency on finite, high-carbon fossil fuels. Lignocellulosic feedstocks, used in power and liquid fuel generation, are valuable sources of non-food plant biomass. They are cultivated with minimal inputs on marginal or degraded lands to prevent competition with arable agriculture and offer significant potential for sustainable intensification (the improvement of yield without the necessity for additional inputs) through advanced molecular breeding. This article explores progress made in next generation sequencing, advanced genotyping, association genetics, and genetic modification in second generation bioenergy production. Using poplar as an exemplar where most progress has been made, a suite of target traits is also identified giving insight into possible routes for crop improvement and deployment in the immediate future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike R Allwright
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
| | - Gail Taylor
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK.
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76
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Castro-Rodríguez V, García-Gutiérrez A, Canales J, Cañas RA, Kirby EG, Avila C, Cánovas FM. Poplar trees for phytoremediation of high levels of nitrate and applications in bioenergy. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:299-312. [PMID: 25923308 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of high amounts of nitrate fertilizers for crop yield leads to nitrate pollution of ground and surface waters. In this study, we report the assimilation and utilization of nitrate luxuriant levels, 20 times more than the highest N fertilizer application in Europe, by transgenic poplars overexpressing a cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1). In comparison with the wild-type controls, transgenic plants grown under high N levels exhibited increased biomass (171.6%) and accumulated higher levels of proteins, chlorophylls and total sugars such as glucose, fructose and sucrose. These plants also exhibited greater nitrogen-use efficiency particularly in young leaves, suggesting that they are able to translocate most of the resources to the above-ground part of the plant to produce biomass. The transgenic poplar transcriptome was greatly affected in response to N availability with 1237 genes differentially regulated in high N, while only 632 genes were differentially expressed in untransformed plants. Many of these genes are essential in the adaptation and response against N excess and include those involved in photosynthesis, cell wall formation and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Cellulose production in the transgenic plants was fivefold higher than in control plants, indicating that transgenic poplars represent a potential feedstock for applications in bioenergy. In conclusion, our results show that GS transgenic poplars can be used not only for improving growth and biomass production but also as an important resource for potential phytoremediation of nitrate pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Castro-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Angel García-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Canales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael A Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Edward G Kirby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Concepción Avila
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco M Cánovas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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77
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Gan H, Jiao Y, Jia J, Wang X, Li H, Shi W, Peng C, Polle A, Luo ZB. Phosphorus and nitrogen physiology of two contrasting poplar genotypes when exposed to phosphorus and/or nitrogen starvation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:22-38. [PMID: 26420793 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) are the two essential macronutrients for tree growth and development. To elucidate the P and N physiology of woody plants during acclimation to P and/or N starvation, we exposed saplings of the slow-growing Populus simonii Carr (Ps) and the fast-growing Populus × euramericana Dode (Pe) to complete nutrients or starvation of P, N or both elements (NP). P. × euramericana had lower P and N concentrations and greater P and N amounts due to higher biomass production, thereby resulting in greater phosphorus use efficiency/N use efficiency (PUE/NUE) compared with Ps. Compared with the roots of Ps, the roots of Pe exhibited higher enzymatic activities in terms of acid phosphatases (APs) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH), which are involved in P mobilization, and nitrate reductase (NR), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), which participate in N assimilation. The responsiveness of the transcriptional regulation of key genes encoding transporters for phosphate, ammonium and nitrate was stronger in Pe than in Ps. These results suggest that Pe possesses a higher capacity for P/N uptake and assimilation, which promote faster growth compared with Ps. In both poplars, P or NP starvation caused significant decreases in the P concentrations and increases in PUE. Phosphorus deprivation induced the activity levels of APs, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and MDH in both genotypes. Nitrogen or NP deficiency resulted in lower N concentrations, amino acid levels, NR and GOGAT activities, and higher NUE in both poplars. Thus, in Ps and Pe, the mRNA levels of PHT1;5, PHT1;9, PHT2;1, AMT2;1 and NR increased in the roots, while PHT1;9, PHO1;H1, PHO2, AMT1;1 and NRT2;1 increased in the leaves during acclimation to P, N or NP deprivation. These results suggest that both poplars suppress P/N uptake, mobilization and assimilation during acclimation to P, N or NP starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Gan
- College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yu Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology in Western China of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jingbo Jia
- College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xinli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology in Western China of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Wenguang Shi
- College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Changhui Peng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology in Western China of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Andrea Polle
- Büsgen-Institute, Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August University, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhi-Bin Luo
- College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology in Western China of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
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78
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Li C, Korpelainen H. Transcriptomic regulatory network underlying morphological and physiological acclimation to nitrogen starvation and excess in poplar roots and leaves. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1279-1282. [PMID: 26491054 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Li
- The Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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79
