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Febbraio MA, Karin M. "Sweet death": Fructose as a metabolic toxin that targets the gut-liver axis. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2316-2328. [PMID: 34619076 PMCID: PMC8665123 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and fructose are closely related simple sugars, but fructose has been associated more closely with metabolic disease. Until the 1960s, the major dietary source of fructose was fruit, but subsequently, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) became a dominant component of the Western diet. The exponential increase in HFCS consumption correlates with the increased incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the mechanistic link between these metabolic diseases and fructose remains tenuous. Although dietary fructose was thought to be metabolized exclusively in the liver, evidence has emerged that it is also metabolized in the small intestine and leads to intestinal epithelial barrier deterioration. Along with the clinical manifestations of hereditary fructose intolerance, these findings suggest that, along with the direct effect of fructose on liver metabolism, the gut-liver axis plays a key role in fructose metabolism and pathology. Here, we summarize recent studies on fructose biology and pathology and discuss new opportunities for prevention and treatment of diseases associated with high-fructose consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Febbraio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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52
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Peng Y, Zeng Q, Wan L, Ma E, Li H, Yang X, Zhang Y, Huang L, Lin H, Feng J, Xu Y, Li J, Liu M, Liu J, Lin C, Sun Z, Cheng G, Zhang X, Liu J, Li D, Wei M, Mo Y, Mu X, Deng X, Zhang D, Dong S, Huang H, Fang Y, Gao Q, Yang X, Wu F, Zhong H, Wei C. GP73 is a TBC-domain Rab GTPase-activating protein contributing to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease without obesity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7004. [PMID: 34853313 PMCID: PMC8636488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-obese nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing worldwide with unclear etiology and pathogenesis. Here, we show GP73, a Golgi protein upregulated in livers from patients with a variety of liver diseases, exhibits Rab GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity regulating ApoB export. Upon regular-diet feeding, liver-GP73-high mice display non-obese NAFLD phenotype, characterized by reduced body weight, intrahepatic lipid accumulation, and gradual insulin resistance development, none of which can be recapitulated in liver-GAP inactive GP73-high mice. Common and specific gene expression signatures associated with GP73-induced non-obese NAFLD and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese NAFLD are revealed. Notably, metformin inactivates the GAP activity of GP73 and alleviates GP73-induced non-obese NAFLD. GP73 is pathologically elevated in NAFLD individuals without obesity, and GP73 blockade improves whole-body metabolism in non-obese NAFLD mouse model. These findings reveal a pathophysiological role of GP73 in triggering non-obese NAFLD and may offer an opportunity for clinical intervention. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism and transport contribute to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here the authors identify GP73 as a TBC-domain Rab GTPase-activating protein that regulates very low-density lipoprotein export and promotes NAFLD development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Peng
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Health management Institute, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Luming Wan
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Enhao Ma
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huilong Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaopan Yang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Linfei Huang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Jiangyue Feng
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Xu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jingfei Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Muyi Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Changqin Lin
- Beijing Sungen Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Beijing Sungen Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemiao Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jialong Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dongrui Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wei
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yunhai Mo
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xuetao Mu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Siqing Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hanqing Huang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Beijing Sungen Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feixiang Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Congwen Wei
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China.
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53
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Momordica charantia leaf extract reduces hepatic lipid accumulation and diet-induced dyslipidemia in zebrafish through lipogenesis and beta-oxidation. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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54
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Roles of IκB kinases and TANK-binding kinase 1 in hepatic lipid metabolism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1697-1705. [PMID: 34848839 PMCID: PMC8639992 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00712-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease and is strongly associated with obesity-related ectopic fat accumulation in the liver. Hepatic lipid accumulation encompasses a histological spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Given that dysregulated hepatic lipid metabolism may be an onset factor in NAFLD, understanding how hepatic lipid metabolism is modulated in healthy subjects and which steps are dysregulated in NAFLD subjects is crucial to identify effective therapeutic targets. Additionally, hepatic inflammation is involved in chronic hepatocyte damage during NAFLD progression. As a key immune signaling hub that mediates NF-κB activation, the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, including IKKα, IKKβ, and IKKγ (NEMO), has been studied as a crucial regulator of the hepatic inflammatory response and hepatocyte survival. Notably, TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), an IKK-related kinase, has recently been revealed as a potential link between hepatic inflammation and energy metabolism. Here, we review (1) the biochemical steps of hepatic lipid metabolism; (2) dysregulated lipid metabolism in obesity and NAFLD; and (3) the roles of IKKs and TBK1 in obesity and NAFLD.
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PER2 Regulates Reactive Oxygen Species Production in the Circadian Susceptibility to Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in the Heart. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6256399. [PMID: 34659637 PMCID: PMC8519710 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6256399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the diurnal differences in Period 2 (PER2) expression in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We investigated diurnal variations in oxidative stress and energy metabolism after myocardial I/R in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we also analyzed the effects of H2O2 treatment and serum shock in H9c2 cells transfected with silencing RNA against Per2 (siRNA-Per2) in vitro. We used C57BL/6 male mice to construct a model of I/R injury at zeitgeber time (ZT) 2 and ZT14 by synchronizing the circadian rhythms. Our in vivo analysis demonstrated that there were diurnal differences in the severity of injury caused by myocardial infarctions, with more injury occurring in the daytime. PER2 was significantly reduced in heart tissue in the daytime and was higher at night. Our results also showed that more severe injury of mitochondrial function in daytime produced more reactive oxygen species (ROS) and less ATP, which increased myocardial injury. In vitro, our findings presented a similar trend showing that apoptosis of H9c2 cells was increased when PER2 expression was lower. Meanwhile, downregulation of PER2 disrupted the oxidative balance by increasing ROS and mitochondrial injury. The result was a reduction in ATP and failure to provide sufficient energy protection for cardiomyocytes.
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56
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Chen X, Liang D, Huang Z, Jia G, Zhao H, Liu G. Anti-fatigue effect of quercetin on enhancing muscle function and antioxidant capacity. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13968. [PMID: 34651301 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-fatigue effect of quercetin in mice. Three-week-old male BALB/c mice, fed with/without 0.005% quercetin for 6 weeks, were randomly divided into two experimental sets (loaded swimming and non-loading swimming tests). Our data indicated that dietary quercetin supplementation prolonged the exhaustive swimming time. In addition, lactic acid (LD) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities in serum were significantly decreased, while the levels of non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFA) in serum and the content of liver glycogen and muscle glycogen were significantly enhanced in dietary quercetin supplementation group. Furthermore, dietary quercetin supplementation significantly enhanced the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities in serum, liver and gastrocnemius muscle and enhanced the total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in gastrocnemius muscle, but decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Meanwhile, dietary quercetin supplementation affected the mRNA expression of regulators factors involved in muscle damage and inflammation, glucose metabolism and gluconeogenesis, muscle mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation and antioxidant related genes. Together, our data confirm that dietary quercetin supplementation can promote anti-fatigue capacity by promoting the antioxidant capacity and glycogen storage, as well as enhancing muscle function. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Quercetin is a natural polyphenolic flavonoid substance. Here we confirm that quercetin has anti-fatigue activity. Our study indicates that quercetin may be used as natural anti-fatigue functional food or drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Dahui Liang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Gang Jia
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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57
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Yan S, Zhang S, Du A, Miao H, Lu B, Huang Z, Ji L. Network pharmacology-based identification of significant pathway for protection of Yinhuang granule in a mice model of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 91:153666. [PMID: 34339944 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a spectrum of liver disorders. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is defined as a more serious process of MAFLD with liver inflammation. PURPOSE This study aims to observe the alleviation of Yinhuang granule (YHG), a Chinese patent medicine, on methionine and choline-deficient diet (MCD)-induced MAFLD in mice. METHODS Network pharmacology was used to analyze the improving effect of YHG on MAFLD and possible targets. MAFLD was induced in mice by MCD diet feeding for 6 weeks. In the last 2 weeks, the mice were orally given with YHG (400, 800 mg/kg) every day. Biochemical parameters of serum and liver, as well as hepatic gene expression were detected. RESULTS Network pharmacology showed that YHG could improve MAFLD, inflammation, liver fibrosis, and oxidative stress. In animal experiments, YHG reduced hepatocellular damage and hepatic lipids accumulation which induced by MCD. In terms of liver inflammation, YHG attenuated MCD-induced liver inflammation in mice. YHG also inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and alleviated liver fibrosis in MCD-fed mice. Through nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway, YHG alleviated liver oxidative stress injury in mice which induced by MCD. CONCLUSION YHG ameliorated MCD-induced MAFLD in mice by reducing hepatic lipids accumulation, alleviating liver oxidative, inflammatory injury and attenuating hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Yan
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ao Du
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hui Miao
