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Wei L, Petryk J, Gaudet C, Kamkar M, Gan W, Duan Y, Ruddy TD. Development of an inflammation imaging tracer, 111In-DOTA-DAPTA, targeting chemokine receptor CCR5 and preliminary evaluation in an ApoE -/- atherosclerosis mouse model. J Nucl Cardiol 2019; 26:1169-1178. [PMID: 29417414 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-018-1203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) plays an important role in atherosclerosis. Our objective was to develop a SPECT tracer targeting CCR5 for imaging plaque inflammation by radiolabeling D-Ala-peptide T-amide (DAPTA), a CCR5 antagonist, with 111In. METHODS 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) conjugated DAPTA (DOTA-DAPTA) was labeled with 111In. Cell uptake studies were conducted in U87-CD4-CCR5 and U87-MG cells. Biodistribution was determined in C57BL/6 mice. Autoradiography, en face and Oil Red O (ORO) imaging studies were performed in ApoE-/- mice. RESULTS DOTA-DAPTA was radiolabeled with 111In with high radiochemical purity (> 98%) and specific activity (70 MBq·nmol). 111In-DOTA-DAPTA exhibited fast blood and renal clearance and high spleen uptake. The U87-CD4-CCR5 cells had significantly higher uptake in comparison to the U87-MG cells. The cell uptake was reduced by three times with DAPTA, indicating the receptor specificity of the uptake. Autoradiographic images showed significantly higher lesion uptake of 111In-DOTA-DAPTA in ApoE-/- mice than that in C57BL/6 mice. The tracer uptake in 4 month old ApoE-/- high fat diet (HFD) mice with blocking agent was twofold lower than the same mice without the blocking agent, demonstrating the specificity of the tracer for the CCR5 receptor. CONCLUSION 111In-DOTA-DAPTA, specifically targeting chemokine receptor CCR5, is a potential SPECT agent for imaging inflammation in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Wei
- Nordion Inc., 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON, K2K 1X8, Canada.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada.
- Nordion Lab, Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (C-MICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada.
| | - Julia Petryk
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Nordion Lab, Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (C-MICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Chantal Gaudet
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Maryam Kamkar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Wei Gan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Nordion Lab, Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (C-MICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Yin Duan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Nordion Lab, Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (C-MICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Terrence D Ruddy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Nordion Lab, Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (C-MICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
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Liu Y, Woodard PK. Chemokine receptors: Key for molecular imaging of inflammation in atherosclerosis. J Nucl Cardiol 2019; 26:1179-1181. [PMID: 29516368 PMCID: PMC6128785 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-018-1248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Liu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Pamela K Woodard
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Fouladseresht H, Khazaee S, Javad Zibaeenezhad M, Hossein Nikoo M, Khosropanah S, Doroudchi M. Association of ABCA1 Haplotypes with Coronary Artery Disease. Lab Med 2019; 51:157-168. [DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Fouladseresht
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sahel Khazaee
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hossein Nikoo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahdad Khosropanah
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Doroudchi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Hijmans JG, Stockleman K, Reiakvam W, Levy MV, Brewster LM, Bammert TD, Greiner JJ, Connick E, DeSouza CA. Effects of HIV-1 gp120 and tat on endothelial cell sensescence and senescence-associated microRNAs. Physiol Rep 2019; 6:e13647. [PMID: 29595877 PMCID: PMC5875545 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine, in vitro, the effects of X4 and R5 HIV‐1 gp120 and Tat on: (1) endothelial cell senescence and (2) endothelial cell microRNA (miR) expression. Endothelial cells were treated with media without and with: R5 gp120 (100 ng/mL), X4 gp120 (100 ng/mL), or Tat (500 ng/mL) for 24 h and stained for senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase (SA‐β‐gal). Cell expression of miR‐34a, miR‐217, and miR‐146a was determined by RT‐PCR. X4 and R5 gp120 and Tat significantly increased (~100%) cellular senescence versus control. X4 gp120 significantly increased cell expression of miR‐34a (1.60 ± 0.04 fold) and miR‐217 (1.52 ± 0.18), but not miR‐146a (1.25 ± 0.32). R5 gp120 significantly increased miR‐34a (1.23 ± 0.07) and decreased miR‐146a (0.56 ± 0.07). Tat significantly increased miR‐34a (1.49 ± 0.16) and decreased miR‐146a (0.55 ± 0.23). R5 and Tat had no effect on miR‐217 (1.05 ± 0.13 and 1.06 ± 0.24; respectively). HIV‐1 gp120 (X4 and R5) and Tat promote endothelial cell senescence and dysregulation of senescence‐associated miRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie G Hijmans
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Kelly Stockleman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Whitney Reiakvam
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Ma'ayan V Levy
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Lillian M Brewster
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Tyler D Bammert
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Jared J Greiner
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Christopher A DeSouza
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
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55
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Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB. Host immunogenetics in tick-borne encephalitis virus infection-The CCR5 crossroad. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:729-741. [PMID: 30879988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection is a complex event encompassing factors derived from the virus itself, the vectors, the final host, and the environment as well. Classically, genetic traits stand out among the human factors that modify the susceptibility and progression of infectious diseases. However, and although this is a changing scenario, studies evaluating the genetic factors that affect the susceptibility specifically to TBEV infection and TBEV-related diseases are still scarce. There are already some interesting pieces of evidence showing that some genes and polymorphisms have a real impact on TBEV infection. Also, the inflammatory processes involving tick-human interactions began to be understood in greater detail. This review focuses on the immunogenetic and inflammatory aspects concerning tick-host interactions, TBEV infections, and tick-borne encephalitis. Of note, it has been described that polymorphisms in CD209, GSTM1, IL-10, IL-28B, MMP9, OAS2, OAS3, and TLR3 have a statistically significant impact on TBEV infection. Besides, CCR5, its ligands, and the CCR5Δ32 genetic variant seem to have a very important influence on the infection and its immune responses. Taking this information into consideration, a special discussion regarding the effects of CCR5 on TBEV infection and tick-borne encephalitis will be presented. Emerging topics (such as exosomes, evasins, and CCR5 blockers) involving immunological and inflammatory aspects of TBEV-human interactions will also be addressed. Lastly, the current picture of TBEV infection and the importance to address the TBEV-associated problems through the One Health perspective will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Francisci D, Pirro M, Schiaroli E, Mannarino MR, Cipriani S, Bianconi V, Alunno A, Bagaglia F, Bistoni O, Falcinelli E, Bury L, Gerli R, Mannarino E, De Caterina R, Baldelli F. Maraviroc Intensification Modulates Atherosclerotic Progression in HIV-Suppressed Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk. A Randomized, Crossover Pilot Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz112. [PMID: 30968058 PMCID: PMC6446135 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental CCR5 antagonism with maraviroc in atherosclerosis-prone mice and preliminary data in humans suggest an anti-atherosclerotic effect of the drug. We assessed the impact of maraviroc treatment in persons living with HIV on subclinical indicators of atherosclerosis. Methods Persons living with HIV on effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) including only protease inhibitors were recruited if they had a Framingham risk score >20% and brachial flow-mediated dilation (bFMD) <4%, as indices of high cardiovascular risk. Maraviroc (300 mg per os for 24 weeks) was administered, in addition to ongoing ART, to all patients using a crossover design. Brachial FMD, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) were measured as markers of atherosclerosis. Vascular competence—as expressed by the ratio of circulating endothelial microparticles (EMPs) to endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs)—and markers of systemic inflammation and monocyte and platelet activation were assessed. Results Maraviroc treatment significantly improved bFMD, cfPWV, and cIMT by 66%, 11%, and 13%, respectively (P = .002, P = .022, P = .038, respectively). We also found a beneficial effect of maraviroc on the EMP/EPC ratio (P < .001) and platelet/leucocyte aggregates (P = .013). No significant changes in markers of systemic inflammation, monocyte activation, and microbial translocation were observed. Conclusions Maraviroc led to significant improvements in several markers for cardiovascular risk, endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and early carotid atherosclerosis, which was accompanied by an increase of vascular competence, without seeming to affect systemic inflammation. Our data support the need for larger studies to test for any effects of maraviroc on preventing atherosclerosis-driven pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Massimo R Mannarino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Cipriani
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessia Alunno
- Unit of Rheumatology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Bagaglia
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Onelia Bistoni
- Unit of Rheumatology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Falcinelli
- Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Loredana Bury
- Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Gerli
- Unit of Rheumatology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elmo Mannarino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Institute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine-CeSi-MeT, G.d'Annunzio University- Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Franco Baldelli
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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CCR5 gene editing – Revisiting pros and cons of CCR5 absence. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 68:218-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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58
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Kaminski VDL, Ellwanger JH, Sandrim V, Pontillo A, Chies JAB. Influence of NKG2C gene deletion and CCR5Δ32 in Pre‐eclampsia—Approaching the effect of innate immune gene variants in pregnancy. Int J Immunogenet 2019; 46:82-87. [DOI: 10.1111/iji.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul ‐ UFRGS Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul ‐ UFRGS Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Valeria Sandrim
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências UNESP‐Universidade Estadual Paulista Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - Alessandra Pontillo
- Laboratório de Imunogenetica Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Universidade de São Paulo ‐ USP São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul ‐ UFRGS Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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59
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CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism is a genetic risk factor associated with dyslipidemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. Cytokine 2019; 114:81-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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New mechanisms of CCR5-Δ32 carriers' advantage - Impact on progenitor cells and renal function. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 108:92-97. [PMID: 30648621 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CCR5 is a chemokine receptor expressed by various populations including leukocytes, smooth muscle cells and endothelium. Δ32 polymorphism of CCR5 gene has been connected with, inter alia, cardiovascular disease development. The aim of our study was to evaluate impact of CCR5 variant on CD34+ and CD34+VEGFR2+ cells - populations involved in cardiovascular system homeostasis and regeneration. METHODS AND RESULTS We have examined 170 Polish subjects from Pomeranian region. The analysis concerned CCR5 polymorphism and flow cytometry evaluation of whole blood cells. Our results indicate that individuals with at least one CCR5-Δ32 allele are characterized by greater number of CD34+CXCR4+, CD34+VEGFR2+ and CD34+VEGFR2+c-Kit + cells than their wild type counterparts. This group also exhibits more beneficial values of renal function parameters. CONCLUSION Maintaining greater size of CD34+ and CD34+VEGFR2+ populations as well as proper kidney function may constitute mechanisms that connect chemokine receptor polymorphism with cardiovascular system health.
