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Neves AR, van der Putten L, Queiroz JF, Pinheiro M, Reis S. Transferrin-functionalized lipid nanoparticles for curcumin brain delivery. J Biotechnol 2021; 331:108-117. [PMID: 33727082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound with potent neuroprotective activity. Due to its poor water solubility, low bioavailability, rapid elimination and the challenges for crossing and transposing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with curcumin were successfully produced and functionalized with transferrin, in order to mediate the transport of these particles through the BBB endothelium to the brain. The nanosystems revealed Z-averages under 200 nm, polydispersity index below 0.2 and zeta potential around -30 mV. Curcumin encapsulation around 65 % for SLNs and 80 % for NLCs was accomplished, while the functionalized nanoparticles presented a value around 70-75 %. A stability study revealed these characteristics remained unchanged for at least 3 months. hCMEC/D3 cells viability was firstly analysed by MTT and LDH assays, respectively, and a concentration of 10 μM of curcumin-loaded nanoparticles were then selected for the subsequent permeability assay. The permeability study was conducted using transwell devices with hCMEC/D3 cells monolayers and a 1.5-fold higher permeation of curcumin through the BBB was verified. Both SLNs and NLCs are promising for curcumin brain delivery, protecting the incorporated curcumin and targeting to the brain by the addition of transferrin to the nanoparticles surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Neves
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; CQM, Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
| | - L van der Putten
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - J F Queiroz
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Pinheiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Thomsen MS, Humle N, Hede E, Moos T, Burkhart A, Thomsen LB. The blood-brain barrier studied in vitro across species. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0236770. [PMID: 33711041 PMCID: PMC7954348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by brain capillary endothelial cells (BECs) supported by pericytes and astrocytes. The BBB maintains homeostasis and protects the brain against toxic substances circulating in the blood, meaning that only a few drugs can pass the BBB. Thus, for drug screening, understanding cell interactions, and pathology, in vitro BBB models have been developed using BECs from various animal sources. When comparing models of different species, differences exist especially in regards to the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Thus, we compared primary mice, rat, and porcine BECs (mBECs, rBECs, and pBECs) cultured in mono- and co-culture with astrocytes, to identify species-dependent differences that could explain the variations in TEER and aid to the selection of models for future BBB studies. The BBB models based on primary mBECs, rBECs, and pBECs were evaluated and compared in regards to major BBB characteristics. The barrier integrity was evaluated by the expression of tight junction proteins and measurements of TEER and apparent permeability (Papp). Additionally, the cell size, the functionality of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporter, and the expression of the transferrin receptor were evaluated and compared. Expression and organization of tight junction proteins were in all three species influenced by co-culturing, supporting the findings, that TEER increases after co-culturing with astrocytes. All models had functional polarised P-gp efflux transporters and expressed the transferrin receptor. The most interesting discovery was that even though the pBECs had higher TEER than rBECs and mBECs, the Papp did not show the same variation between species, which could be explained by a significantly larger cell size of pBECs. In conclusion, our results imply that the choice of species for a given BBB study should be defined from its purpose, instead of aiming to reach the highest TEER, as the models studied here revealed similar BBB properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maj Schneider Thomsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nanna Humle
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Eva Hede
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Annette Burkhart
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Louiza Bohn Thomsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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53
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Barabutis N. Insights on supporting the aging brain microvascular endothelium. AGING BRAIN 2021; 1. [PMID: 33681752 PMCID: PMC7932454 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2021.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood brain barrier hyperpermeability has been associated with age-related affective disorders, including depression, mania, anxiety, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Our recent efforts suggest that a promising therapeutic approach may arise due to the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) element in the affected tissues. Growth hormone releasing hormone antagonists and heat shock protein 90 inhibitors have been shown to induce UPR. This mechanism (UPR) has been associated with tissue repairing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nektarios Barabutis
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
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54
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Al-Ahmad AJ, Pervaiz I, Karamyan VT. Neurolysin substrates bradykinin, neurotensin and substance P enhance brain microvascular permeability in a human in vitro model. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12931. [PMID: 33506602 PMCID: PMC8166215 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increased brain microvascular permeability and disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function are among hallmarks of several acute neurodegenerative disorders, including stroke. Numerous studies suggest the involvement of bradykinin (BK), neurotensin (NT) and substance P (SP) in BBB impairment and oedema formation after stroke; however, there is paucity of data in regard to the direct effects of these peptides on the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and BBB. The present study aimed to evaluate the direct effects of BK, NT and SP on the permeability of BBB in an in vitro model based on human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived BMECs. Our data indicate that all three peptides increase BBB permeability in a concentration-dependent manner in an in vitro model formed from two different iPSC lines (CTR90F and CTR65M) and widely used hCMEC/D3 human BMECs. The combination of BK, NT and SP at a sub-effective concentration also resulted in increased BBB permeability in the iPSC-derived model indicating potentiation of their action. Furthermore, we observed abrogation of BK, NT and SP effects with pretreatment of pharmacological blockers targeting their specific receptors. Additional mechanistic studies indicate that the short-term effects of these peptides are not mediated through alteration of tight-junction proteins claudin-5 and occludin, but likely involve redistribution of F-actin and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor. This is the first experimental study to document the increased permeability of the BBB in response to direct action of NT in an in vitro model. In addition, our study confirms the expected but not well-documented, direct effect of SP on BBB permeability and adds to the well-recognised actions of BK on BBB. Lastly, we demonstrate that peptidase neurolysin can neutralise the effects of these peptides on BBB, suggesting potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Al-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Iqra Pervaiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Vardan T Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, TX, USA
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Sharda N, Ahlschwede KM, Curran GL, Lowe VJ, Kandimalla KK. Distinct Uptake Kinetics of Alzheimer Disease Amyloid- β 40 and 42 at the Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 376:482-490. [PMID: 33303699 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells lining the cerebral microvasculature maintain dynamic equilibrium between soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) levels in the brain and plasma. The BBB dysfunction prevalent in Alzheimer disease contributes to the dysregulation of plasma and brain Aβ and leads to the perturbation of the ratio between Aβ42 and Aβ40, the two most prevalent Aβ isoforms in patients with Alzheimer disease. We hypothesize that BBB endothelium distinguishes between Aβ40 and Aβ42, distinctly modulates their trafficking kinetics between plasma and brain, and thereby contributes to the maintenance of healthy Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios. To test this hypothesis, we investigated Aβ40 and Aβ42 trafficking kinetics in hCMEC/D3 monolayers (human BBB cell culture model) in vitro as well as in mice in vivo. Although the rates of uptake of fluorescein-labeled Aβ40 and Aβ42 (F-Aβ40 and F-Aβ42) were not significantly different on the abluminal side, the luminal uptake rate of F-Aβ42 was substantially higher than F-Aβ40. Since higher plasma Aβ levels were shown to aggravate BBB dysfunction and trigger cerebrovascular disease, we systematically investigated the dynamic interactions of luminal [125I]Aβ peptides and their trafficking kinetics at BBB using single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography imaging in mice. Quantitative modeling of the dynamic imaging data thus obtained showed that the rate of uptake of toxic [125I]Aβ42 and its subsequent BBB transcytosis is significantly higher than [125I]Aβ40. It is likely that the molecular mechanisms underlying these kinetic differences are differentially affected in Alzheimer and cerebrovascular diseases, impact plasma and brain levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42, engender shifts in the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, and unleash downstream toxic effects. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Dissecting the binding and uptake kinetics of Aβ40 and Aβ42 at the BBB endothelium will facilitate the estimation of Aβ40 versus Aβ42 exposure to the BBB endothelium and allow assessment of the risk of BBB dysfunction by monitoring Aβ42 and Aβ40 levels in plasma. This knowledge, in turn, will aid in elucidating the role of these predominant Aβ isoforms in aggravating BBB dysfunction and cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sharda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and the Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (N.S., K.K.K.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, College of Pharmacy, North Chicago, Illinois (K.M.A.); and Departments of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Neurology (G.L.C., K.K.K.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kristen M Ahlschwede
- Department of Pharmaceutics and the Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (N.S., K.K.K.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, College of Pharmacy, North Chicago, Illinois (K.M.A.); and Departments of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Neurology (G.L.C., K.K.K.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Geoffry L Curran
- Department of Pharmaceutics and the Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (N.S., K.K.K.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, College of Pharmacy, North Chicago, Illinois (K.M.A.); and Departments of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Neurology (G.L.C., K.K.K.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Pharmaceutics and the Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (N.S., K.K.K.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, College of Pharmacy, North Chicago, Illinois (K.M.A.); and Departments of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Neurology (G.L.C., K.K.K.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Karunya K Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics and the Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (N.S., K.K.K.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, College of Pharmacy, North Chicago, Illinois (K.M.A.); and Departments of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Neurology (G.L.C., K.K.K.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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56