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bin Lu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhenlin Huang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Lili Ji
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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58
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He YF, Mai CT, Pan HD, Liu L, Zhou H, Xie Y. Targeting immunometabolism by active ingredients derived from traditional Chinese medicines for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2021; 13:451-460. [PMID: 36119361 PMCID: PMC9476673 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the most common inflammatory arthropathy word wild, is a systemic autoimmune disease that mainly affects the synovium of joints with a high disability rate. Metabolic mis-regulation has emerged as a fundamental pathogenesis of RA linked to immune cell dysfunction, while targeting immunometabolism provides a new and effective approach to regulate the immune responses and thus alleviate the symptom of RA. Recently, natural active compounds from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have potential therapeutic effects on RA and regulating immunometabolism. In this review, in addition to updating the connection between cellular metabolism and cell function in immune cells of RA, we summarized that the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the potential natural compounds from TCM by targeting metabolic reprogramming of immune cells, and discusses them as a rich resource for providing the new potential paradigm for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hu-dan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Ying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
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59
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Wang X, Chen Q, Wang X, Cong P, Xu J, Xue C. Lipidomics Approach in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis Dyslipidemia Hamsters: Alleviation Using Ether-Phospholipids in Sea Urchin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9167-9177. [PMID: 33961420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ether-phospholipids (ether-PLs) in sea urchins, especially eicosapentaenoic-acid-enriched plasmenyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PE-P) and plasmanyl phosphatidylcholine (PC-O), exhibit potential lipid-regulating effects. However, their underlying regulatory mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Herein, we integrated an untargeted lipidomics strategy and biochemical analysis to investigate these mechanisms in high-fat-induced atherosclerotic hamsters. Dietary supplementation with PE-P and PC-O decreased total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in serum. The lipid regulatory effects of PE-P were superior to those of PC-O. Additionally, 20 lipid molecular species, including phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesteryl ester, triacylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol, were identified as potential lipid biomarkers in the serum of hamsters with PC-O and PE-P treatment (95% confidence interval; p < 0.05). The variations of lipids may be attributed to downregulation of adipogenesis genes and upregulation of lipid β-oxidation genes and bile acid biosynthesis genes. The improved lipid homeostasis by ether-PLs in sea urchins might be a key pathway underlying the antiatherosclerosis effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincen Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinsheng Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixu Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People's Republic of China
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Wang Y, Pan H, chen D, Guo D, Wang X. Targeting at cancer energy metabolism and lipid droplet formation as new treatment strategies for epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in colorectal cancer cells. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Qin J, Guo LR, Li JL, Zhang FH, Zhao DP, Du R. RNA-sequencing reveals the metabolism regulation mechanism of sheep skeletal muscle under nutrition deprivation stress. Animal 2021; 15:100254. [PMID: 34090092 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the skeletal muscle is one of the main sites of metabolism, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involving its response to nutrition stress. The aim of the study was to screen the transcriptome of sheep muscle to identify the metabolism-related genes under nutrition deprivation stress. Ten healthy adult female Small-tailed Han sheep with similar age and weight were randomly divided into a normal group and fasted group. After 3 days, three sheep were randomly selected from each group and the semitendinosus samples were subjected to RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and a series of analyses and function annotations. Compared with the normal group, 391 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the fasted group that had obvious weight loss, including 278 down-regulated and 113 up-regulated genes. Gene Ontology enrichment annotation classified 228 DEGs in the metabolic process, 11 of which were new genes and only Sheep_newGene_4578 had been annotated by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway. The results of Clusters of Orthologous Groups annotation indicated that 11, 9, and 4 DEGs were respectively classified in lipid transport and metabolism, amino acid transport and metabolism, and carbohydrate transport and metabolism. In addition, KEGG enrichment analysis showed that there were not only pathways which were directly related to metabolisms such as protein digestion and absorption pathway, fatty acid metabolism pathway, and biosynthesis pathway of unsaturated fatty acids, but also PI3K-AKT pathway, AMPK pathway, MAPK pathway, and FoxO pathway which were important to metabolism among the top 20 pathways with the lowest significant Q value. The MCODE analysis of protein-protein interaction revealed that two identified subnetworks with top score were closely associated with metabolism. The correlation analysis showed that the mRNA levels of most of DEGs that might be related in the two subnetworks were significantly correlated respectively, and the mRNA levels of most of 10 metabolism-related DEGs including Sheep_newGene_4578 were significantly correlated. Finally, 16 random and 10 metabolism-related DEGs were chosen for confirmation by quantitative real-time PCR, demonstrating the same expression change as determined by RNA-seq. In conclusion, multiple interrelated metabolism-related DEGs in skeletal muscle contributed to the response of sheep to nutritional deprivation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China; Center of Experiment Teaching, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - L R Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - J L Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - F H Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - D P Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - R Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
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Kim YJ, Park SY, Lee JH. Berteroin ameliorates lipid accumulation through AMPK-mediated regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism and inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. Life Sci 2021; 282:119668. [PMID: 34087283 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Berteroin (5-methylthiopentyl isothiocyanate) is a naturally occurring sulforaphane analog containing a non-oxidized sulfur atom in cruciferous vegetables. The objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of berteroin on lipid metabolism in hepatocytes and adipocytes and to elucidate the mechanisms involved. MAIN METHODS The effect of berteroin on lipid metabolism were evaluated in liver X receptor α agonist-stimulated HepG2 cells and adipocyte differentiation-induced 3T3-L1 cells using MTT assay, western blot, real time polymerase chain reaction, oil red O staining, and triglyceride assay. KEY FINDINGS T0901317 treatment increased the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c, a major transcription factor that mediates lipogenesis, and berteroin pretreatment significantly inhibited the expressions of T0901317-induced SREBP-1c and lipogenic genes. Especially, berteroin had a greater inhibitory effect on T0901317-induced SREBP-1c activation than sulforaphane, AICAR, or metformin. Berteroin also markedly suppressed lipid droplet formations and triglyceride accumulations caused by both T0901317 stimulation in HepG2 hepatocytes and differentiation induction in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. However, berteroin significantly increased the expression of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation-related genes (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α) and the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in HepG2 cells. Interestingly, effects of berteroin on the expressions of SREBP-1c protein and CPT-1 mRNA were remarkably prevented by compound C (an AMPK inhibitor). SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest berteroin-inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation and adipocyte differentiation might be mediated by AMPK activation and that berteroin might be useful for the prevention, amelioration, and treatment of metabolic diseases, including hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Ju Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yun Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Hee Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea.
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Ren M, Xu H, Xia H, Tang Q, Bi F. Simultaneously targeting SOAT1 and CPT1A ameliorates hepatocellular carcinoma by disrupting lipid homeostasis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:125. [PMID: 34052835 PMCID: PMC8164629 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid homeostasis plays a fundamental role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanisms that regulate lipid homeostasis to avoid lipotoxicity in HCC remain elusive. Here, we found high-fat diet (HFD) improved the expression of sterol o-acyltransferase1 (SOAT1) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) in diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC. Bioinformatic analysis showed that SOAT1-mediated fatty acid storage and CPT1A-mediated fatty acids oxidation (FAO) formed a double-negative feedback loop in HCC. We verified that SOAT1 inhibition enhanced CPT1A protein, which shuttled the released fatty acids into the mitochondria for oxidation in vivo and in vitro. Besides, we further confirmed that CPT1A inhibition converted excess fatty acids into lipid drops by SOAT1 in vitro. Simultaneously targeting SOAT1 and CPT1A by the small-molecule inhibitors avasimibe and etomoxir had synergistic anticancer efficacy in HCC in vitro and in vivo. Our study provides new mechanistic insights into the regulation of lipid homeostasis and suggests the combination of avasimibe and etomoxir is a novel strategy for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Ren
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Huanji Xu
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Hongwei Xia
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Qiulin Tang
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Feng Bi
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
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64
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Koh YC, Lin YC, Lee PS, Lu TJ, Lin KY, Pan MH. A multi-targeting strategy to ameliorate high-fat-diet- and fructose-induced (western diet-induced) non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with supplementation of a mixture of legume ethanol extracts. Food Funct 2021; 11:7545-7560. [PMID: 32815965 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01405b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) is a multifactorial liver disease related to multiple causes or unhealthy conditions, including obesity and chronic inflammation. The accumulation of excess triglycerides, called steatosis, is known as a hallmark of an imbalance between the rates of hepatic fatty acid uptake/synthesis and oxidation/export. Furthermore, occurrence of NAFLD may lead to a cocktail of disease consequences caused by the altered metabolism of glucose, lipids, and lipoproteins, for instance, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver fibrosis, and even hepatocarcinogenesis. Due to the complexity of the occurrence of NAFLD, a multi-targeting strategy is highly recommended to effectively address the issue and combat the causal loop. Ethanol extracts of legumes are popular supplements due to their richness and diversity in phytochemicals, especially isoflavones and anthocyanins. Although many of them have been reported to have efficacy in the treatment of different metabolic syndromes and obesity, there have not been many studies on them as a supplemental mixture. In this study, the alleviative effects of selected legume ethanol extracts (CrE) on high-fat-diet- and fructose-induced obesity, liver steatosis, and hyperglycemia are discussed. As revealed by the findings, CrE not only ameliorated obesity in terms of weight gained and enlargement of adipose tissue, but also significantly reduced the incidence of steatosis via phosphorylation of AMPK, resulting in inhibition of the downstream SREBP-1c/FAS pathway and an increase in an indicator of β-oxidation (carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a, CPT1A). Furthermore, CrE dramatically alleviated inflammatory responses, including both plasma and hepatic TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 levels. CrE also had attenuating effects on hyperglycemia and insulin resistance and significantly reduced the fasting glucose level, fasting insulin level, and plasma leptin, and it exhibited positive effects in the Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). At the molecular level, CrE could activate the PI3K/Akt/Glut2 pathway, which indicated an increase in insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake. Taken together, these results suggest that ethanol extracts of legumes could be potential supplements for metabolic syndromes, and their efficacy and effectiveness might facilitate the multi-targeting strategy required to mitigate NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Koh