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Norman JE, Aung HH, Wilson DW, Rutledge JC. Inhibition of perilipin 2 expression reduces pro-inflammatory gene expression and increases lipid droplet size. Food Funct 2018; 9:6245-6256. [PMID: 30402637 PMCID: PMC6292725 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01420e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Our lab previously demonstrated that triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TGRL) lipolysis products induce lipid droplet formation and pro-inflammatory gene expression in monocytes. We hypothesized that the inhibition of perilipin 2 expression in THP-1 monocytes would reduce lipid droplet formation and suppress pro-inflammatory gene expression induced by TGRL lipolysis products. In the current study, we use microarray analysis to identify gene expression altered by TGRL lipolysis products in THP-1 monocytes. We confirmed the expression of selected genes by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and characterized lipid droplet formation in these cells after exposure to TGRL lipolysis products. Using siRNA inhibition of perilipin 2 expression, we examined the role of perilipin 2 in the response of THP-1 monocytes to TGRL lipolysis products. We found that perilipin 2 siRNA increased the intracellular triglyceride content, increased the size of lipid droplets, and reduced pro-atherogenic and pro-inflammatory gene expression. We saw a reduction of serum/glucocorticoid kinase 1, v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog F (avian), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3, and interleukin 8 gene expression induced by TGRL lipolysis products. This study supports previous findings that reduction of perilipin 2 expression is protective against atherogenesis, while finding an unexpected increase in lipid droplet size with reduced perilipin 2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Norman
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, GBSF 5404, 451 Health Sciences Dr. Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Maguire EM, Pearce SWA, Xiao Q. Foam cell formation: A new target for fighting atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 112:54-71. [PMID: 30115528 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During atherosclerosis, the gradual accumulation of lipids into the subendothelial space of damaged arteries results in several lipid modification processes followed by macrophage uptake in the arterial wall. The way in which these modified lipoproteins are dealt with determines the likelihood of cholesterol accumulation within the monocyte-derived macrophage and thus its transformation into the foam cell that makes up the characteristic fatty streak observed in the early stages of atherosclerosis. The unique expression of chemokine receptors and cellular adhesion molecules expressed on the cell surface of monocytes points to a particular extravasation route that they can take to gain entry into atherosclerotic site, in order to undergo differentiation into the phagocytic macrophage. Indeed several GWAS and animal studies have identified key genes and proteins required for monocyte recruitment as well cholesterol handling involving lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification and cholesterol efflux. A re-examination of the previously accepted paradigm of macrophage foam cell origin has been called into question by recent studies demonstrating shared expression of scavenger receptors, cholesterol transporters and pro-inflammatory cytokine release by alternative cell types present in the neointima, namely; endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and stem/progenitor cells. Thus, therapeutic targets aimed at a more heterogeneous foam cell population with shared functions, such as enhanced protease activity, and signalling pathways, mediated by non-coding RNA molecules, may provide greater therapeutic outcome in patients. Finally, studies targeting each aspect of foam cell formation and death using both genetic knock down and pharmacological inhibition have provided researchers with a clearer understanding of the cellular processes at play, as well as helped researchers to identify key molecular targets, which may hold significant therapeutic potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eithne M Maguire
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Stuart W A Pearce
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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63
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CCR5 Revisited: How Mechanisms of HIV Entry Govern AIDS Pathogenesis. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2557-2589. [PMID: 29932942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 has been the focus of intensive studies since its role as a coreceptor for HIV entry was discovered in 1996. These studies lead to the development of small molecular drugs targeting CCR5, with maraviroc becoming in 2007 the first clinically approved chemokine receptor inhibitor. More recently, the apparent HIV cure in a patient transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells devoid of functional CCR5 rekindled the interest for inactivating CCR5 through gene therapy and pharmacological approaches. Fundamental research on CCR5 has also been boosted by key advances in the field of G-protein coupled receptor research, with the realization that CCR5 adopts a variety of conformations, and that only a subset of these conformations may be targeted by chemokine ligands. In addition, recent genetic and pathogenesis studies have emphasized the central role of CCR5 expression levels in determining the risk of HIV and SIV acquisition and disease progression. In this article, we propose to review the key properties of CCR5 that account for its central role in HIV pathogenesis, with a focus on mechanisms that regulate CCR5 expression, conformation, and interaction with HIV envelope glycoproteins.
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64
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Tian L, Lu L, Feng J, Melancon MP. Radiopaque nano and polymeric materials for atherosclerosis imaging, embolization and other catheterization procedures. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:360-370. [PMID: 29881675 PMCID: PMC5990339 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of radiopaque nano and polymeric materials for atherosclerosis imaging and catheterization procedures is presented in this paper. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in the US with atherosclerosis as a significant contributor for mortality and morbidity. In this review paper, we discussed the physics of radiopacity and X-ray/CT, clinically used contrast agents, and the recent progress in the development of radiopaque imaging agents and devices for the diagnosis and treatment of CVDs. We focused on radiopaque imaging agents for atherosclerosis, radiopaque embolic agents and drug eluting beads, and other radiopaque medical devices related to catheterization procedures to treat CVDs. Common strategies of introducing radiopacity in the polymers, together with examples of their applications in imaging and medical devices, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Linfeng Lu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Marites P Melancon
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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65
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Ann SJ, Kim KK, Cheon EJ, Noh HM, Hwang I, Yu JW, Park S, Kang SM, Manabe I, Miller YI, Kim S, Lee SH. Palmitate and minimally-modified low-density lipoprotein cooperatively promote inflammatory responses in macrophages. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29518116 PMCID: PMC5843266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased consumption of Western-type diets and environmental insults lead to wide-spread increases in the plasma levels of saturated fatty acids and lipoprotein oxidation. The aim of this study is to examine whether palmitate and minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL) exert an additive effect on macrophage activation. We found that CXCL2 and TNF-α secretion as well as ERK and p38 phosphorylation were additively increased by co-treatment of J774 macrophages with palmitate and mmLDL in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, the analysis of differentially expressed genes using the KEGG database revealed that several pathways, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and genes were significantly altered. These results were validated with real-time PCR, showing upregulation of Il-6, Csf3, Il-1β, and Clec4d. The present study demonstrated that palmitate and mmLDL additively potentiate the LPS-induced activation of macrophages. These results suggest the existence of synergistic mechanisms by which saturated fatty acids and oxidized lipoproteins activate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-jin Ann
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ka-Kyung Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Cheon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Min Noh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inhwa Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je-Wook Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungha Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Min Kang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- Department of Disease Biology and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yury I. Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Sangwoo Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SH Lee); (S Kim)
| | - Sang-Hak Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SH Lee); (S Kim)
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Abstract
The enantioselective synthesis of natural brevipolide H is reported for the first time. By way of Sharpless epoxidation of penta-1,4-dien-3-ol, both enantiomerically pure epoxides were converted to the corresponding olefins for cross metathesis. Subsequent transformations, including epoxide ring opening, esterifications, cyclopropanation, oxidation and ring-closing metathesis, provided the target molecule. This synthesis successfully addresses previous shortcomings in preparing brevipolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Nung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, No. 300 Jhong-Da Rd., Jhong-li, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
| | - Duen-Ren Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, No. 300 Jhong-Da Rd., Jhong-li, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
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Secchi M, Grampa V, Vangelista L. Rational CCL5 mutagenesis integration in a lactobacilli platform generates extremely potent HIV-1 blockers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1890. [PMID: 29382912 PMCID: PMC5790001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to improve existing anti-HIV-1 therapies or develop preventatives have identified CCR5 as an important target and CCL5 as an ideal scaffold to sculpt potent HIV-1 entry inhibitors. We created novel human CCL5 variants that exhibit exceptional anti-HIV-1 features using recombinant lactobacilli (exploited for live microbicide development) as a screening platform. Protein design, expression and anti-HIV-1 activity flowed in iterative cycles, with a stepwise integration of successful mutations and refinement of an initial CCL5 mutant battery towards the generation of two ultimate CCL5 derivatives, a CCR5 agonist and a CCR5 antagonist with similar anti-HIV-1 potency. The CCR5 antagonist was tested in human macrophages and against primary R5 HIV-1 strains, exhibiting cross-clade low picomolar IC50 activity. Moreover, its successful combination with several HIV-1 inhibitors provided the ground for conceiving therapeutic and preventative anti-HIV-1 cocktails. Beyond HIV-1 infection, these CCL5 derivatives may now be tested against several inflammation-related pathologies where the CCL5:CCR5 axis plays a relevant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Secchi
- Protein Engineering and Therapeutics Group, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Grampa
- Protein Engineering and Therapeutics Group, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- INSERM, UMRS-839, Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Luca Vangelista
- Protein Engineering and Therapeutics Group, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan.
