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Schäffer S, Stabentheiner E, Shimano S, Pfingstl T. Leaving the tropics: The successful colonization of cold temperate regions by Dolicheremaeus dorni (Acari, Oribatida). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2018; 56:505-518. [PMID: 30395657 PMCID: PMC6049615 DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Species diversity is generally higher in the tropics compared to the temperate zones. The phenomenon that one species of an almost exclusively tropical living genus was able to adapt successfully to the cold northern regions is rather rare. However, the oribatid mite Dolicheremaeus dorni represents such a species and is in the focus of this study. While 180 Dolicheremaeus species are confined to the tropics and subtropics, only five species are known to occur in temperate climates and D. dorni represents the only species with a wider distribution in this climatic region. This species is distributed in Central and Southern Europe and was now recorded for the first time in Austria. A morphological and molecular genetic investigation of specimens from Austria, Poland and Croatia confirmed this distribution pattern and revealed specific geographic clades and haplotypes for each population and hence indicate low gene flow between populations. A further molecular genetic analysis of the 18S rRNA gene sequence of D. dorni confirmed its phylogenetic position within Carabodoidea. Based on record information, this species is associated with trees or tree habitats and seems to be rather a generalist than a specialist for a specific substrate (e.g., tree species) or food source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Satoshi Shimano
- Science Research Center, Hosei University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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52
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Espeland M, Breinholt J, Willmott KR, Warren AD, Vila R, Toussaint EF, Maunsell SC, Aduse-Poku K, Talavera G, Eastwood R, Jarzyna MA, Guralnick R, Lohman DJ, Pierce NE, Kawahara AY. A Comprehensive and Dated Phylogenomic Analysis of Butterflies. Curr Biol 2018; 28:770-778.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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53
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Condamine FL, Rolland J, Höhna S, Sperling FAH, Sanmartín I. Testing the Role of the Red Queen and Court Jester as Drivers of the Macroevolution of Apollo Butterflies. Syst Biol 2018; 67:940-964. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syy009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien L Condamine
- CNRS, UMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution (Université de Montpellier
- CNRS IRD
- EPHE), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo, 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan Rolland
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Höhna
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Felix A H Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Isabel Sanmartín
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo, 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
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54
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Pérez-Escobar OA, Cass S, Dodsworth S. Digest: Drivers of coral diversification in a major marine biodiversity hotspot. Evolution 2018; 72:406-408. [PMID: 29319173 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susannah Cass
- Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Steven Dodsworth
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AB, Surrey, United Kingdom
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55
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He J, Tedersoo L, Hu A, Han C, He D, Wei H, Jiao M, Anslan S, Nie Y, Jia Y, Zhang G, Yu G, Liu S, Shen W. Greater diversity of soil fungal communities and distinguishable seasonal variation in temperate deciduous forests compared with subtropical evergreen forests of eastern China. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:3916685. [PMID: 28854678 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether and how seasonality of environmental variables impacts the spatial variability of soil fungal communities remain poorly understood. We assessed soil fungal diversity and community composition of five Chinese zonal forests along a latitudinal gradient spanning 23°N to 42°N in three seasons to address these questions. We found that soil fungal diversity increased linearly or parabolically with latitude. The seasonal variations in fungal diversity were more distinguishable in three temperate deciduous forests than in two subtropical evergreen forests. Soil fungal diversity was mainly correlated with edaphic factors such as pH and nutrient contents. Both latitude and its interactions with season also imposed significant impacts on soil fungal community composition (FCC), but the effects of latitude were stronger than those of season. Vegetational properties such as plant diversity and forest age were the dominant factors affecting FCC in the subtropical evergreen forests while edaphic properties were the dominant ones in the temperate deciduous forests. Our results indicate that latitudinal variation patterns of soil fungal diversity and FCC may differ among seasons. The stronger effect of latitude relative to that of season suggests a more important influence by the spatial than temporal heterogeneity in shaping soil fungal communities across zonal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong He
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China.,Department of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Natural History Museum, Tartu University, 14A Ravila, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Ang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Conghai Han
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dan He
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Min Jiao
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Sten Anslan
- Natural History Museum, Tartu University, 14A Ravila, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Yanxia Nie
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Gengxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guirui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
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56
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Meyer ALS, Wiens JJ. Estimating diversification rates for higher taxa: BAMM can give problematic estimates of rates and rate shifts. Evolution 2017; 72:39-53. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas L. S. Meyer
- Graduate Program in Zoology Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Paraná 81531 Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721
| | - John J. Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721
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57
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Pellissier L, Heine C, Rosauer DF, Albouy C. Are global hotspots of endemic richness shaped by plate tectonics? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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58
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Jahner JP, Forister ML, Parchman TL, Smilanich AM, Miller JS, Wilson JS, Walla TR, Tepe EJ, Richards LA, Quijano‐Abril MA, Glassmire AE, Dyer LA. Host conservatism, geography, and elevation in the evolution of a Neotropical moth radiation. Evolution 2017; 71:2885-2900. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Jahner
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada 89557
| | - Matthew L. Forister
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada 89557
| | - Thomas L. Parchman
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada 89557
| | - Angela M. Smilanich
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada 89557
| | - James S. Miller
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History New York New York 10024
| | | | - Thomas R. Walla
- Department of Biology Colorado Mesa University Grand Junction Colorado 81507
- Seccion Invertebrados Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales Quito Ecuador
| | - Eric J. Tepe
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio 45221
| | - Lora A. Richards
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada 89557
| | | | - Andrea E. Glassmire
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada 89557
| | - Lee A. Dyer
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada 89557
- Seccion Invertebrados Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales Quito Ecuador
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59
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Zhang W, Westerman E, Nitzany E, Palmer S, Kronforst MR. Tracing the origin and evolution of supergene mimicry in butterflies. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1269. [PMID: 29116078 PMCID: PMC5677128 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Supergene mimicry is a striking phenomenon but we know little about the evolution of this trait in any species. Here, by studying genomes of butterflies from a recent radiation in which supergene mimicry has been isolated to the gene doublesex, we show that sexually dimorphic mimicry and female-limited polymorphism are evolutionarily related as a result of ancient balancing selection combined with independent origins of similar morphs in different lineages and secondary loss of polymorphism in other lineages. Evolutionary loss of polymorphism appears to have resulted from an interaction between natural selection and genetic drift. Furthermore, molecular evolution of the supergene is dominated not by adaptive protein evolution or balancing selection, but by extensive hitchhiking of linked variants on the mimetic dsx haplotype that occurred at the origin of mimicry. Our results suggest that chance events have played important and possibly opposing roles throughout the history of this classic example of adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Erica Westerman
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Eyal Nitzany
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Stephanie Palmer
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Marcus R Kronforst
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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60
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Bacterial natural product biosynthetic domain composition in soil correlates with changes in latitude on a continent-wide scale. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11615-11620. [PMID: 29078342 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710262114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bacterial bioactive metabolites have been one of the most prolific sources of lead structures for the development of small-molecule therapeutics, very little is known about the environmental factors associated with changes in secondary metabolism across natural environments. Large-scale sequencing of environmental microbiomes has the potential to shed light on the richness of bacterial biosynthetic diversity hidden in the environment, how it varies from one environment to the next, and what environmental factors correlate with changes in biosynthetic diversity. In this study, the sequencing of PCR amplicons generated using primers targeting either ketosynthase domains from polyketide biosynthesis or adenylation domains from nonribosomal peptide biosynthesis was used to assess biosynthetic domain composition and richness in soils collected across the Australian continent. Using environmental variables collected at each soil site, we looked for environmental factors that correlated with either high overall domain richness or changes in the domain composition. Among the environmental variables we measured, changes in biosynthetic domain composition correlate most closely with changes in latitude and to a lesser extent changes in pH. Although it is unclear at this time the exact mix of factors that may drive the relationship between biosynthetic domain composition and latitude, from a practical perspective the identification of a latitudinal basis for differences in soil metagenome biosynthetic domain compositions should help guide future natural product discovery efforts.