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Harati R, Hafezi S, Mabondzo A, Tlili A. Silencing miR-202-3p increases MMP-1 and promotes a brain invasive phenotype in metastatic breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239292. [PMID: 33002044 PMCID: PMC7529272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain metastasis (BM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in breast cancer (BC) and its molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. Transmigration of metastatic cells through the brain endothelium is an essential step in BM. Metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) overexpression plays a key role in promoting trans-endothelial migration by degrading the inter-endothelial junctions and disrupting the endothelial integrity. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that induce MMP-1 in metastatic cells granting them a brain invasive phenotype. MiR-202-3p is downregulated in brain metastases compared to primary breast tumors and directly targets MMP-1. Here, we unraveled a critical role of miR-202-3p loss in MMP-1 upregulation promoting transmigration of metastatic cells through the brain endothelium. METHODS A variant of the MDA-MB-231 human BC cell line (MDA-MB-231-BrM2) selected for its propensity to form brain metastases was found to express high levels of MMP-1 and low levels of miR-202-3p compared to the parental cells. Using a gain-and-loss of function approach, we modulated levels of miR-202-3p and examined the resultant effect on MMP-1 expression. Effect of miR-202-3p modulation on integrity of the brain endothelium and the transmigrative ability of BC cells were also examined. RESULTS Loss of miR-202-3p in breast cancer cells enhanced their transmigration through the brain endothelium by upregulating MMP-1 and disrupting the inter-endothelial junctions (claudin-5, ZO-1 and ß-catenin). Restoring miR-202-3p exerted a metastasis-suppressive effect and preserved the endothelial barrier integrity. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified a critical regulatory role of miR-202-3p in brain metastasis and shed light on miR-202-3p/MMP-1 axis as a novel prognostic and therapeutic target that can be exploited to predict and prevent brain metastasis in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Harati
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shirin Hafezi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aloïse Mabondzo
- Department of Medicines and Healthcare Technologies, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Abdelaziz Tlili
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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57
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Simon F, Guyot L, Garcia J, Vilchez G, Bardel C, Chenel M, Tod M, Payen L. Impact of interleukin‐6 on drug transporters and permeability in the hCMEC/D3 blood–brain barrier model. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 35:397-409. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Simon
- EA3738 Faculté de médecine de Lyon‐Sud Université de Lyon 1 165 chemin du Grand Revoyet, Faculté de médecine et maïeutique Oullins France69921France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie‐Toxicologie Centre Hospitalier Lyon‐Sud Hospices civils de Lyon 165 chemin du Grand Revoyet Pierre‐Bénite France69310France
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier Direction of Clinical PK and Pharmacometrics 50 rue Carnot Suresnes92150France
| | - Laetitia Guyot
- Laboratoire de Biochimie‐Toxicologie Centre Hospitalier Lyon‐Sud Hospices civils de Lyon 165 chemin du Grand Revoyet Pierre‐Bénite France69310France
| | - Jessica Garcia
- Laboratoire de Biochimie‐Toxicologie Centre Hospitalier Lyon‐Sud Hospices civils de Lyon 165 chemin du Grand Revoyet Pierre‐Bénite France69310France
| | - Gaelle Vilchez
- Hospices Civils de Lyon Department of Biostatistics 162 avenue Lacassagne Lyon69424France
| | - Claire Bardel
- Hospices Civils de Lyon Department of Biostatistics 162 avenue Lacassagne Lyon69424France
| | - Marylore Chenel
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier Direction of Clinical PK and Pharmacometrics 50 rue Carnot Suresnes92150France
| | - Michel Tod
- EA3738 Faculté de médecine de Lyon‐Sud Université de Lyon 1 165 chemin du Grand Revoyet, Faculté de médecine et maïeutique Oullins France69921France
| | - Léa Payen
- Laboratoire de Biochimie‐Toxicologie Centre Hospitalier Lyon‐Sud Hospices civils de Lyon 165 chemin du Grand Revoyet Pierre‐Bénite France69310France
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Abdul Y, Li W, Vargas JD, Clark E, He L, Jamil S, Ergul A. Diabetes-related sex differences in the brain endothelin system following ischemia in vivo and in human brain endothelial cells in vitro. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:587-595. [PMID: 32496159 PMCID: PMC7508777 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endothelin (ET) system has been implicated to contribute to the pathophysiology of cognitive impairment and stroke in experimental diabetes. Our goals were to test the hypotheses that (1) circulating and (or) periinfarct ET-1 levels are elevated after stroke in both sexes and this increase is greater in diabetes, (2) ET receptors are differentially regulated in the diabetic brain, (3) brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) of female and male origin express the ETA receptor subtype, and (4) diabetes- and stroke-mimicking conditions increase ET-1 levels in BMVECs of both sexes. Control and diabetic rats were randomized to sham or stroke surgery. BMVECs of male (hBEC5i) and female (hCMEC/D3) origin, cultured under normal and diabetes-mimicking conditions, were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia. Circulating ET-1 levels were higher in diabetic animals and this was more pronounced in the male cohort. Stroke did not further increase plasma ET-1. Tissue ET-1 levels were increased after stroke only in males, whereas periinfarct ET-1 increased in both control and diabetic females. Male BMVECs secreted more ET-1 than female cells and hypoxia increased ET-1 levels in both cell types. There was sexually dimorphic regulation of ET receptors in both tissue and cell culture samples. There are sex differences in the stroke- and diabetes-mediated changes in the brain ET system at the endothelial and tissue levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Abdul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Weiguo Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Juan D Vargas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Emily Clark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Lianying He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Sarah Jamil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Adviye Ergul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
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Gericke B, Römermann K, Noack A, Noack S, Kronenberg J, Blasig IE, Löscher W. A face-to-face comparison of claudin-5 transduced human brain endothelial (hCMEC/D3) cells with porcine brain endothelial cells as blood-brain barrier models for drug transport studies. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:53. [PMID: 32843059 PMCID: PMC7449095 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predictive in vitro models of the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) are essential in early drug discovery and development. Among available immortalized human brain capillary endothelial cell lines (BCECs), the hCMEC/D3 cell line has become the most widely used in vitro BBB model. However, monolayers of hCMEC/D3 cells form only moderately restrictive barriers, most likely because the major tight junction protein, claudin-5, is markedly downregulated. Thus, hCMEC/D3 monolayers cannot be used for vectorial drug transport experiments, which is a major disadvantage of this model. METHODS Here we transduced hCMEC/D3 cells with a claudin-5 plasmid and compared the characteristics of these cells with those of hCMEC/D3 wildtype cells and primary cultured porcine BCECs. RESULTS The claudin-5 transduced hCMEC/D3 exhibited expression levels (and junctional localization) of claudin-5 similar to those of primary cultured porcine BCECs. The transduced cells exhibited increased TEER values (211 Ω cm2) and reduced paracellular mannitol permeability (8.06%/h), indicating improved BBB properties; however, the barrier properties of porcine BCECs (TEER 1650 Ω cm2; mannitol permeability 3.95%/h) were not reached. Hence, vectorial transport of a selective P-glycoprotein substrate (N-desmethyl-loperamide) was not observed in claudin-5 transduced hCMEC/D3 (or wildtype) cells, whereas such drug transport occurred in porcine BCECs. CONCLUSIONS The claudin-5 transduced hCMEC/D3 cells provide a tool to studying the contribution of claudin-5 to barrier tightness and how this can be further enhanced by additional transfections or other manipulations of this widely used in vitro model of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Gericke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Römermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Noack
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Noack
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Kronenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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An Antivirulence Approach for Preventing Cryptococcus neoformans from Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier via Novel Natural Product Inhibitors of a Fungal Metalloprotease. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01249-20. [PMID: 32694141 PMCID: PMC7374060 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01249-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections like cryptococcal meningitis are difficult to resolve because of the limited therapies available. The small arsenal of antifungal drugs reflect the difficulty in finding available targets in fungi because like mammalian cells, fungi are eukaryotes. The limited efficacy, toxicity, and rising resistance of antifungals contribute to the high morbidity and mortality of fungal infections and further underscore the dire but unmet need for new antifungal drugs. The traditional approach in antifungal drug development has been to target fungal growth, but an attractive alternative is to target mechanisms of pathogenesis. An important attribute of Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) pathogenesis is its ability to enter the central nervous system. Here, we describe a large-scale screen that identified three natural products that prevented Cn from crossing the blood-brain barrier by inhibiting the virulence factor Mpr1 without affecting the growth of Cn. We propose that compounds identified here could be further developed as antivirulence therapy that would be administered preemptively or serve as a prophylactic in patients at high risk for developing cryptococcal meningitis. Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) is the leading cause of fungal meningitis, a deadly disease with limited therapeutic options. Dissemination to the central nervous system hinges on the ability of Cn to breach the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and is considered an attribute of Cn virulence. Targeting virulence instead of growth for antifungal drug development has not been fully exploited despite the benefits of this approach. Mpr1 is a secreted fungal metalloprotease not required for fungal growth, but rather, it functions as a virulence factor by facilitating Cn migration across the BBB. This central role for Mpr1, its extracellular location, and lack of expression in mammalian cells make Mpr1 a high-value target for an antivirulence approach aimed at developing therapeutics for cryptococcal meningitis. To test this notion, we devised a large-scale screen to identify compounds that prohibited Cn from crossing the BBB by selectively blocking Mpr1 proteolytic activity, without inhibiting the growth of Cn. A phytochemical natural product-derived library was screened to identify new molecular scaffolds of prototypes unique to a Cn microecosystem. Of the 240 pure natural products examined, 3 lead compounds, abietic acid, diosgenin, and lupinine inhibited Mpr1 proteolytic activity with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of <10 μM, displayed little to no mammalian cell toxicity, and did not affect Cn growth. Notably, the lead compounds blocked Cn from crossing the BBB, without damaging the barrier integrity, suggesting the bioactive molecules had no off-target effects. We propose that these new drug scaffolds are promising candidates for the development of antivirulence therapy against cryptococcal meningitis.
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RVG29-Functionalized Lipid Nanoparticles for Quercetin Brain Delivery and Alzheimer's Disease. Pharm Res 2020; 37:139. [PMID: 32661727 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lipid nanoparticles (SLN and NLC) were functionalized with the RVG29 peptide in order to target the brain and increase the neuronal uptake through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These nanosystems were loaded with quercetin to take advantage of its neuroprotective properties mainly for Alzheimer's disease. METHODS The functionalization of nanoparticles with RVG29 peptide was confirmed by NMR and FTIR. Their morphology was assessed by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticles size, polydispersity and zeta potential were determined by dynamic light scattering. The in vitro validation tests were conducted in hCMEC/D3 cells, a human blood-brain barrier model and thioflavin T binding assay was conducted to assess the process of amyloid-beta peptide fibrillation typical of Alzheimer's disease. RESULTS RVG29-nanoparticles displayed spherical morphology and size below 250 nm, which is compatible with brain applications. Zeta potential values were between -20 and -25 mV. Quercetin entrapment efficiency was generally higher than 80% and NLC nanoparticles were able to encapsulate up to 90%. The LDH assay showed that there is no cytotoxicity in hCMEC/D3 cell line and RVG29-nanoparticles clearly increased in 1.5-fold the permeability across the in vitro model of blood-brain barrier after 4 h of incubation compared with non-functionalized nanoparticles. Finally, this nanosystem was capable of inhibiting amyloid-beta aggregation in thioflavin T binding assay, suggesting its great potential for neuroprotection. CONCLUSIONS RVG29-nanoparticles that simultaneously target the blood-brain barrier and induce neurons protection against amyloid-beta fibrillation proved to be an efficient way of quercetin delivery and a promising strategy for future approaches in Alzheimer's disease. Graphical Abstract.