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68
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Vangelista L, Vento S. The Expanding Therapeutic Perspective of CCR5 Blockade. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1981. [PMID: 29375583 PMCID: PMC5770570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR5 and its interaction with chemokine ligands have been crucial for understanding and tackling HIV-1 entry into target cells. However, over time, CCR5 has witnessed an impressive transition from being considered rather unimportant in physiology and pathology to becoming central in a growing number of pathophysiological conditions. It now turns out that the massive efforts devoted to combat HIV-1 entry by interfering with CCR5, and the subsequent production of chemokine ligand variants, small chemical compounds, and other molecular entities and strategies, may set the therapeutic standards for a wealth of different pathologies. Expressed on various cell types, CCR5 plays a vital role in the inflammatory response by directing cells to sites of inflammation. Aside HIV-1, CCR5 has been implicated in other infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Individuals carrying the CCR5Δ32 mutation live a normal life and are warranted a natural barrier to HIV-1 infection. Therefore, CCR5 antagonism and gene-edited knockout of the receptor gained growing interest for the therapeutic role that CCR5 blockade may play in the attenuation of the severity or progression of numerous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Vangelista
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Sandro Vento
- Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine and University Medical Center, Astana, Kazakhstan
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69
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Montague K, Malcangio M. The Therapeutic Potential of Monocyte/Macrophage Manipulation in the Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Painful Neuropathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:397. [PMID: 29230166 PMCID: PMC5711788 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer treatments a dose-limiting side-effect of chemotherapeutic agents is the development of neuropathic pain, which is poorly managed by clinically available drugs at present. Chemotherapy-induced painful neuropathy (CIPN) is a major cause of premature cessation of treatment and so a greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the development of novel, more effective therapies, is greatly needed. In some cases, only a weak correlation between chemotherapy-induced pain and neuronal damage is observed both clinically and preclinically. As such, a critical role for non-neuronal cells, such as immune cells, and their communication with neurons in CIPN has recently been appreciated. In this mini-review, we will discuss preclinical evidence for the role of monocytes/macrophages in the periphery in CIPN, with a focus on that which is associated with the chemotherapeutic agents vincristine and paclitaxel. In addition we will discuss the potential mechanisms that regulate monocyte/macrophage–neuron crosstalk in this context. Informed by preclinical data, we will also consider the value of monocytes/macrophages as therapeutic targets for the treatment of CIPN clinically. Approaches that manipulate the signaling pathways discussed in this review show both promise and potential pitfalls. Nonetheless, they are emerging as innovative therapeutic targets with CX3CL1/R1-regulation of monocyte/macrophage–neuron communication currently emerging as a promising front-runner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karli Montague
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Hospital Campus, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marzia Malcangio
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Hospital Campus, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Bioinformatics Genes and Pathway Analysis for Chronic Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6423021. [PMID: 29164149 PMCID: PMC5661087 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6423021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is well known spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause chronic neuropathic pain (NP); however its underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. This study aimed to disclose differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and activated signaling pathways in association with SCI induced chronic NP, in order to identify its diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Microarray dataset GSE5296 has been downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Significant analysis of microarray (SAM), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, and pathway network analysis have been used to compare changes of DEGs and signaling pathways between the SCI and sham-injury group. As a result, DEGs analysis showed there were 592 DEGs with significantly altered expression; among them Ccl3 expression showed the highest upregulation which implicated its association with SCI induced chronic NP. Moreover, KEGG analysis found 209 pathways changed significantly; among them the most significantly activated one is MAPK signaling pathway, which is in line with KEGG analysis results. Our results show Ccl3 is highly associated with SCI induced chronic NP; as the exosomes with Ccl3 can be easily and efficiently detected in peripheral blood, Ccl3 may serve as a potential prognostic target for the diagnosis and treatment of SCI induced chronic NP.
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Muñoz JC, Martín R, Alonso C, Gutiérrez B, Nieto ML. Relation between serum levels of chemotaxis-related factors and the presence of coronary artery calcification as expression of subclinical atherosclerosis. Clin Biochem 2017; 50:1048-1055. [PMID: 28830786 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerotic plaque formation is characterized by recruitment of monocytes/macrophages, which contributes to its calcification by releasing pro-osteogenic cytokines. Chemotaxis-related proteins, including netrin-1, gremlin-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β), regulate immune cell migration. However, their relation with the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis, assessed by measures of coronary artery calcifications (CAC) in patients without known coronary artery disease (CAD), remains unclear. AIMS To examine whether these chemoattractant-related proteins are associated with the presence of CAC in patients without known CAD. METHODS A retrospective case-control observational study was conducted in 120 outpatients without CAD, undergoing a CAC evaluation by computed tomography with the Agatston Calcium score, categorized as CAC- (none) and CAC+ (≥1). Serum biomarkers were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS Lpa, dyslipidaemia and smoking were significantly higher (p=0.006, p≤0.0001 and p=0.001, respectively) in CAC+ patients. Serum netrin-1 levels were lower in CAC+ than in CAC- patients (196.8±127.8pg/ml versus 748.3±103.2pg/ml, p≤0.0001), and a similar pattern was found for gremlin-1 (1.14±0.39ng/ml versus 4.33±1.20ng/ml, p≤0.0001). However, TNFα and MIP-1β were strongly upregulated in CAC+ patients (447.56±74pg/ml versus 1104±144pg/ml and 402.00±94pg/ml versus 905.0±101.6pg/ml, respectively, p≤0.001). Multivariate analyses revealed that low netrin-1 and gremlin-1 levels and high TNFα and MIP-1β amounts were associated with CAC presence, after adjustment for clinical and biochemical variables. CONCLUSIONS We found a netrin-1 and gremlin-1 deficiency and a TNFα and MIP-1β overproduction in CAC+ patients' serum. These proteins may be used to identify individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis. Further research is warranted in a larger cohort of patients to establish these chemotactic-related proteins as biomarkers that improve CAD risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Muñoz
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-UVa, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carmen Alonso
- Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-UVa, Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Nieto
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-UVa, Valladolid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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The persistence of low-grade inflammatory monocytes contributes to aggravated atherosclerosis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13436. [PMID: 27824038 PMCID: PMC5105176 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained low-grade inflammation mediated by non-resolving inflammatory monocytes has long been suspected in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the sustainment of non-resolving inflammatory monocytes during atherosclerosis are poorly understood. Here we observe that subclinical endotoxemia, often seen in humans with chronic inflammation, aggravates murine atherosclerosis through programming monocytes into a non-resolving inflammatory state with elevated Ly6C, CCR5, MCP-1 and reduced SR-B1. The sustainment of inflammatory monocytes is due to the disruption of homeostatic tolerance through the elevation of miR-24 and reduction of the key negative-feedback regulator IRAK-M. miR-24 reduces the levels of Smad4 required for the expression of IRAK-M and also downregulates key lipid-processing molecule SR-B1. IRAK-M deficiency in turn leads to elevated miR-24 levels, sustains disruption of monocyte homeostasis and aggravates atherosclerosis. Our data define an integrated feedback circuit in monocytes and its disruption may lead to non-resolving low-grade inflammation conducive to atherosclerosis.
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73
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Cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: The relevance of clinical, genetic and serological markers. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:1013-1030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ripa M, Pogliaghi M, Chiappetta S, Nozza S, Soria A, Coppalini G, Rovelli C, Tambussi G. Maraviroc in addition to cART during primary HIV infection: Results from MAIN randomized clinical trial and 96-weeks follow-up. J Clin Virol 2016; 85:86-89. [PMID: 27865174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-targeted treatment strategies including maraviroc (MVC) during Primary HIV Infection (PHI) may benefit from the immune-modulatory properties of this CCR5-inhibitor. OBJECTIVES We conducted a proof-of-concept clinical trial aimed at assessing whether maraviroc in addition of a combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiated during PHI would improve immunological and virological parameters. STUDY DESIGN The MAIN (Maraviroc in HIV Acute INfection) study was a randomized open-label clinical trial (EUDRACT number: 2008-007004-29) which enrolled 29 patients with PHI. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive cART-only (cART), cART+8 weeks of MVC (ST-MVC) or cART+48 weeks of MVC (LT-MVC), regardless of predicted co-receptor usage. After 48 weeks patients in ST-MVC and LT-MVC groups discontinued MVC. Patients were evaluated at week 48 and at week 96 of follow-up to assess differences in CD4 T-cell gain and plasma HIV-RNA. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients were enrolled. Seven patients (24%) had a predicted CXCR4 co-receptor usage. At week 48, 27 patients (93.1%) reached HIV-RNA<50cps/mL. Median CD4 T-cell count increase was 313 cells/μL (p<0.001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). At multivariate linear regression analysis, LT-MVC arm had the greatest CD4 T-cell increase, while patients in ST-MVC arm had the least gain in CD4 T-cells (p=0.007). At week 96, multivariate analysis showed no associations between former treatment arm and CD4 T-cell gain. CONCLUSIONS The MAIN study showed that MVC for 48 weeks in addition to cART during PHI was able to enhance CD4 T-cell gain, regardless of co-receptor usage. After MVC discontinuation, the difference between treatment arms was lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ripa
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Milan, Italy.