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Cheng Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Sheng Lee
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Jang Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Yi Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. and Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan and Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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65
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Yang Y, Zeng QS, Zou M, Zeng J, Nie J, Chen D, Gan HT. Targeting Gremlin 1 Prevents Intestinal Fibrosis Progression by Inhibiting the Fatty Acid Oxidation of Fibroblast Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:663774. [PMID: 33967807 PMCID: PMC8100665 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.663774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a consequence of continuous inflammatory responses that negatively affect the quality of life of patients. By screening altered proteomic profiles of mouse fibrotic colon tissues, we identified that GREM1 was dramatically upregulated in comparison to that in normal tissues. Functional experiments revealed that GREM1 promoted the proliferation and activation of intestinal fibroblast cells by enhancing fatty acid oxidation. Blocking GREM1 prevented the progression of intestinal fibrosis in vivo. Mechanistic research revealed that GREM1 acted as a ligand for VEGFR2 and triggered downstream MAPK signaling. This facilitated the expression of FAO-related genes, consequently enhancing fatty acid oxidation. Taken together, our data indicated that targeting GREM1 could represent a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and the Center of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Lab of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi-Shan Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology and the Center of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Lab of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology and the Center of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Lab of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiao Nie
- Lab of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - DongFeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua-Tian Gan
- Department of Gastroenterology and the Center of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Lab of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Allard J, Bucher S, Massart J, Ferron PJ, Le Guillou D, Loyant R, Daniel Y, Launay Y, Buron N, Begriche K, Borgne-Sanchez A, Fromenty B. Drug-induced hepatic steatosis in absence of severe mitochondrial dysfunction in HepaRG cells: proof of multiple mechanism-based toxicity. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 37:151-175. [PMID: 32535746 PMCID: PMC8012331 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Steatosis is a liver lesion reported with numerous pharmaceuticals. Prior studies showed that severe impairment of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (mtFAO) constantly leads to lipid accretion in liver. However, much less is known about the mechanism(s) of drug-induced steatosis in the absence of severe mitochondrial dysfunction, although previous studies suggested the involvement of mild-to-moderate inhibition of mtFAO, increased de novo lipogenesis (DNL), and impairment of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion. The objective of our study, mainly carried out in human hepatoma HepaRG cells, was to investigate these 3 mechanisms with 12 drugs able to induce steatosis in human: amiodarone (AMIO, used as positive control), allopurinol (ALLO), D-penicillamine (DPEN), 5-fluorouracil (5FU), indinavir (INDI), indomethacin (INDO), methimazole (METHI), methotrexate (METHO), nifedipine (NIF), rifampicin (RIF), sulindac (SUL), and troglitazone (TRO). Hepatic cells were exposed to drugs for 4 days with concentrations decreasing ATP level by less than 30% as compared to control and not exceeding 100 × Cmax. Among the 12 drugs, AMIO, ALLO, 5FU, INDI, INDO, METHO, RIF, SUL, and TRO induced steatosis in HepaRG cells. AMIO, INDO, and RIF decreased mtFAO. AMIO, INDO, and SUL enhanced DNL. ALLO, 5FU, INDI, INDO, SUL, RIF, and TRO impaired VLDL secretion. These seven drugs reduced the mRNA level of genes playing a major role in VLDL assembly and also induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Thus, in the absence of severe mitochondrial dysfunction, drug-induced steatosis can be triggered by different mechanisms, although impairment of VLDL secretion seems more frequently involved, possibly as a consequence of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Allard
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Simon Bucher
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Julie Massart
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Ferron
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
- HCS Pharma, 250 rue Salvador Allende, 59120 Loos, France
| | - Dounia Le Guillou
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Roxane Loyant
- MITOLOGICS S.A.S, Faculté de Médecine, rue du Général Sarrail, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Yoann Daniel
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Youenn Launay
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Nelly Buron
- MITOLOGICS S.A.S, Faculté de Médecine, rue du Général Sarrail, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Karima Begriche
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Annie Borgne-Sanchez
- MITOLOGICS S.A.S, Faculté de Médecine, rue du Général Sarrail, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Bernard Fromenty
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Shatoor AS, Al Humayed S, Almohiy HM. Short-term administration of C. aronia stimulates insulin signaling, suppresses fatty acids metabolism, and increases glucose uptake and utilization in the hearts of healthy rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1966-1977. [PMID: 33732083 PMCID: PMC7938129 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of Crataegus aronia (C. aronia) aqueous extract on cardiac substrate utilization and insulin signaling in adult male healthy Wistar rats. Rats (n = 18/group) were either administered normal saline (vehicle) or treated with C. aronia aqueous extract (200 mg/kg) for 7 days, daily. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels were not significantly changed in C. aronia-treated rats but were significantly reduced after both the intraperitoneal glucose or insulin tolerance tests. Besides, C. aronia significantly increased the left ventricular (LV) activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), two markers of glycolysis and glucose oxidation, respectively, and suppressed the levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), an inhibitor of PDH. Concomitantly, it significantly reduced the LV levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and PPARα, two markers of fatty acid (FAs) oxidations. Under basal and insulin stimulation, C. aronia aqueous extract boosted insulin signaling in the LV of rats by increasing the protein levels of p-IRS (Tyr612) and p-Akt (Ser473) and suppressing protein levels of p-mTOR (Ser 2448) and p-IRS (Ser307). In parallel, C. aronia also increased the protein levels of GLUT-4 in the membrane fraction of the treated LVs. All these effects were also associated with a significant increase in AMPK activity (phosphorylation at Thr172), a major energy modulator that stimulates glucose utilization. In conclusion, short-term administration of C. aronia aqueous extract shifts the cardiac metabolism toward glucose utilization, thus making this plant a potential therapeutic medication in cardiac disorders with impaired metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Shatoor
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Section, College of Medicine, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Al Humayed
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain M Almohiy
- Depatrtment of Radiology Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Baradaran Rahimi V, Askari VR, Hosseinzadeh H. Promising influences of Scutellaria baicalensis and its two active constituents, baicalin, and baicalein, against metabolic syndrome: A review. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3558-3574. [PMID: 33590943 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is known as a group of metabolic abnormalities with features including central obesity, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension as well as low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. Previous studies showed the ameliorating effects of Scutellaria baicalensis on metabolic syndrome parameters, including antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-obesity, and antihypertensive. In this review, we deeply and mechanistically evaluated different studies on the effect of S. baicalensis and its two major bioactive constituents, baicalin, and baicalein, on the critical components of metabolic syndrome, including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched in the English language until the end of June 2020. Accordingly, S. baicalensis, and its two major bioactive constituents, baicalin and baicalein, represent promising effects on the control of metabolic syndrome and its related disorders such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and their following complications. In summary, our findings show that S. baicalensis and its active constituents, baicalin and baicalein, by activation and upregulation of AMPK and PPAR-γ as the main signaling in the hemostasis of glucose and lipid metabolisms may be favorable candidates for the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Lipotoxic Impairment of Mitochondrial Function in β-Cells: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020293. [PMID: 33672062 PMCID: PMC7919463 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipotoxicity is a major contributor to type 2 diabetes mainly promoting mitochondrial dysfunction. Lipotoxic stress is mediated by elevated levels of free fatty acids through various mechanisms and pathways. Impaired peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling, enhanced oxidative stress levels, and uncoupling of the respiratory chain result in ATP deficiency, while β-cell viability can be severely impaired by lipotoxic modulation of PI3K/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. However, fatty acids are physiologically required for an unimpaired β-cell function. Thus, preparation, concentration, and treatment duration determine whether the outcome is beneficial or detrimental when fatty acids are employed in experimental setups. Further, ageing is a crucial contributor to β-cell decay. Cellular senescence is connected to loss of function in β-cells and can further be promoted by lipotoxicity. The potential benefit of nutrients has been broadly investigated, and particularly polyphenols were shown to be protective against both lipotoxicity and cellular senescence, maintaining the physiology of β-cells. Positive effects on blood glucose regulation, mitigation of oxidative stress by radical scavenging properties or regulation of antioxidative enzymes, and modulation of apoptotic factors were reported. This review summarizes the significance of lipotoxicity and cellular senescence for mitochondrial dysfunction in the pancreatic β-cell and outlines potential beneficial effects of plant-based nutrients by the example of polyphenols.
