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Sîrbu I, Benedek AM, Sîrbu M. Variation partitioning in double-constrained multivariate analyses: linking communities, environment, space, functional traits, and ecological niches. Oecologia 2021; 197:43-59. [PMID: 34379198 PMCID: PMC8445867 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Constrained multivariate analysis is a common tool for linking ecological communities to environment. The follow-up is the development of the double-constrained correspondence analysis (dc-CA), integrating traits as species-related predictors. Further, methods have been proposed to integrate information on phylogenetic relationships and space variability. We expand this framework, proposing a dc-CA-based algorithm for decomposing variation in community structure and testing the simple and conditional effects of four sets of predictors: environment characteristics and space configuration as predictors related to sites, while traits and niche (dis)similarities as species-related predictors. In our approach, ecological niches differ from traits in that the latter are distinguished by and characterize the individual level, while niches are measured on the species level, and when compared, they are characteristics of communities and should be used as separate predictors. The novelties of this approach are the introduction of new niche parameters, niche dissimilarities, synthetic niche-based diversity which we related to environmental features, the development of an algorithm for the full variation decomposition and testing of the community–environment–niche–traits–space (CENTS) space by dc-CAs with and without covariates, and new types of diagrams for the results. Applying these methods to a dataset on freshwater mollusks, we learned that niche predictors may be as important as traits in explaining community structure and are not redundant, overweighting the environmental and spatial predictors. Our algorithm opens new pathways for developing integrative methods linking life, environment, and other predictors, both in theoretical and practical applications, including assessment of human impact on habitats and ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Sîrbu
- Faculty of Sciences, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 5-7 Dr. I. Ratiu St., 550012, Sibiu, Romania.
| | - Ana Maria Benedek
- Faculty of Sciences, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 5-7 Dr. I. Ratiu St., 550012, Sibiu, Romania
| | - Monica Sîrbu
- Andrei Șaguna National Pedagogical College, 2 Aleea Turnu Roșu St., 550361, Sibiu, Romania
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Changes of Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Diversity of Odonata (Insecta) in Response to Land Use in Amazonia. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12081061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Changes in natural habitats for human use can alter the distribution of biodiversity, favoring species that are more tolerant to environmental disturbance. Usually, these species comprise clades of habitat generalists, which have biological mechanisms to colonize environments with different environmental conditions. However, such effects are still poorly understood for most biological groups, such as the Amazon odonates. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of land use along an environmental gradient on the phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity of Odonata in the Amazon. We tested the following hypotheses: In deforested areas (e.g., pasture for cattle, palm plantation, and logging), the Odonata community will be more taxonomically and phylogenetically impoverished than in forested areas. We assume that the modification of the natural habitat causes loss of specialist forest species and favors specialist species of open areas and/or habitat generalists. Data sampling was performed in 195 streams under different land-use types: livestock areas, palm monoculture, timber exploitation, and forest areas taken as reference sites. Our results showed that anthropogenic impacts affected the phylogenetic diversity of odonates and the increase in shrub vegetation was related to the increase in the phylogenetic diversity of communities. On the other hand, shrub vegetation is indicative of disturbed areas, where secondary vegetation predominates, with less canopy cover due to the absence or discontinuity of the native tree cover in these habitats. Nonetheless, species richness and abundance were not related to the effects of anthropogenic land use. Finally, our results suggest that the phylogenetic diversity of Amazonian odonates is related to riparian vegetation structure.
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Mammola S, Carmona CP, Guillerme T, Cardoso P. Concepts and applications in functional diversity. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mammola
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe) Finnish Museum of Natural History (Luomus) University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Molecular Ecology Group (MEG) Water Research InstituteNational Research Council (CNR‐IRSA) Verbania Pallanza Italy
| | - Carlos P. Carmona
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Thomas Guillerme
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences The University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe) Finnish Museum of Natural History (Luomus) University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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Codeço CT, Dal'Asta AP, Rorato AC, Lana RM, Neves TC, Andreazzi CS, Barbosa M, Escada MIS, Fernandes DA, Rodrigues DL, Reis IC, Silva-Nunes M, Gontijo AB, Coelho FC, Monteiro AMV. Epidemiology, Biodiversity, and Technological Trajectories in the Brazilian Amazon: From Malaria to COVID-19. Front Public Health 2021; 9:647754. [PMID: 34327184 PMCID: PMC8314010 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.647754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Amazon biome is under severe threat due to increasing deforestation rates and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services while sustaining a high burden of neglected tropical diseases. Approximately two thirds of this biome are located within Brazilian territory. There, socio-economic and environmental landscape transformations are linked to the regional agrarian economy dynamics, which has developed into six techno-productive trajectories (TTs). These TTs are the product of the historical interaction between Peasant and Farmer and Rancher practices, technologies and rationalities. This article investigates the distribution of the dominant Brazilian Amazon TTs and their association with environmental degradation and vulnerability to neglected tropical diseases. The goal is to provide a framework for the joint debate of the local economic, environmental and health dimensions. We calculated the dominant TT for each municipality in 2017. Peasant trajectories (TT1, TT2, and TT3) are dominant in ca. fifty percent of the Amazon territory, mostly concentrated in areas covered by continuous forest where malaria is an important morbidity and mortality cause. Cattle raising trajectories are associated with higher deforestation rates. Meanwhile, Farmer and Rancher economies are becoming dominant trajectories, comprising large scale cattle and grain production. These trajectories are associated with rapid biodiversity loss and a high prevalence of neglected tropical diseases, such as leishmaniasis, Aedes-borne diseases and Chagas disease. Overall, these results defy simplistic views that the dominant development trajectory for the Amazon will optimize economic, health and environmental indicators. This approach lays the groundwork for a more integrated narrative consistent with the economic history of the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia T. Codeço
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana P. Dal'Asta
- Laboratório de Investigação em Sistemas Socioambientais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Ana C. Rorato
- Laboratório de Investigação em Sistemas Socioambientais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
- Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Raquel M. Lana
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana C. Neves
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecilia S. Andreazzi
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milton Barbosa
- Ecologia Evolutiva e Biodiversidade, DGEE, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria I. S. Escada
- Laboratório de Investigação em Sistemas Socioambientais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Danilo A. Fernandes
- Instituto de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas e Núcleo de Altos Estudos Amazônicos, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, Brazil
| | - Danuzia L. Rodrigues
- Instituto de Estudos em Desenvolvimento Agrário e Regional, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Maraba, Brazil
| | - Izabel C. Reis
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre B. Gontijo
- Laboratório de Produtos Florestais, Serviço Florestal Brasileiro, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Flavio C. Coelho
- Escola de Matemática Aplicada, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio M. V. Monteiro
- Laboratório de Investigação em Sistemas Socioambientais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
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Zhang T, Domke GM, Russell MB, Lichstein JW. An index for measuring functional extension and evenness in trait space. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7461-7473. [PMID: 34188827 PMCID: PMC8216966 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Most existing functional diversity indices focus on a single facet of functional diversity. Although these indices are useful for quantifying specific aspects of functional diversity, they often present some conceptual or practical limitations in estimating functional diversity. Here, we present a new functional extension and evenness (FEE) index that encompasses two important aspects of functional diversity. This new index is based on the straightforward notion that a community has high diversity when its species are distant from each other in trait space. The index quantifies functional diversity by evaluating the overall extension of species traits and the interspecific differences of a species assemblage in trait space. The concept of minimum spanning tree (MST) of points was adopted to obtain the essential distribution properties for a species assembly in trait space. We combined the total length of MST branches (extension) and the variation of branch lengths (evenness) into a raw FEE0 metric and then translated FEE0 to a species richness-independent FEE index using a null model approach. We assessed the properties of FEE and used multiple approaches to evaluate its performance. The results show that the FEE index performs well in quantifying functional diversity and presents the following desired properties: (a) It allows a fair comparison of functional diversity across different species richness levels; (b) it preserves the essence of single-facet indices while overcoming some of their limitations; (c) it standardizes comparisons among communities by taking into consideration the trait space of the shared species pool; and (d) it has the potential to distinguish among different community assembly processes. With these attributes, we suggest that the FEE index is a promising metric to inform biodiversity conservation policy and management, especially in applications at large spatial and/or temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Forest ResourcesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
| | - Grant M. Domke
- Northern Research StationUSDA Forest ServiceSt. PaulMNUSA
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56
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He X, Brown C, Lin L. Relative importance of deterministic and stochastic processes for beta diversity of bird assemblages in Yunnan, China. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming650223China