| | - Manuela Pogliaghi
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Chiappetta
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Nozza
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Soria
- Ospedale San Gerardo, Division of Infectious Diseases, Monza, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Tambussi
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Milan, Italy
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HSU DC, MA YF, HUR S, LI D, RUPERT A, SCHERZER R, KALAPUS S, DEEKS S, SERETI I, HSUE PY. Plasma IL-6 levels are independently associated with atherosclerosis and mortality in HIV-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2016; 30:2065-74. [PMID: 27177313 PMCID: PMC5586221 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the associations of markers of immune activation with atherosclerosis and mortality, in participants with treated and suppressed HIV infection. DESIGN Observational study of 149 HIV-infected participants with virologic suppression on antiretroviral therapy. METHODS Cryopreserved mononuclear cells and plasma were used to evaluate markers of T cell and monocyte activation, inflammation and coagulopathy. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) was measured by high-resolution ultrasound at the common, bifurcation and internal carotid regions. Associations of immunologic markers with CIMT and all-cause mortality were assessed using multivariable linear regression and Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS The majority of participants were men (93%) and white (67%), median age of 48.5 years and median CD4 T-cell count of 522 cells/μl. The median baseline IMT was 1.0 mm. Over a median of 8.3-year follow-up, 12 deaths occurred. In multivariate analysis, adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, higher monocyte C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) expression [5.4%, P = 0.001] was associated with greater common CIMT. Higher plasma IL-6 was associated with greater bifurcation [8.0%, P = 0.007] and overall mean IMT [5.2%, P = 0.026]. Finally, higher plasma IL-6 [hazard ratio 1.9, P = 0.030], internal carotid [hazard ratio 4.1, P = 0.022] and mean IMT [hazard ratio 5.2, P = 0.026] were individually associated with all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION Higher monocyte CCR5 expression and plasma IL-6 were associated with atherosclerosis, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. IL-6 and CIMT were individually associated with all-cause mortality. The impact of therapies targeting immune activation in cardiovascular disease in treated HIV infection merits additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise C HSU
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yi Fei MA
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sophia HUR
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danny LI
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam RUPERT
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca SCHERZER
- University of California and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S.C. KALAPUS
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven DEEKS
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Irini SERETI
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Priscilla Y HSUE
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
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Chang TT, Chen JW. Emerging role of chemokine CC motif ligand 4 related mechanisms in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease: friends or foes? Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:117. [PMID: 27553774 PMCID: PMC4995753 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are critical components in pathology. The roles of chemokine CC motif ligand 4 (CCL4) and its receptor are associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) and atherosclerosis cardiovascular diseases. However, due to the complexity of these diseases, the specific effects of CCL4 remain unclear, although recent reports have suggested that multiple pathways are related to CCL4. In this review, we provide an overview of the role and potential mechanisms of CCL4 and one of its major receptors, fifth CC chemokine receptor (CCR5), in DM and cardiovascular diseases. CCL4-related mechanisms, including CCL4 and CCR5, might provide potential therapeutic targets in DM and/or atherosclerosis cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Chang
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Division of Clinical Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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Greeson JM, Gettes DR, Spitsin S, Dubé B, Benton TD, Lynch KG, Douglas SD, Evans DL. The Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Citalopram Decreases Human Immunodeficiency Virus Receptor and Coreceptor Expression in Immune Cells. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:33-9. [PMID: 26725193 PMCID: PMC4862937 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated whether the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram downregulates the expression of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receptor cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) and coreceptors chemokine receptor type 5 and chemokine-related receptor type 4 (CCR5 and CXCR4) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and macrophages ex vivo as a potential mechanism of reducing susceptibility to HIV infection. METHODS The sample included 150 participants 18-58 years old (59% women, 65% African American, 61% with depression). Monocyte-depleted PBMCs were treated with phytohemagglutinin for 72 hours and then cultured in the presence of interleukin-2 with vehicle control or the SSRI (10(-6) mol/L) for 2 hours. To generate monocyte-derived macrophages, monocytes were cultured for 7 days, after which either vehicle control or SSRI (10(-6) mol/L) was added for 2 hours. RNA was collected from both cell types, and messenger RNA expression of CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4 was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In PBMCs, SSRI treatment decreased expression of CD4 (p = .009), CCR5 (p = .008), and CXCR4 (p < .0001). In monocyte-derived macrophages, SSRI treatment decreased expression of CD4 (p < .0001) and CXCR4 (p = .0003), but not CCR5 (p = .71). The suppressive effects of the SSRI on receptor expression did not differ as a function of depression diagnosis or depressive symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with the SSRI at a physiologic dose decreased CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4 expression on PBMCs and macrophages ex vivo. These findings suggest that SSRI treatment, independent of depression status, downregulates HIV receptor and coreceptor expression and may reduce susceptibility of immune cells to HIV infection and decrease inflammation. If clinical trials confirm the present findings, ultimately there may be a role for using SSRI treatment adjunctively in HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Greeson
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David R. Gettes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sergei Spitsin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Benoit Dubé
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tami D. Benton
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kevin G. Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Steven D. Douglas
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dwight L. Evans
- Departments of Psychiatry, Medicine, and Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Corresponding Author: Dwight L. Evans, M.D., University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 305 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, TEL: 215-662-2899,
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Krikke M, Tesselaar K, Arends JE, Drylewicz J, Otto SA, van Lelyveld SFL, Visseren FJL, Hoepelman AIM. Maraviroc Intensification Improves Endothelial Function in Abacavir-Treated Patients, an Open-Label Randomized Cross-Over Pilot Study. Infect Dis Ther 2016; 5:389-404. [PMID: 27300170 PMCID: PMC5019971 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-016-0115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increased risk of abacavir in cardiovascular disease (CVD) in HIV-infected patients is still being debated. Maraviroc, a CCR5 blocker, has been shown to decrease immune activation and monocyte infiltration in atherosclerotic plaques in murine experiments. Therefore, we examined the effect of maraviroc intensification on flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in abacavir-treated HIV-infected patients and its effect on immunological and inflammatory parameters. Methods A open-label prospective crossover study with a duration of 16 weeks: 8 weeks of intervention (maraviroc intensification) and 8 weeks of control (unchanged cART regimen). FMD, HIV-specific variables, expression of HIV co-receptors, markers of inflammation and coagulation and cellular markers of immune activation were measured at weeks 0, 8 and 16. The changes (Δ) in these variables were compared between intervention and control periods using non-parametric tests. To evaluate the relation with the change in FMD, linear regression modeling was used. Results Twenty-one male patients with suppressed plasma HIV-RNA, on cART, had a known HIV infection for 9.2 years (IQR 6.9–13.5) with abacavir use for 6.5 years (2.8–9.3). A significantly increased FMD of 0.73% (IQR −0.25 to 1.70) was seen after maraviroc intensification compared to a decrease of −0.42% (IQR −1.89 to 0.25; p = 0.049) in the control period. There was a negative relation between ΔFMD with ΔD-dimer (β −22.70, 95% CI −39.27; −6.13, p = 0.011) and ΔCD95+ CD4+ T cells (β −0.16, 95% CI −0.28; −0.04, p = 0.013), adjusted for age and duration of HIV. Conclusion Maraviroc intensification modestly improves endothelial function in HIV-infected patients on an abacavir-containing regimen. Trial registration NCT01389063. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40121-016-0115-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Krikke
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, F02.126, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Lundlaan 6, KC02.085.2, P.O. Box 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Lundlaan 6, KC02.085.2, P.O. Box 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joop E Arends
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, F02.126, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Drylewicz
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Lundlaan 6, KC02.085.2, P.O. Box 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid A Otto
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Lundlaan 6, KC02.085.2, P.O. Box 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven F L van Lelyveld
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, F02.126, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Boerhaavelaan 22, 2035 RC, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J L Visseren
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, F02.126, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andy I M Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, F02.126, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Structural basis for oligomerization and glycosaminoglycan binding of CCL5 and CCL3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5000-5. [PMID: 27091995 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523981113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and CCL3 are critical for immune surveillance and inflammation. Consequently, they are linked to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory conditions and are therapeutic targets. Oligomerization and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding of CCL5 and CCL3 are vital for the functions of these chemokines. Our structural and biophysical analyses of human CCL5 reveal that CCL5 oligomerization is a polymerization process in which CCL5 forms rod-shaped, double-helical oligomers. This CCL5 structure explains mutational data and offers a unified mechanism for CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 assembly into high-molecular-weight, polydisperse oligomers. A conserved, positively charged BBXB motif is key for the binding of CC chemokines to GAG. However, this motif is partially buried when CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 are oligomerized; thus, the mechanism by which GAG binds these chemokine oligomers has been elusive. Our structures of GAG-bound CCL5 and CCL3 oligomers reveal that these chemokine oligomers have distinct GAG-binding mechanisms. The CCL5 oligomer uses another positively charged and fully exposed motif, KKWVR, in GAG binding. However, residues from two partially buried BBXB motifs along with other residues combine to form a GAG-binding groove in the CCL3 oligomer. The N termini of CC chemokines are shown to be involved in receptor binding and oligomerization. We also report an alternative CCL3 oligomer structure that reveals how conformational changes in CCL3 N termini profoundly alter its surface properties and dimer-dimer interactions to affect GAG binding and oligomerization. Such complexity in oligomerization and GAG binding enables intricate, physiologically relevant regulation of CC chemokine functions.
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Golbus JR, Stitziel NO, Zhao W, Xue C, Farrall M, McPherson R, Erdmann J, Deloukas P, Watkins H, Schunkert H, Samani NJ, Saleheen D, Kathiresan S, Reilly MP. Common and Rare Genetic Variation in CCR2, CCR5, or CX3CR1 and Risk of Atherosclerotic Coronary Heart Disease and Glucometabolic Traits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:250-8. [PMID: 27013693 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.115.001374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemokine receptors CCR2, CCR5, and CX3CR1 coordinate monocyte trafficking in homeostatic and inflammatory states. Multiple small human genetic studies have variably linked single nucleotide polymorphisms in these genes to cardiometabolic disease. We interrogated genome-wide association, exome sequencing, and exome array genotyping studies to ascertain the relationship between variation in these genes and coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), and glucometabolic traits. METHODS AND RESULTS We interrogated the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D (Coronary ARtery DIsease Genome wide Replication and Meta-analysis [CARDIoGRAM] plus The Coronary Artery Disease [C4D] Genetics) (60 801 cases and 123 504 controls), the MIGen and CARDIoGRAM Exome consortia (42 335 cases and 78 240 controls), and Exome Sequencing Project and Early-Onset Myocardial Infarction (ESP EOMI; 4703 cases and 5090 controls) data sets to ascertain the relationship between common, low frequency, and rare variation in CCR2, CCR5, or CX3CR1 with CAD and MI. We did not identify any variant associated with CAD or MI. We then explored common and low-frequency variation in South Asians through Pakistan Risk of Myocardial Infarction Study (PROMIS; 9058 cases and 8379 controls), identifying 6 variants associated with MI including CX3CR1 V249I. Finally, reanalysis of the European HapMap imputed Diabetes Genetics Replication and Meta-Analysis (DIAGRAM), Global Lipids Genetics Consortium (GLGC), Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT), and Meta-Analysis of Glucose and Insulin-related Traits Consortium (MAGIC) data sets revealed no association with glucometabolic traits although 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms in PROMIS were associated with type II diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS No chemokine receptor variant was associated with CAD, MI, or glucometabolic traits in large European ancestry cohorts. In a South Asian cohort, we identified single nucleotide polymorphism associations with MI and type II diabetes mellitus but these did not meet significance in cohorts of European ancestry. These findings suggest the need for larger studies in South Asians but exclude clinically meaningful associations with CAD and glucometabolic traits in Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Golbus
- From the Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.R.G.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.O.S.), Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute (N.O.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.Z., C.X., D.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.F., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.M.); Medizinische Klinik II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (J.E.); William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom (P.D.); Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, DZHK, Munich Heart Alliance, München, Germany (H.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester & NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.J.S.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.K.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.K.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (S.K.); and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (M.P.R.).