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Luo J, Zhou J, Li H, Shi W, Polle A, Lu M, Sun X, Luo ZB. Global poplar root and leaf transcriptomes reveal links between growth and stress responses under nitrogen starvation and excess. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1283-302. [PMID: 26420789 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) starvation and excess have distinct effects on N uptake and metabolism in poplars, but the global transcriptomic changes underlying morphological and physiological acclimation to altered N availability are unknown. We found that N starvation stimulated the fine root length and surface area by 54 and 49%, respectively, decreased the net photosynthetic rate by 15% and reduced the concentrations of NH4+, NO3(-) and total free amino acids in the roots and leaves of Populus simonii Carr. in comparison with normal N supply, whereas N excess had the opposite effect in most cases. Global transcriptome analysis of roots and leaves elucidated the specific molecular responses to N starvation and excess. Under N starvation and excess, gene ontology (GO) terms related to ion transport and response to auxin stimulus were enriched in roots, whereas the GO term for response to abscisic acid stimulus was overrepresented in leaves. Common GO terms for all N treatments in roots and leaves were related to development, N metabolism, response to stress and hormone stimulus. Approximately 30-40% of the differentially expressed genes formed a transcriptomic regulatory network under each condition. These results suggest that global transcriptomic reprogramming plays a key role in the morphological and physiological acclimation of poplar roots and leaves to N starvation and excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenguang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Andrea Polle
- Büsgen-Institute, Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August University, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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80
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Peng W, Li D, Zhang M, Ge S, Mo B, Li S, Ohkoshi M. Characteristics of antibacterial molecular activities in poplar wood extractives. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 24:399-404. [PMID: 28149179 PMCID: PMC5272933 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the dominant plantations in north and central China, poplar was considered as the uppermost wood raw materials, however, the chemical constituents of poplar wood weren’t effectively used by high added value. Therefore, the molecules of wood extractives in Populus lasiocarpa and Populus tomentosa were extracted and studied to further utilize the bio-resources. The results showed that the LD-010, LD-021, LD-150, LD-174 wood extractives were identified as having 3, 24, 3 27 components, respectively. P. lasiocarpa wood was fit to extract 2,4-hexadiyne, 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-3,3-dimethyl-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-cyclohexene, and P. tomentosa wood was fit to extract 1,5-hexadien-3-yne, (all-E)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene. So the extractives of poplar wood contained rich and rare drug and biomedical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxi Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China; Laboratory of Biomaterials Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Dongli Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Minglong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Shengbo Ge
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Mo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Shasha Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Makoto Ohkoshi
- Laboratory of Biomaterials Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
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81
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Nitrogen Nutrition of Trees in Temperate Forests—The Significance of Nitrogen Availability in the Pedosphere and Atmosphere. FORESTS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/f6082820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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82
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Günthardt-Goerg MS, Vollenweider P. Responses of beech and spruce foliage to elevated carbon dioxide, increased nitrogen deposition and soil type. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv067. [PMID: 26092041 PMCID: PMC4522038 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although enhanced carbon fixation by forest trees may contribute significantly to mitigating an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), capacities for this vary greatly among different tree species and locations. This study compared reactions in the foliage of a deciduous and a coniferous tree species (important central European trees, beech and spruce) to an elevated supply of CO2 and evaluated the importance of the soil type and increased nitrogen deposition on foliar nutrient concentrations and cellular stress reactions. During a period of 4 years, beech (represented by trees from four different regions) and spruce saplings (eight regions), planted together on either acidic or calcareous forest soil in the experimental model ecosystem chambers, were exposed to single and combined treatments consisting of elevated carbon dioxide (+CO2, 590 versus 374 μL L(-1)) and elevated wet nitrogen deposition (+ND, 50 versus 5 kg ha(-1) a(-1)). Leaf size and foliage mass of spruce were increased by +CO2 on both soil types, but those of beech by +ND on the calcareous soil only. The magnitude of the effects varied among the tree origins in both species. Moreover, the concentration of secondary compounds (proanthocyanidins) and the leaf mass per area, as a consequence of cell wall thickening, were also increased and formed important carbon sinks within the foliage. Although the species elemental concentrations differed in their response to CO2 fertilization, the +CO2 treatment effect was weakened by an acceleration of cell senescence in both species, as shown by a decrease in photosynthetic pigment and nitrogen concentration, discolouration and stress symptoms at the cell level; the latter were stronger in beech than spruce. Hence, young trees belonging to a species with different ecological niches can show contrasting responses in their foliage size, but similar responses at the cell level, upon exposure to elevated levels of CO2. The soil type and its nutrient supply largely determined the fertilization gain, especially in the case of beech trees with a narrow ecological amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Silvia Günthardt-Goerg
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vollenweider
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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83
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Transcriptome-Wide Identification of miRNA Targets under Nitrogen Deficiency in Populus tomentosa Using Degradome Sequencing. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13937-58. [PMID: 26096002 PMCID: PMC4490532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs are endogenous non-coding small RNAs with important regulatory roles in stress responses. Nitrogen (N) is an indispensable macronutrient required for plant growth and development. Previous studies have identified a variety of known and novel miRNAs responsive to low N stress in plants, including Populus. However, miRNAs involved in the cleavage of target genes and the corresponding regulatory networks in response to N stress in Populus remain largely unknown. Consequently, degradome sequencing was employed for global detection and validation of N-responsive miRNAs and their targets. A total of 60 unique miRNAs (39 conserved, 13 non-conserved, and eight novel) were experimentally identified to target 64 mRNA transcripts and 21 precursors. Among them, we further verified the cleavage of 11 N-responsive miRNAs identified previously and provided empirical evidence for the cleavage mode of these miRNAs on their target mRNAs. Furthermore, five miRNA stars (miRNA*s) were shown to have cleavage function. The specificity and diversity of cleavage sites on the targets and miRNA precursors in P. tomentosa were further detected. Identification and annotation of miRNA-mediated cleavage of target genes in Populus can increase our understanding of miRNA-mediated molecular mechanisms of woody plants adapted to low N environments.