- National Forest Ecosystem Research Station at Xishuangbanna Menglun Mengla Yunnan666303China
| | - Calum Brown
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK‐IFU) Garmisch‐Partenkirchen Germany
| | - Luxiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming650223China
- National Forest Ecosystem Research Station at Xishuangbanna Menglun Mengla Yunnan666303China
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Menglun Mengla Yunnan666303China
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57
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Campos PV, Schaefer CEGR, Pontara V, Senra EO, Viana PL, Oliveira FS, Candido HG, Villa PM. Exploring the relationship between soil and plant evolutionary diversity in the Roraima table mountain OCBIL, Guayana Highlands. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
OCBIL theory aims to develop hypotheses that explain the evolutionary ecology of biota on old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes (OCBILs). The table mountain OCBILs of the Guayana Highlands are a major centre of Neotropical plant diversity; however, knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of plant community assembly at the mountaintops is still limited. We evaluated the effect of a fine-scale geoenvironmental gradient on the phylogenetic metrics of plant communities on the iconic, highly isolated Roraima table mountain of the Guayana Highlands. We selected three specific geoenvironments: Bonnetia-shrubby rupestrian grassland, peaty rupestrian grassland and sandy rupestrian grassland. We evaluated evolutionary history using species richness and phylogenetic metrics and analysed effects of the soil on phylogenetic metrics using linear models. Of the 55 species surveyed, 40% are endemic to the Guayana Highlands. Bonnetia-shrubby rupestrian grassland showed higher species richness (47) than peaty rupestrian grassland (30) and sandy rupestrian grassland (24). We observed significant differences in phylogenetic diversity and structure among geoenvironments. The highest phylogenetic diversity was found for Bonnetia-shrubby rupestrian grassland and sandy rupestrian grassland. Peaty rupestrian grassland had significantly lower mean pairwise phylogenetic distance and all standardized phylogenetic metrics. The values of standardized phylogenetic metrics were close to zero, suggesting random phylogenetic structure. The linear models revealed that soil texture explained most of the variation in phylogenetic metrics. Our results might be related to the long geological history of tepuis and the accumulation of lineages over tens of millions of years, which supports the OCBIL theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prímula Viana Campos
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Pontara
- Laboratório de Macroecologia e Evolução, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mundo Novo, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Lage Viana
- Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Fábio Soares Oliveira
- Departamento de Geografia/Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Manuel Villa
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Fundación para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad, Mérida, Venezuela
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58
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Functional trait effects on ecosystem stability: assembling the jigsaw puzzle. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:822-836. [PMID: 34088543 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Under global change, how biological diversity and ecosystem services are maintained in time is a fundamental question. Ecologists have long argued about multiple mechanisms by which local biodiversity might control the temporal stability of ecosystem properties. Accumulating theories and empirical evidence suggest that, together with different population and community parameters, these mechanisms largely operate through differences in functional traits among organisms. We review potential trait-stability mechanisms together with underlying tests and associated metrics. We identify various trait-based components, each accounting for different stability mechanisms, that contribute to buffering, or propagating, the effect of environmental fluctuations on ecosystem functioning. This comprehensive picture, obtained by combining different puzzle pieces of trait-stability effects, will guide future empirical and modeling investigations.
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Krasnov BR, Vinarski MV, Korallo-Vinarskaya NP, Shenbrot GI, Khokhlova IS. Spatial and temporal variation of compositional, functional, and phylogenetic diversity in ectoparasite infracommunities harboured by small mammals. Parasitology 2021; 148:685-695. [PMID: 33583440 PMCID: PMC11010129 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We studied patterns of compositional, functional, and phylogenetic α- and β-diversity in flea and gamasid mite infracommunities of small Siberian mammals, taking into account host-associated (species) and environmental (biome or sampling period) factors. We asked: (a) How do these factors and their interactions affect infracommunity diversity? (b) Does infracommunity composition, in terms of species, traits, and phylogenetic lineages, deviate from random? (c) Are species, traits, and phylogenetic lineages in infracommunities clustered or overdispersed?, and (d) Do patterns of diversity differ between the three diversity facets and/or the two ectoparasite taxa? We found that the α-diversity of infracommunities was strongly affected by host species, biome, and sampling period. The highest proportion of infracommunity diversity in both taxa was associated with the interaction between either host species and biome or host species and sampling period. Infracommunities of both taxa within, as well as between, host species, biomes, and sampling periods were characterized by the clustering of species, traits and lineages. The patterns of the effects of host species, biome, and sampling period on infracommunity diversity were congruent among the three diversity facets in both fleas and mites. We conclude that the assembly patterns in ectoparasite infracommunities mirror those characteristics of component and compound communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris R. Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Maxim V. Vinarski
- Laboratory of Macroecology and Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint-Petersburg State University, 7/9 University Emb., 199034Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Omsk State University, 11 Neftezavodskaya str., 644053Omsk, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia P. Korallo-Vinarskaya
- Laboratory of Arthropod-Borne Viral Infections, Omsk Research Institute of Natural Foci Infections, Mira str. 7, 644080Omsk, Russian Federation
- Omsk State Pedagogical University, 14 Tukhachevskogo Emb., 644099 Omsk, Russian Federation
| | - Georgy I. Shenbrot
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Irina S. Khokhlova
- Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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60
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Zsebők S, Schmera D, Laczi M, Nagy G, Vaskuti É, Török J, Zsolt Garamszegi L. A practical approach to measuring the acoustic diversity by community ecology methods. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Zsebők
- Institute of Ecology and Botany Centre for Ecological Research Vácrátót Hungary
- Behavioural Ecology Group Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology ELTEEötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Dénes Schmera
- Balaton Limnological InstituteCentre for Ecological Research Tihany Hungary
| | - Miklós Laczi
- Behavioural Ecology Group Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology ELTEEötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
- The Barn Owl Foundation Orosztony Hungary
| | - Gergely Nagy
- Institute of Ecology and Botany Centre for Ecological Research Vácrátót Hungary
- Behavioural Ecology Group Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology ELTEEötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Éva Vaskuti
- Institute of Ecology and Botany Centre for Ecological Research Vácrátót Hungary
- Behavioural Ecology Group Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology ELTEEötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - János Török
- Behavioural Ecology Group Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology ELTEEötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
- Ecology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest Hungary
| | - László Zsolt Garamszegi
- Institute of Ecology and Botany Centre for Ecological Research Vácrátót Hungary
- MTA‐ELTE Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology ELTEEötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
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61
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Amiot C, Ji W, Ellis EC, Anderson MG. Temporal and sociocultural effects of human colonisation on native biodiversity: filtering and rates of adaptation. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Amiot
- Human Wildlife Interaction Research Group, Inst. of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey Univ. Albany New Zealand
- UMR 6554 CNRS, LETG–Angers, Univ. d'Angers Angers France
| | - Weihong Ji
- Human Wildlife Interaction Research Group, Inst. of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey Univ. Albany New Zealand
| | - Erle C. Ellis
- Dept of Geography and Environmental Systems, Univ. of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore USA
| | - Michael G. Anderson
- Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation Group, Inst. of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey Univ. Albany New Zealand
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62
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Amaral EJ, Franco AC, Rivera VL, Munhoz CBR. Environment, phylogeny, and photosynthetic pathway as determinants of leaf traits in savanna and forest graminoid species in central Brazil. Oecologia 2021; 197:1-11. [PMID: 33885981 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04923-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Leaf traits are closely linked to plant responses to the environment and can provide important information on adaptation and evolution. These traits may also result from common ancestry, so phylogenetic relationships also play an important role in adaptive evolution. We evaluated the effects of the closed forest environment (gallery forest) and the open savanna environment (cerrado) on the selection of leaf traits of graminoid species. The two plant communities differ in light, nutrients, and water availability, which are important drivers in the selection and differentiation of these traits. We also investigated the functional structure and the role of phylogeny in the functional organization of species, considering leaf traits. Patterns of leaf trait variation differed between forest and savanna species suggesting habitat specialization. Wider and longer leaves, with higher values of specific leaf area, chlorophyll, and nitrogen, seem to be an advantage for graminoid species growing in forest environments, while thicker leaves, with higher values of leaf dry-matter content and carbon, benefit species growing in savanna environments. We found few phylogenetic signals related to leaf traits in each environment. Therefore, the functional similarity that the gallery forest and cerrado graminoid species share within their group is independent of their phylogenetic proximity. Environmental filters affect the functional structure of communities differently, generating communities with trait values that are more distant than expected by chance in cerrado (functional dispersion), and closer than expected by chance in the gallery forest (functional convergence).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliel J Amaral
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Augusto C Franco