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61
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Brunke AJ, Chatzimanolis S, Metscher BD, Wolf-Schwenninger K, Solodovnikov A. Dispersal of thermophilic beetles across the intercontinental Arctic forest belt during the early Eocene. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12972. [PMID: 29021627 PMCID: PMC5636899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive biotic change occurred during the Eocene as the climate shifted from warm and equable to seasonal and latitudinally stratified. Mild winter temperatures across Arctic intercontinental land bridges permitted dispersal of frost-intolerant groups until the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, while trans-Arctic dispersal in thermophilic groups may have been limited to the early Eocene, especially during short-lived hyperthermals. Some of these lineages are now disjunct between continents of the northern hemisphere. Although Eocene climate change may have been one of the most important drivers of these ancient patterns in modern animal and plant distributions, its particular events are rarely implicated or correlated with group-specific climatic requirements. Here we explored the climatic and geological drivers of a particularly striking Neotropical-Oriental disjunct distribution in the rove beetle Bolitogyrus, a suspected Eocene relict. We integrated evidence from Eocene fossils, distributional and climate data, paleoclimate, paleogeography, and phylogenetic divergence dating to show that intercontinental dispersal of Bolitogyrus ceased in the early Eocene, consistent with the termination of conditions required by thermophilic lineages. These results provide new insight into the poorly known and short-lived Arctic forest community of the Early Eocene and its surviving lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Brunke
- Third Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum of Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria.
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, K1A 0C6, ON, Canada.
| | - Stylianos Chatzimanolis
- Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Science, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Ave, Dept. 2653, Chattanooga, TN, 37403, USA
| | - Brian D Metscher
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Alexey Solodovnikov
- Biosystematics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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62
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Talla V, Suh A, Kalsoom F, Dincă V, Vila R, Friberg M, Wiklund C, Backström N. Rapid Increase in Genome Size as a Consequence of Transposable Element Hyperactivity in Wood-White (Leptidea) Butterflies. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:2491-2505. [PMID: 28981642 PMCID: PMC5737376 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing and quantifying genome size variation among organisms and understanding if genome size evolves as a consequence of adaptive or stochastic processes have been long-standing goals in evolutionary biology. Here, we investigate genome size variation and association with transposable elements (TEs) across lepidopteran lineages using a novel genome assembly of the common wood-white (Leptidea sinapis) and population re-sequencing data from both L. sinapis and the closely related L. reali and L. juvernica together with 12 previously available lepidopteran genome assemblies. A phylogenetic analysis confirms established relationships among species, but identifies previously unknown intraspecific structure within Leptidea lineages. The genome assembly of L. sinapis is one of the largest of any lepidopteran taxon so far (643 Mb) and genome size is correlated with abundance of TEs, both in Lepidoptera in general and within Leptidea where L. juvernica from Kazakhstan has considerably larger genome size than any other Leptidea population. Specific TE subclasses have been active in different Lepidoptera lineages with a pronounced expansion of predominantly LINEs, DNA elements, and unclassified TEs in the Leptidea lineage after the split from other Pieridae. The rate of genome expansion in Leptidea in general has been in the range of four Mb/Million year (My), with an increase in a particular L. juvernica population to 72 Mb/My. The considerable differences in accumulation rates of specific TE classes in different lineages indicate that TE activity plays a major role in genome size evolution in butterflies and moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat Talla
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Alexander Suh
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Faheema Kalsoom
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Vlad Dincă
- Animal Biodiversity and Evolution Program, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Vila
- Animal Biodiversity and Evolution Program, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magne Friberg
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Division of Ecology, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Niclas Backström
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Sweden
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63
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Qian H, Sandel B. Phylogenetic relatedness of native and exotic plants along climate gradients in California, USA. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qian
- Research and Collections Center; Illinois State Museum; Springfield IL USA
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology; Santa Clara University; Santa Clara; CA USA
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64
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Hauenschild F, Favre A, Schnitzler J, Michalak I, Freiberg M, Muellner-Riehl AN. Spatio-temporal evolution of Allium L. in the Qinghai-Tibet-Plateau region: Immigration and in situ radiation. PLANT DIVERSITY 2017; 39:167-179. [PMID: 30159508 PMCID: PMC6112296 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of studies investigating the origin and evolution of diverse mountain taxa has assumed a causal link between geological processes (orogenesis) and a biological response (diversification). Yet, a substantial delay (up to 30 Myr) between the start of orogenesis and diversification is often observed. Evolutionary biologists should therefore identify alternative drivers of diversification and maintenance of biodiversity in mountain systems. Using phylogenetic, biogeographic, and diversification rate analyses, we could identify two independent processes that most likely explain the diversity of the widespread genus Allium in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) region: (1) While the QTP-related taxa of the subgenus Melanocrommyum diversified in situ, (2) QTP-related taxa of other subgenera migrated into the QTP from multiple source areas. Furthermore, shifts in diversification rates within Allium could not be attributed spatially and temporally to the uplift history of the QTP region. Instead, global cooling and climate oscillations in the Quaternary were major contributors to increased speciation rates in three clades of Allium. Our study therefore adds to the growing evidence supporting the "mountain-geo-biodiversity hypothesis", which highlights the role of climate oscillations for the diversification of mountain organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hauenschild
- Leipzig University, Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics & Herbarium (LZ), Johannisallee 21–23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adrien Favre
- Leipzig University, Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics & Herbarium (LZ), Johannisallee 21–23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Schnitzler
- Leipzig University, Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics & Herbarium (LZ), Johannisallee 21–23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Michalak
- Leipzig University, Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics & Herbarium (LZ), Johannisallee 21–23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Freiberg
- Leipzig University, Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity Research, Johannisallee 21–23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandra N. Muellner-Riehl
- Leipzig University, Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics & Herbarium (LZ), Johannisallee 21–23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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65
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Abstract
Until recently, deep-level phylogeny in Lepidoptera, the largest single radiation of plant-feeding insects, was very poorly understood. Over the past two decades, building on a preceding era of morphological cladistic studies, molecular data have yielded robust initial estimates of relationships both within and among the ∼43 superfamilies, with unsolved problems now yielding to much larger data sets from high-throughput sequencing. Here we summarize progress on lepidopteran phylogeny since 1975, emphasizing the superfamily level, and discuss some resulting advances in our understanding of lepidopteran evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Mitter
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742;
| | - Donald R Davis
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560
| | - Michael P Cummings
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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66
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Wilts BD, Giraldo MA, Stavenga DG. Unique wing scale photonics of male Rajah Brooke's birdwing butterflies. Front Zool 2016; 13:36. [PMID: 27525030 PMCID: PMC4983073 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-016-0168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ultrastructures in butterfly wing scales can take many shapes, resulting in the often striking coloration of many butterflies due to interference of light. The plethora of coloration mechanisms is dazzling, but often only single mechanisms are described for specific animals. Results We have here investigated the male Rajah Brooke’s birdwing, Trogonoptera brookiana, a large butterfly from Malaysia, which is marked by striking, colorful wing patterns. The dorsal side is decorated with large, iridescent green patterning, while the ventral side of the wings is primarily brown-black with small white, blue and green patches on the hindwings. Dense arrays of red hairs, creating a distinct collar as well as contrasting areas ventrally around the thorax, enhance the butterfly’s beauty. The remarkable coloration is realized by a diverse number of intricate and complicated nanostructures in the hairs as well as the wing scales. The red collar hairs contain a broad-band absorbing pigment as well as UV-reflecting multilayers resembling the photonic structures of Morpho butterflies; the white wing patches consist of scales with prominent thin film reflectors; the blue patches have scales with ridge multilayers and these scales also have centrally concentrated melanin. The green wing areas consist of strongly curved scales, which possess a uniquely arranged photonic structure consisting of multilayers and melanin baffles that produces highly directional reflections. Conclusion Rajah Brooke’s birdwing employs a variety of structural and pigmentary coloration mechanisms to achieve its stunning optical appearance. The intriguing usage of order and disorder in related photonic structures in the butterfly wing scales may inspire novel optical materials as well as investigations into the development of these nanostructures in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marco A Giraldo