| | - Nathan O Stitziel
- From the Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.R.G.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.O.S.), Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute (N.O.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.Z., C.X., D.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.F., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.M.); Medizinische Klinik II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (J.E.); William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom (P.D.); Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, DZHK, Munich Heart Alliance, München, Germany (H.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester & NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.J.S.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.K.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.K.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (S.K.); and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (M.P.R.)
| | - Wei Zhao
- From the Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.R.G.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.O.S.), Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute (N.O.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.Z., C.X., D.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.F., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.M.); Medizinische Klinik II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (J.E.); William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom (P.D.); Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, DZHK, Munich Heart Alliance, München, Germany (H.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester & NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.J.S.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.K.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.K.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (S.K.); and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (M.P.R.)
| | - Chenyi Xue
- From the Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.R.G.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.O.S.), Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute (N.O.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.Z., C.X., D.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.F., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.M.); Medizinische Klinik II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (J.E.); William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom (P.D.); Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, DZHK, Munich Heart Alliance, München, Germany (H.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester & NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.J.S.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.K.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.K.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (S.K.); and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (M.P.R.)
| | - Martin Farrall
- From the Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.R.G.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.O.S.), Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute (N.O.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.Z., C.X., D.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.F., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.M.); Medizinische Klinik II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (J.E.); William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom (P.D.); Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, DZHK, Munich Heart Alliance, München, Germany (H.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester & NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.J.S.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.K.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.K.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (S.K.); and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (M.P.R.)
| | - Ruth McPherson
- From the Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.R.G.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.O.S.), Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute (N.O.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.Z., C.X., D.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.F., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.M.); Medizinische Klinik II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (J.E.); William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom (P.D.); Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, DZHK, Munich Heart Alliance, München, Germany (H.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester & NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.J.S.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.K.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.K.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (S.K.); and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (M.P.R.)
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- From the Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.R.G.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.O.S.), Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute (N.O.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.Z., C.X., D.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.F., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.M.); Medizinische Klinik II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (J.E.); William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom (P.D.); Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, DZHK, Munich Heart Alliance, München, Germany (H.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester & NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.J.S.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.K.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.K.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (S.K.); and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (M.P.R.)
| | - Panos Deloukas
- From the Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.R.G.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.O.S.), Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute (N.O.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.Z., C.X., D.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.F., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.M.); Medizinische Klinik II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (J.E.); William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom (P.D.); Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, DZHK, Munich Heart Alliance, München, Germany (H.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester & NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.J.S.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.K.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.K.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (S.K.); and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (M.P.R.)
| | - Hugh Watkins
- From the Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.R.G.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.O.S.), Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute (N.O.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.Z., C.X., D.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.F., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.M.); Medizinische Klinik II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (J.E.); William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom (P.D.); Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, DZHK, Munich Heart Alliance, München, Germany (H.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester & NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.J.S.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.K.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.K.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (S.K.); and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (M.P.R.)
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- From the Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.R.G.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.O.S.), Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute (N.O.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.Z., C.X., D.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.F., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.M.); Medizinische Klinik II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (J.E.); William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom (P.D.); Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, DZHK, Munich Heart Alliance, München, Germany (H.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester & NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.J.S.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.K.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.K.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (S.K.); and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (M.P.R.)
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- From the Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.R.G.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.O.S.), Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute (N.O.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.Z., C.X., D.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.F., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.M.); Medizinische Klinik II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (J.E.); William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom (P.D.); Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, DZHK, Munich Heart Alliance, München, Germany (H.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester & NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.J.S.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.K.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.K.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (S.K.); and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (M.P.R.)
| | - Danish Saleheen
- From the Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.R.G.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.O.S.), Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute (N.O.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.Z., C.X., D.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.F., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.M.); Medizinische Klinik II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (J.E.); William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom (P.D.); Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, DZHK, Munich Heart Alliance, München, Germany (H.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester & NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.J.S.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.K.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.K.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (S.K.); and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (M.P.R.)
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- From the Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.R.G.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.O.S.), Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute (N.O.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.Z., C.X., D.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.F., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.M.); Medizinische Klinik II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (J.E.); William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom (P.D.); Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, DZHK, Munich Heart Alliance, München, Germany (H.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester & NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.J.S.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.K.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.K.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (S.K.); and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (M.P.R.)
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- From the Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.R.G.); Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.O.S.), Department of Genetics and McDonnell Genome Institute (N.O.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.Z., C.X., D.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.F., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.M.); Medizinische Klinik II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (J.E.); William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom (P.D.); Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, DZHK, Munich Heart Alliance, München, Germany (H.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester & NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (N.J.S.); Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.K.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.K.); Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (S.K.); and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (M.P.R.).
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Haser GC, Sumpio B. Systemic and cell-specific mechanisms of vasculopathy induced by human immunodeficiency virus and highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Vasc Surg 2016; 65:849-859. [PMID: 26994951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have higher rates of dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and chronic inflammation that can damage the vascular system compared with the general population. This can be attributed both to HIV itself and to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) they receive. This review outlines the mechanisms by which HIV and HIV medications can cause vascular complications and identifies strategic areas of research to treat these dysfunctions. REVIEW HIV and HAART affect the vascular system through several mechanisms that target systemic or metabolic systems and specific cells. HIV causes dyslipidemia and chronic immune activation, which can contribute to atherosclerosis. In addition, HIV damages macrophages, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and platelets, and this damage also plays a role in the development of atherosclerosis. HAART, particularly protease inhibitors, interferes with cholesterol metabolism and can affect macrophages, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. The metabolic changes and cell damage induced by HIV and HAART put HIV patients at increased risk for atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and serious cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. CONCLUSIONS HIV patients have increased risk of developing potentially life-threatening cardiovascular pathology, which cannot be explained by traditional cardiovascular risk factors alone. More research is needed into therapies to target this HIV-specific vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Haser
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Bauer Sumpio
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.
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Koenig G, Ozcelik H, Haesler L, Cihova M, Ciftci S, Dupret-Bories A, Debry C, Stelzle M, Lavalle P, Vrana NE. Cell-laden hydrogel/titanium microhybrids: Site-specific cell delivery to metallic implants for improved integration. Acta Biomater 2016; 33:301-10. [PMID: 26802440 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porous titanium implants are widely used in dental, orthopaedic and otorhinolaryngology fields to improve implant integration to host tissue. A possible step further to improve the integration with the host is the incorporation of autologous cells in porous titanium structures via cell-laden hydrogels. Fast gelling hydrogels have advantageous properties for in situ applications such as localisation of specific cells and growth factors at a target area without dispersion. The ability to control the cell types in different regions of an implant is important in applications where the target tissue (i) has structural heterogeneity (multiple cell types with a defined spatial configuration with respect to each other); (ii) has physical property gradients essential for its function (such as in the case of osteochondral tissue transition). Due to their near immediate gelation, such gels can also be used for site-specific modification of porous titanium structures, particularly for implants which would face different tissues at different locations. Herein, we describe a step by step design of a model system: the model cell-laden gel-containing porous titanium implants in the form of titanium microbead/hydrogel (maleimide-dextran or maleimide-PVA based) microhybrids. These systems enable the determination of the effect of titanium presence on gel properties and encapsulated cell behaviour as a miniaturized version of full-scale implants, providing a system compatible with conventional analysis methods. We used a fibroblast/vascular endothelial cell co-cultures as our model system and by utilising single microbeads we have quantified the effect of gel microenvironment (degradability, presence of RGD peptides within gel formulation) on cell behaviour and the effect of the titanium presence on cell behaviour and gel formation. Titanium presence slightly changed gel properties without hindering gel formation or affecting cell viability. Cells showed a preference to move towards the titanium beads and fibroblast proliferation was significantly higher in hybrids compared to gel only controls. The MMP (Matrix Metalloproteinase)-sensitive hydrogels induced sprouting by cells in co-culture configuration which was quantified by fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy and qRT-PCR (Quantitative Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction). When the microhybrid up-scaled to 3D thick structures, cellular localisation in specific areas of the 3D titanium structures was achieved, without decreasing overall cell proliferation compared to titanium only scaffolds. Microhybrids of titanium and hydrogels are useful models for deciding the necessary modifications of metallic implants and they can be used as a modelling system for the study of tissue/titanium implant interactions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This article demonstrates a method to apply cell-laden hydrogels to porous titanium implants and a model of titanium/hydrogel interaction at micro-level using titanium microbeads. The feasibility of site-specific modification of titanium implants with cell-laden microgels has been demonstrated. Use of titanium microbeads in combination with hydrogels with conventional analysis techniques as described in the article can facilitate the characterisation of surface modification of titanium in a relevant model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Koenig
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité 1121, 11 Rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hayriye Ozcelik
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité 1121, 11 Rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lisa Haesler
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, BioMEMS Group, Markwiesenstraße 55, D-72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Martina Cihova
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, BioMEMS Group, Markwiesenstraße 55, D-72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Sait Ciftci
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité 1121, 11 Rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie, 67098 Strasbourg, France
| | - Agnes Dupret-Bories
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité 1121, 11 Rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie, 67098 Strasbourg, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, 1 avenue Irène Joliot Curie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Debry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité 1121, 11 Rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie, 67098 Strasbourg, France
| | - Martin Stelzle
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, BioMEMS Group, Markwiesenstraße 55, D-72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Philippe Lavalle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité 1121, 11 Rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Relationship of Genetic Polymorphisms of the Chemokine, CCL5, and Its Receptor, CCR5, with Coronary Artery Disease in Taiwan. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:851683. [PMID: 26688689 PMCID: PMC4672136 DOI: 10.1155/2015/851683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 polymorphism, which confers resistance to HIV infection, has been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the association of the chemokine, CCL5, and its receptor, CCR5, polymorphism and coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Taiwanese has not been studied. In this study, 483 subjects who received elective coronary angiography were recruited from Chung Shan Medical University Hospital. CCL5-403 and CCR5-59029 were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. We found that CCL5-403 with TT genotype frequencies was significantly associated with the risk of CAD group (odds ratio = 3.063 and p = 0.012). Moreover, the frequencies of CCR5-59029 with GG or GA genotype were higher than AA genotype in acute coronary syndrome individuals (odds ratio = 1.853, CI = 1.176–2.921, p = 0.008). In conclusion, we found that CCL5-403 polymorphism may increase genetic susceptibility of CAD. CCL5-403 or CCR5-59029 single nucleotide polymorphism may include genotype score and it may predict cardiovascular event.