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70
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Kwon HY, Choi SI, Han X, Men X, Jang GW, Choi YE, Lee OH. Antiobesity effect of Brassica juncea cultivated in Jeongseon with optimized sinigrin content using 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13650. [PMID: 33576517 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, Brassica juncea has been selected as a special agricultural crop in Jeongseon, Gangwon-do, Korea, and is actively grown there. However, there have been no studies on B. juncea cultivated in Jeongseon (BJJ). Sinigrin, an index component of cruciferous vegetables, has been reported to have antiobesity effects. In this study, we developed a method for obtaining a BJJ extract with optimized sinigrin content, and investigate the antiobesity properties of the BJJ extract and sinigrin. The optimal extraction conditions for BJJ were found to be with 60% ethanol, at 70°C, for 3 hr. Lipid accumulation and ROS production were significantly suppressed in both the BJJ extract and sinigrin-treated groups. Furthermore, BJJ extract and sinigrin were effectively controlled the expression of proteins that regulate lipid accumulation, fatty acid oxidation, and energy metabolism. Thus, BJJ extract containing sinigrin may be used as a health functional food material. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Brassica juncea has been reported to be rich in flavonoids, polyphenols, and glucosinolate, which are secondary vegetable metabolites. In this study, an extraction method to optimize the content of sinigrin in BJJ was established, and the antiobesity mechanism for the extract was confirmed. Lipid accumulation and ROS production were significantly suppressed in both the BJJ extract and sinigrin-treated groups in the study. It was confirmed that the expression of proteins that regulate lipid accumulation, lipid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, heat generation, and energy metabolism was effectively controlled by the BJJ extract and sinigrin. Therefore, the ethanol extraction method of this study are considered to be useful for the preparation of extracts using cruciferous vegetables, and BJJ extract containing sinigrin have the potential to be used as a health functional food material for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yeon Kwon
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Il Choi
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Xionggao Han
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiao Men
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gill-Woong Jang
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Eun Choi
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Hwan Lee
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Tang XJ, Liu Q, Chen XK, Xiong HB, Ke N, Chen L. Influence of Vitamin A deficiency on the transcriptomic profile of rat meibomian glands. Int Ophthalmol 2021; 41:1455-1465. [PMID: 33481153 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-01710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is associated with chalazion in young children. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, transcriptome data from rat meibomian glands (MGs) were analyzed to reveal specific molecular responses to VAD. METHODS Total RNA was extracted and purified for library preparation and transcriptome sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between vitamin A normal (VAN) and VAD rats were analyzed using DESeq software. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed using the GO seq R package and KOBAS software. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to validate the RNA sequencing results. RESULTS The number of DEGs in the VAD group compared to the VAN group was 3129 (1531 upregulated and 1598 downregulated) in the rat MGs. VAD upregulated a large number of lipid metabolism-related genes. GO analysis showed that the most enriched and meaningful terms were related to lipid metabolism (e.g., "oxidation-reduction process, GO: 0,055,114," "lipid metabolic process, GO: 000,662"). KEGG pathway analysis showed that most of the enriched signaling pathways were involved in lipid metabolism, including the PPAR signaling pathway associated with retinoic acid (RA)-mediated nuclear receptors. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that VAD regulates the expression of numerous genes in the rat MG and that many of these genes are involved in lipid metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jiao Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, 136, Zhongshan 2nd RD, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, 136, Zhongshan 2nd RD, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xin-Ke Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, 136, Zhongshan 2nd RD, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Hai-Bo Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, 136, Zhongshan 2nd RD, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Ning Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, 136, Zhongshan 2nd RD, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, 136, Zhongshan 2nd RD, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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72
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Yan J, Song K, Bai Z, Ge RL. WY14643 improves left ventricular myocardial mitochondrial and systolic functions in obese rats under chronic persistent hypoxia via the PPARα pathway. Life Sci 2020; 266:118888. [PMID: 33310031 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, a key regulator of lipid metabolism, plays a role in maintaining the homeostasis of myocardial energy metabolism. Both hypoxia and obesity inhibit the expression of PPARα in the myocardium. In this study, we verified the inhibitory effects of hypoxia and obesity on PPARα and examined whether WY14643 (4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthioacetic acid), an agonist of PPARα, ameliorates myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction and protects cardiac function in obese rats under chronic persistent hypoxia. MAIN METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups: a control group (normal chow diet, normal oxygen), a high-fat diet (HFD) group (normal oxygen), a chronic persistent hypoxia normal chow diet group, a chronic persistent hypoxia HFD group, a chronic persistent hypoxia HFD group with WY14643 treatment, and a chronic persistent hypoxia HFD group with vehicle treatment. KEY FINDINGS Hypoxia and obesity increased myocardial lipid accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Myocardial lipid metabolism-related genes, including those encoding PPARα, PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC1α), and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1α (CPT1α), were downregulated, while acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2) was upregulated under a combination of hypoxia and obesity. WY14643 upregulated PPARα, PGC1α, and CPT1α, and downregulated ACC2. WY14643 alleviated hypoxia- and obesity-induced myocardial lipid accumulation and improved mitochondrial and left ventricular systolic functions. SIGNIFICANCE WY14643 improved myocardial mitochondrial and left ventricular systolic functions in obese rats under chronic persistent hypoxia. Thus, WY14643 possibly exerts its effects by regulating the PPARα pathway and shows potential as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases associated with obesity and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Persistent medicine (Qinghai University), Ministry of Education, Xining 810001, PR China; Key Laboratory for Application of Persistent Medicine in Qinghai Province, Xining 810001, PR China; Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Xuzhou Medical University affiliated hospital, Xuzhou 221006, PR China
| | - Kang Song
- Endocrinology Department, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining 810000, PR China
| | - Zhenzhong Bai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Persistent medicine (Qinghai University), Ministry of Education, Xining 810001, PR China; Key Laboratory for Application of Persistent Medicine in Qinghai Province, Xining 810001, PR China
| | - Ri-Li Ge
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Persistent medicine (Qinghai University), Ministry of Education, Xining 810001, PR China; Key Laboratory for Application of Persistent Medicine in Qinghai Province, Xining 810001, PR China.
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73
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Bosch M, Parton RG, Pol A. Lipid droplets, bioenergetic fluxes, and metabolic flexibility. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 108:33-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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74
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Miller VJ, LaFountain RA, Barnhart E, Sapper TS, Short J, Arnold WD, Hyde PN, Crabtree CD, Kackley ML, Kraemer WJ, Villamena FA, Volek JS. A ketogenic diet combined with exercise alters mitochondrial function in human skeletal muscle while improving metabolic health. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E995-E1007. [PMID: 32985255 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00305.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Animal data indicate that ketogenic diets are associated with improved mitochondrial function, but human data are lacking. We aimed to characterize skeletal muscle mitochondrial changes in response to a ketogenic diet combined with exercise training in healthy individuals. Twenty-nine physically active adults completed a 12-wk supervised exercise program after self-selection into a ketogenic diet (KD, n = 15) group or maintenance of their habitual mixed diet (MD, n = 14). Measures of metabolic health and muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were obtained before and after the intervention. Mitochondria were isolated from muscle and studied after exposure to carbohydrate (pyruvate), fat (palmitoyl-l-carnitine), and ketone (β-hydroxybutyrate+acetoacetate) substrates. Compared with MD, the KD resulted in increased whole body resting fat oxidation (P < 0.001) and decreased fasting insulin (P = 0.019), insulin resistance [homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), P = 0.022], and visceral fat (P < 0.001). The KD altered mitochondrial function as evidenced by increases in mitochondrial respiratory control ratio (19%, P = 0.009), ATP production (36%, P = 0.028), and ATP/H2O2 (36%, P = 0.033) with the fat-based substrate. ATP production with the ketone-based substrate was four to eight times lower than with other substrates, indicating minimal oxidation. The KD resulted in a small decrease in muscle glycogen (14%, P = 0.035) and an increase in muscle triglyceride (81%, P = 0.006). These results expand our understanding of human adaptation to a ketogenic diet combined with exercise. In conjunction with weight loss, we observed altered skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and efficiency, an effect that may contribute to the therapeutic use of ketogenic diets in various clinical conditions, especially those associated with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Miller
- OSU Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Nutrition, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Emily Barnhart
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Teryn S Sapper
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jay Short
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - W David Arnold
- Department of Neurology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Parker N Hyde
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Madison L Kackley
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Frederick A Villamena
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jeff S Volek
- OSU Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Nutrition, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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75
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Bashir B, Fahmy AA, Raza F, Banerjee M. Non-diabetic ketoacidosis: a case series and literature review. Postgrad Med J 2020; 97:667-671. [DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The genesis of ketone bodies by organisms is a protective mechanism. This metabolic process helps organisms to survive acute metabolic derangements in times of nutrient deficiency. When prolonged, ketogenesis leads to ketoacidosis, which is a potentially life-threatening metabolic disorder due to the accumulation of keto-acids in the body. The most common cause is diabetic ketoacidosis, though starvation ketoacidosis and alcoholic ketoacidosis are not uncommon. The presentation of all ketoacidotic states is similar—being generally unwell, abdominal pain, rapid and shallow breathing, vomiting and dehydration. Non-diabetic ketoacidotic states are very commonly overlooked due to relative unawareness among the clinicians, leading to misdiagnosis and thereby inappropriate management culminating in added mortality and morbidity. We describe here six cases of alcoholic and starvation ketoacidosis, review the literature currently available and discuss the common pitfalls in managing such cases.
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76
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Wang L, Li C, Song Y, Yan Z. Inhibition of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A-induced fatty acid oxidation suppresses cell progression in gastric cancer. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 696:108664. [PMID: 33157102 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) has a high rate of metastasis which thereason leading to death. Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a (CPT1A) has been reported to play a critical obstacle to various types of cancer progression, which is an attractive focus in anti-cancer therapy. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of CPT1A involved in GC have not been clarified clear. METHODS To determine the expression of CPT1A in human GC tissues and cells and illustrate whether it is correlated with the clinical pathologic characteristics and prognosis in GC patients. Its roles and potential mechanisms in regulating tumor growth and invasion were evaluated by CPT1A knockdown/overexpression of GC cells in vitro. RESULTS Marked upregulation of CPT1A protein expression was observed in GC cells and tissues, which was associated with grade, pathological stage, lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with GC. CPT1A overexpression also promoted the proliferation, invasion, EMT process of GC cells. In addition, CPT1A upregulation activated GC cell fatty acid oxidation (FAO) via increasing NADP+/NADPH ratio, whereas inhibiting of FAO abolished the effects of CPT1A on GC cell proliferation and migration. CONCLUSION Our results examine that CPT1A-mediated FAO activation increases GC cell proliferation and migration, supporting that CPT1A is a useful prognostic biomarker and an attractive focus for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Wang
- Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130033, China
| | - Changfeng Li
- Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130033, China
| | - Yumei Song
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130033, China
| | - ZhenKun Yan
- Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130033, China.