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Buyandelger U, Walker DG, Yanagisawa D, Morimura T, Tooyama I. Effects of FTMT Expression by Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on Features of Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103635. [PMID: 32455741 PMCID: PMC7279371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant angiogenesis is a pathological feature of a number of diseases and arises from the uncoordinated expression of angiogenic factors as response to different cellular stresses. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss, can result from pathological angiogenesis. As a mutation in the mitochondrial ferritin (FTMT) gene has been associated with AMD, its possible role in modulating angiogenic factors and angiogenesis was investigated. FTMT is an iron-sequestering protein primarily expressed in metabolically active cells and tissues with high oxygen demand, including retina. In this study, we utilized the human retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19, both as undifferentiated and differentiated cells. The effects of proinflammatory cytokines, FTMT knockdown, and transient and stable overexpression of FTMT were investigated on expression of pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and anti-angiogenic pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF). Proinflammatory cytokines induced FTMT and VEGF expression, while NF-κB inhibition significantly reduced FTMT expression. VEGF protein and mRNA expression were significantly increased in FTMT-silenced ARPE-19 cells. Using an in vitro angiogenesis assay with endothelial cells, we showed that conditioned media from FTMT-overexpressing cells had significant antiangiogenic effects. Collectively, our findings indicate that increased levels of FTMT inhibit angiogenesis, possibly by reducing levels of VEGF and increasing PEDF expression. The cellular models developed can be used to investigate if increased FTMT may be protective in angiogenic diseases, such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ikuo Tooyama
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-77-548-2330; Fax: +81-77-548-2331
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Cong J, Ruan Y, Lyu Q, Qin X, Qi X, Liu W, Kang L, Zhang J, Wu C. A proton-coupled organic cation antiporter is involved in the blood-brain barrier transport of Aconitum alkaloids. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 252:112581. [PMID: 31968215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The herbs of Aconitum are the essential Traditional Chinese medicine and have played an indispensable role in many Asian countries for thousands of years to treat critical illnesses, and chronic, stubborn diseases. However, Aconitum may induce severe neurotoxicity and even death. So far the mechanism of Aconitum penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine whether influx transporters contribute to the brain uptake of the highly toxic alkaloids in Aconitum including aconitine (AC), mesaconitine (MA) and hypaconitine (HA). MATERIALS AND METHODS The uptake of AC, MA and HA was characterized using in vitro hCMEC/D3 model and in situ mouse brain perfusion. In hCMEC/D3 cells, the effect of incubation temperature, time, initial drug concentration, energy (NaN3), extracellular and intracellular pH (FCCP and NH4Cl), the prototypical substrates/inhibitors of known organic cation transporting carriers and trans-stimulation (pre-incubating with pyrilamine and diphenhydramine) on the cellular uptake were studied. In addition, the effect of silencing OCTN1, OCTN2 and PMAT by specific siRNA was investigated. In mice, the contribution of the proton-coupled antiporter on the brain uptake of Aconitum was investigated by chemical inhibition. RESULTS In hCMEC/D3 cells, AC, MA and HA were each taken up in a temperature-, time- and concentration-dependent manner, which were reduced by NaN3 and FCCP. Regulation of extracellular and intracellular pH as well as trans-stimulation studies showed that AC, MA and HA were transported by a proton-coupled antiporter expressed at the plasma membrane that could also transport pyrilamine and diphenhydramine. Each uptake was markedly inhibited by various cationic drugs, but insensitive to the prototypical substrates/inhibitors of identified organic cation transporting carriers, such as OCTs, PMAT, MATEs and OCTNs. In addition, silence of OCTN1, OCTN2 and PMAT had no significant inhibitory effect on the uptake of AC, MA and HA. In mice, the brain uptake of each alkaloid measured by in situ brain perfusion was suppressed by diphenhydramine when the transport capacity of P-gp/Bcrp at the BBB was chemically inhibited. CONCLUSIONS A novel proton-coupled organic cation antiporter plays a predominant role in the blood to brain influx of AC, MA and HA at the BBB, and thus affect the safety of Aconitum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Cong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yiling Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Qinglin Lyu
- China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiaohui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xinming Qi
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Lifeng Kang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Junying Zhang
- China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Chunyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Pinheiro RGR, Granja A, Loureiro JA, Pereira MC, Pinheiro M, Neves AR, Reis S. Quercetin lipid nanoparticles functionalized with transferrin for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 148:105314. [PMID: 32200044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin was encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (SLN and NLC) to take advantage of its neuroprotective properties in Alzheimer's disease. The nanoparticles were functionalized with transferrin to facilitate the passage across the blood-brain barrier through the transferrin receptors overexpressed in brain endothelial cells. NMR and FTIR confirmed the functionalization of the nanoparticles with transferrin. TEM results showed all nanoparticles presented spherical morphology. Nanoparticles exhibited size around 200 nm and zeta potential values higher than -30 mV. Quercetin entrapment efficiency was around 80-90%. LDH cytotoxicity assays in hCMEC/D3 cell line demonstrated that even for the highest concentration (30 μM) nanoparticles did not reveal cytotoxicity after 4 h of incubation. Permeability studies across hCMEC/D3 cell monolayers showed NLC permeate more the blood-brain barrier, while amyloid-beta studies demonstrated NLC-transferrin have the capacity to inhibit fibril formation. Nanoparticles seem to be suitable for brain applications, mainly for Alzheimer's disease due to inhibition of amyloid-beta aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G R Pinheiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - A Granja
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - J A Loureiro
- LEPABE, Departamento de Ciências da Engenharia, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4500-465, Portugal
| | - M C Pereira
- LEPABE, Departamento de Ciências da Engenharia, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4500-465, Portugal
| | - M Pinheiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - A R Neves
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal; CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Funchal, 9020-105, Portugal.
| | - S Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
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Shubbar MH, Penny JI. Therapeutic drugs modulate ATP-Binding cassette transporter-mediated transport of amyloid beta (1-42) in brain microvascular endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 874:173009. [PMID: 32061744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ(1-42)) is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Clearance of Aβ(1-42), across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is mediated by ATP-binding Cassette (ABC) efflux transporters. Many therapeutic drugs inhibit ABC transporters, but little is known of the effect of therapeutic drugs on Aβ(1-42) transport across BBB endothelial cells. The effects of selected, widely prescribed, therapeutic drugs on ABCB1, ABCC5 and ABCG2 activities were determined by measuring intracellular levels of calcein, GS-MF, and Hoechst 33342 respectively in primary porcine brain endothelial cells (PBECs). The ability of ABCB1, ABCC5 and ABCG2 to transport Aβ(1-42) was determined using fluorescent Aβ(1-42). The ability of the ABCB1, ABCC5 and ABCG2 inhibitor telmisartan to modify transcellular Aβ(1-42) transport was investigated using PBEC monolayers housed in Transwell® inserts. Treatment of PBECs with ABC transporter inhibitory drugs (indomethacin, olanzapine, chlorpromazine, telmisartan, pantoprazole, quinidine, sulfasalazine and nefazodone) increased Aβ(1-42) intracellular accumulation. Inhibition of ABCB1, ABCC5 and ABCG2 by telmisartan increased Aβ(1-42) transport in the apical to basal direction and reduced its transport in basal to apical direction in PBEC monolayers. ABCB1, ABCC5 and ABCG2 mediate the efflux transport of Aβ(1-42) in BBB endothelial cells. Inhibition of ABC transporters by therapeutic drugs, at plasma concentrations, could decrease Aβ(1-42) clearance from brain, across BBB endothelial cells into blood, and potentially influence levels of the Aβ(1-42) peptide within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam H Shubbar
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Jeffrey I Penny
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Low YL, Jin L, Morris ER, Pan Y, Nicolazzo JA. Pioglitazone Increases Blood-Brain Barrier Expression of Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 5 and Docosahexaenoic Acid Trafficking into the Brain. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:873-884. [PMID: 31944767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an essential cognitively beneficial fatty acid, are reduced in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have demonstrated in an AD mouse model that this is associated with reduced blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of DHA and lower expression of the key DHA-trafficking protein, fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5). This study focused on assessing the impact of activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms on FABP5 expression and function at the BBB. Using immortalized human brain endothelial (hCMEC/D3) cells, a 72 h treatment with the PPARα agonist clofibrate (100 μM), and PPARβ/δ agonists GW0742 (1 μM) and GW501506 (0.5 μM), did not affect FABP5 protein expression. In contrast, the PPARγ agonists rosiglitazone (5 μM), pioglitazone (25 μM), and troglitazone (1 μM) increased FABP5 protein expression by 1.15-, 1.18-, and 1.24-fold in hCMEC/D3 cells, respectively, with rosiglitazone and pioglitazone also increasing mRNA expression of FABP5. In line with an increase in FABP5 expression, pioglitazone increased 14C-DHA uptake into hCMEC/D3 cells 1.20- to 1.33-fold over a 2 min period, and this was not associated with increased expression of membrane transporters involved in DHA uptake. Furthermore, treating male C57BL/6J mice with pioglitazone (40 mg/kg/day for 7 days) led to a 1.79-fold increase in BBB transport of 14C-DHA over 1 min, using an in situ transcardiac perfusion technique, which was associated with a 1.82-fold increase in brain microvascular FABP5 protein expression. Overall, this study demonstrated that PPARγ can regulate FABP5 at the BBB and facilitate DHA transport across the BBB, important in restoring brain levels of DHA in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ling Low
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Liang Jin
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Elonie R Morris
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yijun Pan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Aaron PA, Gelli A. Harnessing the Activity of the Fungal Metalloprotease, Mpr1, To Promote Crossing of Nanocarriers through the Blood-Brain Barrier. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:138-149. [PMID: 31820926 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) is the leading cause of fungal meningitis primarily in immunosuppressed patients. Cn invades the central nervous system by overcoming the highly restricted blood-brain barrier (BBB). We previously determined that a secreted fungal metalloprotease, Mpr1, that also confers crossing ability to yeast upon CnMPR1 expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is central to this process. This led us to question whether Mpr1 could be engineered to function as part of a nanocarrier delivery vehicle. Here, a eukaryotic expression system produced proteolytically active Mpr1 recombinant protein that was successfully conjugated to functionalized quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles and readily internalized by brain microvascular endothelial cells. An in vitro BBB model showed QD-Mpr1 crossed the BBB significantly better than mock QD, and QD-Mpr1 did not damage BBB integrity. Internalization of QD-Mpr1 occurred by membrane invaginations and endocytic pits typical of receptor-mediated endocytosis involving clathrin-coated entry points. This study substantiates the notion that fungal mechanisms of BBB entry may be harnessed for new drug delivery platform technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phylicia A. Aaron
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, 3503 Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Angie Gelli
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, 3503 Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Laksitorini MD, Yathindranath V, Xiong W, Hombach-Klonisch S, Miller DW. Modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes blood-brain barrier phenotype in cultured brain endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19718. [PMID: 31873116 PMCID: PMC6928218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56075-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling is important for blood-brain barrier (BBB) development and is implicated in BBB breakdown under various pathophysiological conditions. In the present study, a comprehensive characterization of the relevant genes, transport and permeability processes influenced by both the autocrine and external activation of Wnt signaling in human brain endothelial cells was examined using hCMEC/D3 culture model. The hCMEC/D3 expressed a full complement of Wnt ligands and receptors. Preventing Wnt ligand release from hCMEC/D3 produced minimal changes in brain endothelial function, while inhibition of intrinsic/autocrine Wnt/β-catenin activity through blocking β-catenin binding to Wnt transcription factor caused more modest changes. In contrast, activation of Wnt signaling using exogenous Wnt ligand (Wnt3a) or LiCl (GSK3 inhibitor) improved the BBB phenotypes of the hCMEC/D3 culture model, resulting in reduced paracellular permeability, and increased P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance associated protein (BCRP) efflux transporter activity. Further, Wnt3a reduced plasmalemma vesicle associated protein (PLVAP) and vesicular transport activity in hCMEC/D3. Our data suggest that this in vitro model of the BBB has a more robust response to exogenous activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling compared to autocrine activation, suggesting that BBB regulation may be more dependent on external activation of Wnt signaling within the brain microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlyn D Laksitorini
- Department of Pharmacology and Theurapetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0T6, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Vinith Yathindranath
- Department of Pharmacology and Theurapetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0T6, Canada
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Theurapetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0T6, Canada
| | - Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Donald W Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Theurapetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0T6, Canada.