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.,Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa L Rivera
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Cássia B R Munhoz
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.,Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
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63
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Davies RW, Edwards DP, Medina-Uribe CA, Cárdenas-Bautista JS, Haugaasen T, Gilroy JJ, Edwards FA. Replacing low-intensity cattle pasture with oil palm conserves dung beetle functional diversity when paired with forest protection. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 283:112009. [PMID: 33508552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Meeting rising demand for oil palm whilst minimizing the loss of tropical biodiversity and associated ecosystem functions is a core conservation challenge. One potential solution is focusing the expansion of high-yielding crops on presently low-yielding farmlands alongside protecting nearby tropical forests that can enhance provision of ecosystem functions. A key question is how this solution would impact invertebrate functional diversity. We focus on oil palm in the Colombian Llanos, where plantations are replacing improved cattle pastures and forest fragments, and on dung beetles, which play key functional roles in nutrient cycling and secondary seed dispersal. We show that functional richness and functional diversity of dung beetles is greater in oil palm than in cattle pasture, and that functional metrics did not differ between oil palm and remnant forest. The abundance-size class profile of dung beetles in oil palm was more similar to forest than to pasture, which had lower abundances of the smallest and largest dung beetles. The abundance of tunneling and rolling dung beetles did not differ between oil palm and forest, while higher forest cover increased the abundance of diurnal and generalist-feeding beetles in oil palm landscapes. This suggests that prioritizing agricultural development on low-yielding cattle pasture will have positive effects on functional diversity and highlights the need for forest protection to maintain ecosystem functioning within agricultural landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Davies
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claudia A Medina-Uribe
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Carrera 8 # 15-08, Villa de Leyva, Boyacá, Colombia
| | - Johann S Cárdenas-Bautista
- Grupo de Investigación Biodiversidad y Conservación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. Av. Central Del Norte # 115-39, Tunja, Boyacá, 150001, Colombia
| | - Torbjørn Haugaasen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - James J Gilroy
- School of Environmental Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Felicity A Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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64
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Scavo NA, Barrera R, Reyes-Torres LJ, Yee DA. Lower socioeconomic status neighborhoods in Puerto Rico have more diverse mosquito communities and higher Aedes aegypti abundance. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Mosquito community dynamics in urban areas are influenced by an array of both social and ecological factors. Human socioeconomic factors (SEF) can be related to mosquito abundance and diversity as urban mosquito development sites are modified by varying human activity, e.g., level of abandoned structures or amount of accumulated trash. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationships among mosquito diversity, populations of Aedes aegypti, and SEF in a tropical urban setting. Mosquitoes were collected using BG Sentinel 2 traps and CDC light traps during three periods between late 2018 and early 2019 in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and were identified to species. SEFs (i.e. median household income, population density, college-level educational attainment, unemployment, health insurance coverage, percentage of households below the poverty line, amount of trash and level of abandoned homes) were measured using foot surveys and U.S. Census data. We found 19 species with the two most abundant species being Culex quinquefasciatus (n = 10 641, 87.6%) and Ae. aegypti (n = 1558, 12.8%). We found a positive association between Ae. aegypti abundance and mosquito diversity, which were both negatively related to SES and ecological factors. Specifically, lower socioeconomic status neighborhoods had both more Ae. aegypti and more diverse communities, due to more favorable development habitat, indicating that control efforts should be focused in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Scavo
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Roberto Barrera
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Limarie J Reyes-Torres
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Donald A Yee
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
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65
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Carmona CP, Tamme R, Pärtel M, de Bello F, Brosse S, Capdevila P, González-M R, González-Suárez M, Salguero-Gómez R, Vásquez-Valderrama M, Toussaint A. Erosion of global functional diversity across the tree of life. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/13/eabf2675. [PMID: 33771870 PMCID: PMC7997514 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although one-quarter of plant and vertebrate species are threatened with extinction, little is known about the potential effect of extinctions on the global diversity of ecological strategies. Using trait and phylogenetic information for more than 75,000 species of vascular plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and freshwater fish, we characterized the global functional spectra of each of these groups. Mapping extinction risk within these spectra showed that larger species with slower pace of life are universally threatened. Simulated extinction scenarios exposed extensive internal reorganizations in the global functional spectra, which were larger than expected by chance for all groups, and particularly severe for mammals and amphibians. Considering the disproportionate importance of the largest species for ecological processes, our results emphasize the importance of actions to prevent the extinction of the megabiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Carmona
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Riin Tamme
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Francesco de Bello
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Desertificación, CSIC-UV, Carretera Moncada-Náquera, Km. 4.5 Apartado Oficial, 46113 Moncada (Valencia), Spain
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlaté stoce 1, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sébastien Brosse
- Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR5174), Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Pol Capdevila
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd., Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave., BS8 1TQ Bristol, UK
| | - Roy González-M
- Programa Ciencias de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Carrera 1 #16-20, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuela González-Suárez
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | - Maribel Vásquez-Valderrama
- Laboratorio de Invasiones Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Victoria 631, Concepción, Chile
| | - Aurèle Toussaint
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
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66
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Song WY, Li XY, Chen ZZ, Li Q, Onditi KO, He SW, Jiang XL. Isolated alpine habitats reveal disparate ecological drivers of taxonomic and functional beta-diversity of small mammal assemblages. Zool Res 2021; 41:670-683. [PMID: 32918407 PMCID: PMC7671915 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The interpretation of patterns of biodiversity requires the disentanglement of geographical and environmental variables. Disjunct alpine communities are geographically isolated from one another but experience similar environmental impacts. Isolated homogenous habitats may promote speciation but constrain functional trait variation. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that dispersal limitation promotes taxonomic divergence, whereas habitat similarity in alpine mountains leads to functional convergence. We performed standardized field investigation to sample non-volant small mammals from 18 prominent alpine sites in the Three Parallel Rivers area. We estimated indices quantifying taxonomic and functional alpha- and beta-diversity, as well as beta-diversity components. We then assessed the respective importance of geographical and environmental predictors in explaining taxonomic and functional compositions. No evidence was found to show that species were more functionally similar than expected in local assemblages. However, the taxonomic turnover components were higher than functional ones (0.471±0.230 vs. 0.243±0.215), with nestedness components showing the opposite pattern (0.063±0.054 vs. 0.269±0.225). This indicated that differences in taxonomic compositions between sites occurred from replacement of functionally similar species. Geographical barriers were the key factor influencing both taxonomic total dissimilarity and turnover components, whereas functional beta-diversity was primarily explained by climatic factors such as minimum temperature of the coldest month. Our findings provide empirical evidence that taxonomic and functional diversity patterns can be independently driven by different ecological processes. Our results point to the importance of clarifying different components of beta-diversity to understand the underlying mechanisms of community assembly. These results also shed light on the assembly rules and ecological processes of terrestrial mammal communities in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China
| | - Xue-You Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China
| | - Zhong-Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000 China
| | - Quan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China
| | - Kenneth Otieno Onditi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China
| | - Shui-Wang He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China
| | - Xue-Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223 China. E-mail:
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67
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Runghen R, Poulin R, Monlleó-Borrull C, Llopis-Belenguer C. Network Analysis: Ten Years Shining Light on Host-Parasite Interactions. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:445-455. [PMID: 33558197 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biological interactions are key drivers of ecological and evolutionary processes. The complexity of such interactions hinders our understanding of ecological systems and our ability to make effective predictions in changing environments. However, network analysis allows us to better tackle the complexity of ecosystems because it extracts the properties of an ecological system according to the number and distribution of links among interacting entities. The number of studies using network analysis to solve ecological and evolutionary questions in parasitology has increased over the past decade. Here, we synthesise the contribution of network analysis toward disentangling host-parasite processes. Furthermore, we identify current trends in mainstream ecology and novel applications of network analysis that present opportunities for research on host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogini Runghen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, 8140 Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Clara Monlleó-Borrull
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, PO Box 22085, ES-46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Llopis-Belenguer
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, PO Box 22085, ES-46071, Valencia, Spain.