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77
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Panahi M, Rodriguez PR, Fereshtehnejad SM, Arafa D, Bogdanovic N, Winblad B, Cedazo-Minguez A, Rinne J, Darreh-Shori T, Hase Y, Kalaria RN, Viitanen M, Behbahani H. Insulin-Independent and Dependent Glucose Transporters in Brain Mural Cells in CADASIL. Front Genet 2020; 11:1022. [PMID: 33101365 PMCID: PMC7522350 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is caused by mutations in the human NOTCH3 gene. Cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy is characterized by subcortical ischemic strokes due to severe arteriopathy and fibrotic thickening of small vessels. Blood regulating vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) appear as the key target in CADASIL but the pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. With the hypothesis that brain glucose metabolism is disrupted in VSMCs in CADASIL, we investigated post-mortem tissues and VSMCs derived from CADASIL patients to explore gene expression and protein immunoreactivity of glucose transporters (GLUTs), particularly GLUT4 and GLUT2 using quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical techniques. In vitro cell model analysis indicated that both GLUT4 and -2 gene expression levels were down-regulated in VSMCs derived from CADASIL patients, compared to controls. In vitro studies further indicated that the down regulation of GLUT4 coincided with impaired glucose uptake in VSMCs, which could be partially rescued by insulin treatment. Our observations on reduction in GLUTs in VSMCs are consistent with previous findings of decreased cerebral blood flow and glucose uptake in CADASIL patients. That impaired ability of glucose uptake is rescued by insulin is also consistent with previously reported lower proliferation rates of VSMCs derived from CADASIL subjects. Overall, these observations are consistent with the development of severe cerebral arteriopathy in CADASIL, in which VSMCs are replaced by widespread fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmod Panahi
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Rodriguez Rodriguez
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Donia Arafa
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nenad Bogdanovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Neurogeriatric Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha Rinne
- University of Turku, Turku University Hospital Kiinanmyllynkatu, Turku, Finland
| | - Taher Darreh-Shori
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Yoshiki Hase
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matti Viitanen
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Geriatrics, Turun Kaupunginsairaala, University Hospital of Turku, University of Turku, Turku,Finland
| | - Homira Behbahani
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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78
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Farhadi P, Yarani R, Dokaneheifard S, Mansouri K. The emerging role of targeting cancer metabolism for cancer therapy. Tumour Biol 2020; 42:1010428320965284. [PMID: 33028168 DOI: 10.1177/1010428320965284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose, as the main consuming nutrient of the body, faces different destinies in cancer cells. Glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and pentose phosphate pathways produce different glucose-derived metabolites and thus affect cells' bioenergetics differently. Tumor cells' dependency to aerobic glycolysis and other cancer-specific metabolism changes are known as the cancer hallmarks, distinct cancer cells from normal cells. Therefore, these tumor-specific characteristics receive the limelight as targets for cancer therapy. Glutamine, serine, and fatty acid oxidation together with 5-lipoxygenase are main pathways that have attracted lots of attention for cancer therapy. In this review, we not only discuss different tumor metabolism aspects but also discuss the metabolism roles in the promotion of cancer cells at different stages and their difference with normal cells. Besides, we dissect the inhibitors potential in blocking the main metabolic pathways to introduce the effective and non-effective inhibitors in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Farhadi
- Medical Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Yarani
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Sadat Dokaneheifard
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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79
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Impact of A Cargo-Less Liposomal Formulation on Dietary Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207640. [PMID: 33076522 PMCID: PMC7589567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutic options for obesity often require pharmacological intervention with dietary restrictions. Obesity is associated with underlying inflammation due to increased tissue macrophage infiltration, and recent evidence shows that inflammation can drive obesity, creating a feed forward mechanism. Therefore, targeting obesity-induced macrophage infiltration may be an effective way of treating obesity. Here, we developed cargo-less liposomes (UTS-001) using 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, DOPC (synthetic phosphatidylcholine) as a single-agent to manage weight gain and related glucose disorders due to high fat diet (HFD) consumption in mice. UTS-001 displayed potent immunomodulatory properties, including reducing resident macrophage number in both fat and liver, downregulating liver markers involved in gluconeogenesis, and increasing marker involved in thermogenesis. As a result, UTS-001 significantly enhanced systemic glucose tolerance in vivo and insulin-stimulated cellular glucose uptake in vitro, as well as reducing fat accumulation upon ad libitum HFD consumption in mice. UTS-001 targets tissue residence macrophages to suppress tissue inflammation during HFD-induced obesity, resulting in improved weight control and glucose metabolism. Thus, UTS-001 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for body weight management and glycaemic control.
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80
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Fu X, Xu M, Zhang H, Li Y, Li Y, Zhang C. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C2 Mutant-Directed Fatty Acid and Mitochondrial Energy Metabolic Programs Regulate CD8 + T Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2066-2076. [PMID: 32938730 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells can switch between fatty acid catabolism and mitochondrial energy metabolism to sustain expansion and their cytotoxic functions. ST-4 is a TCR-enhanced mutant derived from superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 (SEC2), which can hyperactivate CD4+ T cells without MHC class II molecules. However, whether ST-4/SEC2 can enhance metabolic reprogramming in CD8+ T cells remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that ST-4, but not SEC2, could induce proliferation of purified CD8+ T cell from BALB/c mice in Vβ8.2- and -8.3-specific manners. Results of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis showed that fatty acid contents in CD8+ T cells were increased after ST-4 stimulation. Flow cytometry and Seahorse analyses showed that ST-4 significantly promoted mitochondrial energy metabolism in CD8+ T cells. We also observed significantly upregulated levels of gene transcripts for fatty acid uptake and synthesis, and significantly increased protein expression levels of fatty acid and mitochondrial metabolic markers of mTOR/PPARγ/SREBP1 and p38-MAPK signaling pathways in ST-4-activated CD8+ T cells. However, blocking mTOR, PPARγ, SREBP1, or p38-MAPK signals with specific inhibitors could significantly relieve the enhanced fatty acid catabolism and mitochondrial capacity induced by ST-4. In addition, blocking these signals inhibited ST-4-stimulated CD8+ T cell proliferation and effector functions. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that ST-4 enhanced fatty acid and mitochondria metabolic reprogramming through mTOR/PPARγ/SREBP and p38-MAPK signaling pathways, which may be important regulatory mechanisms of CD8+ T cell activation. Understanding the effects of ST-4-induced regulatory metabolic networks on CD8+ T cells provide important mechanistic insights to superantigen-based tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhe Fu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; and
| | - Mingkai Xu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; and
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; and
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; and.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yansheng Li
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; and.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenggang Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; and
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81
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Mert S, Bulutoglu B, Chu C, Dylewski M, Lin FM, Yu YM, Yarmush ML, Sheridan RL, Uygun K. Multiorgan Metabolomics and Lipidomics Provide New Insights Into Fat Infiltration in the Liver, Muscle Wasting, and Liver-Muscle Crosstalk Following Burn Injury. J Burn Care Res 2020; 42:269-287. [PMID: 32877506 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Burn injury mediated hypermetabolic syndrome leads to increased mortality among severe burn victims, due to liver failure and muscle wasting. Metabolic changes may persist up to 2 years following the injury. Thus, understanding the underlying mechanisms of the pathology is crucially important to develop appropriate therapeutic approaches. We present detailed metabolomic and lipidomic analyses of the liver and muscle tissues in a rat model with a 30% body surface area burn injury located at the dorsal skin. Three hundred and thirty-eight of 1587 detected metabolites and lipids in the liver and 119 of 1504 in the muscle tissue exhibited statistically significant alterations. We observed excessive accumulation of triacylglycerols, decreased levels of S-adenosylmethionine, increased levels of glutamine and xenobiotics in the liver tissue. Additionally, the levels of gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites are generally decreased in the liver. On the other hand, burn injury muscle tissue exhibits increased levels of acyl-carnitines, alpha-hydroxyisovalerate, ophthalmate, alpha-hydroxybutyrate, and decreased levels of reduced glutathione. The results of this preliminary study provide compelling observations that liver and muscle tissues undergo distinctly different changes during hypermetabolism, possibly reflecting liver-muscle crosstalk. The liver and muscle tissues might be exacerbating each other's metabolic pathologies, via excessive utilization of certain metabolites produced by each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safak Mert
- Burns Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Beyza Bulutoglu
- Burns Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Christopher Chu
- Burns Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Maggie Dylewski
- Burns Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Florence M Lin
- Burns Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yong-Ming Yu
- Burns Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Burns Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Robert L Sheridan
- Burns Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Korkut Uygun
- Burns Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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82
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Murphy KP, Hendley MA, Patterson AT, Hall HE, Carter GJ, Isely C, Gower RM. Modulation of adipocyte size and fat pad weight via resveratrol releasing scaffolds implanted into the epididymal adipose tissue. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:766-778. [PMID: 32681806 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lipid overload of the adipose tissue, which can be caused by overnutrition, underlies metabolic disease. We hypothesized that increasing the energy demand of adipose tissue is a promising strategy to combat excessive lipid accumulation. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol, activates lipid catabolism in fat tissue; however, its clinical success is hindered by poor bioavailability. Here, we implanted resveratrol releasing poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds into epididymal fat to overcome its poor bioavailability with the goal of enhancing local lipid catabolism. In lean mice, resveratrol scaffolds decreased adipocyte size relative to scaffolds with no drug, a response that correlated with AMP kinase activation. Immunohistochemistry indicated that macrophages and multinucleated giant cells within the scaffold expressed carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) at higher levels than other cells in the adipose tissue. Furthermore, resveratrol increased CPT1 levels in cultured macrophages. Taken together, we propose that resveratrol scaffolds decrease adipocyte size because resveratrol increases lipid utilization in scaffold-infiltrating immune cells, possibly through elevating CPT1 levels or activity. In a follow-up study, mice that received resveratrol scaffolds 28-day prior to a high-fat diet exhibited decreased weight gain, adipose tissue expansion, and adipocyte hypertrophy compared to mice with control scaffolds. Notably, this scaffold-based strategy required a single resveratrol administration compared to the daily regiment generally needed for oral administration. These results indicate that localized delivery of metabolism modulating agents to the adipose tissue may overcome issues with bioavailability and that the role of biomaterials should be further investigated in this therapeutic strategy for metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall P Murphy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Michael A Hendley
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Alexandra T Patterson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hayley E Hall
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Griffin J Carter
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher Isely