- Kleysen Institute of Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T6, Canada.
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Sekhar GN, Fleckney AL, Boyanova ST, Rupawala H, Lo R, Wang H, Farag DB, Rahman KM, Broadstock M, Reeves S, Thomas SA. Region-specific blood-brain barrier transporter changes leads to increased sensitivity to amisulpride in Alzheimer's disease. Fluids Barriers CNS 2019; 16:38. [PMID: 31842924 PMCID: PMC6915870 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-019-0158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research into amisulpride use in Alzheimer's disease (AD) implicates blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in antipsychotic sensitivity. Research into BBB transporters has been mainly directed towards the ABC superfamily, however, solute carrier (SLC) function in AD has not been widely studied. This study tests the hypothesis that transporters for organic cations contribute to the BBB delivery of the antipsychotics (amisulpride and haloperidol) and is disrupted in AD. METHODS The accumulation of [3H]amisulpride (3.7-7.7 nM) and [3H]haloperidol (10 nM) in human (hCMEC/D3) and mouse (bEnd.3) brain endothelial cell lines was explored. Computational approaches examined molecular level interactions of both drugs with the SLC transporters [organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) and multi-drug and toxic compound extrusion proteins (MATE1)] and amisulpride with the ABC transporter (P-glycoprotein). The distribution of [3H]amisulpride in wildtype and 3×transgenic AD mice was examined using in situ brain perfusion experiments. Western blots determined transporter expression in mouse and human brain capillaries . RESULTS In vitro BBB and in silico transporter studies indicated that [3H]amisulpride and [3H]haloperidol were transported by the influx transporter, OCT1, and efflux transporters MATE1 and PMAT. Amisulpride did not have a strong interaction with OCTN1, OCTN2, P-gp, BCRP or MRP and could not be described as a substrate for these transporters. Amisulpride brain uptake was increased in AD mice compared to wildtype mice, but vascular space was unaffected. There were no measurable changes in the expression of MATE1, MATE2, PMAT OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, OCTN1, OCTN2 and P-gp in capillaries isolated from whole brain homogenates from the AD mice compared to wildtype mice. Although, PMAT and MATE1 expression was reduced in capillaries obtained from specific human brain regions (i.e. putamen and caudate) from AD cases (Braak stage V-VI) compared to age matched controls (Braak stage 0-II). CONCLUSIONS Together our research indicates that the increased sensitivity of individuals with Alzheimer's to amisulpride is related to previously unreported changes in function and expression of SLC transporters at the BBB (in particular PMAT and MATE1). Dose adjustments may be required for drugs that are substrates of these transporters when prescribing for individuals with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Nair Sekhar
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Alice L Fleckney
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Sevda Tomova Boyanova
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Huzefa Rupawala
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Rachel Lo
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Hao Wang
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Doaa B Farag
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, 11431, Egypt
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Martin Broadstock
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, Camberwell, London, SE5 9N, UK
| | - Suzanne Reeves
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Sarah Ann Thomas
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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Ghosh S, Lalani R, Patel V, Bhowmick S, Misra A. Surface engineered liposomal delivery of therapeutics across the blood brain barrier: recent advances, challenges and opportunities. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:1287-1311. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1676721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
- Formulation Development Department-Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, India
| | - Rohan Lalani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
- Formulation Development Department-Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, India
| | - Vivek Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Subhas Bhowmick
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
- Formulation Development Department-Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, India
| | - Ambikanandan Misra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
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Ito R, Umehara K, Suzuki S, Kitamura K, Nunoya KI, Yamaura Y, Imawaka H, Izumi S, Wakayama N, Komori T, Anzai N, Akita H, Furihata T. A Human Immortalized Cell-Based Blood-Brain Barrier Triculture Model: Development and Characterization as a Promising Tool for Drug-Brain Permeability Studies. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4461-4471. [PMID: 31573814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC), together with astrocytes and pericytes, form the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that strictly restricts drug penetration into the brain. Therefore, in central nervous system drug development, the establishment of an in vitro human BBB model for use in studies estimating the in vivo human BBB permeability of drug candidates has long been awaited. The current study developed and characterized a human immortalized cell-based BBB triculture model, termed the "hiBBB" model. To set up the hiBBB model, human immortalized BMEC (HBMEC/ci18) were cocultured with human immortalized astrocytes (HASTR/ci35) and brain pericytes (HBPC/ci37) in a transwell system. The trans-endothelial electrical resistance of the hiBBB model was 134.4 ± 5.5 (Ω × cm2), and the efflux ratios of rhodamine123 and dantrolene were 1.72 ± 0.11 and 1.72 ± 0.45, respectively, suggesting that the hiBBB model possesses essential cellular junction and efflux transporter functions. In BBB permeability assays, the mean value of the permeability coefficients (Pe) of BBB permeable compounds (propranolol, pyrilamine, memantine, and diphenhydramine) was 960 × 10-6 cm/s, which was clearly distinguishable from that of BBB nonpermeable compounds (sodium fluorescein and Lucifer yellow, 18 × 10-6 cm/s). Collectively, this study successfully developed the hiBBB model, which exhibits essential BBB functionality. Taking into consideration the high availability of the immortalized cells used in the hiBBB model, our results are expected to become an initial step toward the establishment of a useful human BBB model to investigate drug penetration into the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ito
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Kenta Umehara
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Shota Suzuki
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Keita Kitamura
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nunoya
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamaura
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Haruo Imawaka
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Saki Izumi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories , Eisai Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki 300-2635 , Japan
| | - Naomi Wakayama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories , Eisai Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki 300-2635 , Japan
| | - Takafumi Komori
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories , Eisai Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki 300-2635 , Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Tomomi Furihata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy , Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , Tokyo 192-0392 , Japan
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Crossing the blood-brain-barrier with nanoligand drug carriers self-assembled from a phage display peptide. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4635. [PMID: 31604928 PMCID: PMC6789111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous bacteriophage fd bind a cell target with exquisite specificity through its few copies of display peptides, whereas nanoparticles functionalized with hundreds to thousands of synthetically generated phage display peptides exhibit variable and often-weak target binding. We hypothesise that some phage peptides in a hierarchical structure rather than in monomeric form recognise and bind their target. Here we show hierarchial forms of a brain-specific phage-derived peptide (herein as NanoLigand Carriers, NLCs) target cerebral endothelial cells through transferrin receptor and the receptor for advanced glycation-end products, cross the blood-brain-barrier and reach neurons and microglial cells. Through intravenous delivery of NLC-β-secretase 1 (BACE1) siRNA complexes we show effective BACE1 down-regulation in the brain without toxicity and inflammation. Therefore, NLCs act as safe multifunctional nanocarriers, overcome efficacy and specificity limitations in active targeting with nanoparticles bearing phage display peptides or cell-penetrating peptides and expand the receptor repertoire of the display peptide. Bacteriophages can bind targets with only a few copies of a display peptide while most nanoparticles with thousands achieve poor binding. Here the authors form hierarchical arrangements of phage peptides to delivery siRNA across the blood brain barrier.
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73
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Agrawal N, Rowe J, Lan J, Yu Q, Hrycyna CA, Chmielewski J. Potential Tools for Eradicating HIV Reservoirs in the Brain: Development of Trojan Horse Prodrugs for the Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein with Anti-HIV-1 Activity. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2131-2138. [PMID: 31505928 PMCID: PMC7073916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Combination
antiretroviral therapy is the mainstay of HIV treatment,
lowering plasma viral levels below detection. However, eradication
of HIV is a major challenge due to cellular and anatomical viral reservoirs
that are often protected from treatment by efflux transporters, such
as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) at the blood–brain barrier (BBB).