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Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers Predict Cerebral Injury in HIV-Infected Individuals on Stable Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 69:29-35. [PMID: 25622053 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV-associated brain injury persists despite combination antiretroviral therapy, but contributing factors remain poorly understood. We postulated that inflammation-associated biomarkers will be associated with cerebral injury on proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in chronically HIV-infected subjects. METHODS Five biomarkers were measured in 197 HIV-infected subjects: soluble CD14, MCP-1, IP-10, MIP-1β, and fractalkine. Levels of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), Choline (Cho), Myoinositol (MI), Glutamate + Glutamine (Glx), and Creatine (Cr) were acquired in the midfrontal cortex (MFC), frontal white matter, and basal ganglia (BG). Predictive models were built through linear regression, and the best models were chosen using the Akaike Information Criterion. RESULTS Increases in plasma or CSF MCP-1 were associated with lower NAA/Cr in the MFC and BG, whereas metabolite changes in the frontal white matter for NAA/Cr, GlxCr, and Cho/Cr were explained almost exclusively by a single factor, sCD14. Plasma and CSF levels of this factor were also significantly associated with Glx/Cr in MFC and BG. Higher CSF FKN was associated with higher NAA/Cr in BG. Best predictors for higher Cho/Cr in BG and MFC were CSF sCD14 and CSF MIP-1β. Plasma and CSF IP-10 were only associated with Cho/Cr in MFC. Of the 3 models that simultaneously accounted for both plasma and CSF, there were more associations between CSF biomarkers and magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Markers of inflammation and immune activation, in particular MCP-1 and sCD14, predominantly reflecting CNS sources, contribute to the persistence of brain injury in a metabolite and region-dependent manner in chronically HIV-infected patients on stable combination antiretroviral therapy.
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Ramos I, Fernandez-Sesma A. Modulating the Innate Immune Response to Influenza A Virus: Potential Therapeutic Use of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Front Immunol 2015; 6:361. [PMID: 26257731 PMCID: PMC4507467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by influenza A viruses (IAV) is frequently characterized by robust inflammation that is usually more pronounced in the case of avian influenza. It is becoming clearer that the morbidity and pathogenesis caused by IAV are consequences of this inflammatory response, with several components of the innate immune system acting as the main players. It has been postulated that using a therapeutic approach to limit the innate immune response in combination with antiviral drugs has the potential to diminish symptoms and tissue damage caused by IAV infection. Indeed, some anti-inflammatory agents have been shown to be effective in animal models in reducing IAV pathology as a proof of principle. The main challenge in developing such therapies is to selectively modulate signaling pathways that contribute to lung injury while maintaining the ability of the host cells to mount an antiviral response to control virus replication. However, the dissection of those pathways is very complex given the numerous components regulated by the same factors (i.e., NF kappa B transcription factors) and the large number of players involved in this regulation, some of which may be undescribed or unknown. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current knowledge regarding the innate immune responses associated with tissue damage by IAV infection, the understanding of which is essential for the development of effective immunomodulatory drugs. Furthermore, we summarize the recent advances on the development and evaluation of such drugs as well as the lessons learned from those studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
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Jin Q, Chen H, Wang X, Zhao L, Xu Q, Wang H, Li G, Yang X, Ma H, Wu H, Ji X. The Effects of the Recombinant CCR5 T4 Lysozyme Fusion Protein on HIV-1 Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131894. [PMID: 26154172 PMCID: PMC4496087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insertion of T4 lysozyme (T4L) into the GPCR successfully enhanced GPCR protein stability and solubilization. However, the biological functions of the recombinant GPCR protein have not been analyzed. Methods We engineered the CCR5-T4L mutant and expressed and purified the soluble recombinant protein using an E.coli expression system. The antiviral effects of this recombinant protein in THP-1 cell lines, primary human macrophages, and PBMCs from different donors were investigated. We also explored the possible mechanisms underlying the observed antiviral effects. Results Our data showed the biphasic inhibitory and promotion effects of different concentrations of soluble recombinant CCR5-T4L protein on R5 tropic human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection in THP-1 cell lines, human macrophages, and PBMCs from clinical isolates. We demonstrated that soluble recombinant CCR5-T4L acts as a HIV-1 co-receptor, interacts with wild type CCR5, down-regulates the surface CCR5 expression in human macrophages, and interacts with CCL5 to inhibit macrophage migration. Using binding assays, we further determined that recombinant CCR5-T4L and [125I]-CCL5 compete for the same binding site on wild type CCR5. Conclusions Our results suggest that recombinant CCR5-T4L protein marginally promotes HIV-1 infection at low concentrations and markedly inhibits infection at higher concentrations. This recombinant protein may be helpful in the future development of anti-HIV-1 therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liandong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Huaian, 62 Huaihai South Road, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qingchen Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guanyu Li
- Department of Neurology, Mingji Hospital of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 71 Riverside West Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongming Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Haoquan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaohui Ji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Lee YH, Kim JH, Song GG. Chemokine receptor 5 Δ32 polymorphism and systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis, and primary Sjogren's syndrome. Meta-analysis of possible associations. Z Rheumatol 2015; 73:848-55. [PMID: 24599359 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-014-1356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether the functional chemokine receptor 5 delta32 (CCR5-Δ32) polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), vasculitis, and primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS). RESULTS A total of 12 studies were analyzed, including 5 on SLE, 5 on vasculitis, and 2 on pSS, encompassing 1881 patients and 2391 controls. Meta-analysis indicated no association between SLE and the CCR5-Δ32 allele (OR 0.842, 95 % CI 0.793-1.804, p = 0.657), and no association between the CCR5-Δ32 allele and SLE in Europeans (OR 0.647, 95 % CI 0.306-1.368, p = 0.255). Meta-analysis of the CCR5-Δ32 allele and the Δ32Δ32 + Δ32 W genotype showed no association with lupus nephritis (LN; OR 1.771, 95 % CI 0.475-6.595, p = 0.395; OR 2.192, 95 % CI 0.182-26.42, p = 0.537, respectively). In addition, meta-analysis revealed no association between the CCR5-Δ32 allele and vasculitis in all study subjects and in Europeans (OR 1.241, 95 % CI 0.951-1.620, p = 0.111; OR 1.359, 95 % CI 0.803-2.303, p = 0.254, respectively). However, the overall OR for the CCR5-Δ32 allele was significantly higher in Kawasaki disease (KD; OR 1.746, 95 % CI 1.003-2.955, p = 0.038) and the meta-analysis of the Δ32Δ32 + Δ32 W genotype showed a trend indicating an association with KD (OR 1.683, 95 % CI 0.921-3.077, p = 0.091). No association was found between the CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism and pSS. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis demonstrates that the CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism is associated with KD, but does not facilitate susceptibility to SLE, LN, or pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu , 136-705, Seoul, Korea,
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Allers K, Schneider T. CCR5Δ32 mutation and HIV infection: basis for curative HIV therapy. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 14:24-9. [PMID: 26143158 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is expressed on potential human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) target cells and serves as the predominant co-receptor for viral entry during initial transmission and through the early stages of infection. A homozygous Δ32 mutation in the CCR5 gene prevents CCR5 cell surface expression and thus confers resistance to infection with CCR5-tropic HIV strains. Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells from a CCR5Δ32/Δ32 donor was previously successful in eliminating HIV from the recipient's immune system, suggesting that targeted CCR5 disruption can lead to an HIV cure. Therefore, intense work is currently being carried out on CCR5 gene-editing tools to develop curative HIV therapy. Here, we review the natural function of CCR5, the progress made on CCR5 gene editing to date and discuss the current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Allers
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Khan J, Sharma PK, Mukhopadhaya A. Vibrio cholerae porin OmpU mediates M1-polarization of macrophages/monocytes via TLR1/TLR2 activation. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1199-209. [PMID: 26093918 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polarization of the monocytes and macrophages toward the M1 and M2 states is important for hosts' defense against the pathogens. Moreover, it plays a crucial role to resolve the overwhelming inflammatory responses that can be harmful to the host. Polarization of macrophages/monocytes can be induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMP-mediated monocyte/macrophage polarization is important during the infection, as pathogen can suppress host immune system by altering the polarization status of the macrophages/monocytes. OmpU, an outer membrane porin protein of Vibrio cholerae, possesses the ability to induce pro-inflammatory responses in monocytes/macrophages. It is also able to down-regulate the LPS-mediated activation of the monocytes/macrophages. Such observation leads us to believe that OmpU may induce a state that can be called as M1/M2-intermediate state. In the present study, we evaluated a set of M1 and M2 markers in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line, and THP-1 human monocytic cell line, in response to the purified OmpU protein. We observed that OmpU, as a PAMP, induced M1-polarization by activating the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. OmpU induced formation of TLR1/TLR2-heterodimers. OmpU-mediated TLR-activation led to the MyD88 recruitment to the TLR1/TLR2 complex. MyD88, in turn, recruited IRAK1. Ultimately, OmpU-mediated signaling led to the activation and subsequent nuclear translocation of the NFκB p65 subunit. We also observed that blocking of the TLR1, TLR2, IRAK1, and NFκB affected OmpU-mediated production of M1-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Praveen K Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Arunika Mukhopadhaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
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Chain B, Arnold J, Akthar S, Brandt M, Davis D, Noursadeghi M, Lapp T, Ji C, Sankuratri S, Zhang Y, Govada L, Saridakis E, Chayen N. A Linear Epitope in the N-Terminal Domain of CCR5 and Its Interaction with Antibody. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128381. [PMID: 26030924 PMCID: PMC4451072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCR5 receptor plays a role in several key physiological and pathological processes and is an important therapeutic target. Inhibition of the CCR5 axis by passive or active immunisation offers one very selective strategy for intervention. In this study we define a new linear epitope within the extracellular domain of CCR5 recognised by two independently produced monoclonal antibodies. A short peptide encoding the linear epitope can induce antibodies which recognise the intact receptor when administered colinear with a tetanus toxoid helper T cell epitope. The monoclonal antibody RoAb 13 is shown to bind to both cells and peptide with moderate to high affinity (6x10^8 and 1.2x107 M-1 respectively), and binding to the peptide is enhanced by sulfation of tyrosines at positions 10 and 14. RoAb13, which has previously been shown to block HIV infection, also blocks migration of monocytes in response to CCR5 binding chemokines and to inflammatory macrophage conditioned medium. A Fab fragment of RoAb13 has been crystallised and a structure of the antibody is reported to 2.1 angstrom resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Chain