- Biophysics Group, Institute of Physics, University of Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, A.A.1226, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Doekele G Stavenga
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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67
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Zhou J, Deng Y, Shen L, Wen C, Yan Q, Ning D, Qin Y, Xue K, Wu L, He Z, Voordeckers JW, Nostrand JDV, Buzzard V, Michaletz ST, Enquist BJ, Weiser MD, Kaspari M, Waide R, Yang Y, Brown JH. Temperature mediates continental-scale diversity of microbes in forest soils. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12083. [PMID: 27377774 PMCID: PMC4935970 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate warming is increasingly leading to marked changes in plant and animal biodiversity, but it remains unclear how temperatures affect microbial biodiversity, particularly in terrestrial soils. Here we show that, in accordance with metabolic theory of ecology, taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of soil bacteria, fungi and nitrogen fixers are all better predicted by variation in environmental temperature than pH. However, the rates of diversity turnover across the global temperature gradients are substantially lower than those recorded for trees and animals, suggesting that the diversity of plant, animal and soil microbial communities show differential responses to climate change. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that the diversity of different microbial groups has significantly lower rates of turnover across temperature gradients than other major taxa, which has important implications for assessing the effects of human-caused changes in climate, land use and other factors. Climate warming has a wide range of effects on biodiversity. Here, Zhou et al. show that although variation in environmental temperature is a primary driver of soil microbial biodiversity, microbes show much lower rates of turnover across temperature gradients than other major taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhong Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.,Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94270, USA
| | - Ye Deng
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.,CAS Key Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Lina Shen
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Chongqing Wen
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Qingyun Yan
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Daliang Ning
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Yujia Qin
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Kai Xue
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Liyou Wu
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Zhili He
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - James W Voordeckers
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Joy D Van Nostrand
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Vanessa Buzzard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Sean T Michaletz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.,The Santa Fe Institute, USA, 1399 Hyde Park Rd, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA
| | - Michael D Weiser
- EEB Graduate Program, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Michael Kaspari
- EEB Graduate Program, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - Robert Waide
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - James H Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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68
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Ecological determinants of mean family age of angiosperm trees in forest communities in China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28662. [PMID: 27354109 PMCID: PMC4926104 DOI: 10.1038/srep28662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Species assemblage in a local community is determined by the interplay of evolutionary and ecological processes. The Tropical Niche Conservatism hypothesis proposes mechanisms underlying patterns of biodiversity in biological communities along environmental gradients. This hypothesis predicts that, among other things, clades in areas with warm or wet environments are, on average, older than those in areas with cold or dry environments. Focusing on angiosperm trees in forests, this study tested the age-related prediction of the Tropical Niche Conservatism hypothesis. We related the mean family age of angiosperm trees in 57 local forests from across China with 23 current and paleo-environmental variables, which included all major temperature- and precipitation-related variables. Our study shows that the mean family age of angiosperm trees in local forests was positively correlated with temperature and precipitation. This finding is consistent with the age-related prediction of the Tropical Niche Conservatism hypothesis. Approximately 85% of the variance in the mean family age of angiosperm trees was explained by temperature-related variables, and 81% of the variance in the mean family age of angiosperm trees was explained by precipitation-related variables. Climatic conditions at the Last Glacial Maximum did not explain additional variation in mean family age after accounting for current environmental conditions.
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69
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Morinière J, Van Dam MH, Hawlitschek O, Bergsten J, Michat MC, Hendrich L, Ribera I, Toussaint EF, Balke M. Phylogenetic niche conservatism explains an inverse latitudinal diversity gradient in freshwater arthropods. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26340. [PMID: 27215956 PMCID: PMC4877923 DOI: 10.1038/srep26340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms responsible for the general increase in species richness from temperate regions to the tropics remain equivocal. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain this astonishing pattern but additional empirical studies are needed to shed light on the drivers at work. Here we reconstruct the evolutionary history of the cosmopolitan diving beetle subfamily Colymbetinae, the majority of which are found in the Northern hemisphere, hence exhibiting an inversed latitudinal diversity gradient. We reconstructed a dated phylogeny using 12 genes, to investigate the biogeographical history and diversification dynamics in the Colymbetinae. We aimed to identify the role that phylogenetic niche conservatism plays in the inversed diversification pattern seen in this group. Our results suggest that Colymbetinae originated in temperate climates, which supports the hypothesis that their distribution is the result of an ancestral adaptation to temperate environmental conditions rather than tropical origins, and that temperate niche conservatism can generate and/or maintain inverse latitudinal diversity gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Morinière
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstrasse 21, 81247, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthew H. Van Dam
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstrasse 21, 81247, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Hawlitschek
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstrasse 21, 81247, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johannes Bergsten
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-10405, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariano C. Michat
- IBBEA, CONICET-UBA, Laboratory of Entomology-DBBE_FCEN, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lars Hendrich
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstrasse 21, 81247, Munich, Germany
| | - Ignacio Ribera
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emmanuel F.A. Toussaint
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstrasse 21, 81247, Munich, Germany
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology & Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Michael Balke
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstrasse 21, 81247, Munich, Germany
- GeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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70
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Zou Y, Sang W, Hausmann A, Axmacher JC. High phylogenetic diversity is preserved in species-poor high-elevation temperate moth assemblages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23045. [PMID: 26979402 PMCID: PMC4793287 DOI: 10.1038/srep23045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the diversity and composition of species assemblages and identifying underlying biotic and abiotic determinants represent great ecological challenges. Addressing some of these issues, we investigated the α-diversity and phylogenetic composition of species-rich geometrid moth (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) assemblages in the mature temperate forest on Changbai Mountain. A total of 9285 geometrid moths representing 131 species were collected, with many species displaying wide elevational distribution ranges. Moth α-diversity decreased monotonously, while the standardized effect size of mean pairwise phylogenetic distances (MPD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD) increased significantly with increasing elevation. At high elevations, the insect assemblages consisted largely of habitat generalists that were individually more phylogenetically distinct from co-occurring species than species in assemblages at lower altitudes. This could hint at higher speciation rates in more favourable low-elevation environments generating a species-rich geometrid assemblage, while exclusion of phylogenetically closely related species becomes increasingly important in shaping moth assemblages at higher elevations. Overall, it appears likely that high-elevation temperate moth assemblages are strongly resilient to environmental change, and that they contain a much larger proportion of the genetic diversity encountered at low-elevation assemblages in comparison to tropical geometrid communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zou
- UCL Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK.,Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Weiguo Sang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Axel Hausmann
- Lepidoptera Section, Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich, Germany