Herein we described a Trojan horse approach to therapeutic evasion
of P-gp based on a reversibly linked combination of HIV reverse transcriptase
and protease inhibitors. Potent inhibition of P-gp efflux in cells,
including human brain endothelial cells, was observed with the linked
heterodimeric compounds. In vitro regeneration of active monomeric
drugs was observed in a reducing environment with these dimeric prodrugs,
with the superior leaving group promoting more facile release from
the tether. These release trends were mirrored in the efficacy of
the in cyto anti-HIV-1 activity of the Trojan horse heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Jennifer Rowe
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Jie Lan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Qigui Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Christine A Hrycyna
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Jean Chmielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
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74
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Ferreira L. What human blood-brain barrier models can tell us about BBB function and drug discovery? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1113-1123. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1646722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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75
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Pinto M, Fernandes C, Martins E, Silva R, Benfeito S, Cagide F, Mendes RF, Almeida Paz FA, Garrido J, Remião F, Borges F. Boosting Drug Discovery for Parkinson's: Enhancement of the Delivery of a Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibitor by Brain-Targeted PEGylated Polycaprolactone-Based Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E331. [PMID: 31336891 PMCID: PMC6681091 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current pharmacological treatments for Parkinson's disease only offer symptomatic relief to the patients and are based on the administration of levodopa and catechol-O-methyltransferase or monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors (IMAO-B). Since the majority of drug candidates fail in pre- and clinical trials, due largely to bioavailability pitfalls, the use of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) as drug delivery systems has been reported as an interesting tool to increase the stealth capacity of drugs or help drug candidates to surpass biological barriers, among other benefits. Thus, a novel potent, selective, and reversible IMAO-B (chromone C27, IC50 = 670 ± 130 pM) was encapsulated in poly(caprolactone) (PCL) NPs by a nanoprecipitation process. The resulting C27-loaded PEGylated PCL NPs (~213 nm) showed high stability and no cytotoxic effects in neuronal (SH-SY5Y), epithelial (Caco-2), and endothelial (hCMEC/D3) cells. An accumulation of PEGylated PCL NPs in the cytoplasm of SH-SY5Y and hCMEC/D3 cells was also observed, and their permeation across Caco-2 and hCMEC/D3 cell monolayers, used as in vitro models of the human intestine and blood-brain barrier, respectively, was demonstrated. PEGylated PCL NPs delivered C27 at concentrations higher than the MAO-B IC50 value, which provides evidence of their relevance to solving the drug discovery pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Pinto
- CIQUP, Departmento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Investigação em Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fernandes
- CIQUP, Departmento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Investigação em Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eva Martins
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Benfeito
- CIQUP, Departmento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Investigação em Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Cagide
- CIQUP, Departmento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Investigação em Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo F Mendes
- Departamento de Química, CICECO-Instituto de Materiais de Aveiro, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipe A Almeida Paz
- Departamento de Química, CICECO-Instituto de Materiais de Aveiro, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge Garrido
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto (ISEP), Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP, Departmento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Investigação em Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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76
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Hinkel S, Mattern K, Dietzel A, Reichl S, Müller-Goymann CC. Parametric investigation of static and dynamic cell culture conditions and their impact on hCMEC/D3 barrier properties. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:434-444. [PMID: 31163193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In brain research, the hCMEC/D3 cell line is widely used for the establishment of a human in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model. However, its barrier integrity seems to be insufficient for drug permeability studies, represented by rather low transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and high permeability of small molecules. Therefore, this study covers a parametric investigation of static and dynamic cell culture conditions to improve barrier functionality of hCMEC/D3. The effect of basal media was investigated by analyzing changes in proliferation rate, barrier integrity and gene expression of cellular junction proteins. The cells were able to grow in different cell culture media, including serum-free media. However, none of these media enhanced strongly the growth rate or barrier integrity compared to the microvascular endothelial cell growth medium-2 (EGM™-2 MV). Furthermore, hCMEC/D3 cells did not respond positively regarding TEER to any tested parameter neither supplements, coating materials nor co-cultures with the human immortalized astrocyte cell line SVGmm. Furthermore, the impact of dynamic conditions was examined by using the Dynamic Micro Tissue Engineering System (DynaMiTES). Cultivation conditions were successfully adapted to the DynaMiTES design and no negative effect was detected by analyzing cell viability and cell count, albeit TEER remained also unchanged. Consequently, the hCMEC/D3 model has considerable limitations and further improvements or alternative cell lines are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hinkel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Technische Universität Braunschweig, Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Franz-Liszt-Straße 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - K Mattern
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Mikrotechnik, Alte Salzdahlumer Str. 203, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Technische Universität Braunschweig, Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Franz-Liszt-Straße 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A Dietzel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Mikrotechnik, Alte Salzdahlumer Str. 203, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Technische Universität Braunschweig, Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Franz-Liszt-Straße 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - S Reichl
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Technische Universität Braunschweig, Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Franz-Liszt-Straße 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - C C Müller-Goymann
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Technische Universität Braunschweig, Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Franz-Liszt-Straße 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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77
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Patel SH, Ismaiel OA, Mylott WR, Yuan M, Hauser KF, McRae M. Simultaneous determination of intracellular concentrations of tenofovir, emtricitabine, and dolutegravir in human brain microvascular endothelial cells using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1056:79-87. [PMID: 30797464 PMCID: PMC6486649 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimens are recommended for HIV patients to better achieve and maintain plasma viral suppression. Despite adequate plasma viral suppression, HIV persists inside the brain, which is, in part thought to result from poor brain penetration of antiretroviral drugs. In this study, a simple and ultra-sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of tenofovir, emtricitabine, and dolutegravir in cell lysates of an immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3) was developed and validated. Analytes were separated on a reverse phase C18 column using water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile as mobile phases. The analytes were detected using positive electrospray ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The assay was linear in the concentration range of 0.1-100 ng mL-1 for all analytes. Intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy were within ±13.33% and ±10.53%, respectively. This approach described herein was used to determine the intracellular accumulation of tenofovir, emtricitabine, dolutegravir simultaneously in hCMEC/D3 cells samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulay H Patel
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O Box 980533, 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, VA, 23298-0533, USA
| | - Omnia A Ismaiel
- PPD Laboratories, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | | | | | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, 1217 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O Box 980533, 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, VA, 23298-0533, USA.
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78
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Marazioti A, Papadia K, Kannavou M, Spella M, Basta A, de Lastic AL, Rodi M, Mouzaki A, Samiotaki M, Panayotou G, Stathopoulos GT, Antimisiaris SG. Cellular Vesicles: New Insights in Engineering Methods, Interaction with Cells and Potential for Brain Targeting. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:772-785. [PMID: 31061141 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.257097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular vesicles (CVs) have been proposed as alternatives to exosomes for targeted drug delivery. CVs, prepared from human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK-293), C57BL/6 mouse B16F10 skin melanoma cells (B16F10), and immortalized human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) by liposome technology methods, were characterized for morphology, cytotoxicity, and cell uptake properties. CV brain-targeting potential was evaluated in vitro on the hCMEC/D3 blood-brain barrier (BBB) model, and in vivo/ex vivo. CV sizes were between 135 and 285 nm, and the ζ-potential was negative. The dehydration-rehydration method conferred highest calcein loading and latency to CVs compared with other methods. The increased calcein leakage from CVs when compared with liposomes indicated their poor integrity, which was increased by pegylation. The in vivo results confirmed lower liver uptake by PEG-CVs (compared with nonpegylated) proving that the calcein integrity test is useful for prediction of CV biodistribution, as used for liposomes. The cell uptake of homologous origin CVs was not always higher compared with that of non-homologous. Nevertheless, CVs from hCMEC/D3 demonstrated the highest BBB permeability (in vitro) compared with OX-26 targeted liposomes, and brain localization (in vivo). CVs from hCMEC/D3 cells grown in different media demonstrated decreased interaction with brain cells and brain localization. Significant differences in proteome of the two latter CV types were identified by proteomics, suggesting a potential methodology for identification of organotropism-determining CV components.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marazioti
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio, Greece (A.M., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.); Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy (K.P., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.) and Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine (M.Sp., G.T.S.), University of Patras, Rio, Greece; Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece (A.-L.d.L., M.R., A.M.); B.S.R.C. Alexander Fleming, Vari, Attica, Greece (M.Sa., G.P.); and Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Bavaria, Germany (G.T.S.)
| | - K Papadia
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio, Greece (A.M., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.); Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy (K.P., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.) and Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine (M.Sp., G.T.S.), University of Patras, Rio, Greece; Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece (A.-L.d.L., M.R., A.M.); B.S.R.C. Alexander Fleming, Vari, Attica, Greece (M.Sa., G.P.); and Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Bavaria, Germany (G.T.S.)
| | - M Kannavou
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio, Greece (A.M., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.); Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy (K.P., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.) and Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine (M.Sp., G.T.S.), University of Patras, Rio, Greece; Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece (A.-L.d.L., M.R., A.M.); B.S.R.C. Alexander Fleming, Vari, Attica, Greece (M.Sa., G.P.); and Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Bavaria, Germany (G.T.S.)
| | - M Spella
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio, Greece (A.M., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.); Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy (K.P., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.) and Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine (M.Sp., G.T.S.), University of Patras, Rio, Greece; Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece (A.-L.d.L., M.R., A.M.); B.S.R.C. Alexander Fleming, Vari, Attica, Greece (M.Sa., G.P.); and Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Bavaria, Germany (G.T.S.)
| | - A Basta
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio, Greece (A.M., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.); Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy (K.P., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.) and Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine (M.Sp., G.T.S.), University of Patras, Rio, Greece; Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece (A.-L.d.L., M.R., A.M.); B.S.R.C. Alexander Fleming, Vari, Attica, Greece (M.Sa., G.P.); and Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Bavaria, Germany (G.T.S.)