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - R Michael Gower
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Cheng X, Geng F, Pan M, Wu X, Zhong Y, Wang C, Tian Z, Cheng C, Zhang R, Puduvalli V, Horbinski C, Mo X, Han X, Chakravarti A, Guo D. Targeting DGAT1 Ameliorates Glioblastoma by Increasing Fat Catabolism and Oxidative Stress. Cell Metab 2020; 32:229-242.e8. [PMID: 32559414 PMCID: PMC7415721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), a mostly lethal brain tumor, acquires large amounts of free fatty acids (FAs) to promote cell growth. But how the cancer avoids lipotoxicity is unknown. Here, we identify that GBM upregulates diacylglycerol-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) to store excess FAs into triglycerides and lipid droplets. Inhibiting DGAT1 disrupted lipid homeostasis and resulted in excessive FAs moving into mitochondria for oxidation, leading to the generation of high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial damage, cytochrome c release, and apoptosis. Adding N-acetyl-cysteine or inhibiting FA shuttling into mitochondria decreased ROS and cell death induced by DGAT1 inhibition. We show in xenograft models that targeting DGAT1 blocked lipid droplet formation, induced tumor cell apoptosis, and markedly suppressed GBM growth. Together, our study demonstrates that DGAT1 upregulation protects GBM from oxidative damage and maintains lipid homeostasis by facilitating storage of excess FAs. Targeting DGAT1 could be a promising therapeutic approach for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Feng Geng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Meixia Pan
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xiaoning Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yaogang Zhong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Zhihua Tian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chunming Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vinay Puduvalli
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Departments of Pathology and Neurosurgery, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Biostatistic Center and Department of Bioinformatics, College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Deliang Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Cancer Metabolism, James Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Sea Cucumber Peptides Improved the Mitochondrial Capacity of Mice: A Potential Mechanism to Enhance Gluconeogenesis and Fat Catabolism during Exercise for Improved Antifatigue Property. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4604387. [PMID: 32685094 PMCID: PMC7335390 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4604387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Sea cucumber promotes multifaceted health benefits. However, the mechanisms of sea cucumber peptides (Scp) regulating the antifatigue capacity is still unknown. The present study is aimed at further elucidating the effects and mechanisms of Scp on the antifatigue capacity of mice. At first, C57BL/6J mice were assigned into four groups named Con, L-Scp, M-Scp, and H-Scp and received diets containing Scp (0%, 0.15%, 0.3%, and 0.5%, respectively) for continuous 30 days. On the 21th day, a fore grip test was conducted on mice. On the 25th day, a rotating rod test was conducted on mice. On the 30th day, the quantities of glycogen and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were determined in 8 random mice and another 8 mice were forced to swim for 1 hour before slaughter for detecting biochemical indicators. It was observed that the Scp groups significantly prolonged the running time in rotarod, increased forelimb grip strength, improved lactic acid (LD) and urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in the serum, decreased lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) activities in the serum, increased blood glucose (BG) and glycogen (GN) levels in the liver and skeletal muscle after swimming, increased the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase in the skeletal muscle and heart, and improved antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, Scp treatment significantly elevated the mRNA and protein relative levels of power-sensitive factors, lipid catabolism, and mitochondrial biogenesis and significantly upregulated mRNA levels of gluconeogenesis. Besides, mtDNA before the swimming test was increased in the three Scp groups. These results show that Scp treatment has antifatigue capacity. Furthermore, these results suggest that improved energy regulation and antioxidant capacity may be the result of improved mitochondrial function.
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Zhao Z, Kim J, Lei XG. High Dietary Fat and Selenium Concentrations Exert Tissue- and Glutathione Peroxidase 1-Dependent Impacts on Lipid Metabolism of Young-Adult Mice. J Nutr 2020; 150:1738-1748. [PMID: 32386229 PMCID: PMC7330460 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive dietary selenium (Se; 3 mg/kg) or fat (>25%) intakes and overproduction of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) adversely affect body lipid metabolism. OBJECTIVE The objective was to reveal impacts and mechanisms of a moderately high Se and a high fat intake on lipid metabolism in Gpx1 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. METHODS The KO and WT mice (males, 12-wk-old, body weight = 24.8 ± 0.703 g) were allotted to 4 groups each (n = 5) and fed a sucrose-torula yeast basal diet (5% corn oil) supplemented with 0.3 or 1.0 mg (+Se) Se/kg (as sodium selenite) and 0% or 25% [high-fat (HF)] lard for 6 wk. Multiple physiological and molecular biomarkers (68) related to lipid metabolism and selenogenome expression in plasma, liver, and/or adipose tissue were analyzed by 2-way (+Se by HF) ANOVA. RESULTS Compared with the control diet, the +Se diet decreased (P < 0.05) body-weight gain and plasma and liver concentrations of lipids (22-66%) but elevated (≤1.5-fold, P < 0.05) adipose tissue concentrations of lipids in the WT mice. The +Se diet up- and downregulated (P < 0.05) mRNA and/or protein concentrations of factors related to lipogenesis, selenogenome, and transcription, stress, and cell cycle in the liver (26% to 176-fold) and adipose tissues (14% to 1-fold), respectively, compared with the control diet in the WT mice. Many of these +Se diet effects were different (P < 0.05) from those of the HF diet and were eliminated or altered (P < 0.05) by the KO. CONCLUSIONS The +Se and HF diets exerted tissue-specific and GPX1 expression-dependent impacts on lipid metabolism and related gene expression in the young-adult mice. Our findings will help reveal metabolic potential and underlying mechanisms of supplementing moderately high Se to subjects with HF intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeping Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jonggun Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Park M, Han J, Lee HJ. Anti-Adipogenic Effect of Neferine in 3T3-L1 Cells and Primary White Adipocytes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061858. [PMID: 32580414 PMCID: PMC7353287 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neferine, an alkaloid component extracted from lotus seed embryos, is known for its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. However, the anti-adipogenic activity of neferine has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, neferine was found to inhibit lipid accumulation in a dose-dependent manner during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells without inducing cytotoxicity. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analysis revealed the downregulation in the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) and the upregulation in carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) levels following neferine treatment. Furthermore, neferine increased the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is an important regulator of fatty acid oxidation. Our result indicates that neferine attenuates adipogenesis and promotes lipid metabolism by activating AMPK-mediated signaling. Therefore, neferine may serve as a therapeutic candidate for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miey Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (M.P.); (J.H.)
- Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (M.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (M.P.); (J.H.)
- Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-750-5968; Fax: +82-31-724-4411
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Tiwari SK, Toshniwal AG, Mandal S, Mandal L. Fatty acid β-oxidation is required for the differentiation of larval hematopoietic progenitors in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:53247. [PMID: 32530419 PMCID: PMC7347386 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-intrinsic and extrinsic signals regulate the state and fate of stem and progenitor cells. Recent advances in metabolomics illustrate that various metabolic pathways are also important in regulating stem cell fate. However, our understanding of the metabolic control of the state and fate of progenitor cells is in its infancy. Using Drosophila hematopoietic organ: lymph gland, we demonstrate that Fatty Acid Oxidation (FAO) is essential for the differentiation of blood cell progenitors. In the absence of FAO, the progenitors are unable to differentiate and exhibit altered histone acetylation. Interestingly, acetate supplementation rescues both histone acetylation and the differentiation defects. We further show that the CPT1/whd (withered), the rate-limiting enzyme of FAO, is transcriptionally regulated by Jun-Kinase (JNK), which has been previously implicated in progenitor differentiation. Our study thus reveals how the cellular signaling machinery integrates with the metabolic cue to facilitate the differentiation program. Stem cells are special precursor cells, found in all animals from flies to humans, that can give rise to all the mature cell types in the body. Their job is to generate supplies of new cells wherever these are needed. This is important because it allows damaged or worn-out tissues to be repaired and replaced by fresh, healthy cells. As part of this renewal process, stem cells generate pools of more specialized cells, called progenitor cells. These can be thought of as half-way to maturation and can only develop in a more restricted number of ways. For example, so-called myeloid progenitor cells from humans can only develop into a specific group of blood cell types, collectively termed the myeloid lineage. Fruit flies, like many other animals, also have several different types of blood cells. The fly’s repertoire of blood cells is very similar to the human myeloid lineage, and these cells also develop from the fly equivalent of myeloid progenitor cells. These progenitors are found in a specialized organ in fruit fly larvae called the lymph gland, where the blood forms. These similarities between fruit flies and humans mean that flies are a good model to study how myeloid progenitor cells mature. A lot is already known about the molecules that signal to progenitor cells how and when to mature. However, the role of metabolism – the chemical reactions that process nutrients and provide energy inside cells – is still poorly understood. Tiwari et al. set out to identify which metabolic reactions myeloid progenitor cells require and how these reactions might shape the progenitors’ development into mature blood cells. The experiments in this study used fruit fly larvae that had been genetically altered so that they could no longer perform key chemical reactions needed for the breakdown of fats. In these mutant larvae, the progenitors within the lymph gland could not give rise to mature blood cells. This showed that myeloid progenitor cells need to be able to break down fats in order to develop properly. These results highlight a previously unappreciated role for metabolism in controlling the development of progenitor cells. If this effect also occurs in humans, this knowledge could one day help medical researchers engineer replacement tissues in the lab, or even increase our own bodies’ ability to regenerate blood, and potentially other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Tiwari
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Ashish Ganeshlalji Toshniwal
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Sudip Mandal
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Lolitika Mandal
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, India
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Mitochondrial dynamic modulation exerts cardiometabolic protection in obese insulin-resistant rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 133:2431-2447. [PMID: 31808509 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Obese insulin resistance impairs cardiac mitochondrial dynamics by increasing mitochondrial fission and decreasing mitochondrial fusion, leading to mitochondrial damage, myocardial cell death and cardiac dysfunction. Therefore, inhibiting fission and promoting fusion could provide cardioprotection in this pre-diabetic condition. We investigated the combined effects of the mitochondrial fission inhibitor (Mdivi1) and fusion promoter (M1) on cardiac function in obese insulin-resistant rats. We hypothesized that Mdivi1 and M1 protect heart against obese insulin-resistant condition, but also there will be greater improvement using Mdivi1 and M1 as a combined treatment. Wistar rats (n=56, male) were randomly assigned to a high-fat diet (HFD) and normal diet (ND) fed groups. After feeding with either ND or HFD for 12 weeks, rats in each dietary group were divided into groups to receive either the vehicle, Mdivi1 (1.2 mg/kg, i.p.), M1 (2 mg/kg, i.p.) or combined treatment for 14 days. The cardiac function, cardiac mitochondrial function, metabolic and biochemical parameters were monitored before and after the treatment. HFD rats developed obese insulin resistance which led to impaired dynamics balance and function of mitochondria, increased cardiac cell apoptosis and dysfunction. Although Mdivi1, M1 and combined treatment exerted similar cardiometabolic benefits in HFD rats, the combined therapy showed a greater reduction in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondrial fission inhibitor and fusion promoter exerted similar levels of cardioprotection in a pre-diabetic condition.