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84
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Hu B, Simon J, Günthardt-Goerg MS, Arend M, Kuster TM, Rennenberg H. Changes in the dynamics of foliar N metabolites in oak saplings by drought and air warming depend on species and soil type. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126701. [PMID: 25961713 PMCID: PMC4427272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change poses direct or indirect influences on physiological mechanisms in plants. In particular, long living plants like trees have to cope with the predicted climate changes (i.e. drought and air warming) during their life span. The present study aimed to quantify the consequences of simulated climate change for foliar N metabolites over a drought-rewetting-drought course. Saplings of three Central European oak species (i.e. Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. pubescens) were tested on two different soil types (i.e. acidic and calcareous). Consecutive drought periods increased foliar amino acid-N and soluble protein-N concentrations at the expense of structural N in all three oak species. In addition, transient effects on foliar metabolite dynamics were observed over the drought-rewetting-drought course. The lowest levels of foliar soluble protein-N, amino acid-N and potassium cation with a minor response to drought and air warming were found in the oak species originating from the driest/warmest habitat (Q. pubescens) compared to Q. robur and Q. petraea. Higher foliar osmolyte-N and potassium under drought and air warming were observed in all oak species when grown on calcareous versus acidic soil. These results indicate that species-specific differences in physiological mechanisms to compensate drought and elevated temperature are modified by soil acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Judy Simon
- Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Arend
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M. Kuster
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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85
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Estiarte M, Peñuelas J. Alteration of the phenology of leaf senescence and fall in winter deciduous species by climate change: effects on nutrient proficiency. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:1005-17. [PMID: 25384459 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence in winter deciduous species signals the transition from the active to the dormant stage. The purpose of leaf senescence is the recovery of nutrients before the leaves fall. Photoperiod and temperature are the main cues controlling leaf senescence in winter deciduous species, with water stress imposing an additional influence. Photoperiod exerts a strict control on leaf senescence at latitudes where winters are severe and temperature gains importance in the regulation as winters become less severe. On average, climatic warming will delay and drought will advance leaf senescence, but at varying degrees depending on the species. Warming and drought thus have opposite effects on the phenology of leaf senescence, and the impact of climate change will therefore depend on the relative importance of each factor in specific regions. Warming is not expected to have a strong impact on nutrient proficiency although a slower speed of leaf senescence induced by warming could facilitate a more efficient nutrient resorption. Nutrient resorption is less efficient when the leaves senesce prematurely as a consequence of water stress. The overall effects of climate change on nutrient resorption will depend on the contrasting effects of warming and drought. Changes in nutrient resorption and proficiency will impact production in the following year, at least in early spring, because the construction of new foliage relies almost exclusively on nutrients resorbed from foliage during the preceding leaf fall. Changes in the phenology of leaf senescence will thus impact carbon uptake, but also ecosystem nutrient cycling, especially if the changes are consequence of water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Estiarte
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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86
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Winter G, Todd CD, Trovato M, Forlani G, Funck D. Physiological implications of arginine metabolism in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:534. [PMID: 26284079 PMCID: PMC4520006 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is a limiting resource for plant growth in most terrestrial habitats since large amounts of nitrogen are needed to synthesize nucleic acids and proteins. Among the 21 proteinogenic amino acids, arginine has the highest nitrogen to carbon ratio, which makes it especially suitable as a storage form of organic nitrogen. Synthesis in chloroplasts via ornithine is apparently the only operational pathway to provide arginine in plants, and the rate of arginine synthesis is tightly regulated by various feedback mechanisms in accordance with the overall nutritional status. While several steps of arginine biosynthesis still remain poorly characterized in plants, much wider attention has been paid to inter- and intracellular arginine transport as well as arginine-derived metabolites. A role of arginine as alternative source besides glutamate for proline biosynthesis is still discussed controversially and may be prevented by differential subcellular localization of enzymes. Apparently, arginine is a precursor for nitric oxide (NO), although the molecular mechanism of NO production from arginine remains unclear in higher plants. In contrast, conversion of arginine to polyamines is well documented, and in several plant species also ornithine can serve as a precursor for polyamines. Both NO and polyamines play crucial roles in regulating developmental processes as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stress. It is thus conceivable that arginine catabolism serves on the one hand to mobilize nitrogen storages, while on the other hand it may be used to fine-tune development and defense mechanisms against stress. This review summarizes the recent advances in our knowledge about arginine metabolism, with a special focus on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and pinpoints still unresolved critical questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Winter