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68
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Frasconi Wendt C, Ceia-Hasse A, Nunes A, Verble R, Santini G, Boieiro M, Branquinho C. Local environmental variables are key drivers of ant taxonomic and functional beta-diversity in a Mediterranean dryland. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2292. [PMID: 33504935 PMCID: PMC7840911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82059-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The decomposition of beta-diversity (β-diversity) into its replacement (βrepl) and richness (βrich) components in combination with a taxonomic and functional approach, may help to identify processes driving community composition along environmental gradients. We aimed to understand which abiotic and spatial variables influence ant β-diversity and identify which processes may drive ant β-diversity patterns in Mediterranean drylands by measuring the percentage of variation in ant taxonomic and functional β-diversity explained by local environmental, regional climatic and spatial variables. We found that taxonomic and functional replacement (βrepl) primarily drove patterns in overall β-diversity (βtot). Variation partitioning analysis showed that respectively 16.8%, 12.9% and 21.6% of taxonomic βtot, βrepl and βrich variation were mainly explained by local environmental variables. Local environmental variables were also the main determinants of functional β-diversity, explaining 20.4%, 17.9% and 23.2% of βtot, βrepl and βrich variation, respectively. Findings suggest that niche-based processes drive changes in ant β-diversity, as local environmental variables may act as environmental filters on species and trait composition. While we found that local environmental variables were important predictors of ant β-diversity, further analysis should address the contribution of other mechanisms, e.g. competitive exclusion and resource partitioning, on ant β-diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Frasconi Wendt
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, C2, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Ana Ceia-Hasse
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, C2, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.,Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, NOVA University of Lisbon, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alice Nunes
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, C2, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Robin Verble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Giacomo Santini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Mário Boieiro
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of the Azores, Angra do Heroísmo, 9700-042, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, C2, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
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69
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Castaño-Quintero S, Escobar-Luján J, Osorio-Olvera L, Peterson AT, Chiappa-Carrara X, Martínez-Meyer E, Yañez-Arenas C. Supraspecific units in correlative niche modeling improves the prediction of geographic potential of biological invasions. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10454. [PMID: 33391868 PMCID: PMC7761189 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological invasions rank among the most significant threats to biodiversity and ecosystems. Correlative ecological niche modeling is among the most frequently used tools with which to estimate potential distributions of invasive species. However, when areas accessible to the species across its native distribution do not represent the full spectrum of environmental conditions that the species can tolerate, correlative studies often underestimate fundamental niches. METHODS Here, we explore the utility of supraspecific modeling units to improve the predictive ability of models focused on biological invasions. Taking into account phylogenetic relationships in correlative ecological niche models, we studied the invasion patterns of three species (Aedes aegypti, Pterois volitans and Oreochromis mossambicus). RESULTS Use of supraspecific modeling units improved the predictive ability of correlative niche models in anticipating potential distributions of three invasive species. We demonstrated that integrating data on closely related species allowed a more complete characterization of fundamental niches. This approach could be used to model species with invasive potential but that have not yet invaded new regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jazmín Escobar-Luján
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Enrique Martínez-Meyer
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Yañez-Arenas
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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70
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Kang S, Niu J, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Han G, Zhao M. Niche differentiation is the underlying mechanism maintaining the relationship between community diversity and stability under grazing pressure. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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71
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Using SPOT Data and FRAGSTAS to Analyze the Relationship between Plant Diversity and Green Space Landscape Patterns in the Tropical Coastal City of Zhanjiang, China. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12213477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Urban green spaces provide a host of ecosystem services, the quantity and structure of which play an important role in human well-being. Rapid urbanization may modify urban green spaces, having various effects on plant diversity. Tropical coastal cities have urbanized rapidly in recent decades, but few studies have been conducted with a focus on their green spaces. We studied the responses of cultivated and spontaneous plants, both key components of urban flora, to the landscape structure of urban green spaces and possible social drivers. We analyzed existing relationships between plant diversity indices, urban green space landscape metrics (using Systeme Probatoire d’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) data,), and social factors, including the type, population density, construction age, and GPS coordinates of each Urban Functional Unit, or UFU. We found that UFUs with more green space patches had higher cultivated and spontaneous species richness than those with fewer green space patches. Spontaneous species richness decreased when green space patches became fragmented, and it increased when green space patches were more connected (e.g., via land bridges). Conversely, cultivated species richness increased with green space patch fragmentation. The phylogenetic diversity of both cultivated and spontaneous plants were weakly associated with green space structure, which was strongly driven by land use. Old UFUs and those with larger populations had more green space patches overall, although they tended to be small and fragmented. Green space patch density was found to increase as the UFU age increased. From the viewpoint of knowledge transfer, understanding the effects and drivers of landscape patterns of urban green spaces could inform the development of improved policies and management of urban green space areas.
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72
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Differential resource use in filter-feeding marine invertebrates. Oecologia 2020; 194:505-513. [PMID: 33079267 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04791-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Coexistence theory predicts that, in general, increases in the number of limiting resources shared among competitors should facilitate coexistence. Heterotrophic sessile marine invertebrate communities are extremely diverse but traditionally, space was viewed as the sole limiting resource. Recently planktonic food was recognized as an additional limiting resource, but the degree to which planktonic food acts as a single resource or is utilized differentially remains unclear. In other words, whether planktonic food represents a single resource niche or multiple resource niches has not been established. We estimated the rate at which 11 species of marine invertebrates consumed three phytoplankton species, each different in shape and size. Rates of consumption varied by a 240-fold difference among the species considered and, while there was overlap in the consumer diets, we found evidence for differential resource usage (i.e. consumption rates of phytoplankton differed among consumers). No consumer ingested all phytoplankton species at equivalent rates, instead most species tended to consume one of the species much more than others. Our results suggest that utilization of the phytoplankton niche by filter feeders is more subdivided than previously thought, and resource specialization may facilitate coexistence in this system. Our results provide a putative mechanism for why diversity affects community function and invasion in a classic system for studying competition.