| | - A-L de Lastic
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio, Greece (A.M., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.); Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy (K.P., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.) and Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine (M.Sp., G.T.S.), University of Patras, Rio, Greece; Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece (A.-L.d.L., M.R., A.M.); B.S.R.C. Alexander Fleming, Vari, Attica, Greece (M.Sa., G.P.); and Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Bavaria, Germany (G.T.S.)
| | - M Rodi
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio, Greece (A.M., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.); Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy (K.P., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.) and Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine (M.Sp., G.T.S.), University of Patras, Rio, Greece; Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece (A.-L.d.L., M.R., A.M.); B.S.R.C. Alexander Fleming, Vari, Attica, Greece (M.Sa., G.P.); and Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Bavaria, Germany (G.T.S.)
| | - A Mouzaki
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio, Greece (A.M., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.); Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy (K.P., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.) and Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine (M.Sp., G.T.S.), University of Patras, Rio, Greece; Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece (A.-L.d.L., M.R., A.M.); B.S.R.C. Alexander Fleming, Vari, Attica, Greece (M.Sa., G.P.); and Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Bavaria, Germany (G.T.S.)
| | - M Samiotaki
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio, Greece (A.M., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.); Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy (K.P., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.) and Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine (M.Sp., G.T.S.), University of Patras, Rio, Greece; Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece (A.-L.d.L., M.R., A.M.); B.S.R.C. Alexander Fleming, Vari, Attica, Greece (M.Sa., G.P.); and Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Bavaria, Germany (G.T.S.)
| | - G Panayotou
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio, Greece (A.M., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.); Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy (K.P., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.) and Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine (M.Sp., G.T.S.), University of Patras, Rio, Greece; Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece (A.-L.d.L., M.R., A.M.); B.S.R.C. Alexander Fleming, Vari, Attica, Greece (M.Sa., G.P.); and Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Bavaria, Germany (G.T.S.)
| | - G T Stathopoulos
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio, Greece (A.M., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.); Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy (K.P., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.) and Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine (M.Sp., G.T.S.), University of Patras, Rio, Greece; Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece (A.-L.d.L., M.R., A.M.); B.S.R.C. Alexander Fleming, Vari, Attica, Greece (M.Sa., G.P.); and Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Bavaria, Germany (G.T.S.)
| | - S G Antimisiaris
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio, Greece (A.M., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.); Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy (K.P., M.K., A.B., S.G.A.) and Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine (M.Sp., G.T.S.), University of Patras, Rio, Greece; Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece (A.-L.d.L., M.R., A.M.); B.S.R.C. Alexander Fleming, Vari, Attica, Greece (M.Sa., G.P.); and Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Bavaria, Germany (G.T.S.)
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Sato K. [Consideration for future in vitro BBB models - technical development to investigate the drug delivery to the CNS]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 152:287-294. [PMID: 30531099 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.152.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels in the central nervous system (CNS) limit the material exchange between blood and parenchyma by blood brain barrier (BBB). At present, no appropriate in vitro BBB models are available for the investigation whether or not the candidate compounds for new drugs could be delivered to the CNS. This causes huge difficulties of the development of CNS drugs and prediction of CNS adverse effects. In this review, I first outline the structures and functions of BBB, together with the parameters used for the quantification of BBB functions. I also introduce the history of in vitro BBB models used in the drug development so far, i.e., the transition from non-cell models to the models using primary culture of rodent cells, porcine, bovine, cell lines, etc. More recently, the application of human cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells and microfluidic engineering have already started. BBB is essential for the maintenance of brain homeostasis and the mechanisms of the BBB development will be clarified by reproducing functional BBB on the dish. The new in vitro models and the data may provide accurate prediction of drug delivery to the CNS and the improvement of the evaluation system for toxicity and safety, thereby leading to successful launch of new drugs on the market.
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Brown TD, Nowak M, Bayles AV, Prabhakarpandian B, Karande P, Lahann J, Helgeson ME, Mitragotri S. A microfluidic model of human brain (μHuB) for assessment of blood brain barrier. Bioeng Transl Med 2019; 4:e10126. [PMID: 31249876 PMCID: PMC6584314 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic cellular models, commonly referred to as "organs-on-chips," continue to advance the field of bioengineering via the development of accurate and higher throughput models, captivating the essence of living human organs. This class of models can mimic key in vivo features, including shear stresses and cellular architectures, in ways that cannot be realized by traditional two-dimensional in vitro models. Despite such progress, current organ-on-a-chip models are often overly complex, require highly specialized setups and equipment, and lack the ability to easily ascertain temporal and spatial differences in the transport kinetics of compounds translocating across cellular barriers. To address this challenge, we report the development of a three-dimensional human blood brain barrier (BBB) microfluidic model (μHuB) using human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) and primary human astrocytes within a commercially available microfluidic platform. Within μHuB, hCMEC/D3 monolayers withstood physiologically relevant shear stresses (2.73 dyn/cm2) over a period of 24 hr and formed a complete inner lumen, resembling in vivo blood capillaries. Monolayers within μHuB expressed phenotypical tight junction markers (Claudin-5 and ZO-1), which increased expression after the presence of hemodynamic-like shear stress. Negligible cell injury was observed when the monolayers were cultured statically, conditioned to shear stress, and subjected to nonfluorescent dextran (70 kDa) transport studies. μHuB experienced size-selective permeability of 10 and 70 kDa dextrans similar to other BBB models. However, with the ability to probe temporal and spatial evolution of solute distribution, μHuBs possess the ability to capture the true variability in permeability across a cellular monolayer over time and allow for evaluation of the full breadth of permeabilities that would otherwise be lost using traditional end-point sampling techniques. Overall, the μHuB platform provides a simplified, easy-to-use model to further investigate the complexities of the human BBB in real-time and can be readily adapted to incorporate additional cell types of the neurovascular unit and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Brown
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University, 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston MA 02115
| | - Maksymilian Nowak
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University, 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston MA 02115
| | - Alexandra V Bayles
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | | | - Pankaj Karande
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109
- Dept. of Material Science & Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109
- Dept. of Macromolecular Science & Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, and Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109
- Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109
| | - Matthew E Helgeson
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University, 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston MA 02115
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Increased MDR1 Transporter Expression in Human Brain Endothelial Cells Through Enhanced Histone Acetylation and Activation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6986-7002. [PMID: 30963442 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1, ABCB1, P-glycoprotein) is a critical efflux transporter that extrudes chemicals from the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and limits neuronal exposure to xenobiotics. Prior studies in malignant cells demonstrated that MDR1 expression can be altered by inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDAC), enzymes that modify histone structure and influence transcription factor binding to DNA. Here, we sought to identify the mechanisms responsible for the up-regulation of MDR1 by HDAC inhibitors in human BBB cells. Immortalized human brain capillary endothelial (hCMEC/D3) cells were treated with HDAC inhibitors and assessed for MDR1 expression and function. Of the HDAC inhibitors profiled, valproic acid (VPA), apicidin, and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) increased MDR1 mRNA and protein levels by 30-200%, which corresponded with reduced intracellular accumulation of the MDR1 substrate rhodamine 123. Interestingly, induction of MDR1 mRNA by HDAC inhibitors mirrored increases in the expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and its target gene cytochrome P450 1A1. To explore the role of AHR in HDAC inhibitor-mediated regulation of MDR1, a pharmacological activator (β-naphthoflavone, βNF) and inhibitor (CH-223191, CH) of AHR were tested. The induction of MDR1 in cells treated with SAHA was amplified by βNF and attenuated by CH. Furthermore, SAHA increased the binding of acetylated histone H3K9/K14 and AHR proteins to regions of the MDR1 promoter that contain AHR response elements. In conclusion, HDAC inhibitors up-regulate the expression and activity of the MDR1 transporter in human brain endothelial cells by increasing histone acetylation and facilitating AHR binding at the MDR1 promoter.
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82
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Waldau B. Using miniature brain implants in rodents for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:379-386. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1577816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Waldau
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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83
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Reassembly of native components with donepezil to execute dual-missions in Alzheimer's disease therapy. J Control Release 2019; 296:14-28. [PMID: 30639387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifaceted and progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and deficits of acetylcholine. Accordingly, the intra-/extra-cerebral level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) is crucial on the pathogenesis of AD; and most of all, various HDL-protein subtypes play a double-edged role in AD pathology, of which apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) gives protective outcomes. Inspired from "HDL bionics", we proposed biologically reassembled nanodrugs, donepezil-loaded apolipoprotein A-I-reconstituted HDL (rHDL/Do) that concurrently executed dual-missions of Aβ-targeting clearance and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition in AD therapy. Once prepared, rHDL/Do nanodrug achieved high drug encapsulation efficiency of 90.47%, and mimicked the configurations and properties of natural lipoproteins aiming to significantly enhance BBB penetration and modulate Aβ-induced neuronal damage both in vitro and in vivo. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis confirmed that rHDL/Do facilitated microglial-mediated Aβ intake and degradation, demonstrating low KD value with Aβ affinity (2.45 × 10-8 of Aβ monomer and 2.78 × 10-8 of Aβ oligomer). In AD animal models, daily treatment of rHDL/Do efficiently inhibited AChE activity, ameliorated neurologic variation, promoted Aβ clearance, and rescued memory loss at a safe level. The collective findings indicated that the biological nanodrug was provided with the capacities of BBB penetration, Aβ capture and degradation via microglial cells, and cholinergic dysfunction amelioration after controlled donepezil release. In summary, rHDL/Do nanodrugs could offer a promising strategy to synergize both symptom control and disease modification in AD therapy.