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89
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Sáez-Orellana F, Octave JN, Pierrot N. Alzheimer's Disease, a Lipid Story: Involvement of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α. Cells 2020; 9:E1215. [PMID: 32422896 PMCID: PMC7290654 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. Mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) production are responsible for inherited AD cases. The amyloid cascade hypothesis was proposed to explain the pathogeny. Despite the fact that Aβ is considered as the main culprit of the pathology, most clinical trials focusing on Aβ failed and suggested that earlier interventions are needed to influence the course of AD. Therefore, identifying risk factors that predispose to AD is crucial. Among them, the epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene that encodes the major brain lipid carrier and metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes were identified as AD risk factors, suggesting that abnormal lipid metabolism could influence the progression of the disease. Among lipids, fatty acids (FAs) play a fundamental role in proper brain function, including memory. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a master metabolic regulator that regulates the catabolism of FA. Several studies report an essential role of PPARα in neuronal function governing synaptic plasticity and cognition. In this review, we explore the implication of lipid metabolism in AD, with a special focus on PPARα and its potential role in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sáez-Orellana
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.S.-O.); (J.-N.O.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Noël Octave
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.S.-O.); (J.-N.O.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Pierrot
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.S.-O.); (J.-N.O.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Toyoshima Y, Yoshizawa F, Tokita R, Taguchi Y, Takahashi SI, Kato H, Minami S. A translation repressor, 4E-BP1, regulates the triglyceride level in rat liver during protein deprivation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E636-E645. [PMID: 32208000 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00464.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein deprivation has been shown to induce fatty liver in humans and animals, but the molecular mechanisms underlying such induction are largely unknown. Our previous studies have shown that a low-protein diet increases eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) protein and triglyceride (TG) levels in rat liver. 4E-BP1 is known to repress translation by binding to eIF4E. There is also evidence indicating that 4E-BP1 regulates lipid metabolism. Here, we examined the role of 4E-BP1 on TG accumulation in the livers of rats under protein deprivation. The low-protein diet rapidly increased the hepatic 4E-BP1 mRNA level within 1 day, followed by the induction of hepatic TG accumulation. The knockdown of hepatic 4E-BP1 attenuated the TG accumulation in rat liver induced by the low-protein diet. 4E-BP1 knockdown also increased the protein level of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), a regulator of fatty acid oxidation, in the liver of rats fed a low-protein diet. These results indicate that a low-protein diet increases the amount of 4E-BP1, leading to TG accumulation in rat liver. We thus conclude that 4E-BP1 plays an important role in inducing hepatic steatosis under protein deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Toyoshima
- Department of Bioregulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Yoshizawa
- Department of Agrobiology and Bioresources, School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Reiko Tokita
- Department of Bioregulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Taguchi
- Department of Bioregulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisanori Kato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Minami
- Department of Bioregulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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91
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Li M, Li CM, Ye ZC, Huang J, Li Y, Lai W, Peng H, Lou TQ. Sirt3 modulates fatty acid oxidation and attenuates cisplatin-induced AKI in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5109-5121. [PMID: 32281286 PMCID: PMC7205836 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) dysfunction is one of the important mechanisms of renal fibrosis. Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) has been confirmed to alleviate acute kidney injury (AKI) by improving mitochondrial function and participate in the regulation of FAO in other disease models. However, it is not clear whether Sirt3 is involved in regulating FAO to improve the prognosis of AKI induced by cisplatin. Here, using a murine model of cisplatin-induced AKI, we revealed that there were significantly FAO dysfunction and extensive lipid deposition in the mice with AKI. Metabolomics analysis suggested reprogrammed energy metabolism and decreased ATP production. In addition, fatty acid deposition can increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induce apoptosis. Our data suggested that Sirt3 deletion aggravated FAO dysfunction, resulting in increased apoptosis of kidney tissues and aggravated renal injury. The activation of Sirt3 by honokiol could improve FAO and renal function and reduced fatty acid deposition in wide-type mice, but not Sirt3-defective mice. We concluded that Sirt3 may regulate FAO by deacetylating liver kinase B1 and activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Also, the activation of Sirt3 by honokiol increased ATP production as well as reduced ROS and lipid peroxidation through improving mitochondrial function. Collectively, these results provide new evidence that Sirt3 is protective against AKI. Enhancing Sirt3 to improve FAO may be a potential strategy to prevent kidney injury in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Can-Ming Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeng-Chun Ye
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayan Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyan Lai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tan-Qi Lou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Park JH, Seo I, Shim HM, Cho H. Melatonin ameliorates SGLT2 inhibitor-induced diabetic ketoacidosis by inhibiting lipolysis and hepatic ketogenesis in type 2 diabetic mice. J Pineal Res 2020; 68:e12623. [PMID: 31743484 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are effective hypoglycemic agents that can induce glycosuria. However, there are increasing concerns that they might induce diabetic ketoacidosis. This study investigated the effect of melatonin on SGTL2i-induced ketoacidosis in insulin-deficient type 2 diabetic (T2D) mice. The SGLT2i dapagliflozin reduced blood glucose level and plasma insulin concentrations in T2D mice, but induced increases in the concentrations of plasma β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and free fatty acid and a decrease in the concentration of plasma bicarbonate, resulting in ketoacidosis. Melatonin inhibited dapagliflozin-induced ketoacidosis without inducing any change in blood glucose level or plasma insulin concentration. In white adipose tissue, melatonin inhibited lipolysis and downregulated phosphorylation of PKA, HSL, and perilipin-1. In liver tissue, melatonin suppressed cellular cyclic AMP levels and downregulated phosphorylation of PKA, AMPK, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). In addition, melatonin increased hepatic ACC activity, but decreased hepatic CPT1a activity and acetyl-CoA content. These effects of melatonin on lipolysis and hepatic ketogenesis were blocked by pretreatment with melatonin receptor antagonist or PKA activator. Collectively, these results suggest that melatonin can ameliorate SGLT2i-induced ketoacidosis by inhibiting lipolysis and hepatic ketogenesis though cyclic AMP/PKA signaling pathways in T2D mice. Thus, melatonin treatment may offer protection against SGLT2i-induced ketoacidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyung Park
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Incheol Seo
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hae-Min Shim
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hochan Cho
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Yao Q, Li S, Cheng X, Zou Y, Shen Y, Zhang S. Yin Zhi Huang, a traditional Chinese herbal formula, ameliorates diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis by activating the AMPK/SREBP-1 and the AMPK/ACC/CPT1A pathways. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:231. [PMID: 32309378 PMCID: PMC7154390 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.01.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Yin Zhi Huang (YZH) is a formula composed of Artemisia scoparia, Gardeniae fructus, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. Most of the components are eaten as food in Asia. Here, we evaluated the role of YZH on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with normal-chow diet, HFD, and HFD with low- or high-dose YZH for 16 weeks. Body weight gain, adipose mass, and plasma lipids levels were measured to evaluate the effect of YZH on obesity. Liver weight and staining methods on liver tissues were used to determine hepatic steatosis. The expression of involved genes and proteins were screened with qRT-PCR and immunoblotting, respectively. Results The results showed that YZH significantly reduced body weight gain, adipose mass, and the size of adipocytes, while did not affect food intake in HFD-fed mice. H&E staining, bodipy staining, and oil red O staining displayed that YZH alleviates hepatic lipid accumulation. It also effectively restored elevated plasma levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase in HFD-fed mice. Mechanistically, these effects of YZH have associated with a decrease of AMPK/SREBP-1 pathway-mediated de novo lipogenesis and an increase of AMPK/ACC/CPT1A pathway-mediated mitochondrial fatty acid β oxidation. Conclusions YZH supplementation ameliorated diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis by decreasing AMPK/SREBP-1 pathway-mediated de novo lipogenesis and increasing AMPK/ACC/CPT1A pathway-mediated mitochondrial fatty acid β oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunyan Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shuyu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yanting Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shuncai Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
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94
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Tabe Y, Konopleva M, Andreeff M. Fatty Acid Metabolism, Bone Marrow Adipocytes, and AML. Front Oncol 2020; 10:155. [PMID: 32133293 PMCID: PMC7040225 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells modulate their metabolic state continuously as a result of bone marrow (BM) microenvironment stimuli and/or nutrient availability. Adipocytes are prevalent in the BM stroma and increase in number with age. AML in elderly patients induces remodeling and lipolysis of BM adipocytes, which may promote AML cell survival through metabolic activation of fatty acid oxidation (FAO). FAO reactions generate acetyl-CoA from fatty acids under aerobic conditions and, under certain conditions, it can cause uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Recent experimental evidence indicates that FAO is associated with quiescence and drug-resistance in leukemia stem cells. In this review, we highlight recent progress in our understanding of fatty acid metabolism in AML cells in the adipocyte-rich BM microenvironment, and discuss the therapeutic potential of combinatorial regimens with various FAO inhibitors, which target metabolic vulnerabilities of BM-resident, chemoresistant leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Tabe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Section of Leukemia Biology Research, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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95
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Zangerolamo L, Soares GM, Vettorazzi JF, do Amaral ME, Carneiro EM, Olalla-Saad ST, Boschero AC, Barbosa-Sampaio HC. ARHGAP21 deficiency impairs hepatic lipid metabolism and improves insulin signaling in lean and obese mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:1018-1027. [PMID: 31247150 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2023]