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71
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Fine PV. Ecological and Evolutionary Drivers of Geographic Variation in Species Diversity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul V.A. Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology and University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
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72
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Dupuis JR, Sperling FAH. Repeated Reticulate Evolution in North American Papilio machaon Group Swallowtail Butterflies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141882. [PMID: 26517268 PMCID: PMC4627828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybridization between distinct populations or species is increasingly recognized as an important process for generating biodiversity. However, the interaction between hybridization and speciation is complex, and the diverse evolutionary outcomes of hybridization are difficult to differentiate. Here we characterize potential hybridization in a species group of swallowtail butterflies using microsatellites, DNA sequences, and morphology, and assess whether adaptive introgression or homoploid hybrid speciation was the primary process leading to each putative hybrid lineage. Four geographically separated hybrid populations were identified in the Papilio machaon species group. One distinct mitochondrial DNA clade from P. machaon was fixed in three hybrid taxa (P. brevicauda, P. joanae, and P. m. kahli), while one hybrid swarm (P. zelicaon x machaon) exhibited this hybrid mtDNA clade as well as widespread parental mtDNA haplotypes from both parental species. Microsatellite markers and morphology showed variable admixture and intermediacy, ranging from signatures of prolonged differential introgression from the paternal species (P. polyxenes/P. zelicaon) to current gene flow with both parental species. Divergences of the hybrid lineages dated to early- to mid-Pleistocene, suggesting that repeated glaciations and subsequent range shifts of parental species, particularly P. machaon hudsonianus, facilitated initial hybridization. Although each lineage is distinct, P. joanae is the only taxon with sufficient evidence (ecological separation from parental species) to define it as a homoploid hybrid species. The repetition of hybridization in this group provides a valuable foundation for future research on hybridization, and these results emphasize the potential for hybridization to drive speciation in diverse ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian R. Dupuis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Felix A. H. Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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73
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Wu LW, Yen SH, Lees DC, Lu CC, Yang PS, Hsu YF. Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of Asian Pterourus Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): A Case of Intercontinental Dispersal from North America to East Asia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140933. [PMID: 26484776 PMCID: PMC4617649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic status of the well-known Asian butterflies often known as Agehana (a species group, often treated as a genus or a subgenus, within Papilio sensu lato) has long remained unresolved. Only two species are included, and one of them especially, Papilio maraho, is not only rare but near-threatened, being monophagous on its vulnerable hostplant, Sassafras randaiense (Lauraceae). Although the natural history and population conservation of "Agehana" has received much attention, the biogeographic origin of this group still remains enigmatic. To clarify these two questions, a total of 86 species representatives within Papilionidae were sampled, and four genes (concatenated length 3842 bp) were used to reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships and historical scenarios. Surprisingly, "Agehana" fell within the American Papilio subgenus Pterourus and not as previously suggested, phylogenetically close to the Asian Papilio subgenus Chilasa. We therefore formally synonymize Agehana with Pterourus. Dating and biogeographic analysis allow us to infer an intercontinental dispersal of an American ancestor of Asian Pterourus in the early Miocene, which was coincident with historical paleo-land bridge connections, resulting in the present "East Asia-America" disjunction distribution. We emphasize that species exchange between East Asia and America seems to be a quite frequent occurrence in butterflies during the Oligocene to Miocene climatic optima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Wu
- The Experimental Forest, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Horn Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - David C. Lees
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chih-Chien Lu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Shih Yang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Hsu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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74
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Wilts BD, Matsushita A, Arikawa K, Stavenga DG. Spectrally tuned structural and pigmentary coloration of birdwing butterfly wing scales. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:20150717. [PMID: 26446560 PMCID: PMC4614508 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The colourful wing patterns of butterflies play an important role for enhancing fitness; for instance, by providing camouflage, for interspecific mate recognition, or for aposematic display. Closely related butterfly species can have dramatically different wing patterns. The phenomenon is assumed to be caused by ecological processes with changing conditions, e.g. in the environment, and also by sexual selection. Here, we investigate the birdwing butterflies, Ornithoptera, the largest butterflies of the world, together forming a small genus in the butterfly family Papilionidae. The wings of these butterflies are marked by strongly coloured patches. The colours are caused by specially structured wing scales, which act as a chirped multilayer reflector, but the scales also contain papiliochrome pigments, which act as a spectral filter. The combined structural and pigmentary effects tune the coloration of the wing scales. The tuned colours are presumably important for mate recognition and signalling. By applying electron microscopy, (micro-)spectrophotometry and scatterometry we found that the various mechanisms of scale coloration of the different birdwing species strongly correlate with the taxonomical distribution of Ornithoptera species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Atsuko Matsushita
- Laboratory of Neuroethology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Arikawa
- Laboratory of Neuroethology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Japan
| | - Doekele G Stavenga
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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75
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Wang R, Compton SG, Quinnell RJ, Peng YQ, Barwell L, Chen Y. Insect responses to host plant provision beyond natural boundaries: latitudinal and altitudinal variation in a Chinese fig wasp community. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3642-56. [PMID: 26380693 PMCID: PMC4567868 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Many plants are grown outside their natural ranges. Plantings adjacent to native ranges provide an opportunity to monitor community assembly among associated insects and their parasitoids in novel environments, to determine whether gradients in species richness emerge and to examine their consequences for host plant reproductive success. We recorded the fig wasps (Chalcidoidea) associated with a single plant resource (ovules of Ficus microcarpa) along a 1200 km transect in southwest China that extended for 1000 km beyond the tree's natural northern range margin. The fig wasps included the tree's agaonid pollinator and other species that feed on the ovules or are their parasitoids. Phytophagous fig wasps (12 species) were more numerous than parasitoids (nine species). The proportion of figs occupied by fig wasps declined with increasing latitude, as did the proportion of utilized ovules in occupied figs. Species richness, diversity, and abundance of fig wasps also significantly changed along both latitudinal and altitudinal gradients. Parasitoids declined more steeply with latitude than phytophages. Seed production declined beyond the natural northern range margin, and at high elevation, because pollinator fig wasps became rare or absent. This suggests that pollinator climatic tolerances helped limit the tree's natural distribution, although competition with another species may have excluded pollinators at the highest altitude site. Isolation by distance may prevent colonization of northern sites by some fig wasps and act in combination with direct and host-mediated climatic effects to generate gradients in community composition, with parasitoids inherently more sensitive because of declines in the abundance of potential hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal UniversitySichuan, 621000, China
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem, East China Normal UniversityDongchuan Road 500, Shanghai, 200241, China
- School of Biology, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stephen G Compton
- School of Biology, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes UniversityGrahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | | | - Yan-Qiong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, 666303, China
| | - Louise Barwell
- School of Biology, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Yan Chen
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal UniversitySichuan, 621000, China
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76
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Kleckova I, Cesanek M, Fric Z, Pellissier L. Diversification of the cold-adapted butterfly genus Oeneis related to Holarctic biogeography and climatic niche shifts. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 92:255-65. [PMID: 26166775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Both geographical and ecological speciation interact during the evolution of a clade, but the relative contribution of these processes is rarely assessed for cold-dwelling biota. Here, we investigate the role of biogeography and the evolution of ecological traits on the diversification of the Holarctic arcto-alpine butterfly genus Oeneis (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). We reconstructed the molecular phylogeny of the genus based on one mitochondrial (COI) and three nuclear (GAPDH, RpS5, wingless) genes. We inferred the biogeographical scenario and the ancestral state reconstructions of climatic and habitat requirements. Within the genus, we detected five main species groups corresponding to the taxonomic division and further paraphyletic position of Neominois (syn. n.). Next, we transferred O. aktashi from the hora to the polixenes species group on the bases of molecular relationships. We found that the genus originated in the dry grasslands of the mountains of Central Asia and dispersed over the Beringian Land Bridges to North America several times independently. Holarctic mountains, in particular the Asian Altai Mts. and Sayan Mts., host the oldest lineages and most of the species diversity. Arctic species are more recent, with Pliocene or Pleistocene origin. We detected a strong phylogenetic signal for the climatic niche, where one lineage diversified towards colder conditions. Altogether, our results indicate that both dispersal across geographical areas and occupation of distinct climatic niches promoted the diversification of the Oeneis genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kleckova