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Maurizio Trovato
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Forlani
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dietmar Funck
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dietmar Funck, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany,
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87
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Euring D, Bai H, Janz D, Polle A. Nitrogen-driven stem elongation in poplar is linked with wood modification and gene clusters for stress, photosynthesis and cell wall formation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:391. [PMID: 25547614 PMCID: PMC4302602 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen is an important nutrient, often limiting plant productivity and yield. In poplars, woody crops used as feedstock for renewable resources and bioenergy, nitrogen fertilization accelerates growth of the young, expanding stem internodes. The underlying molecular mechanisms of nitrogen use for extension growth in poplars are not well understood. The aim of this study was to dissect the nitrogen-responsive transcriptional network in the elongation zone of Populus trichocarpa in relation to extension growth and cell wall properties. RESULTS Transcriptome analyses in the first two internodes of P. trichocarpa stems grown without or with nitrogen fertilization (5 mM NH4NO3) revealed 1037 more than 2-fold differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Co-expression analysis extracted a network containing about one-third of the DEGs with three main complexes of strongly clustered genes. These complexes represented three main processes that were responsive to N-driven growth: Complex 1 integrated growth processes and stress suggesting that genes with established functions in abiotic and biotic stress are also recruited to coordinate growth. Complex 2 was enriched in genes with decreased transcript abundance and functionally annotated as photosynthetic hub. Complex 3 was a hub for secondary cell wall formation connecting well-known transcription factors that control secondary cell walls with genes for the formation of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Anatomical and biochemical analysis supported that N-driven growth resulted in early secondary cell wall formation in the elongation zone with thicker cell walls and increased lignin. These alterations contrasted the N influence on the secondary xylem, where thinner cell walls with lower lignin contents than in unfertilized trees were formed. CONCLUSION This study uncovered that nitrogen-responsive elongation growth of poplar internodes is linked with abiotic stress, suppression of photosynthetic genes and stimulation of genes for cell wall formation. Anatomical and biochemical analysis supported increased accumulation of cell walls and secondary metabolites in the elongation zone. The finding of a nitrogen-responsive cell wall hub may have wider implications for the improvement of tree nitrogen use efficiency and opens new perspectives on the enhancement of wood composition as a feedstock for biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejuan Euring
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hua Bai
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Janz
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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88
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Biomass and Volume Yield in Mature Hybrid Poplar Plantations on Temperate Abandoned Farmland. FORESTS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/f5123107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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89
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Differential profiling analysis of miRNAs reveals a regulatory role in low N stress response of Populus. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 15:93-105. [PMID: 25398555 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential mineral element for plant growth processes, and its availability severely affects the productivity of plants, especially trees. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs approximately 21 nucleotides in length that play important roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. To identify Populus miRNAs and their functions in response to nutrition stress, high-throughput sequencing was performed using Populus tomentosa plantlets treated with or without low concentrations of N. We identified 160 conserved miRNAs, 15 known but non-conserved miRNAs, 2 candidate novel miRNAs and 71 corresponding miRNA*s. Differential expression analysis showed that expression of the 21 conserved miRNA families was significantly altered. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to further validate and analyze the dynamic expression of the identified miRNAs. A total of 218 target genes from the low-N-responsive miRNAs were predicted, and their functions were further annotated in combination with Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. These results suggest that miRNAs play important roles in the response of Populus to low N stress. Furthermore, this study provides the first identification and profiles of N stress-responsive miRNAs from trees.