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Gower St., London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jack Arnold
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Gower St., London, United Kingdom
| | - Samia Akthar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Gower St., London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Brandt
- Virology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Nutley, 340 Kingsland Street Nutley, NJ 07110, United States of America
| | - David Davis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Gower St., London, United Kingdom
| | - Thabo Lapp
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Gower St., London, United Kingdom
| | - Changhua Ji
- Virology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Nutley, 340 Kingsland Street Nutley, NJ 07110, United States of America
| | - Surya Sankuratri
- Virology Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Nutley, 340 Kingsland Street Nutley, NJ 07110, United States of America
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Gower St., London, United Kingdom
| | - Lata Govada
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Saridakis
- Laboratory of Structural and Supramolecular Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, National Centre for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece
| | - Naomi Chayen
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Zhang Z, Dong J, Lobe CG, Gong P, Liu J, Liao L. CCR5 facilitates endothelial progenitor cell recruitment and promotes the stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE-/- mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:36. [PMID: 25889019 PMCID: PMC4404610 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Unstable atherosclerotic plaques are prone to rupture, which leads to atherothrombosis. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are bone marrow-derived precursor cells that may repair vascular injury in atherosclerosis. Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) promotes mobilization of EPCs. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of CCR5-overexpressing EPCs on plaque stabilization in an apolipoprotein E (ApoE)−/− mouse model. Methods The expression of CCR5 and its cognate ligand chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) was examined in atherosclerotic aortas of humans and mice by immunohistochemistry. Splenectomized ApoE−/− C57BL/6 J mice fed a high-fat diet for 24 weeks were intravenously injected with EPCs transfected with CCR5 overexpression lentivirus. The recruitment of EPCs over the atherosclerotic plaques was evaluated by immunofluorescence. The content of lipid, smooth muscle cells, monocytes/macrophages, and endothelial cells in atherosclerotic plaques was assayed by specific immunostaining. The serum levels of atherosclerosis-related inflammatory factors in ApoE−/− mice were measured by mouse atherosclerosis antibody array I. Results CCR5 and CCL5 are highly expressed in atherosclerotic plaques in both humans and mice. The ApoE−/− mice with CCR5-overexpressing EPC treatment demonstrated a more stable plaque formation with enhanced recruitment of EPC, reduced lipid, and macrophage content in the atherosclerotic plaques. CCR5-overexpressing EPC treatment also increased the content of endothelial cells and nitric oxide production in the plaques. In addition, the serum levels of interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, CD40, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and the plaque contents of IL-6 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were reduced in mice with CCR5-overexpressing EPC treatment. Conclusions These findings suggest that CCR5 is a novel therapeutic target in EPC treatment for stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0026-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwen Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China.
| | - Jianjun Dong
- Department of Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Corrinne G Lobe
- Miami Mice Research Corp., 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1 L7, Canada.
| | - Peiyun Gong
- Department of Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Ju Liu
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China.
| | - Lin Liao
- Department of Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China.
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Inflammatory and antioxidant pattern unbalance in "clopidogrel-resistant" patients during acute coronary syndrome. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:710123. [PMID: 25873769 PMCID: PMC4383491 DOI: 10.1155/2015/710123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. In acute coronary syndrome (ACS), inflammation and redox response are associated with increased residual platelet reactivity (RPR) on clopidogrel therapy. We investigated whether clopidogrel interaction affects platelet function and modulates factors related to inflammation and oxidation in ACS patients differently responding to clopidogrel. Material and Methods. Platelet aggregation was measured in 29 ACS patients on dual (aspirin/clopidogrel) antiplatelet therapy. Nonresponders (NR) were defined as RPR ≥70% by ADP. Several inflammatory and redox parameters were assayed and platelet proteome was determined. Results. Eight (28%) out of 29 ACS patients resulted NR to clopidogrel. At 24 hours, the levels of Th2-type cytokines IL-4, IFNγ, and MCP-1 were higher in NR, while blood GSH (r-GSHbl) levels were lower in NR than responders (R). Proteomic analysis evidenced an upregulated level of platelet adhesion molecule, CD226, and a downregulation of the antioxidant peroxiredoxin-4. In R patients the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 decreased, while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1Ra increased. Conclusions. In patients with high RPR on clopidogrel therapy, an unbalance of inflammatory factors, platelet adhesion molecules, and circulatory and platelet antioxidant molecules was observed during the acute phase. Proinflammatory milieu persists in nonresponders for a long time after the acute event while antioxidant blood factors tend to conform to normal responsiveness.
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93
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Devêvre EF, Renovato-Martins M, Clément K, Sautès-Fridman C, Cremer I, Poitou C. Profiling of the three circulating monocyte subpopulations in human obesity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3917-23. [PMID: 25786686 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Three subpopulations of circulating monocytes have been described: CD14(2+)CD16(-) (classical monocytes [CM]), CD14(2+)CD16(+) (intermediate monocytes [IM]), and CD14(+)CD16(2+) (nonclassical monocytes [NCM]). We previously showed that obesity is associated with an increased proportion of IM and NCM. Our objective is to decipher the migratory and inflammatory functions of each monocyte subset in obesity-related low-grade inflammation. Twenty-six healthy, normal-weight and nondiabetic volunteers (C) and 40 obese nondiabetic (Ob) individuals were included in this study. We explored the gene expression profile of 18 inflammatory genes in each subset of C and Ob subjects and measured protein expression of the upregulated genes. We then tested their functional response to TLR signaling in both groups. We showed an increased expression of CX3CR1 in all monocyte subpopulations and of CCR2 and CCR5 in CM and IM in the Ob group. We found negative correlation between CCR2 and CX3CR1 expressions and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, whereas CCR5 expression was positively linked to obesity-related metabolic traits. Production of inflammatory proteins upon bacterial LPS and viral ssRNA stimulation was higher in CM and NCM of the Ob group compared with the C group. Our work highlights an enhanced inflammatory phenotype of monocytes with a higher response to TLR4 and TLR8 stimulations in obesity. Moreover, it suggests an increased migration capacity of CM and IM subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle F Devêvre
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1138, Team 13, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1166, Nutriomic Team 6, F-75006 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, F-75013 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France; Centre d'Imagerie Cellulaire et de Cytométrie, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1138, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Mariana Renovato-Martins
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1138, Team 13, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1166, Nutriomic Team 6, F-75006 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, F-75013 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Karine Clément
- INSERM, U1166, Nutriomic Team 6, F-75006 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, F-75013 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, F-75013 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Département Nutrition, F-75013 Paris, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine-Ile de France, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1138, Team 13, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, F-75013 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1138, Team 13, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, F-75013 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Christine Poitou
- INSERM, U1166, Nutriomic Team 6, F-75006 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, F-75013 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, F-75013 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Département Nutrition, F-75013 Paris, France; and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine-Ile de France, F-75013 Paris, France
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94
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Lau G, Labrecque J, Metz M, Vaz R, Fricker SP. Specificity for a CCR5 Inhibitor Is Conferred by a Single Amino Acid Residue: ROLE OF ILE198. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11041-51. [PMID: 25767113 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.640169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CCR2b share 89% amino acid homology. CCR5 is a co-receptor for HIV and CCR5 antagonists have been investigated as inhibitors of HIV infection. We describe the use of two CCR5 antagonists, Schering-C (SCH-C), which is specific for CCR5, and TAK-779, a dual inhibitor of CCR5 and CCR2b, to probe the CCR5 inhibitor binding site using CCR5/CCR2b chimeric receptors. Compound inhibition in the different chimeras was assessed by inhibition of chemokine-induced calcium flux. SCH-C inhibited RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) (CCL5)-mediated calcium flux on CCR5 with an IC50 of 22.8 nM but was inactive against monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2)-mediated calcium flux on CCR2b. However, SCH-C inhibited CCL2-induced calcium flux against a CCR5/CCR2b chimera consisting of transmembrane domains IV-VI of CCR5 with an IC50 of 55 nM. A sequence comparison of CCR5 and CCR2b identified a divergent amino acid sequence located at the junction of transmembrane domain V and second extracellular loop. Transfer of the CCR5 sequence KNFQTLKIV into CCR2b conferred SCH-C inhibition (IC50 of 122 nM) into the predominantly CCR2b chimera. Furthermore, a single substitution, R206I, conferred partial but significant inhibition (IC50 of 1023 nM) by SCH-C. These results show that a limited amino acid sequence is responsible for SCH-C specificity to CCR5, and we propose a model showing the interaction with CCR5 Ile(198).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Lau
- From Anormed Inc., Langley, British Columbia V2Y 1N5, Canada
| | - Jean Labrecque
- From Anormed Inc., Langley, British Columbia V2Y 1N5, Canada
| | - Markus Metz
- Lead Generation to Candidate Realization, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, and
| | - Roy Vaz
- Lead Generation to Candidate Realization, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, and
| | - Simon P Fricker
- Sanofi-Genzyme Research and Development Center, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701
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95