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - M Cesanek
- Bodrocká 30, 821 07 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Z Fric
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - L Pellissier
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, Ecology & Evolution, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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77
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Condamine FL, Toussaint EFA, Clamens AL, Genson G, Sperling FAH, Kergoat GJ. Deciphering the evolution of birdwing butterflies 150 years after Alfred Russel Wallace. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11860. [PMID: 26133078 PMCID: PMC4488763 DOI: 10.1038/srep11860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred and fifty years after Alfred Wallace studied the geographical variation and species diversity of butterflies in the Indomalayan-Australasian Archipelago, the processes responsible for their biogeographical pattern remain equivocal. We analysed the macroevolutionary mechanisms accounting for the temporal and geographical diversification of the charismatic birdwing butterflies (Papilionidae), a major focus of Wallace's pioneering work. Bayesian phylogenetics and dating analyses of the birdwings were conducted using mitochondrial and nuclear genes. The combination of maximum likelihood analyses to estimate biogeographical history and diversification rates reveals that diversity-dependence processes drove the radiation of birdwings, and that speciation was often associated with founder-events colonizing new islands, especially in Wallacea. Palaeo-environment diversification models also suggest that high extinction rates occurred during periods of elevated sea level and global warming. We demonstrated a pattern of spatio-temporal habitat dynamics that continuously created or erased habitats suitable for birdwing biodiversity. Since birdwings were extinction-prone during the Miocene (warmer temperatures and elevated sea levels), the cooling period after the mid-Miocene climatic optimum fostered birdwing diversification due to the release of extinction. This also suggests that current global changes may represent a serious conservation threat to this flagship group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien L. Condamine
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton, T6G 2E9, AB, Canada
| | | | - Anne-Laure Clamens
- INRA, UMR 1062 Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), 755 avenue du campus Agropolis, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Gwenaelle Genson
- INRA, UMR 1062 Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), 755 avenue du campus Agropolis, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Felix A. H. Sperling
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton, T6G 2E9, AB, Canada
| | - Gael J. Kergoat
- INRA, UMR 1062 Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), 755 avenue du campus Agropolis, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
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78
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The complete mitochondrial genome of Papilio glaucus and its phylogenetic implications. Meta Gene 2015; 5:68-83. [PMID: 26106582 PMCID: PMC4475787 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the intriguing morphology, lifecycle, and diversity of butterflies and moths, Lepidoptera are emerging as model organisms for the study of genetics, evolution and speciation. The progress of these studies relies on decoding Lepidoptera genomes, both nuclear and mitochondrial. Here we describe a protocol to obtain mitogenomes from Next Generation Sequencing reads performed for whole-genome sequencing and report the complete mitogenome of Papilio (Pterourus) glaucus. The circular mitogenome is 15,306 bp in length and rich in A and T. It contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer-RNA-coding genes (tRNA), and 2 ribosomal-RNA-coding genes (rRNA), with a gene order typical for mitogenomes of Lepidoptera. We performed phylogenetic analyses based on PCG and RNA-coding genes or protein sequences using Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood methods. The phylogenetic trees consistently show that among species with available mitogenomes Papilio glaucus is the closest to Papilio (Agehana) maraho from Asia.
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79
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Ernst CM, Buddle CM. Drivers and Patterns of Ground-Dwelling Beetle Biodiversity across Northern Canada. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122163. [PMID: 25901996 PMCID: PMC4406721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many macroecological patterns of biodiversity, including the relationship between latitude and species richness, are well-described. Data collected in a repeatable, standardized manner can advance the discipline beyond the description of patterns and be used to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Using standardized field methods and a hyper-diverse focal taxon, viz. Coleoptera, we aim to (1) describe large-scale latitudinal patterns of taxonomic diversity, functional diversity, and assemblage structure across northern Canada, and (2) determine which climatic, spatial, and habitat variables best explain these patterns. We collected terrestrial beetles at twelve locations in the three northernmost ecoclimatic zones in North America: north boreal, subarctic, and high arctic (51-81°N, 60-138°W). After identifying beetles and assigning them to a functional group, we assessed latitudinal trends for multiple diversity indices using linear regression and visualized spatial patterns of assemblage structure with multivariate ordinations. We used path analysis to test causal hypotheses for species and functional group richness, and we used a permutational approach to assess relationships between assemblage structure and 20 possible climatic and environmental mechanisms. More than 9,000 beetles were collected, representing 464 species and 18 functional groups. Species and functional diversity have significant negative relationships with latitude, which are likely explained by the mediating effects of temperature, precipitation, and plant height. Assemblages within the same ecoclimatic zone are similar, and there is a significant relationship between assemblage structure and latitude. Species and functional assemblage structure are significantly correlated with many of the same climatic factors, particularly temperature maxima and minima. At a large spatial extent, the diversity and assemblage structure of northern beetles show strong latitudinal gradients due to the mediating effects of climate, particularly temperature. Northern arthropod assemblages present significant opportunities for biodiversity research and conservation efforts, and their sensitivity to climate make them ideal targets for long-term terrestrial diversity monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M. Ernst
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Buddle
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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80
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Massoni J, Couvreur TLP, Sauquet H. Five major shifts of diversification through the long evolutionary history of Magnoliidae (angiosperms). BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:49. [PMID: 25887386 PMCID: PMC4377182 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With 10,000 species, Magnoliidae are the largest clade of flowering plants outside monocots and eudicots. Despite an ancient and rich fossil history, the tempo and mode of diversification of Magnoliidae remain poorly known. Using a molecular data set of 12 markers and 220 species (representing >75% of genera in Magnoliidae) and six robust, internal fossil age constraints, we estimate divergence times and significant shifts of diversification across the clade. In addition, we test the sensitivity of magnoliid divergence times to the choice of relaxed clock model and various maximum age constraints for the angiosperms. Results Compared with previous work, our study tends to push back in time the age of the crown node of Magnoliidae (178.78-126.82 million years, Myr), and of the four orders, Canellales (143.18-125.90 Myr), Piperales (158.11-88.15 Myr), Laurales (165.62-112.05 Myr), and Magnoliales (164.09-114.75 Myr). Although families vary in crown ages, Magnoliidae appear to have diversified into most extant families by the end of the Cretaceous. The strongly imbalanced distribution of extant diversity within Magnoliidae appears to be best explained by models of diversification with 6 to 13 shifts in net diversification rates. Significant increases are inferred within Piperaceae and Annonaceae, while the low species richness of Calycanthaceae, Degeneriaceae, and Himantandraceae appears to be the result of decreases in both speciation and extinction rates. Conclusions This study provides a new time scale for the evolutionary history of an important, but underexplored, part of the tree of angiosperms. The ages of the main clades of Magnoliidae (above the family level) are older than previously thought, and in several lineages, there were significant increases and decreases in net diversification rates. This study is a new robust framework for future investigations of trait evolution and of factors influencing diversification in this group as well as angiosperms as a whole. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0320-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Massoni
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique, Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8079, 91405, Orsay, France.
| | - Thomas L P Couvreur
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR-DIADE, 911, avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Cedex 5, F-34394, Montpellier, France. .,Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université de Yaoundé I, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d'Ecologie, B.P. 047, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique, Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8079, 91405, Orsay, France.