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90
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von Wittgenstein NJJB, Le CH, Hawkins BJ, Ehlting J. Evolutionary classification of ammonium, nitrate, and peptide transporters in land plants. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:11. [PMID: 24438197 PMCID: PMC3922906 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nitrogen uptake, reallocation within the plant, and between subcellular compartments involves ammonium, nitrate and peptide transporters. Ammonium transporters are separated into two distinct families (AMT1 and AMT2), each comprised of five members on average in angiosperms. Nitrate transporters also form two discrete families (NRT1 and NRT2), with angiosperms having four NRT2s, on average. NRT1s share an evolutionary history with peptide transporters (PTRs). The NRT1/PTR family in land plants usually has more than 50 members and contains also members with distinct activities, such as glucosinolate and abscisic acid transport. Results Phylogenetic reconstructions of each family across 20 land plant species with available genome sequences were supplemented with subcellular localization and transmembrane topology predictions. This revealed that both AMT families diverged prior to the separation of bryophytes and vascular plants forming two distinct clans, designated as supergroups, each. Ten supergroups were identified for the NRT1/PTR family. It is apparent that nitrate and peptide transport within the NRT1/PTR family is polyphyletic, that is, nitrate and/or peptide transport likely evolved multiple times within land plants. The NRT2 family separated into two distinct clans early in vascular plant evolution. Subsequent duplications occurring prior to the eudicot/monocot separation led to the existence of two AMT1, six AMT2, 31 NRT1/PTR, and two NRT2 clans, designated as groups. Conclusion Phylogenetic separation of groups suggests functional divergence within the angiosperms for each family. Distinct groups within the NRT1/PTR family appear to separate peptide and nitrate transport activities as well as other activities contained within the family, for example nitrite transport. Conversely, distinct activities, such as abscisic acid and glucosinolate transport, appear to have recently evolved from nitrate transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jürgen Ehlting
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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91
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Luo J, Li H, Liu T, Polle A, Peng C, Luo ZB. Nitrogen metabolism of two contrasting poplar species during acclimation to limiting nitrogen availability. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4207-24. [PMID: 23963674 PMCID: PMC3808312 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate N metabolism of two contrasting Populus species in acclimation to low N availability, saplings of slow-growing species (Populus popularis, Pp) and a fast-growing species (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa, Pg) were exposed to 10, 100, or 1000 μM NH4NO3. Despite greater root biomass and fine root surface area in Pp, lower net influxes of NH4(+) and NO3(-) at the root surface were detected in Pp compared to those in Pg, corresponding well to lower NH4(+) and NO3(-) content and total N concentration in Pp roots. Meanwhile, higher stable N isotope composition (δ(15)N) in roots and stronger responsiveness of transcriptional regulation of 18 genes involved in N metabolism were found in roots and leaves of Pp compared to those of Pg. These results indicate that the N metabolism of Pp is more sensitive to decreasing N availability than that of Pg. In both species, low N treatments decreased net influxes of NH4(+) and NO3(-), root NH4(+) and foliar NO3(-) content, root NR activities, total N concentration in roots and leaves, and transcript levels of most ammonium (AMTs) and nitrate (NRTs) transporter genes in leaves and genes involved in N assimilation in roots and leaves. Low N availability increased fine root surface area, foliar starch concentration, δ(15)N in roots and leaves, and transcript abundance of several AMTs (e.g. AMT1;2) and NRTs (e.g. NRT1;2 and NRT2;4B) in roots of both species. These data indicate that poplar species slow down processes of N acquisition and assimilation in acclimation to limiting N supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Tongxian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Andrea Polle
- Büsgen-Institute, Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August University, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Changhui Peng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology in Western China of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zhi-Bin Luo
- College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology in Western China of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
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92
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Müller A, Volmer K, Mishra-Knyrim M, Polle A. Growing poplars for research with and without mycorrhizas. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:332. [PMID: 23986772 PMCID: PMC3753594 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades the importance of the genus Populus increased because the poplar genome has been sequenced and molecular tools for basic research have become available. Poplar species occur in different habitats and harbor large genetic variation, which can be exploited for economic applications and for increasing our knowledge on the basic molecular mechanisms of the woody life style. Poplars are, therefore, employed to unravel the molecular mechanisms of wood formation, stress tolerance, tree nutrition and interaction with other organisms such as pathogens or mycorrhiza. The basis of these investigations is the reproducible production of homogeneous plant material. In this method paper we describe techniques and growth conditions for the in vitro propagation of different poplar species (Populus × canescens, P. trichocarpa, P. tremula, and P. euphratica) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (Laccaria bicolor, Paxillus involutus) as well as for their co-cultivation for ectomycorrhizal synthesis. Maintenance and plant preparation require different multiplication and rooting media. Growth systems to cultivate poplars under axenic conditions in agar and sand cultures with and without mycorrhizal fungi are described. Transfer of the plants from in vitro to in situ conditions is critical and hardening is important to prevent high mortality. Growth and vitality of the trees in vitro and outdoors with and without ectomycorrhizas are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August Universität GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
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93