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73
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Gianasi FM, Souza CR, Fagundes NCA, Maia VA, Morel JD, Ferreira Santos P, Santos RM. Environmental filtering both indirectly and directly drives the Dry Tropical Forest species composition and functional composition. Ecol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Moreira Gianasi
- Department of Biology, Graduate Program in Applied Botany Federal University of Lavras Lavras Brazil
| | | | - Nathalle Cristine Alencar Fagundes
- Department of Biology, Graduate Program in Applied Botany Federal University of Lavras Lavras Brazil
- State University of Minas Gerais Campus Ituiutaba Ituiutaba Brazil
| | | | | | - Paola Ferreira Santos
- Department of Biology, Graduate Program in Applied Botany Federal University of Lavras Lavras Brazil
| | - Rubens Manoel Santos
- Department of Biology, Graduate Program in Applied Botany Federal University of Lavras Lavras Brazil
- Department of Forestry Federal University of Lavras Lavras Brazil
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74
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Hakkenberg CR, Peet RK, Wentworth TR, Zhu K, Schafale MP. Tree canopy cover constrains the fertility-diversity relationship in plant communities of the southeastern United States. Ecology 2020; 101:e03119. [PMID: 32535899 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The goal of elucidating the primary mechanisms constraining the assembly and distribution of biodiversity remains among the central unresolved challenges facing the field of ecology. Simulation studies and experimental manipulations have focused on how patterns in community assembly result from bivariate relationships along productivity or environmental gradients. However, the joint influence of multiple resource gradients on the distribution of species richness in natural communities remains understudied. Using data from a large network of multiscale vegetation plots across forests and woodlands of the southeastern United States, we find significant evidence for the scale-dependent, joint constraints of forest structure and soil resources on the distribution of vascular plant species richness. In addition to their significant partial effects on species richness, understory light levels and soil fertility positively interact, suggesting a trade-off between the two limiting resources with species richness peaking both in high-light, low-fertility conditions as well as low-light, high-fertility settings. This finding provides a novel perspective on the biodiversity-productivity relationship that suggests a transition in limiting resources from soil nutrients to light availability when enhanced productivity results in reduced light resources for subordinate individuals. Results likewise have meaningful implications for our understanding of scale-dependent community assembly processes as size-asymmetric competition replaces environmental filtering as the primary assembly mechanism structuring temperate forest communities along an increasing soil fertility gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Hakkenberg
- School of Informatics, Computing & Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86001-6372, USA.,Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77251, USA
| | - Robert K Peet
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3280, USA
| | - Thomas R Wentworth
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-7612, USA
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, 95064-1077, USA
| | - Michael P Schafale
- North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, 1651 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27699-1651, USA
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75
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Sun J, Wen Z, Feijó A, Cheng J, Wang Y, Li S, Ge D, Xia L, Yang Q. Elevation patterns and critical environmental drivers of the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of small mammals in a karst mountain area. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10899-10911. [PMID: 33072304 PMCID: PMC7548175 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how biodiversity components are related under different environmental factors is a fundamental challenge for ecology studies, yet there is little knowledge of this interplay among the biotas, especially small mammals, in karst mountain areas. Here, we examine the elevation patterns of the taxonomic diversity (TD), phylogenetic diversity (PD), and functional diversity (FD) of small mammals in a karst mountain area, the Wuling Mountains, Southwest China, and compare these patterns between taxa (Rodentia and Eulipotyphla) and scales (broad‐ and narrow‐range species). We also disentangle the impacts of the human influence index, net primary productivity (NPP), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), annual precipitation (AP), and annual mean temperature (AMT) on these three facets of biodiversity by using structural equation modeling. We recorded a total of 39 small mammal species, including 26 rodents and 13 species of the order Eulipotyphla. Our study shows that the facets of biodiversity are spatially incongruent. Net primary productivity has a positive effect on the three facets for most groups, while the effect of the NDVI is negative for TD and PD in most groups. AMT temperature and AP have negative effects on FD and PD, whereas TD is dependent on the species range scale. The human influence index effect on TD and PD also depends on the species range scale. These findings provide robust evidence that the ecological drivers of biodiversity differ among different biotas and different range scales, and future research should use multifacet approach to determine biodiversity conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhixin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Anderson Feijó
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jilong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yanqun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Song Li
- Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Deyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Lin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Qisen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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76
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Wiegand TP, Gentry B, McCoy Z, Tanis C, Klug H, Bonsall MB, Boyd JN. Visualizing connectivity of ecological and evolutionary concepts-An exploration of research on plant species rarity. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9037-9047. [PMID: 32953044 PMCID: PMC7487230 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the ecological and evolutionary factors that influence species rarity has important theoretical and applied implications, yet the reasons why some species are rare while others are common remain unresolved. As a novel exploration of scientific knowledge, we used network analysis conceptually to visualize the foci of a comprehensive base of >800 studies on plant species rarity within the context of ecology and evolution. In doing so, we highlight existing research strengths that could substantiate novel syntheses and gaps that could inspire new research. Our results reveal strong integrated foci on population dynamics with other ecological concepts. In contrast, despite the potential for ecological and evolutionary processes to interact, few studies explored the interplay of environmental factors and microevolutionary patterns. The cellular and molecular biology, physiology, and plasticity of rare plant species within both ecological and evolutionary contexts similarly provide avenues for impactful future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Wiegand
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanoogaTNUSA
| | - Braley Gentry
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanoogaTNUSA
| | - Zachary McCoy
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanoogaTNUSA
| | - Craig Tanis
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanoogaTNUSA
- SimCenter – Center for Excellence in Applied Computational Science and EngineeringUniversity of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanoogaTNUSA
| | - Hope Klug
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanoogaTNUSA
- SimCenter – Center for Excellence in Applied Computational Science and EngineeringUniversity of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanoogaTNUSA
| | | | - Jennifer Nagel Boyd
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanoogaTNUSA
- SimCenter – Center for Excellence in Applied Computational Science and EngineeringUniversity of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanoogaTNUSA
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77
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Halliday FW, Heckman RW, Wilfahrt PA, Mitchell CE. Eutrophication, biodiversity loss, and species invasions modify the relationship between host and parasite richness during host community assembly. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4854-4867. [PMID: 32427383 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Host and parasite richness are generally positively correlated, but the stability of this relationship in response to global change remains poorly understood. Rapidly changing biotic and abiotic conditions can alter host community assembly, which in turn, can alter parasite transmission. Consequently, if the relationship between host and parasite richness is sensitive to parasite transmission, then changes in host composition under various global change scenarios could strengthen or weaken the relationship between host and parasite richness. To test the hypothesis that host community assembly can alter the relationship between host and parasite richness in response to global change, we experimentally crossed host diversity (biodiversity loss) and resource supply to hosts (eutrophication), then allowed communities to assemble. As previously shown, initial host diversity and resource supply determined the trajectory of host community assembly, altering post-assembly host species richness, richness-independent host phylogenetic diversity, and colonization by exotic host species. Overall, host richness predicted parasite richness, and as predicted, this effect was moderated by exotic abundance-communities dominated by exotic species exhibited a stronger positive relationship between post-assembly host and parasite richness. Ultimately, these results suggest that, by modulating parasite transmission, community assembly can modify the relationship between host and parasite richness. These results thus provide a novel mechanism to explain how global environmental change can generate contingencies in a fundamental ecological relationship-the positive relationship between host and parasite richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fletcher W Halliday
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert W Heckman
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Peter A Wilfahrt
- Environment, Ecology and Energy Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Disturbance Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Charles E Mitchell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Environment, Ecology and Energy Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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78
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Llopis-Belenguer C, Pavoine S, Blasco-Costa I, Balbuena JA. Assembly rules of helminth parasite communities in grey mullets: combining components of diversity. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:1089-1098. [PMID: 32750361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Organisms aggregate in ecological communities. It has been widely debated whether these associations are explained by deterministic or, in contrast, random processes. The answer may vary, depending on the level of an organisational scale (α, β and γ) and the facet of diversity considered: taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic. Diversity at the level of a sampling unit (i.e. host individual) is the α diversity; β diversity represents the extent of dissimilarity in diversity among sampling units (within a level of an organisational scale, β1; between levels of an organisational scale, β2); and the total diversity of a system is γ diversity. Thus, the combination of facets and levels of a scale may be useful to disentangle the mechanisms driving the composition of a parasite community. Using helminth parasite taxonomic, functional, and a proxy for phylogenetic diversity of three species of grey mullets (Teleostei: Mugilidae) from the Mediterranean Sea, we show that random and deterministic processes of different nature explain the assemblage of parasite communities. The parasite community at a host individual (α) was invariably a random subset of the total diversity in the community for the three facets of diversity. At the β1 level, taxonomic diversity was lower than expected by chance, whereas functional diversity and the proxy for phylogenetic diversity were random. At the β2 level, diversity patterns suggested environmental filtering of the parasite assemblage: species, trait, and phylogenetic compositions of parasite communities seemed to depend primarily on the species of host, but also on the locality and season. Our study shows that parasite communities are not totally understood if any of the components (i.e. facets and levels) of diversity is neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Llopis-Belenguer
- Symbiosis Lab, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, PO Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Sandrine Pavoine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, CP 135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabel Blasco-Costa
- Natural History Museum of Geneva, PO Box 6434, CH-1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland
| | - Juan Antonio Balbuena
- Symbiosis Lab, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, PO Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain
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79
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Franke S, Brandl R, Heibl C, Mattivi A, Müller J, Pinkert S, Thorn S. Predicting regional hotspots of phylogenetic diversity across multiple species groups. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Franke
- Department of Animal Ecology Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Animal Ecology Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | | | - Angelina Mattivi
- Fritz & Grossmann (environmental planning) Horb am Necker Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III) Julius‐Maximilians‐University Würzburg Rauhenebrach Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
| | - Stefan Pinkert
- Department of Animal Ecology Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III) Julius‐Maximilians‐University Würzburg Rauhenebrach Germany
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80
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Abstract
AbstractHuman-mediated species invasion and climate change are leading to global extinctions and are predicted to result in the loss of important axes of phylogenetic and functional diversity. However, the long-term robustness of modern communities to invasion is unknown, given the limited timescales over which they can be studied. Using the fossil record of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM; ∼56 Ma) in North America, we evaluate mammalian community-level response to a rapid global warming event (5°-8°C) and invasion by three Eurasian mammalian orders and by species undergoing northward range shifts. We assembled a database of 144 species body sizes and created a time-scaled composite phylogeny. We calculated the phylogenetic and functional diversity of all communities before, during, and after the PETM. Despite increases in the phylogenetic diversity of the regional species pool, phylogenetic diversity of mammalian communities remained relatively unchanged, a pattern that is invariant to the tree dating method, uncertainty in tree topology, and resolution. Similarly, body size dispersion and the degree of spatial taxonomic turnover of communities remained similar across the PETM. We suggest that invasion by new taxa had little impact on Paleocene-Eocene mammal communities because niches were not saturated. Our findings are consistent with the numerous studies of modern communities that record little change in community-scale richness despite turnover in taxonomic composition during invasion. What remains unknown is whether long-term robustness to biotic and abiotic perturbation are retained by modern communities given global anthropogenic landscape modification.