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81
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Pyron RA, Costa GC, Patten MA, Burbrink FT. Phylogenetic niche conservatism and the evolutionary basis of ecological speciation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:1248-62. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences; The George Washington University; 2023 G Street NW Washington DC 20052 U.S.A
| | - Gabriel C. Costa
- Departamento de Ecologia; Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova Natal, 59072-970 Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - Michael A. Patten
- Oklahoma Biological Survey; University of Oklahoma; 111 E. Chesapeake Street Norman OK 73019 U.S.A
- Department of Biology; University of Oklahoma; 730 Van Vleet Oval Norman OK 73019 U.S.A
| | - Frank T. Burbrink
- Department of Biology; The Graduate School and University Center, The City University of New York; 365 5th Avenue New York NY 10016 U.S.A
- Department of Biology; The College of Staten Island, The City University of New York; 2800 Victory Boulevard Staten Island NY 10314 U.S.A
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82
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Mean annual precipitation explains spatiotemporal patterns of Cenozoic mammal beta diversity and latitudinal diversity gradients in North America. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106499. [PMID: 25203658 PMCID: PMC4159275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial diversity patterns are thought to be driven by climate-mediated processes. However, temporal patterns of community composition remain poorly studied. We provide two complementary analyses of North American mammal diversity, using (i) a paleontological dataset (2077 localities with 2493 taxon occurrences) spanning 21 discrete subdivisions of the Cenozoic based on North American Land Mammal Ages (36 Ma--present), and (ii) climate space model predictions for 744 extant mammals under eight scenarios of future climate change. Spatial variation in fossil mammal community structure (β diversity) is highest at intermediate values of continental mean annual precipitation (MAP) estimated from paleosols (∼ 450 mm/year) and declines under both wetter and drier conditions, reflecting diversity patterns of modern mammals. Latitudinal gradients in community change (latitudinal turnover gradients, aka LTGs) increase in strength through the Cenozoic, but also show a cyclical pattern that is significantly explained by MAP. In general, LTGs are weakest when continental MAP is highest, similar to modern tropical ecosystems in which latitudinal diversity gradients are weak or undetectable. Projections under modeled climate change show no substantial change in β diversity or LTG strength for North American mammals. Our results suggest that similar climate-mediated mechanisms might drive spatial and temporal patterns of community composition in both fossil and extant mammals. We also provide empirical evidence that the ecological processes on which climate space models are based are insufficient for accurately forecasting long-term mammalian response to anthropogenic climate change and inclusion of historical parameters may be essential.
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83
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Toussaint EF, Condamine FL, Hawlitschek O, Watts CH, Porch N, Hendrich L, Balke M. Unveiling the Diversification Dynamics of Australasian Predaceous Diving Beetles in the Cenozoic. Syst Biol 2014; 64:3-24. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syu067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel F.A. Toussaint
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 Munich, Germany; 2CNRS, UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (Ecole Polytechnique), Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France; 3South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; 4Centre for Integrated Ecology & School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; and 5GeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabien L. Condamine
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 Munich, Germany; 2CNRS, UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (Ecole Polytechnique), Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France; 3South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; 4Centre for Integrated Ecology & School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; and 5GeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Hawlitschek
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 Munich, Germany; 2CNRS, UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (Ecole Polytechnique), Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France; 3South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; 4Centre for Integrated Ecology & School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; and 5GeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Chris H. Watts
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 Munich, Germany; 2CNRS, UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (Ecole Polytechnique), Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France; 3South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; 4Centre for Integrated Ecology & School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; and 5GeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nick Porch
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 Munich, Germany; 2CNRS, UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (Ecole Polytechnique), Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France; 3South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; 4Centre for Integrated Ecology & School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; and 5GeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Hendrich
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 Munich, Germany; 2CNRS, UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (Ecole Polytechnique), Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France; 3South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; 4Centre for Integrated Ecology & School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; and 5GeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Balke
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 Munich, Germany; 2CNRS, UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (Ecole Polytechnique), Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France; 3South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; 4Centre for Integrated Ecology & School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; and 5GeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 Munich, Germany; 2CNRS, UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (Ecole Polytechnique), Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France; 3South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; 4Centre for Integrated Ecology & School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; and 5GeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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84
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Holt BG, Jønsson KA. Reconciling hierarchical taxonomy with molecular phylogenies. Syst Biol 2014; 63:1010-7. [PMID: 25139888 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syu061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ben G Holt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY; and Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Knud Andreas Jønsson
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY; and Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY; and Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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85
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Wilts BD, IJbema N, Stavenga DG. Pigmentary and photonic coloration mechanisms reveal taxonomic relationships of the Cattlehearts (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae: Parides). BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:160. [PMID: 25064167 PMCID: PMC4236566 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The colorful wing patterns of butterflies, a prime example of biodiversity, can change dramatically within closely related species. Wing pattern diversity is specifically present among papilionid butterflies. Whether a correlation between color and the evolution of these butterflies exists so far remained unsolved. RESULTS We here investigate the Cattlehearts, Parides, a small Neotropical genus of papilionid butterflies with 36 members, the wings of which are marked by distinctly colored patches. By applying various physical techniques, we investigate the coloration toolkit of the wing scales. The wing scales contain two different, wavelength-selective absorbing pigments, causing pigmentary colorations. Scale ridges with multilayered lamellae, lumen multilayers or gyroid photonic crystals in the scale lumen create structural colors that are variously combined with these pigmentary colors. CONCLUSIONS The pigmentary and structural traits strongly correlate with the taxonomical distribution of Parides species. The experimental findings add crucial insight into the evolution of butterfly wing scales and show the importance of morphological parameter mapping for butterfly phylogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo D Wilts
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747AG, The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratories, University of Cambridge, 13 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Natasja IJbema
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747AG, The Netherlands
- Present address: Accenture Nederland B.V, Gustav Mahlerplein 90, Amsterdam, NL-1082 MA, The Netherlands
| | - Doekele G Stavenga
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747AG, The Netherlands
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86
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Lewis DS, Sperling FAH, Nakahara S, Cotton AM, Kawahara AY, Condamine FL. Role of
C
aribbean Islands in the diversification and biogeography of Neotropical
H
eraclides
swallowtails. Cladistics 2014; 31:291-314. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Delano S. Lewis
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- The Office of Research and Grants and the Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Department Northern Caribbean University Manchester Road Mandeville Jamaica WI
| | - Felix A. H. Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Shinichi Nakahara
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Adam M. Cotton
- 86/2 Moo 5, Ban Hua Tung, Tambon Nong Kwai Amphoe Hang Dong Chiang Mai 50230 Thailand
| | - Akito Y. Kawahara
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Fabien L. Condamine
- CNRS UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (Ecole Polytechnique) Route de Saclay 91128 Palaiseau France
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87
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Climatic seasonality may affect ecological network structure: food webs and mutualistic networks. Biosystems 2014; 121:29-37. [PMID: 24907523 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ecological networks exhibit non-random structural patterns, such as modularity and nestedness, which determine ecosystem stability with species diversity and connectance. Such structure-stability relationships are well known. However, another important perspective is less well understood: the relationship between the environment and structure. Inspired by theoretical studies that suggest that network structure can change due to environmental variability, we collected data on a number of empirical food webs and mutualistic networks and evaluated the effect of climatic seasonality on ecological network structure. As expected, we found that climatic seasonality affects ecological network structure. In particular, an increase in modularity due to climatic seasonality was observed in food webs; however, it is debatable whether this occurs in mutualistic networks. Interestingly, the type of climatic seasonality that affects network structure differs with ecosystem type. Rainfall and temperature seasonality influence freshwater food webs and mutualistic networks, respectively; food webs are smaller, and more modular, with increasing rainfall seasonality. Mutualistic networks exhibit a higher diversity (particularly of animals) with increasing temperature seasonality. These results confirm the theoretical prediction that the stability increases with greater perturbation. Although these results are still debatable because of several limitations in the data analysis, they may enhance our understanding of environment-structure relationships.