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Bai H, Euring D, Volmer K, Janz D, Polle A. The nitrate transporter (NRT) gene family in poplar. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72126. [PMID: 23977227 PMCID: PMC3747271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrate is an important nutrient required for plant growth. It also acts as a signal regulating plant development. Nitrate is actively taken up and transported by nitrate transporters (NRT), which form a large family with many members and distinct functions. In contrast to Arabidopsis and rice there is little information about the NRT family in woody plants such as Populus. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the Populus NRT family was performed. Sixty-eight PtNRT1/PTR, 6 PtNRT2, and 5 PtNRT3 genes were identified in the P. trichocarpa genome. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the genes of the NRT family are divided into three clades: NRT1/PTR with four subclades, NRT2, and NRT3. Topological analysis indicated that all members of PtNRT1/PTR and PtNRT2 have 8 to 12 trans-membrane domains, whereas the PtNRT3 proteins have no or up to two trans-membrane domains. Four PtNRT3 members were predicted as secreted proteins. Microarray analyses revealed tissue-specific expression patterns of PtNRT genes with distinct clusters of NRTs for roots, for the elongation zone of the apical stem segment and the developing xylem and a further cluster for leaves, bark and wood. A comparison of different poplar species (P. trichocarpa, P. tremula, P. euphratica, P. fremontii x P. angustifolia, and P. x canescens) showed that the tissue-specific patterns of the NRT genes varied to some extent with species. Bioinformatic analysis of putative cis-regulatory elements in the promoter regions of PtNRT family retrieved motifs suggesting the regulation of the NRT genes by N metabolism, by energy and carbon metabolism, and by phytohormones and stress. Multivariate analysis suggested that the combination and abundance of motifs in distinct promoters may lead to tissue-specificity. Our genome wide analysis of the PtNRT genes provides a valuable basis for functional analysis towards understanding the role of nitrate transporters for tree growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Bai
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dejuan Euring
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Volmer
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Janz
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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94
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Luo J, Qin J, He F, Li H, Liu T, Polle A, Peng C, Luo ZB. Net fluxes of ammonium and nitrate in association with H+ fluxes in fine roots of Populus popularis. PLANTA 2013. [PMID: 23179443 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1807-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Poplar plants are cultivated as woody crops, which are often fertilized by addition of ammonium (NH4(+)) and/or nitrate (NO3(-)) to improve yields. However, little is known about net NH4(+)/NO3(-) fluxes and their relation with H(+) fluxes in poplar roots. In this study, net NH4(+)/NO3(-) fluxes in association with H(+) fluxes were measured non-invasively using scanning ion-selective electrode technique in fine roots of Populus popularis. Spatial variability of NH4(+) and NO3(-) fluxes was found along root tips of P. popularis. The maximal net uptake of NH4(+) and NO3(-) occurred, respectively, at 10 and 15 mm from poplar root tips. Net NH4(+) uptake was induced by ca. 48 % with provision of NO3(-) together, but net NO3(-) uptake was inhibited by ca. 39 % with the presence of NH4(+) in poplar roots. Furthermore, inactivation of plasma membrane (PM) H(+)-ATPases by orthovanadate markedly inhibited net NH4(+)/NO3(-) uptake and even led to net NH4(+) release with NO3(-) co-provision. Linear correlations were observed between net NH4(+)/NO3(-) and H(+) fluxes in poplar roots except that no correlation was found between net NH4(+) and H(+) fluxes in roots exposed to NH4Cl and 0 mM vanadate. These results indicate that root tips play a key role in NH4(+)/NO3(-) uptake and that net NH4(+)/NO3(-) fluxes and the interaction of net fluxes of both ions are tightly associated with H(+) fluxes in poplar roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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95
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Wullschleger SD, Weston DJ, DiFazio SP, Tuskan GA. Revisiting the sequencing of the first tree genome: Populus trichocarpa. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:357-364. [PMID: 23100257 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ten years ago, it was announced that the Joint Genome Institute with funds provided by the Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research would sequence the black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) genome. This landmark decision was the culmination of work by the forest science community to develop Populus as a model system. Since its public release in late 2006, the availability of the Populus genome has spawned research in plant biology, morphology, genetics and ecology. Here we address how the tree physiologist has used this resource. More specifically, we revisit our earlier contention that the rewards of sequencing the Populus genome would depend on how quickly scientists working with woody perennials could adopt molecular approaches to investigate the mechanistic underpinnings of basic physiological processes. Several examples illustrate the integration of functional and comparative genomics into the forest sciences, especially in areas that target improved understanding of the developmental differences between woody perennials and herbaceous annuals (e.g., phase transitions). Sequencing the Populus genome and the availability of genetic and genomic resources has also been instrumental in identifying candidate genes that underlie physiological and morphological traits of interest. Genome-enabled research has advanced our understanding of how phenotype and genotype are related and provided insights into the genetic mechanisms whereby woody perennials adapt to environmental stress. In the future, we anticipate that low-cost, high-throughput sequencing will continue to facilitate research in tree physiology and enhance our understanding at scales of individual organisms and populations. A challenge remains, however, as to how genomic resources, including the Populus genome, can be used to understand ecosystem function. Although examples are limited, progress in this area is encouraging and will undoubtedly improve as future research targets the many unique aspects of Populus as a keystone species in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan D Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA.