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In Vitro Cell Models of the Human Blood-Brain Barrier: Demonstrating the Beneficial Influence of Shear Stress on Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Phenotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8946-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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86
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Shimizu F, Nishihara H, Kanda T. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in immuno-mediated neurological diseases. Immunol Med 2018; 41:120-128. [PMID: 30938273 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2018.1531190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the brain-specific endothelial cell barrier that is important for maintaining brain homeostasis and preventing the entry of toxic substances. Pathological BBB dysfunction is a critical step of the disease process in several immuno-mediated neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) and neuro-Behçet diseases. The pathological findings from patients with secondary progressive (SP) MS, NMO and NPSLE showed leaky BBB in the active lesions. NMO is a disease with strong evidence of disease-specific and pathogenic autoantibodies (aquaporin 4 [AQP4] autoantibodies). In the development of NMO, circulating AQP4 autoantibodies need to pass through the BBB in order to reach AQP4 on the astrocyte endfeet. Strong evidence suggests that NPSLE is associated with the disruption of the BBB and NPSLE patients frequently have antibodies bound to endothelial cells in their sera. We recently identified two BBB-reactive autoantibodies in immuno-mediated neurological diseases: galectin-3 autoantibodies in SPMS and GRP78 autoantibodies in NMO. In the present review article, we describe the basic structure and cellular biology of the BBB, discuss recent insights regarding the pathophysiology of the BBB breakdown in the setting of immuno-mediated neurological diseases, and describe our recent findings of autoantibody-mediated BBB breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Shimizu
- a Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience , Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine , Ube , Japan
| | - Hideaki Nishihara
- a Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience , Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine , Ube , Japan
| | - Takashi Kanda
- a Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience , Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine , Ube , Japan
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Zaremba A, Helm F, Fricker G. Impact of Zn2+ on ABC Transporter Function in Intact Isolated Rat Brain Microvessels, Human Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells, and in Rat in Vivo. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:305-317. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zaremba
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frieder Helm
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Kurosawa T, Tega Y, Higuchi K, Yamaguchi T, Nakakura T, Mochizuki T, Kusuhara H, Kawabata K, Deguchi Y. Expression and Functional Characterization of Drug Transporters in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5546-5555. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tomoko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuki Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawabata
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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Rius Ruiz I, Vicario R, Morancho B, Morales CB, Arenas EJ, Herter S, Freimoser-Grundschober A, Somandin J, Sam J, Ast O, Barriocanal ÁM, Luque A, Escorihuela M, Varela I, Cuartas I, Nuciforo P, Fasani R, Peg V, Rubio I, Cortés J, Serra V, Escriva-de-Romani S, Sperinde J, Chenna A, Huang W, Winslow J, Albanell J, Seoane J, Scaltriti M, Baselga J, Tabernero J, Umana P, Bacac M, Saura C, Klein C, Arribas J. p95HER2-T cell bispecific antibody for breast cancer treatment. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaat1445. [PMID: 30282693 PMCID: PMC6498439 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T cell bispecific antibodies (TCBs) are engineered molecules that include, within a single entity, binding sites to the T cell receptor and to tumor-associated or tumor-specific antigens. The receptor tyrosine kinase HER2 is a tumor-associated antigen in ~25% of breast cancers. TCBs targeting HER2 may result in severe toxicities, likely due to the expression of HER2 in normal epithelia. About 40% of HER2-positive tumors express p95HER2, a carboxyl-terminal fragment of HER2. Using specific antibodies, here, we show that p95HER2 is not expressed in normal tissues. We describe the development of p95HER2-TCB and show that it has a potent antitumor effect on p95HER2-expressing breast primary cancers and brain lesions. In contrast with a TCB targeting HER2, p95HER2-TCB has no effect on nontransformed cells that do not overexpress HER2. These data pave the way for the safe treatment of a subgroup of HER2-positive tumors by targeting a tumor-specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rius Ruiz
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocio Vicario
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Morancho
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Bernadó Morales
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique J Arenas
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sylvia Herter
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Anne Freimoser-Grundschober
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jitka Somandin
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Sam
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Ast
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Antonio Luque
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Escorihuela
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ismael Varela
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuartas
- Translational Research Program, VHIO, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Vicente Peg
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Rubio
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Cortés
- Clinical Research Program, VHIO, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Violeta Serra
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Escriva-de-Romani
- Clinical Research Program, VHIO, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeff Sperinde
- Monogram Biosciences, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ahmed Chenna
- Monogram Biosciences, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Weidong Huang
- Monogram Biosciences, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - John Winslow
- Monogram Biosciences, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joan Albanell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Seoane
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Translational Research Program, VHIO, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maurizio Scaltriti
- Department of Pathology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jose Baselga
- Department of Medicine, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Research Program, VHIO, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Umana
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Saura
- Clinical Research Program, VHIO, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Joaquín Arribas
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Puech C, Hodin S, Forest V, He Z, Mismetti P, Delavenne X, Perek N. Assessment of HBEC-5i endothelial cell line cultivated in astrocyte conditioned medium as a human blood-brain barrier model for ABC drug transport studies. Int J Pharm 2018; 551:281-289. [PMID: 30240829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells are main components of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) and form a tight monolayer that regulates the passage of molecules, with the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters efflux pumps. We have developed a human in vitro model of HBEC-5i endothelial cells cultivated alone or with human astrocytes conditioned medium on insert. HBEC-5i cells showed a tight monolayer within 14 days, expressing ZO-1 and claudin 5, a low apparent permeability to small molecules, with a TEER stability during five days. The P-gp, BCRP, MRPs transporters were well expressed and functional. Accumulation and efflux ratio measurement with different ABC transporters substrates (Rhodamine 123, BCECF AM, Hoechst 33342) and inhibitors (verapamil, Ko143, probenecid and cyclosporin A) were conducted. At barrier level, the functionality of ABC transporters was three-fold enhanced in astrocyte conditioned medium. We validated our model by the transport of pharmacological substrates: caffeine, rivaroxaban, and methotrexate. The rivaroxaban and methotrexate were released with an efflux ratio >3 and were decreased by more than half with inhibitors. HBEC-5i model could be used as relevant tool in preclinical studies for assessing the permeability of therapeutic molecules to cross human BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Puech
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France.
| | - Sophie Hodin
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France
| | - Valérie Forest
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Zhiguo He
- Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France; EA 2521 Biologie, Ingénierie et Imagerie de la Greffe de Cornée (BIIGC), Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Patrick Mismetti
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France; Unité de Recherche Clinique Innovation et Pharmacologie, CHU de Saint-Etienne, F-42055 Saint Etienne, France
| | - Xavier Delavenne
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Toxicologie, CHU Saint-Etienne, F-42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Nathalie Perek
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France
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91
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Piazzini V, Landucci E, Graverini G, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE, Bilia AR, Bergonzi MC. Stealth and Cationic Nanoliposomes as Drug Delivery Systems to Increase Andrographolide BBB Permeability. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030128. [PMID: 30104484 PMCID: PMC6161272 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Andrographolide (AG) is a natural compound effective for the treatment of inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of this investigation was the preparation of liposomes to enhance the penetration into the brain of AG, by modifying the surface of the liposomes by adding Tween 80 (LPs-AG) alone or in combination with Didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) (CLPs-AG). (2) Methods: LPs-AG and CLPs-AG were physically and chemically characterized. The ability of liposomes to increase the permeability of AG was evaluated by artificial membranes (PAMPA) and hCMEC/D3 cells. (3) Results: Based on obtained results in terms of size, homogeneity, ζ-potential and EE%. both liposomes are suitable for parenteral administration. The systems showed excellent stability during a month of storage as suspensions or freeze-dried products. Glucose resulted the best cryoprotectant agent. PAMPA and hCMEC/D3 transport studies revealed that LPs-AG and CLPs-AG increased the permeability of AG, about an order of magnitude, compared to free AG without alterations in cell viability. The caveolae-mediated endocytosis resulted the main mechanism of up-take for both formulations. The presence of positive charge increased the cellular internalization of nanoparticles. (4) Conclusions: This study shows that developed liposomes might be ideal candidates for brain delivery of AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vieri Piazzini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.
| | - Elisa Landucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Giulia Graverini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.
| | - Domenico E Pellegrini-Giampietro
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Anna Rita Bilia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.
| | - Maria Camilla Bergonzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.
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92
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Praça C, Rai A, Santos T, Cristovão AC, Pinho SL, Cecchelli R, Dehouck MP, Bernardino L, Ferreira LS. A nanoformulation for the preferential accumulation in adult neurogenic niches. J Control Release 2018; 284:57-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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93
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Donoghue JF, Kerr LT, Alexander NW, Greenall SA, Longano AB, Gottardo NG, Wang R, Tabar V, Adams TE, Mischel PS, Johns TG. Activation of ERBB4 in Glioblastoma Can Contribute to Increased Tumorigenicity and Influence Therapeutic Response. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10080243. [PMID: 30044378 PMCID: PMC6116191 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is often resistant to conventional and targeted therapeutics. ErbB2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 4 (ERBB4) is expressed throughout normal brain and is an oncogene in several pediatric brain cancers; therefore, we investigated ERBB4 as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target in GBM. Using RT-qPCR, we quantified mRNA encoding total ERBB4 and known ERBB4 variants in GBM and non-neoplastic normal brain (NNB) samples. Using immunohistochemistry, we characterized the localization of total and phosphorylated ERBB4 (p-ERBB4) and EGFR protein in archived GBM samples and assessed their association with patient survival. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of ERBB4 phosphorylation on angiogenesis and tumorigenicity in GBM xenograft models. Total ERBB4 mRNA was significantly lower in GBM than NNB samples, with the juxtamembrane JM-a and cytoplasmic CYT-2 variants predominating. ERBB4 protein was ubiquitously expressed in GBM but was not associated with patient survival. However, high p-ERBB4 in 11% of archived GBM samples, independent of p-EGFR, was associated with shorter patient survival (12.0 ± 3.2 months) than was no p-ERBB4 (22.5 ± 9.5 months). Increased ERBB4 activation was also associated with increased proliferation, angiogenesis, tumorigenicity and reduced sensitivity to anti-EGFR treatment in xenograft models. Despite low ERBB4 mRNA in GBM, the functional effects of increased ERBB4 activation identify ERBB4 as a potential prognostic and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline F Donoghue
- Oncogenic Signalling Group, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 21⁻37 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Lauren T Kerr
- Oncogenic Signalling Group, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 21⁻37 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Naomi W Alexander
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6008, Australia.
| | - Sameer A Greenall
- Oncogenic Signalling Group, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 21⁻37 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Anthony B Longano
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Nicholas G Gottardo
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6008, Australia.