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88
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Kerkhoff AJ, Moriarty PE, Weiser MD. The latitudinal species richness gradient in New World woody angiosperms is consistent with the tropical conservatism hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8125-30. [PMID: 24847062 PMCID: PMC4050539 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1308932111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant diversity, like that of most other taxonomic groups, peaks in the tropics, where climatic conditions are warm and wet, and it declines toward the temperate and polar zones as conditions become colder and drier, with more seasonally variable temperatures. Climate and evolutionary history are often considered competing explanations for the latitudinal gradient, but they are linked by the evolutionarily conserved environmental adaptations of species and the history of Earth's climate system. The tropical conservatism hypothesis (TCH) invokes niche conservatism, climatic limitations on establishment and survival, and paleoclimatic history to explain the latitudinal diversity gradient. Here, we use latitudinal distributions for over 12,500 woody angiosperm species, a fossil-calibrated supertree, and null modeling to test predictions of the TCH. Regional assemblages in the northern and southern temperate zones are less phylogenetically diverse than expected based on their species richness, because temperate taxa are clustered into relatively few clades. Moreover, lineages with temperate affinities are generally younger and nested within older, more tropical lineages. As predicted by the TCH, the vast majority of temperate lineages have arisen since global cooling began at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (34 Mya). By linking physiological tolerances of species to evolutionary and biogeographic processes, phylogenetic niche conservatism may provide a theoretical framework for a generalized explanation for Earth's predominant pattern of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kerkhoff
- Departments of Biology and Mathematics and Statistics, Kenyon College, Gambier, OH 43050;
| | - Pamela E Moriarty
- Departments of Biology and Mathematics and Statistics, Kenyon College, Gambier, OH 43050;School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105; and
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89
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Favre A, Päckert M, Pauls SU, Jähnig SC, Uhl D, Michalak I, Muellner‐Riehl AN. The role of the uplift of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau for the evolution of Tibetan biotas. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:236-53. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Favre
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Systematics of Plants Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig Johannisallee 21‐23 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK‐F) & Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Martin Päckert
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK‐F) & Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Senckenberg Natural History Collections, Museum für Tierkunde Koenigsbruecker Landstraße 159 01109 Dresden Germany
| | - Steffen U. Pauls
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK‐F) & Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Sonja C. Jähnig
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK‐F) & Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Department of Ecosystem Research Leibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) Müggelseedamm 301 12587 Berlin Germany
| | - Dieter Uhl
- Section of Palaeoclimate and Palaeoenvironmental Research Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Ingo Michalak
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Systematics of Plants Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig Johannisallee 21‐23 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Alexandra N. Muellner‐Riehl
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Systematics of Plants Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig Johannisallee 21‐23 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK‐F) & Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
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90
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Moen D, Morlon H. Why does diversification slow down? Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 29:190-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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91
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Rolland J, Condamine FL, Jiguet F, Morlon H. Faster speciation and reduced extinction in the tropics contribute to the Mammalian latitudinal diversity gradient. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001775. [PMID: 24492316 PMCID: PMC3904837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Jonathan Rolland and colleagues show that the gradient of increased mammalian diversity towards the tropics is driven by both faster speciation and reduced extinction. The increase in species richness from the poles to the tropics, referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient, is one of the most ubiquitous biodiversity patterns in the natural world. Although understanding how rates of speciation and extinction vary with latitude is central to explaining this pattern, such analyses have been impeded by the difficulty of estimating diversification rates associated with specific geographic locations. Here, we use a powerful phylogenetic approach and a nearly complete phylogeny of mammals to estimate speciation, extinction, and dispersal rates associated with the tropical and temperate biomes. Overall, speciation rates are higher, and extinction rates lower, in the tropics than in temperate regions. The diversity of the eight most species-rich mammalian orders (covering 92% of all mammals) peaks in the tropics, except that of the Lagomorpha (hares, rabbits, and pikas) reaching a maxima in northern-temperate regions. Latitudinal patterns in diversification rates are strikingly consistent with these diversity patterns, with peaks in species richness associated with low extinction rates (Primates and Lagomorpha), high speciation rates (Diprotodontia, Artiodactyla, and Soricomorpha), or both (Chiroptera and Rodentia). Rates of range expansion were typically higher from the tropics to the temperate regions than in the other direction, supporting the “out of the tropics” hypothesis whereby species originate in the tropics and disperse into higher latitudes. Overall, these results suggest that differences in diversification rates have played a major role in shaping the modern latitudinal diversity gradient in mammals, and illustrate the usefulness of recently developed phylogenetic approaches for understanding this famous yet mysterious pattern. Why are there more species in the tropics? This question has fascinated ecologists and evolutionary biologists for decades, generating hundreds of hypotheses, yet basic questions remain: Are rates of speciation higher in the tropics? Are rates of extinction higher in temperate regions? Do the tropics act as a source of diversity for temperate regions? We estimated rates of speciation, extinction, and range expansion associated with mammals living in tropical and temperate regions, using an almost complete mammalian phylogeny. Contrary to what has been suggested before for this class of vertebrates, we found that diversification rates are strikingly consistent with diversity patterns, with latitudinal peaks in species richness being associated with high speciation rates, low extinction rates, or both, depending on the mammalian order (rodents, bats, primates, etc.). We also found evidence for an asymmetry in range expansion, with more expansion “out of” than “into” the tropics. Taken together, these results suggest that tropical regions are not only a reservoir of biodiversity, but also the main place where biodiversity is generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rolland
- CNRS, UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (Ecole Polytechnique), Palaiseau, France
- UMR 7204 MNHN–CNRS–UPMC Centre d'Ecologie et de Sciences de la Conservation, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP51, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (J.R.); (H.M.)
| | - Fabien L. Condamine
- CNRS, UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (Ecole Polytechnique), Palaiseau, France
| | - Frederic Jiguet
- UMR 7204 MNHN–CNRS–UPMC Centre d'Ecologie et de Sciences de la Conservation, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP51, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Morlon
- CNRS, UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (Ecole Polytechnique), Palaiseau, France
- * E-mail: (J.R.); (H.M.)
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92
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Saura A, Von Schoultz B, Saura AO, Brown KS. Chromosome evolution in Neotropical butterflies. Hereditas 2014; 150:26-37. [PMID: 23865963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2013.00008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We list the chromosome numbers for 65 species of Neotropical Hesperiidae and 104 species or subspecies of Pieridae. In Hesperiidae the tribe Pyrrhopygini have a modal n = 28, Eudaminae and Pyrgini a modal n = 31, while Hesperiinae have n = around 29. Among Pieridae, Coliadinae have a strong modal n = 31 and among Pierinae Anthocharidini are almost fixed for n = 15 while Pierini vary with n = 26 as the most common chromosome number. Dismorphiinae show wide variation. We discuss these results in the context of chromosome numbers of over 1400 Neotropical butterfly species and subspecies derived from about 3000 populations published here and in earlier papers of a series. The overall results show that many Neotropical groups are characterized by karyotype instability with several derived modal numbers or none at all, while almost all taxa of Lepidoptera studied from the other parts of the world have one of n = 29-31 as modal numbers. Possibly chromosome number changes become fixed in the course of speciation driven by biotic interactions. Population subdivision and structuring facilitate karyotype change. Factors that stabilize chromosome numbers include hybridization among species sharing the same number, migration, sexual selection and possibly the distribution of chromosomes within the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Saura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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93
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Scriber JM. Climate-Driven Reshuffling of Species and Genes: Potential Conservation Roles for Species Translocations and Recombinant Hybrid Genotypes. INSECTS 2013; 5:1-61. [PMID: 26462579 PMCID: PMC4592632 DOI: 10.3390/insects5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Comprising 50%-75% of the world's fauna, insects are a prominent part of biodiversity in communities and ecosystems globally. Biodiversity across all levels of biological classifications is fundamentally based on genetic diversity. However, the integration of genomics and phylogenetics into conservation management may not be as rapid as climate change. The genetics of hybrid introgression as a source of novel variation for ecological divergence and evolutionary speciation (and resilience) may generate adaptive potential and diversity fast enough to respond to locally-altered environmental conditions. Major plant and herbivore hybrid zones with associated communities deserve conservation consideration. This review addresses functional genetics across multi-trophic-level interactions including "invasive species" in various ecosystems as they may become disrupted in different ways by rapid climate change. "Invasive genes" (into new species and populations) need to be recognized for their positive creative potential and addressed in conservation programs. "Genetic rescue" via hybrid translocations may provide needed adaptive flexibility for rapid adaptation to environmental change. While concerns persist for some conservationists, this review emphasizes the positive aspects of hybrids and hybridization. Specific implications of natural genetic introgression are addressed with a few examples from butterflies, including transgressive phenotypes and climate-driven homoploid recombinant hybrid speciation. Some specific examples illustrate these points using the swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae) with their long-term historical data base (phylogeographical diversity changes) and recent (3-decade) climate-driven temporal and genetic divergence in recombinant homoploid hybrids and relatively recent hybrid speciation of Papilio appalachiensis in North America. Climate-induced "reshuffling" (recombinations) of species composition, genotypes, and genomes may become increasingly ecologically and evolutionarily predictable, but future conservation management programs are more likely to remain constrained by human behavior than by lack of academic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Mark Scriber
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, MI 48824, USA.