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96
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Danielsen L, Lohaus G, Sirrenberg A, Karlovsky P, Bastien C, Pilate G, Polle A. Ectomycorrhizal colonization and diversity in relation to tree biomass and nutrition in a plantation of transgenic poplars with modified lignin biosynthesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59207. [PMID: 23516610 PMCID: PMC3596300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood from biomass plantations with fast growing tree species such as poplars can be used as an alternative feedstock for production of biofuels. To facilitate utilization of lignocellulose for saccharification, transgenic poplars with modified or reduced lignin contents may be useful. However, the potential impact of poplars modified in the lignification pathway on ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi, which play important roles for plant nutrition, is not known. The goal of this study was to investigate EM colonization and community composition in relation to biomass and nutrient status in wildtype (WT, Populus tremula × Populus alba) and transgenic poplar lines with suppressed activities of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, caffeate/5-hydroxyferulate O-methyltransferase, and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase in a biomass plantation. In different one-year-old poplar lines EM colonization varied from 58% to 86%, but the EM community composition of WT and transgenic poplars were indistinguishable. After two years, the colonization rate of all lines was increased to about 100%, but separation of EM communities between distinct transgenic poplar genotypes was observed. The differentiation of the EM assemblages was similar to that found between different genotypes of commercial clones of Populus × euramericana. The transgenic poplars exhibited significant growth and nutrient element differences in wood, with generally higher nutrient accumulation in stems of genotypes with lower than in those with higher biomass. A general linear mixed model simulated biomass of one-year-old poplar stems with high accuracy (adjusted R(2) = 97%) by two factors: EM colonization and inverse wood N concentration. These results imply a link between N allocation and EM colonization, which may be crucial for wood production in the establishment phase of poplar biomass plantations. Our data further support that multiple poplar genotypes regardless whether generated by transgenic approaches or conventional breeding increase the variation in EM community composition in biomass plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Danielsen
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gertrud Lohaus
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anke Sirrenberg
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Catherine Bastien
- INRA, UR0588 Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, CS 40001 Ardon, Orléans, France
| | - Gilles Pilate
- INRA, UR0588 Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, CS 40001 Ardon, Orléans, France
| | - Andrea Polle
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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97
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Polacco JC, Mazzafera P, Tezotto T. Opinion: nickel and urease in plants: still many knowledge gaps. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 199-200:79-90. [PMID: 23265321 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We propose experimental strategies to expand our understanding of the role of Ni in plants, beyond the Ni-metallocenter of urease, still the only identified Ni-containing plant enzyme. While Ni has been considered an essential mineral for plants there is a clear lack of knowledge of its involvement in metabolic steps except the urease-catalyzed conversion of urea to ammonia and bicarbonate. We argue that urease (and hence, Ni) plays an important role in optimal N-use efficiency under various N regimes by recycling urea-N, which is generated endogenously exclusively from arginase action on arginine. We further suggest that urease and arginase may connect different metabolic compartments under stress situations, and therefore may be involved in stress tolerance. To determine possible non-urease roles of Ni we call for experimental manipulation of both Ni and N availability in urease-negative mutants. Plant ureases have been shown to have defense roles, distinct from their ureolytic activity, and we call for investigation of whether Ni helps maintain a urease conformation or stability for these non-ureolytic defense roles. The beneficial effects of Ni at upper concentration limits have not been fully examined. We posit a "Ni strategy" of plants whose growth/performance is stimulated by unusual amounts of soil Ni, for defense and/or for maximal N-use efficiency. While we know little about Ni and urease roles in N metabolism and defense, virtually nothing is known about Ni roles in plant-microbial 'consortia.' And, much of what we know of Ni and urease is limited to only a few plants, e.g. soybean, potato and Arabidopsis, and we suggest studies vigorously extended to other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe C Polacco
- University of Missouri, Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
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98
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Wildhagen H, Bilela S, Rennenberg H. Low temperatures counteract short-day induced nitrogen storage, but not accumulation of bark storage protein transcripts in bark of grey poplar (Populus × canescens) trees. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15 Suppl 1:44-56. [PMID: 23279294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