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Viviane Tabar
- Department of Neurosurgery and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Timothy E Adams
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Terrance G Johns
- Oncogenic Signalling Group, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 21⁻37 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6008, Australia.
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94
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Effect of amyloid beta on ATP-binding cassette transporter expression and activity in porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2314-2322. [PMID: 30048740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deposition of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ(1-42)) within the brain is characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Little is known of the effects of Aβ(1-42) on blood-brain barrier (BBB) ATP-binding Cassette (ABC) efflux transporters which influence BBB permeability. The effects of Aβ(1-42) on ABCB1, ABCC5 and ABCG2 activity and expression and pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) transcription factors expression were determined in primary porcine brain endothelial cells (PBECs). METHODS The effect of Aβ(1-42) on transporter activity was determined by measurement of intracellular accumulation of the fluorescent probes calcein (ABCB1), GS-MF (ABCC5) and Hoechst 33342 (ABCG2). Expression of transporters and transcription factors was assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS Treatment of PBECs with Aβ(1-42) significantly decreased activity of ABCB1 (Aβ(1-42) at 10 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml), ABCC5 (Aβ(1-42) at 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml) and ABCG2 (Aβ(1-42) at 10 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml). Aβ(1-42) also significantly decreased expression of ABCB1 (p < 0.05 at 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml), ABCG2 (p < 0.05 at 25 μg/ml and p ≤ 0.001 at 50 μg/ml), ABCC5 (p < 0.05 at 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml), PXR (p < 0.05 at 10 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml Aβ(1-42)) and CAR (p < 0.05 at 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml Aβ(1-42)). CONCLUSION Aβ(1-42) inhibits multiple ABC transporters and PXR and CAR in PBECs. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Aβ(1-42) reduces ABC transporter activity and expression in BBB endothelial cells and has the potential to influence BBB permeability characteristics.
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95
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Skouras A, Papadia K, Mourtas S, Klepetsanis P, Antimisiaris SG. Multifunctional doxorubicin-loaded magnetoliposomes with active and magnetic targeting properties. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:162-172. [PMID: 30041027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional magnetoliposomes (MLs) with active and magnetic targeting potential are evaluated as platform systems for drug targeting applications. USPIO-encapsulating MLs are prepared by freeze drying/extrusion, decorated with one or two ligands for brain or cancer targeting (t-MLs), and actively loaded with Doxorubicin (DOX). MLs have mean diameters between 117 and 171 nm. Ligand attachment yields and DOX-loading efficiency are sufficiently high, 78-95% and 89-92%, respectively, while DOX loading and retention is not affected by co-entrapment of USPIOs, and USPIO loading/retention is not modulated by DOX. Attachment of ligands, also does not affect DOX or USPIO loading. Interestingly, MLs have high magnetophoretic mobility (MM) compared to free USPIOs, which is not affected by surface coating with PEG (up to 8 mol%), but is slightly reduced by Chol incorporation in their membrane, or when functional groups are immobilized on their surface. ML size, (directly related to number of USPIOs entrapped per vesicle), is the most important MM-determining factor. MM increases by 570% when ML size increases from 69 to 348 nm. Targeting potential of t-MLs is verified by enhanced: (i) transport across a cellular model of the blood-brain-barrier, and (ii) anti-proliferative effect towards B16 melanoma cells. The potential of further enhancing t-ML targeting magnetically is verified by additional enhancements of (i) and (ii), when experiments are performed under a permanent magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Skouras
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Dept. of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio 26510, Greece
| | - Konstantina Papadia
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Dept. of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio 26510, Greece
| | - Spyridon Mourtas
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Dept. of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio 26510, Greece
| | - Pavlos Klepetsanis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Dept. of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio 26510, Greece; Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio 26506, Patras, Greece
| | - Sophia G Antimisiaris
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Dept. of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rio 26510, Greece; Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio 26506, Patras, Greece.
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96
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Hajal C, Campisi M, Mattu C, Chiono V, Kamm RD. In vitro models of molecular and nano-particle transport across the blood-brain barrier. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:042213. [PMID: 29887937 PMCID: PMC5980570 DOI: 10.1063/1.5027118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the tightest endothelial barrier in humans. Characterized by the presence of tight endothelial junctions and adherens junctions, the primary function of the BBB is to maintain brain homeostasis through the control of solute transit across the barrier. The specific features of this barrier make for unique modes of transport of solutes, nanoparticles, and cells across the BBB. Understanding the different routes of traffic adopted by each of these is therefore critical in the development of targeted therapies. In an attempt to move towards controlled experimental assays, multiple groups are now opting for the use of microfluidic systems. A comprehensive understanding of bio-transport processes across the BBB in microfluidic devices is therefore necessary to develop targeted and efficient therapies for a host of diseases ranging from neurological disorders to the spread of metastases in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Hajal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - Clara Mattu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Chiono
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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97
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Kim D, Kwon S. Mechanical load increase-induced changes in cytoskeletal structure and cellular barrier function in human cerebral endothelial cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2624-2631. [PMID: 29896880 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Globally, approximately a billion patients are estimated to suffer from neurological disorders. Although there are many therapeutic candidates for the central nervous system, treatment of brain disorders is restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is a highly selective membrane that protects the brain from exogenous substances. This study was undertaken to develop a novel strategy to overcome the BBB and improve the efficiency of drug delivery to the brain by mechanical load increase using hypergravity. Human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells were exposed three times to 20 min hypergravity (10g), with a 20-min rest period between each exposure. The applied hypergravity reversibly decreased the cellular metabolic activity and increased the permeation rate of fluorescein sodium salt, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (FD-4), and fluorescein-labeled jacalin. Following the exposure to hypergravity, we also observed structural changes of the cytoskeleton and tight junctions, and an alteration in the expression levels of related genes. These results indicate that increased mechanical load due to the applied hypergravity affects the cytoskeletal arrangement and tight junctions, thereby weakening the cell barrier function and enhancing the permeability of the paracellular pathway. Thus, the mechanical load increase by hypergravity has the potential of being used as a novel strategy to overcome the BBB for brain drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjoo Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Soonjo Kwon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
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98
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Rui L, Weiyi L, Yu M, Hong Z, Jiao Y, Zhe M, Hongjie F. The serine/threonine protein kinase of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 affects the ability of the pathogen to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12862. [PMID: 29797543 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) is a zoonotic agent that causes meningitis in humans and pigs. However, the mechanism whereby SS2 crosses the microvasculature endothelium of the brain is not understood. In this study, transposon (TnYLB-1) mutagenesis was used to identify virulence factors potentially associated with invasive ability in pathogenic SS2. A poorly invasive mutant was identified and was found to contain a TnYLB-1 insertion in the serine/threonine kinase (stk) gene. Transwell chambers containing hBMECs were used to model the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We observed that the SS2 wild-type ZY05719 strain crossed the BBB model more readily than the mutant strain. Hence, we speculated that STK is associated with the ability of crossing blood-brain barrier in SS2. In vitro, compared with ZY05719, the ability of the stk-deficient strain (Δstk) to adhere to and invade both hBMECs and bEnd.3 cells, as well as to cross the BBB, was significantly attenuated. Immunocytochemistry using antibodies against claudin-5 in bEnd.3 cells showed that infection by ZY05719 disrupted BBB tight junction proteins to a greater extent than in infection by Δstk. The studies revealed that SS2 initially binds at or near intercellular junctions and crosses the BBB via paracellular traversal. Claudin-5 mRNA levels were indistinguishable in ZY05719- and Δstk-infected cells. This result indicated that the decrease of claudin-5 was maybe induced by protein degradation. Cells infected by ZY05719 exhibited higher ubiquitination levels than cells infected by Δstk. This result indicated that ubiquitination was involved in the degradation of claudin-5. Differential proteomic analysis showed that E3 ubiquitin protein ligase HECTD1 decreased by 1.5-fold in Δstk-infected bEnd.3 cells relative to ZY05719-infected cells. Together, the results suggested that STK may affect the expression of E3 ubiquitin ligase HECTD1 and subsequently increase the degradation of claudin-5, thus enabling SS2 to traverse the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Rui
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Veterinary Research Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Weiyi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Yu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhou Hong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Jiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ma Zhe
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fan Hongjie
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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99
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The expected characteristics of an in vitro human Blood Brain Barrier model derived from cell lines, for studying how ABC transporters influence drug permeability. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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100
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Dua P, Kang S, Shin HS, Kim S, Lee DK. Cell-SELEX-Based Identification of a Human and Mouse Cross-Reactive Endothelial Cell-Internalizing Aptamer. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:262-271. [PMID: 29608400 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2017.0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased interest and insights gained by researchers on the roles of endothelial cells in the pathophysiology of cancer, inflammatory, and cardiovascular diseases have led to the design of pharmacological interventions aimed at the endothelium lining in the diseased sites. Toward this end, we used established brain microvascular endothelial cell lines mouse (bEND3), human (hCMEC/D3), and Toggle Cell-SELEX to identify a species cross-reactive, endothelial cell-internalizing aptamer R11-3. This 2'F-modified RNA aptamer is specific for endothelial cells as no internalization was seen with cells of nonendothelial origin. R11-3 was truncated in size, and its potential in endothelial targeted therapeutics was established using VEGFR2 targeting long interfering RNA (liRNA) aptamer chimera. Due to its specificity for both mouse and human endothelial cells, we believe that this aptamer not only fits for development of endothelial targeted drug development for human diseases but is also suitable for preclinical evaluation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Dua
- 1 Global Research Laboratory of RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, Korea.,2 OliX Pharmaceuticals , Suwon, Korea.,3 Department of Microbiology, Goa University , Goa, India
| | - Sinae Kang
- 1 Global Research Laboratory of RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, Korea
| | - Hye-Soo Shin
- 1 Global Research Laboratory of RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, Korea
| | - Soyoun Kim
- 4 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Ki Lee
- 1 Global Research Laboratory of RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, Korea.,2 OliX Pharmaceuticals , Suwon, Korea.,3 Department of Microbiology, Goa University , Goa, India
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