Abstract
ARHGAP21 is a Rho-GAP that controls GTPases activity in several tissues, but its role on liver lipid metabolism is unknown. Thus, to achieve the Rho-GAP role in the liver, control and ARHGAP21-haplodeficient mice were fed chow (Ctl and Het) or high-fat diet (Ctl-HFD and Het-HFD) for 12 weeks, and pyruvate and insulin tolerance tests, insulin signaling, liver glycogen and triglycerides content, gene and protein expression, and very-low-density lipoprotein secretion were measured. Het mice displayed reduced body weight and plasma triglycerides levels, and increased liver insulin signaling. Reduced gluconeogenesis and increased glycogen content were observed in Het-HFD mice. Gene and protein expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein were reduced in both Het mice, while the lipogenic genes SREBP-1c and ACC were increased. ARHGAP21 knockdown resulted in hepatic steatosis through increased hepatic lipogenesis activity coupled with decreases in CPT1a expression and very-low-density lipoprotein export. In conclusion, liver of ARHGAP21-haplodeficient mice are more insulin sensitive, associated with higher lipid synthesis and lower lipid export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Zangerolamo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Moreira Soares
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jean Franciesco Vettorazzi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Esméria do Amaral
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, FHO-Herminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Everardo Magalhães Carneiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Carlos Boschero
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Cristina Barbosa-Sampaio
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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96
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Hu CQ, Xu M, Yang BB, Liu XJ, Bo QL, Zhang C, Xu DX. Vitamin D Deficiency Attenuates Acute Alcohol-Induced Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Mice. Lipids 2019; 54:651-663. [PMID: 31463983 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been frequently reported in chronic liver disease. However, its influence on hepatic lipid accumulation in alcoholic liver disease remains unclear. The present study investigated the effects of vitamin D deficiency on acute alcohol-induced hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. Mice were fed with vitamin D deficient diet, in which vitamin D was depleted for 12 weeks to establish an animal model of vitamin D deficiency. Some mice were administered a single gavage of alcohol (4 g/kg bodyweight) before they were euthanized. Results show that feeding mice with vitamin D deficient diet did not induce hepatic lipid accumulation. In contrast, vitamin D deficiency markedly reduced alcohol-induced triacylglycerol (TAG) content and prevented hepatic lipid accumulation. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency significantly attenuated alcohol-induced sterol-regulated element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c activation, which regulates genes for hepatic fatty acid (FA) and TAG synthesis, and the expression of its target genes fatty acid synthase (Fasn) and acetyl-coenzyme- A carboxylase (Acc). In addition, vitamin D deficiency alleviated alcohol-induced downregulation of hepatic nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, which governs FA transport and β-oxidation, and the expression of Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (Cpt)-1α, cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily a, polypeptide (Cyp4a)10, and Cyp4a14, which are key enzymes for hepatic fatty acids β-oxidation and ω-oxidation. Taken together, these results suggest that vitamin D deficiency is not a direct risk factor for hepatic lipid accumulation. Vitamin D deficiency alleviates acute alcohol-induced hepatic lipid accumulation through inhibiting hepatic de novo fatty acid syntheses and promoting fatty acid β-oxidation and ω-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Qiu Hu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Department of Nutrition and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Bing-Bing Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Qing-Li Bo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Department of Nutrition and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
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97
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Gibert-Ramos A, Ibars M, Salvadó MJ, Crescenti A. Response to the photoperiod in the white and brown adipose tissues of Fischer 344 rats fed a standard or cafeteria diet. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 70:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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98
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Weld KA, Erb SJ, White HM. Short communication: Effect of manipulating fatty acid profile on gluconeogenic gene expression in bovine primary hepatocytes. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7576-7582. [PMID: 31202663 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During the peripartum period, dairy cows experience both an increase in circulating fatty acid (FA) profile and a change in circulating FA profile, which have been shown to alter regulation of gluconeogenic genes. The objective was to quantify gene expression of key enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis and FA transport into the mitochondria in primary hepatocytes in response to exposure to an FA mixture mimicking what is circulating in a transition dairy cow with or without enrichment of C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1. Primary hepatocytes were isolated from 4 Holstein bull calves 3 d of age (± standard deviation 2 d) and cultured. Twenty-four hours after plating, treatments were applied to the cells for 24-h incubation. Treatments consisted of (1) control (1% BSA), (2) 0.75 mM FA cocktail (3% C14:0, 27% C16:0, 23% C18:0, 31% C18:1, 8% C18:2, and 8% C18:3 to mimic the FA profile of dairy cattle at calving), (3) 0.90 mM FA cocktail, (4) 0.75 mM FA cocktail + 0.15 mM C16:0, (5) 0.75 mM FA cocktail + 0.15 mM C18:0, and (6) 0.75 mM FA cocktail + 0.15 mM C18:1. After harvest in Trizol (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA), samples were stored at -80°C until RNA extraction, purification, and reverse transcription. Abundance of mRNA was measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of genes of interest [carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, pyruvate carboxylase, cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1), mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase] was calculated relative to the average abundance of 2 reference genes (ribosomal protein L32 and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase), which were the most stable out of 3 tested. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED (SAS version 9.4; SAS Institute, Cary, NC) with the fixed effect of treatment and calf in the random statement. The addition of FA compared with the 1% BSA treatment increased the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A and cytosolic PCK1. Enrichment with individual FA did not further regulate pyruvate carboxylase or PCK1 beyond that achieved by the basal profile. These results suggest that shifts in circulating FA profile within a biological range, without a difference in the total FA concentration, have minimal effects on transcriptional regulation of hepatic gluconeogenic genes in primary bovine hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Weld
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - S J Erb
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - H M White
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
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99
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Lee C, Kim J, Wang S, Sung S, Kim N, Lee HH, Seo YS, Jung Y. Hepatoprotective Effect of Kombucha Tea in Rodent Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2369. [PMID: 31086120 PMCID: PMC6539514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kombucha tea (KT) has emerged as a substance that protects the liver from damage; however, its mechanisms of action on the fatty liver remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the potential role of KT and its underlying mechanisms on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). db/db mice that were fed methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) diets for seven weeks were treated for vehicle (M + V) or KT (M + K) and fed with MCD for four additional weeks. Histomorphological injury and increased levels of liver enzymes and lipids were evident in the M + V group, whereas these symptoms were ameliorated in the M + K group. The M + K group had more proliferating and less apoptotic hepatocytic cells than the M + V group. Lipid uptake and lipogenesis significantly decreased, and free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation increased in the M + K, when compared with the M + V group. With the reduction of hedgehog signaling, inflammation and fibrosis also declined in the M + K group. Palmitate (PA) treatment increased the accumulation of lipid droplets and decreased the viability of primary hepatocytes, whereas KT suppressed PA-induced damage in these cells by enhancing intracellular lipid disposal. These results suggest that KT protects hepatocytes from lipid toxicity by influencing the lipid metabolism, and it attenuates inflammation and fibrosis, which contributes to liver restoration in mice with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanbin Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Pusan 46241, Korea.
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Pusan 46241, Korea.
| | - Sihyung Wang
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Pusan 46241, Korea.
| | - Sumi Sung
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Pusan 46241, Korea.
| | - Namgyu Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Pusan 46241, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Hee Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Pusan 46241, Korea.
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Pusan 46241, Korea.
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Pusan 46241, Korea.
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Pusan 46241, Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Pusan 46241, Korea.
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100
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Chowen JA, Frago LM, Fernández-Alfonso MS. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of hypothalamic astrocytes in metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12671. [PMID: 30561077 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of glial cells, including astrocytes, in metabolic control has received increasing attention in recent years. Although the original interest in these macroglial cells was a result of astrogliosis being observed in the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese subjects, studies have also focused on how they participate in the physiological control of appetite and energy expenditure. Astrocytes express receptors for numerous hormones, growth factors and neuropeptides. Some functions of astrocytes include transport of nutrients and hormones from the circulation to the brain, storage of glycogen, participation in glucose sensing, synaptic plasticity, uptake and metabolism of neurotransmitters, release of substances to modify neurotransmission, and cytokine production, amongst others. In the hypothalamus, these physiological glial functions impact on neuronal circuits that control systemic metabolism to modify their outputs. The initial response of astrocytes to poor dietary habits and obesity involves activation of neuroprotective mechanisms but, with chronic exposure to these situations, hypothalamic astrocytes participate in the development of some of the damaging secondary effects. The present review discusses not only some of the physiological functions of hypothalamic astrocytes in metabolism, but also their role in the secondary complications of obesity, such as insulin resistance and cardiovascular affectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Soledad Fernández-Alfonso
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar UCM y Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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