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81
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Blaus A, Reitalu T, Gerhold P, Hiiesalu I, Massante JC, Veski S. Modern Pollen–Plant Diversity Relationships Inform Palaeoecological Reconstructions of Functional and Phylogenetic Diversity in Calcareous Fens. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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82
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Mammola S, Cardoso P. Functional diversity metrics using kernel density
n
‐dimensional hypervolumes. Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mammola
- Molecular Ecology Group (MEG) Water Research Institute (IRSA) National Research Council (CNR) Verbania Pallanza Italy
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe) Finnish Museum of Natural History (Luomus) University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe) Finnish Museum of Natural History (Luomus) University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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83
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Gill AS, Purnell K, Palmer MI, Stein J, McGuire KL. Microbial Composition and Functional Diversity Differ Across Urban Green Infrastructure Types. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:912. [PMID: 32582043 PMCID: PMC7291602 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional and biogeographical properties of soil microbial communities in urban ecosystems are poorly understood despite their role in metabolic processes underlying valuable ecosystem services. The worldwide emergence of engineered habitats in urban landscapes-green roofs, bioswales, and other types of soil-based green infrastructure-highlights the importance of understanding how environmental changes affect the community assembly processes that shape urban microbial diversity and function. In this study we investigated (1) whether engineered green roofs and bioswales in New York City had distinct microbial community composition and trait-associated diversity compared to non-engineered soils in parks and tree pits, and (2) if these patterns were consistent with divergent community assembly processes associated with engineered specifications of green infrastructure habitats not present in conventional, non-engineered green infrastructure; specifically, tree pit and park lawn soils. We found that green roofs and bioswales each had distinct bacterial and fungal communities, but that community composition and diversity were not significantly associated with geographic distance, suggesting that the processes structuring these differences are related to aspects of the habitats themselves. Bioswales, and to a lesser extent green roofs, also contained increased functional potential compared to conventional GI soils, based on the diversity and abundance of taxa associated with nitrogen cycling, biodegradation, decomposition, and traits positively associated with plant growth. We discuss these results in the context of community assembly theory, concluding that urban soil microbial community composition and diversity in engineered habitats are driven largely by environmental filtering, whereas stochastic processes are more important among non-engineered soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman S. Gill
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Kai Purnell
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matthew I. Palmer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jaime Stein
- Programs for Sustainable Planning and Development, School of Architecture, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Krista L. McGuire
- Department of Biology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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84
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Niu K, Zhang S, Lechowicz MJ. Harsh environmental regimes increase the functional significance of intraspecific variation in plant communities. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kechang Niu
- Department of Ecology School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Shiting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro‐Ecosystems School of Life Science Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
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85
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Mathieu C, Hermans SM, Lear G, Buckley TR, Lee KC, Buckley HL. A Systematic Review of Sources of Variability and Uncertainty in eDNA Data for Environmental Monitoring. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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86
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Seixas VC, Steiner TM, Solé-Cava AM, Amaral ACZ, Paiva PC. Hidden diversity within the Diopatra cuprea complex (Annelida: Onuphidae): morphological and genetics analyses reveal four new species in the south-west Atlantic. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Diopatra is the most species-rich genus of Onuphidae with about 60 species. Although 14 species have been reported for Brazil, the cosmopolitan D. cuprea is the most commonly reported from the area, including populations with a large morphological diversity. To better elucidate this species complex, we use morphological and molecular data, and reveal a hidden diversity. Thus, we describe four new species (D. hannelorae sp. nov., D. marinae sp. nov., D. pectiniconicum sp. nov. and D. victoriae sp. nov.) and discuss their geographical and bathymetrical distributions. None of the analysed specimens could be identified as D. cuprea based on available sequences. New taxonomic characters were highlighted, including jaw morphology, which was the determinant factor to differentiate D. marinae from D. victoriae. Phylogenetic analysis indicates three (COI and ND4) or four (concatenated) lineages, because D. marinae was not always reciprocally monophyletic. Sequence-based species delimitation also indicates three to five species, depending on the method used. Inter- and intragroup genetic divergence and haplotype network analysis supported four species. The divergence time among species indicates that Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations and the Vitória–Trindade chain limited the gene flow between northern and southern populations and contributed to the emergence of species, mainly in the case of D. marinae and D. victoriae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Corrêa Seixas
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Menchini Steiner
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio Mateo Solé-Cava
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Cesar Paiva
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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87
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Zhang B, Ning D, Van Nostrand JD, Sun C, Yang Y, Zhou J, Wen X. Biogeography and Assembly of Microbial Communities in Wastewater Treatment Plants in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5884-5892. [PMID: 32259441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Scientific understanding of microbial biogeography and assembly is lacking for activated sludge microbial communities, even though the diversity of microbial communities in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is thought to have a direct influence on system performance. Here, utilizing large-scale 16S rRNA gene data generated from 211 activated sludge samples collected from 15 cities across China, we show activated sludge microbes, whose growth and metabolism can be regulated followed with the metabolic theory of ecology with an apparent Ea value (apparent activation energy) of 0.08 eV. WWTPs at a lower latitude tend to harbor a more diverse array of microorganisms. In agreement with the general understanding, the activated sludge microbial assembly was mainly driven by deterministic processes and the mean annual temperature was identified as the most important factor affecting the microbial community structure. The treatment process types with similar microbial growth types and functions had a distinct impact on the activated sludge microbial community structure only when WWTPs were located near each other and received similar influent. Overall, these findings provide us with a deeper understanding of activated sludge microbial communities from an ecological perspective. Moreover, these findings suggest that, for a given set of performance characteristics (e.g., combined nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal), it may be difficult to employ common engineering levers to control additional aspects of community structure due to the influence of natural environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Daliang Ning
- Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Joy D Van Nostrand
- Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Chenxiang Sun
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Xianghua Wen
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, P.R. China
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88
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Abstract
Darwin proposed two seemingly contradictory hypotheses regarding factors influencing the outcome of biological invasions. He initially posited that nonnative species closely related to native species would be more likely to successfully establish, because they might share adaptations to the local environment (preadaptation hypothesis). However, based on observations that the majority of naturalized plant species in the United States belonged to nonnative genera, he concluded that the lack of competitive exclusion would facilitate the establishment of alien invaders phylogenetically distinct from the native flora (competition-relatedness hypothesis). To date, no consensus has been reached regarding these opposing hypotheses. Here, following Darwin, we use the flora of the United States to examine patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic relatedness between native and nonnative taxa across thousands of nested locations ranging in size and extent, from local to regional scales. We find that the probability of observing the signature of environmental filtering over that of competition increases with spatial scale. Further, native and nonnative species tended to be less related in warm, humid environments. Our work provides an empirical assessment of the role of observation scale and climate in biological invasions and demonstrates that Darwin's two opposing hypotheses need not be mutually exclusive.