According to climate change scenarios, the seasonal course of temperature will change in most regions of the world, raising the question of how this will influence seasonal nitrogen (N) storage in deciduous trees. The key to this question is a detailed understanding of the underlying regulatory mechanisms, which was addressed in this study by analysing (i) the effects of low temperatures (13-1 °C) on bark storage protein (BSP) transcription, BSP and total protein accumulation and amino acid metabolism; (ii) the effects of interactions between low temperatures and photoperiod on these processes; and (iii) the regulatory role of amino acids in the bark. For this purpose, we exposed grey poplar trees (Populus × canescens) to three different treatments of changing photoperiod at constant temperature, changing temperature at constant photoperiod, and both changing photoperiod and temperature. Under a shortened photoperiod, a substantial increase of BSP transcripts was observed that was correlated with the accumulation of bark proteins, indicating a metabolic shift to promote long-term N storage. Irrespective of the applied photoperiod, exposure to low temperatures (5 or 1 °C) caused a strong increase of BSP transcripts, which was not paralled by significant increases of BSP and total bark proteins. We conclude that the interaction between effects of photoperiod and temperature is dependent on the carbon status of the trees, and reflects a metabolic adjustment of reduced carbon consumption for BSP synthesis. These results demonstrate the differential temperature sensitivity of processes involved in seasonal N storage, implying vulnerability to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wildhagen
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Freiburg, Germany
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99
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Plavcová L, Hacke UG. Phenotypic and developmental plasticity of xylem in hybrid poplar saplings subjected to experimental drought, nitrogen fertilization, and shading. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:6481-91. [PMID: 23095999 PMCID: PMC3504499 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Variation in xylem structure and function has been extensively studied across different species with a wide taxonomic, geographical, and ecological coverage. In contrast, our understanding of how xylem of a single species can adjust to different growing condition remains limited. Here phenotypic and developmental plasticity in xylem traits of hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa×deltoides) was studied. Clonally propagated saplings were grown under experimental drought, nitrogen fertilization, and shade for >30 d. Xylem hydraulic and anatomical traits were subsequently examined in stem segments taken from two different vertical positions along the plant's main axis. The experimental treatments affected growth and development and induced changes in xylem phenotype. Across all treatments, the amount of leaf area supported by stem segments (A(L)) scaled linearly with stem native hydraulic conductivity (K (native)), suggesting that the area of assimilating leaves is constrained by the xylem transport capacity. In turn, K (native) was mainly driven by the size of xylem cross-sectional area (A(X)). Moreover, the structural and functional properties of xylem varied significantly. Vulnerability to cavitation, measured as the xylem pressure inducing 50% loss of conductivity (P50), ranged from -1.71 MPa to -0.15 MPa in saplings subjected to drought and nitrogen fertilization, respectively. Across all treatments and stem segment positions, P50 was tightly correlated with wood density. In contrast, no relationship between P50 and xylem-specific conductivity (K (S)) was observed. The results of this study enhance our knowledge of plant hydraulic acclimation and provide insights into common trade-offs that exist in xylem structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Plavcová
- University of Alberta, Department of Renewable Resources, 4-42 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E3.
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100
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Larisch C, Dittrich M, Wildhagen H, Lautner S, Fromm J, Polle A, Hedrich R, Rennenberg H, Müller T, Ache P. Poplar wood rays are involved in seasonal remodeling of tree physiology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1515-29. [PMID: 22992511 PMCID: PMC3490584 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.202291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding seasonality and longevity is a major challenge in tree biology. In woody species, growth phases and dormancy follow one another consecutively. In the oldest living individuals, the annual cycle may run for more than 1,000 years. So far, however, not much is known about the processes triggering reactivation from dormancy. In this study, we focused on wood rays, which are known to play an important role in tree development. The transition phase from dormancy to flowering in early spring was compared with the phase of active growth in summer. Rays from wood samples of poplar (Populus × canescens) were enriched by laser microdissection, and transcripts were monitored by poplar whole-genome microarrays. The resulting seasonally varying complex expression and metabolite patterns were subjected to pathway analyses. In February, the metabolic pathways related to flower induction were high, indicating that reactivation from dormancy was already taking place at this time of the year. In July, the pathways related to active growth, like lignin biosynthesis, nitrogen assimilation, and defense, were enriched. Based on "marker" genes identified in our pathway analyses, we were able to validate periodical changes in wood samples by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. These studies, and the resulting ray database, provide new insights into the steps underlying the seasonality of poplar trees.
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