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Zhang Z, Liu J, Wang H, Wu H, Wu X, Dong J, Liao L. Association between chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) delta32 gene variant and atherosclerosis: a meta-analysis of 13 studies. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:658-665. [PMID: 25785041 PMCID: PMC4358496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is one of the pro-inflammatory G protein coupled receptors. Many studies have accessed the association between CCR5 gene polymorphism and atherosclerotic disease. However, the results are conflicting and inconclusive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association more precisely. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Trials were retrieved through Pubmed, Embase, Medline, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science, and Cochrane database without restrictions on language. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to describe the strength of association with atherosclerotic disease. The subgroup analysis was used to explore the heterogeneity bias among studies. RESULTS Data were obtained from 13 case-control studies that included 5321 patients with atherosclerotic disease and 4283 control subjects. In the overall analysis, the CCR5-delta32 (Δ32) genetic variants was not associated with increased the risk of atherosclerotic disease (dominant model: OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.69-1.24, I(2) = 77%, P = 0.60; recessive model: OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.61-1.65, I(2) = 0%, P = 0.98), even after stratification for the status of CCR5-delta32 allele. However, in subgroup analysis, the association was significant for Asians population (OR: 2.29, 95% CI: 1.44-3.64, P = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS Our studies add to the evidence that CCR5 Δ32-positive genotype (Δ32/Δ32 or wt/Δ32) increases the risk of atherosclerotic disease in Asian population. Ethnicity difference might contribute to the inconsistency in isolated studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250014, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250014, China
| | - Huanjun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250014, China
| | - Hongxia Wu
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250014, China
| | - Xuanmei Wu
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250014, China
| | - Jianjun Dong
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan 250014, China
| | - Lin Liao
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250014, China
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96
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Kazmierski WM, Danehower S, Duan M, Ferris RG, Elitzin V, Minick D, Sharp M, Stewart E, Villeneuve M. Biological and Structural Characterization of Rotamers of C-C Chemokine Receptor Type 5 (CCR5) Inhibitor GSK214096. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:1296-9. [PMID: 25516787 DOI: 10.1021/ml5004124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported the discovery of preclinical CCR5 inhibitor GSK214096, 1 (J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 756). Detailed characterization of 1 revealed that it exists as a mixture of four separable atropisomers A-D. The two slow-interconverting pairs of rotamers A + B and C + D were separated and further characterized. HIV and CCR5-mediated chemotaxis data strongly suggest that the antiviral potency of 1 is due to rotamers A + B and not C + D. Furthermore, integrated UV, vibrational circular dichroism VCD and computational approach allowed to determine the M chirality in C + D (and P chirality in A + B). These findings imply additional avenues to be pursued toward new CCR5 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslaw M. Kazmierski
- Infectious
Diseases TAU and ‡Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3398, United States
| | - Susan Danehower
- Infectious
Diseases TAU and ‡Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3398, United States
| | - Maosheng Duan
- Infectious
Diseases TAU and ‡Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3398, United States
| | - Robert G. Ferris
- Infectious
Diseases TAU and ‡Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3398, United States
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97
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Li RJ, Yang M, Li JF, Xue L, Chen YG, Chen WQ. Circulating CD36 and fractalkine levels are associated with vulnerable plaque progression in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 41:863-9. [PMID: 25224515 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jian Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research; Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; Shandong University Qilu Hospital; Jinan Shandong China
- Department of Emergency; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Ming Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research; Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; Shandong University Qilu Hospital; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Ji Fu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research; Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; Shandong University Qilu Hospital; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Li Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research; Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; Shandong University Qilu Hospital; Jinan Shandong China
- Department of Emergency; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Yu Guo Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research; Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; Shandong University Qilu Hospital; Jinan Shandong China
- Department of Emergency; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Wen Qiang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research; Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; Shandong University Qilu Hospital; Jinan Shandong China
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98
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The CCR5Δ32 polymorphism in Brazilian patients with sickle cell disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:678246. [PMID: 25548430 PMCID: PMC4274860 DOI: 10.1155/2014/678246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies on the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD) suggested that the CCR5Δ32 allele, which is responsible for the production of truncated C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5), could confer a selective advantage on patients with SCD because it leads to a less efficient Th1 response. We determined the frequency of the CCR5Δ32 polymorphism in 795 Afro-Brazilian SCD patients followed up at the Pernambuco Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, in Northeastern Brazil, divided into a pediatric group (3 months-17 years, n = 483) and an adult group (18-70 years, n = 312). The adult patients were also compared to a healthy control group (blood donors, 18-61 years, n = 247). METHODS The CCR5/CCR5Δ32 polymorphism was determined by allele-specific PCR. RESULTS No homozygous patient for the CCR5Δ32 allele was detected. The frequency of heterozygotes in the study population (patients and controls) was 5.8%, in the total SCD patients 5.1%, in the children 5.4%, in the adults with SCD 4.8%, and in the adult controls 8.1%. These differences did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings failed to demonstrate an important role of the CCR5Δ32 allele in the population sample studied here.
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99
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Ibáñez L, Velli PS, Font R, Jaén A, Royo J, Irigoyen D, Cairó M, De la Sierra A, Arranz MJ, Gallardo D, Dalmau D. HIV-infection, atherosclerosis and the inflammatory pathway: candidate gene study in a Spanish HIV-infected population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112279. [PMID: 25383745 PMCID: PMC4226484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Higher prevalence of atherosclerosis and higher cardiovascular risk is observed in HIV-infected individuals. The biological mechanisms underlying these processes are unclear. Several studies have implicated genetic variants in the inflammatory genes in cardiovascular disease and in HIV natural course infection. Methods & Findings In this study we have tested the possible association between genetic variants in several inflammatory genes and asymptomatic cardiovascular disease measured by carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and atherosclerotic plaque presence as dependent variables in 213 HIV-infected individuals. A total of 101 genetic variants in 25 candidate genes have been genotyped. Results were analyzed using Plink and SPSS statistical packages. We have found several polymorphisms in the genes ALOX5 (rs2115819 p = 0.009), ALOX5AP (rs9578196 p = 0.007; rs4769873 p = 0.004 and rs9315051 p = 0.0004), CX3CL1 (rs4151117 p = 0.040 and rs614230 p = 0.015) and CCL5 (rs3817655 p = 0.018 and rs2107538 p = 0.018) associated with atherosclerotic plaque. cIMT mean has been associated with CRP (1130864 p = 0.0003 and rs1800947 p = 0.008), IL1RN (rs380092 p = 0.002) and ALOX5AP (rs3885907 p = 0.02) genetic variants. Conclusions In this study we have found modest associations between genetic variants in several inflammatory genes and atherosclerotic plaque or cIMT. Nevertheless, our study adds evidence to the association between inflammatory pathway genetic variants and the atherosclerotic disease in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ibáñez
- Fundació Docència i Recerca MútuaTerrassa, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pablo Sebastián Velli
- Hospital Universitari MútuaTerrassa, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roser Font
- Hospital Universitari MútuaTerrassa, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Angeles Jaén
- Fundació Docència i Recerca MútuaTerrassa, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Royo
- Hospital Universitari MútuaTerrassa, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniel Irigoyen
- Hospital Universitari MútuaTerrassa, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mireia Cairó
- Hospital Universitari MútuaTerrassa, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alejandro De la Sierra
- Hospital Universitari MútuaTerrassa, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - David Gallardo
- Servei Veterinari de Genètica Molecular (SVGM) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - David Dalmau
- Fundació Docència i Recerca MútuaTerrassa, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
- Hospital Universitari MútuaTerrassa, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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100
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Lee YH, Song GG. Association between chemokine receptor 5 delta32 polymorphism and susceptibility to cancer: a meta-analysis. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 35:509-15. [PMID: 25203595 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.960934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether the functional chemokine receptor 5 delta32 (CCR5-Δ32) polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to cancer. METHODS A meta-analysis was conducted on the association between the CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism and cancer using (i) allele contrast and (ii) the dominant model. RESULTS Thirteen articles, including 16 comparative studies on a total of 3087 patients and 3735 controls, were included in the meta-analysis. These studies encompassed breast cancer (n = 3), bladder cancer (n = 3), cervical cancer (n = 2), pancreatic cancer (n = 2), prostate cancer (n = 2), head and neck cancer (n = 2), lymphoma (n = 1), gallbladder cancer (n = 1), skin cancer (n = 1) and mixed cancer (n = 1). The meta-analysis revealed an association between cancer and the CCR5-Δ32 allele (OR = 1.368, 95% CI = 1.064-1.758, p = 0.014), and stratification by ethnicity showed an association between the CCR5-Δ32 allele and cancer in Indians (OR = 2.480, 95% CI = 1.247-4.932, p = 0.010). The meta-analysis also revealed an association between breast cancer and the CCR5-Δ32 allele (OR = 1.689, 95% CI = 1.012-2.821, p = 0.045). However, allele contrast and the dominant model failed to reveal an association between the CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism and bladder cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and head and neck cancer. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis demonstrates that the CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to cancer in Indians and is associated with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Lee
- a Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Gwan Gyu Song
- a Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
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