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89
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Escamilla Molgora JM, Sedda L, Atkinson PM. Biospytial: spatial graph-based computing for ecological Big Data. Gigascience 2020; 9:giaa039. [PMID: 32391910 PMCID: PMC7213554 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exponential accumulation of environmental and ecological data together with the adoption of open data initiatives bring opportunities and challenges for integrating and synthesising relevant knowledge that need to be addressed, given the ongoing environmental crises. FINDINGS Here we present Biospytial, a modular open source knowledge engine designed to import, organise, analyse and visualise big spatial ecological datasets using the power of graph theory. The engine uses a hybrid graph-relational approach to store and access information. A graph data structure uses linkage relationships to build semantic structures represented as complex data structures stored in a graph database, while tabular and geospatial data are stored in an efficient spatial relational database system. We provide an application using information on species occurrences, their taxonomic classification and climatic datasets. We built a knowledge graph of the Tree of Life embedded in an environmental and geographical grid to perform an analysis on threatened species co-occurring with jaguars (Panthera onca). CONCLUSIONS The Biospytial approach reduces the complexity of joining datasets using multiple tabular relations, while its scalable design eases the problem of merging datasets from different sources. Its modular design makes it possible to distribute several instances simultaneously, allowing fast and efficient handling of big ecological datasets. The provided example demonstrates the engine's capabilities in performing basic graph manipulation, analysis and visualizations of taxonomic groups co-occurring in space. The example shows potential avenues for performing novel ecological analyses, biodiversity syntheses and species distribution models aided by a network of taxonomic and spatial relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Escamilla Molgora
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Library Avenue, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics (CHICAS), Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Furness Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Luigi Sedda
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Furness Building, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Peter M Atkinson
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Old Engineering Building, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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90
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Aloisio JM, Palmer MI, Tuininga AR, Lewis JD. Introduced and native plant species composition of vacant unmanaged green roofs in New York City. Urban Ecosyst 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-020-00992-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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91
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Hurtado P, Matos P, Aragón G, Branquinho C, Prieto M, Martínez I. How much matching there is in functional, phylogenetic and taxonomic optima of epiphytic macrolichen communities along a European climatic gradient? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:136533. [PMID: 32050381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adopting an integrative approach that explicitly includes the different facets of biodiversity is crucial to assess the response of biological communities to changing environments. The identification of the optimal climatic conditions where communities maximize their functional, phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity is useful to compare whether the optima of the different facets of biodiversity match. Using a wide climatic gradient across Europe, we quantified the functional, phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity of epiphytic macrolichen communities, which are valuable early-warning ecological indicators. We ordinated 22 environmental variables and simultaneously illustrated non-parametric regressions of the diversity metrics against the climatic space using the 'hilltop plot' method to detect the climatic conditions in which the different diversity facets peaked and to compare the match between them. Functional diversity predicted at least part of the peaks of phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity, but phylogenetic and taxonomic hotspots did not overlap. Epiphytic macrolichen communities maximized their functional and phylogenetic diversity in the southernmost forests, with the Mediterranean region appearing as a biodiversity hotspot. Regarding the studied traits, photobiont type and growth form showed clearly defined optima while the quantitative physiological traits and families' optima did not show this pattern in response to climate. The different facets of biodiversity were not surrogates of each other highlighting the need for an integrative approach to assess the effect of environmental changes on communities and to establish conservation priorities. As functional traits mediated the response of lichen communities to climate, preserving high functional diversity might indirectly preserve high phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity. Relevant ecological indicators useful to develop rapid assessment methods to evaluate the effects of climatic changes include the photobiont type and growth form. The lack of relation between quantitative traits and climate call for further research to unveil their role as ecological indicators of small-scale variables or as effect traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Hurtado
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain.
| | - Paula Matos
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-004 Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gregorio Aragón
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-004 Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - María Prieto
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Isabel Martínez
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
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92
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Martín-Regalado CN, Briones-Salas M, Manríquez-Morán N, Sánchez-Rojas G, Cornejo-Latorre C, Lavariega MC, Moreno CE. Assembly mechanisms and environmental predictors of the phylogenetic diversity of cricetid rodents in southern Mexico. Evol Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-020-10034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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93
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Matos FAR, Magnago LFS, Aquila Chan Miranda C, de Menezes LFT, Gastauer M, Safar NVH, Schaefer CEGR, da Silva MP, Simonelli M, Edwards FA, Martins SV, Meira-Neto JAA, Edwards DP. Secondary forest fragments offer important carbon and biodiversity cobenefits. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:509-522. [PMID: 31486174 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests store large amounts of carbon and high biodiversity, but are being degraded at alarming rates. The emerging global Forest and Landscape Restoration (FLR) agenda seeks to limit global climate change by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through the growth of trees. In doing so, it may also protect biodiversity as a free cobenefit, which is vital given the massive shortfall in funding for biodiversity conservation. We investigated whether natural forest regeneration on abandoned pastureland offers such cobenefits, focusing for the first time on the recovery of taxonomic diversity (TD), phylogenetic diversity (PD) and functional diversity (FD) of trees, including the recovery of threatened and endemic species richness, within isolated secondary forest (SF) fragments. We focused on the globally threatened Brazilian Atlantic Forest, where commitments have been made to restore 1 million hectares under FLR. Three decades after land abandonment, regenerating forests had recovered ~20% (72 Mg/ha) of the above-ground carbon stocks of a primary forest (PF), with cattle pasture containing just 3% of stocks relative to PFs. Over this period, SF recovered ~76% of TD, 84% of PD and 96% of FD found within PFs. In addition, SFs had on average recovered 65% of threatened and ~30% of endemic species richness of primary Atlantic forest. Finally, we find positive relationships between carbon stock and tree diversity recovery. Our results emphasize that SF fragments offer cobenefits under FLR and other carbon-based payments for ecosystem service schemes (e.g. carbon enhancements under REDD+). They also indicate that even isolated patches of SF could help to mitigate climate change and the biodiversity extinction crisis by recovering species of high conservation concern and improving landscape connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A R Matos
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants (LEEP), Botany Graduate Program (PPGBot), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Faculdade Zacaria de Góes, Valença, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CEUNES/DCAB), São Mateus, Brazil
| | - Luiz F S Magnago
- Centro de Formação em Ciências e Tecnologias Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mônica P da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, Valença, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sebastião V Martins
- Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - João A A Meira-Neto
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants (LEEP), Botany Graduate Program (PPGBot), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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94
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Micó E, Ramilo P, Thorn S, Müller J, Galante E, Carmona CP. Contrasting functional structure of saproxylic beetle assemblages associated to different microhabitats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1520. [PMID: 32001786 PMCID: PMC6992628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Saproxylic beetles depend on diverse microhabitats that are exploited by different species assemblages. We focused on anlyse the functional trait patterns and functional diversity components of two main assemblages that were collected with window traps (WTs) and hollow emergence traps (HETs) respectively, between three protected areas of the Iberian Peninsula. For that we measured phenological, physiological, morphological, and ecological traits. Results showed that the main microhabitats exploited by each assemblage (WT and HET) constrain most of the morphological traits and trophic guilds. In addition, relative elytra length and predator guild, together with adult activity period, responded to differences at the habitat level (among study areas). HET assemblages were less taxonomically diverse but more functionally diverse than those of WTs, enhancing the functional relevance of tree hollows. Additionally, niche filtering dominated WT assemblages, which were characterised by a narrower functional space and a higher redundancy. In contrast, in the HET assemblages the coexistence of functionally dissimilar species is driven by the niche heterogeneity. HET and WT assemblages differed in the functional space occupied by each within areas, but both assemblages reflected coincident patterns among areas that pointed to a reduction of functional space with management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Micó
- Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad (CIBIO), Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Pablo Ramilo
- Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad (CIBIO), Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, DE-96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, DE-96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany.,Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Eduardo Galante
- Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad (CIBIO), Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Carlos P Carmona
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
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95
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de la Sancha NU, Maestri R, Bovendorp RS, Higgins CL. Disentangling drivers of small mammal diversity in a highly fragmented forest system. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noe U. de la Sancha
- Department of Biological Sciences Chicago State University Chicago IL USA
- Integrative Research Center The Field Museum of Natural History Chicago IL USA
| | - Renan Maestri
- Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Ricardo S. Bovendorp
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Ilhéus BA Brazil
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96
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Morel L, Barbe L, Jung V, Clément B, Schnitzler A, Ysnel F. Passive rewilding may (also) restore phylogenetically rich and functionally resilient forest plant communities. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02007. [PMID: 31544280 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Passive rewilding is increasingly seen as a promising tool to counterbalance biodiversity losses and recover native forest ecosystems. One key question, crucial to understanding assembly processes and conservation issues underlying land-use change, is the extent to which functional and phylogenetic diversity may recover in spontaneous recent woodlands. Here, we compared understorey plant communities of recent woodlands (which result from afforestation on agricultural lands during the 20th century) with those of ancient forests (uninterrupted for several centuries) in a hotspot of farmland abandonment in western Europe. We combined taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity metrics to detect potential differences in community composition, structure (richness, divergence), conservation importance (functional originality and specialization, evolutionary distinctiveness) and resilience (functional redundancy, response diversity). The recent and ancient forests harbored clearly distinct compositions, especially regarding the taxonomic and phylogenetic facets. Recent woodlands had higher taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic richness and a higher evolutionary distinctiveness, whereas functional divergence and phylogenetic divergence were higher in ancient forests. On another hand, we did not find any significant differences in functional specialization, originality, redundancy, or response diversity between recent and ancient forests. Our study constitutes one of the first empirical pieces of evidence that recent woodlands may spontaneously regain plant communities phylogenetically rich and functionally resilient, at least as much as those of ancient relict forests. As passive rewilding is the cheapest restoration method, we suggest that it should be a very useful tool to restore and conserve native forest biodiversity and functions, especially when forest areas are restricted and fragmented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïs Morel
- Géoarchitecture: Territoires, Urbanisation, Biodiversité, Environnement (G-TUBE EA 7462) Université de Rennes 1, Université de Brest, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Lou Barbe
- Écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution (ECOBIO UMR 6553), CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Jung
- Écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution (ECOBIO UMR 6553), CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Bernard Clément
- Géoarchitecture: Territoires, Urbanisation, Biodiversité, Environnement (G-TUBE EA 7462) Université de Rennes 1, Université de Brest, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Annik Schnitzler
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC UMR 7360), Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Campus Bridoux, rue du Général Delestraint, 57070, Metz, France
| | - Frédéric Ysnel
- Géoarchitecture: Territoires, Urbanisation, Biodiversité, Environnement (G-TUBE EA 7462) Université de Rennes 1, Université de Brest, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
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97
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Manzotti AR, Ceneviva-Bastos M, Teresa FB, Casatti L. Short-term response of fish assemblages to instream habitat restoration in heavily impacted streams. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2019-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Habitat homogenization has been a major impact in stream ecosystems, and it is considered one of the main drivers of biotic homogenization as well, leading to the loss of water quality and fish diversity. In this study, we added artificial woody structures and leaf packs in physically impacted streams to test if the additions can improve habitat complexity and change the taxonomic and functional structure of fish communities. The experiment was done in eight streams impacted by siltation, deforestation, and habitat homogeneization, inserted in an agricultural landscape from the Upper Paraná River Basin, and lasted 112 days. The provision of artificial microhabitats increased instream habitat diversity by creating patches of organic matter deposits, changing flow, and providing substrate for grass colonization of the instream habitat. The experimental manipulation also changed fish species abundance. Nine species contributed to these changes, five decreased and four increased in abundance, indicating species responded differently to the experimental manipulation. However, overall species richness, diversity, and community functional traits remained unaltered. These results indicate that short-term habitat restoration on a local scale may not be enough to promote changes in fish community attributes of streams that are heavily impacted.
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98
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Is Phylogeny More Useful than Functional Traits for Assessing Diversity Patterns Under Community Assembly Processes? FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10121159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic and functional diversities and their relationship are important for understanding community assembly, which relates to forest sustainability. Thus, both diversities have been used in ecological studies evaluating community responses to environmental changes. However, it is unclear whether these diversity measures can uncover the actual community assembly processes. Herein, we examined their utility to assess such assembly processes by analyzing similarities in phylogenetic, functional, and taxonomic α- and β-diversities along an elevational gradient. Additionally, we examined the relationships among environment, phylogeny, and functional traits within the community. Based on our results, we evaluated whether phylogenetic or functional diversity could better reveal the actual community assembly processes. We found that taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional α-diversities were correlated with one another. Although the functional α-diversity showed a linear correlation with the elevational gradient, taxonomic and phylogenetic α-diversities showed unimodal patterns. Both phylogenetic and functional β-diversities correlated with taxonomic β-diversity, but there was no significant relationship between the former. Overall, our results evidenced that phylogenetic diversity and taxonomic diversity showed similar patterns, whereas functional diversity showed a relatively independent pattern, which may be due to limitations in the functional trait dimensions used in the present study. Although it is difficult to unravel whether the environment shapes phylogeny or functional traits within a community, phylogenetic diversity is a good proxy for assessing the assembly processes, whereas functional diversity may improve knowledge on the community by maximizing information about the functional trait dimensions.
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99
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Perez Rocha M, Bini LM, Grönroos M, Hjort J, Lindholm M, Karjalainen SM, Tolonen KE, Heino J. Correlates of different facets and components of beta diversity in stream organisms. Oecologia 2019; 191:919-929. [PMID: 31624960 PMCID: PMC6853853 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, community ecology has emphasized the multi-facetted aspects of biological diversity by linking species traits and the environment. Here, we explored environmental correlates of taxonomically-based and traits-based compositional distances using a comprehensive data set of diatom and macroinvertebrate communities. We also explored the responses of different beta diversity components (i.e., overall beta diversity, turnover, and nestedness) of beta diversity facets (i.e., taxonomically and traits-based beta diversity) to environmental distances. Partial Mantel tests were used to test the relationships between beta diversity and environmental distance (while controlling for spatial distances). Taxonomically-based beta diversity varied much more than traits-based beta diversity, indicating strong functional convergence. We found that taxonomically-based beta diversity was largely driven by the turnover component. However, the nestedness component contributed more to overall traits-based beta diversity than the turnover component. Taxonomically-based beta diversity was significantly correlated with environmental distances for both diatoms and macroinvertebrates. Thus, we found support for the role of environmental filtering as a driver of community dissimilarities of rather different biological groups. However, the strength of these relationships between beta diversity and environmental distances varied depending on the biological group, facet, component, and the way which the environmental variables were selected to calculate the explanatory (distance) matrix. Our results indicated that both taxonomically and traits-based approaches are still needed to better understand patterns and mechanisms affecting the organization of biological communities in streams. This is because different facets of biological communities may be driven by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Perez Rocha
- Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
- Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, PO Box 413, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, 70040-020, DF, Brazil.
| | - Luis M Bini
- Department of Ecology (ICB), Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Mira Grönroos
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Ecosystems and Environment Research, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Jan Hjort
- Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marja Lindholm
- Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Katri E Tolonen
- Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, PO Box 413, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jani Heino
- Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, PO Box 413, 90014, Oulu, Finland
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100
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Llopis-Belenguer C, Balbuena JA, Lange K, de Bello F, Blasco-Costa I. Towards a Unified Functional Trait Framework for Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:972-982. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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