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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94
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Wahlberg N, Wheat CW, Peña C. Timing and patterns in the taxonomic diversification of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). PLoS One 2013; 8:e80875. [PMID: 24282557 PMCID: PMC3839996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The macroevolutionary history of the megadiverse insect order Lepidoptera remains little-known, yet coevolutionary dynamics with their angiospermous host plants are thought to have influenced their diversification significantly. We estimate the divergence times of all higher-level lineages of Lepidoptera, including most extant families. We find that the diversification of major lineages in Lepidoptera are approximately equal in age to the crown group of angiosperms and that there appear to have been three significant increases in diversification rates among Lepidoptera over evolutionary time: 1) at the origin of the crown group of Ditrysia about 150 million years ago (mya), 2) at the origin of the stem group of Apoditrysia about 120 mya and finally 3) a spectacular increase at the origin of the stem group of the quadrifid noctuoids about 70 mya. In addition, there appears to be a significant increase in diversification rate in multiple lineages around 90 mya, which is concordant with the radiation of angiosperms. Almost all extant families appear to have begun diversifying soon after the Cretaceous/Paleogene event 65.51 mya.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Peña
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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95
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Broad polyphyly and historical biogeography of the neotropical wasp genus Notiospathius (Braconidae: Doryctinae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 69:142-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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96
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane D. Wright
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; 22 Princes St; Auckland; 1010; New Zealand
| | - Klaus Rohde
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences; University of New England; Elm Avenue; Armidale; NSW; 2351; Australia
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97
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Pyron RA, Wiens JJ. Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal the causes of high tropical amphibian diversity. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20131622. [PMID: 24026818 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many groups show higher species richness in tropical regions but the underlying causes remain unclear. Despite many competing hypotheses to explain latitudinal diversity gradients, only three processes can directly change species richness across regions: speciation, extinction and dispersal. These processes can be addressed most powerfully using large-scale phylogenetic approaches, but most previous studies have focused on small groups and recent time scales, or did not separate speciation and extinction rates. We investigate the origins of high tropical diversity in amphibians, applying new phylogenetic comparative methods to a tree of 2871 species. Our results show that high tropical diversity is explained by higher speciation in the tropics, higher extinction in temperate regions and limited dispersal out of the tropics compared with colonization of the tropics from temperate regions. These patterns are strongly associated with climate-related variables such as temperature, precipitation and ecosystem energy. Results from models of diversity dependence in speciation rate suggest that temperate clades may have lower carrying capacities and may be more saturated (closer to carrying capacity) than tropical clades. Furthermore, we estimate strikingly low tropical extinction rates over geological time scales, in stark contrast to the dramatic losses of diversity occurring in tropical regions presently.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, , 2023 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, , Tucson, AZ 85721-0088, USA
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98
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Wheat CW, Wahlberg N. Critiquing blind dating: the dangers of over-confident date estimates in comparative genomics. Trends Ecol Evol 2013; 28:636-42. [PMID: 23973265 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenomic advances provide more rigorous estimates for the timing of evolutionary divergences than previously available (e.g., Bayesian relaxed-clock estimates with soft fossil constraints). However, because many family-level clades and higher, as well as model species within those clades, have not been included in phylogenomic studies, the literature presents temporal estimates likely harboring substantial errors. Blindly using such dates can substantially retard scientific advancement. We suggest a way forward by conducting analyses that minimize prior assumptions and use large datasets, and demonstrate how using such a phylogenomic approach can lead to significantly more parsimonious conclusions without a good fossil record. We suggest that such an approach calls for research into the biological causes of conflict between molecular and fossil signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Wheat
- Population Genetics, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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99
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Chakraborty S. Migrate or evolve: options for plant pathogens under climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:1985-2000. [PMID: 23554235 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Findings on climate change influence on plant pathogens are often inconsistent and context dependent. Knowledge of pathogens affecting agricultural crops and natural plant communities remains fragmented along disciplinary lines. By broadening the perspective beyond agriculture, this review integrates cross-disciplinary knowledge to show that at scales relevant to climate change, accelerated evolution and changing geographic distribution will be the main implications for pathogens. New races may evolve rapidly under elevated temperature and CO2 , as evolutionary forces act on massive pathogen populations boosted by a combination of increased fecundity and infection cycles under favourable microclimate within enlarged canopy. Changing geographic distribution will bring together diverse lineages/genotypes that do not share common ecological niche, potentially increasing pathogen diversity. However, the uncertainty of model predictions and a lack of synthesis of fragmented knowledge remain as major deficiencies in knowledge. The review contends that the failure to consider scale and human intervention through new technology are major sources of uncertainty. Recognizing that improved biophysical models alone will not reduce uncertainty, it proposes a generic framework to increase focus and outlines ways to integrate biophysical elements and technology change with human intervention scenarios to minimize uncertainty. To synthesize knowledge of pathogen biology and life history, the review borrows the concept of 'fitness' from population biology as a comprehensive measure of pathogen strengths and vulnerabilities, and explores the implications of pathogen mode of nutrition to fitness and its interactions with plants suffering chronic abiotic stress under climate change. Current and future disease management options can then be judged for their ability to impair pathogenic and saprophytic fitness. The review pinpoints improving confidence in model prediction by minimizing uncertainty, developing management strategies to reduce overall pathogen fitness, and finding new sources of data to trawl for climate signatures on pathogens as important challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Chakraborty
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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100
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Dowle EJ, Morgan-Richards M, Trewick SA. Molecular evolution and the latitudinal biodiversity gradient. Heredity (Edinb) 2013; 110:501-10. [PMID: 23486082 PMCID: PMC3656639 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2013.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Species density is higher in the tropics (low latitude) than in temperate regions (high latitude) resulting in a latitudinal biodiversity gradient (LBG). The LBG must be generated by differential rates of speciation and/or extinction and/or immigration among regions, but the role of each of these processes is still unclear. Recent studies examining differences in rates of molecular evolution have inferred a direct link between rate of molecular evolution and rate of speciation, and postulated these as important drivers of the LBG. Here we review the molecular genetic evidence and examine the factors that might be responsible for differences in rates of molecular evolution. Critical to this is the directionality of the relationship between speciation rates and rates of molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Dowle
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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