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Spliethoff HM, Mitchell RG, Shayler H, Marquez-Bravo LG, Russell-Anelli J, Ferenz G, McBride M. Estimated lead (Pb) exposures for a population of urban community gardeners. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2016; 38:955-71. [PMID: 26753554 PMCID: PMC4940361 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Urban community gardens provide affordable, locally grown, healthy foods and many other benefits. However, urban garden soils can contain lead (Pb) that may pose risks to human health. To help evaluate these risks, we measured Pb concentrations in soil, vegetables, and chicken eggs from New York City community gardens, and we asked gardeners about vegetable consumption and time spent in the garden. We then estimated Pb intakes deterministically and probabilistically for adult gardeners, children who spend time in the garden, and adult (non-gardener) household members. Most central tendency Pb intakes were below provisional total tolerable intake (PTTI) levels. High contact intakes generally exceeded PTTIs. Probabilistic estimates showed approximately 40 % of children and 10 % of gardeners exceeding PTTIs. Children's exposure came primarily from dust ingestion and exposure to higher Pb soil between beds. Gardeners' Pb intakes were comparable to children's (in µg/day) but were dominated by vegetable consumption. Adult household members ate less garden-grown produce than gardeners and had the lowest Pb intakes. Our results suggest that healthy gardening practices to reduce Pb exposure in urban community gardens should focus on encouraging cultivation of lower Pb vegetables (i.e., fruits) for adult gardeners and on covering higher Pb non-bed soils accessible to young children. However, the common practice of replacement of root-zone bed soil with clean soil (e.g., in raised beds) has many benefits and should also continue to be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Spliethoff
- Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, Empire State Plaza - Corning Tower Room 1743, Albany, NY, 12237, USA.
| | - Rebecca G Mitchell
- Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, Empire State Plaza - Corning Tower Room 1743, Albany, NY, 12237, USA
| | - Hannah Shayler
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lydia G Marquez-Bravo
- Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, Empire State Plaza - Corning Tower Room 1743, Albany, NY, 12237, USA
| | - Jonathan Russell-Anelli
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gretchen Ferenz
- Cornell University Cooperative Extension, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Murray McBride
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Kwong LH, Ercumen A, Pickering AJ, Unicomb L, Davis J, Luby SP. Hand- and Object-Mouthing of Rural Bangladeshi Children 3-18 Months Old. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E563. [PMID: 27271651 PMCID: PMC4924020 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Children are exposed to environmental contaminants by placing contaminated hands or objects in their mouths. We quantified hand- and object-mouthing frequencies of Bangladeshi children and determined if they differ from those of U.S. children to evaluate the appropriateness of applying U.S. exposure models in other socio-cultural contexts. We conducted a five-hour structured observation of the mouthing behaviors of 148 rural Bangladeshi children aged 3-18 months. We modeled mouthing frequencies using 2-parameter Weibull distributions to compare the modeled medians with those of U.S. children. In Bangladesh the median frequency of hand-mouthing was 37.3 contacts/h for children 3-6 months old, 34.4 contacts/h for children 6-12 months old, and 29.7 contacts/h for children 12-18 months old. The median frequency of object-mouthing was 23.1 contacts/h for children 3-6 months old, 29.6 contacts/h for children 6-12 months old, and 15.2 contacts/h for children 12-18 months old. At all ages both hand- and object-mouthing frequencies were higher than those of U.S. children. Mouthing frequencies were not associated with child location (indoor/outdoor). Using hand- and object-mouthing exposure models from U.S. and other high-income countries might not accurately estimate children's exposure to environmental contaminants via mouthing in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Kwong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Ayse Ercumen
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Amy J Pickering
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Jennifer Davis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Stephen P Luby
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Gretsch SR, Ampofo JA, Baker KK, Clennon J, Null CA, Peprah D, Reese H, Robb K, Teunis P, Wellington N, Yakubu H, Moe CL. Quantification of exposure to fecal contamination in open drains in four neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2016; 14:255-266. [PMID: 27105411 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2015.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In low-income countries, rapid urbanization adds pressure to already stressed water and sanitation systems that are critical to the health of communities. Drainage networks, designed for stormwater but commonly used for disposing of waste, are rarely covered completely, allowing residents to easily come into contact with their contents. This study used spatial mapping, documentation of physical drain characteristics, microbiological analysis of drain samples, and behavioral observation to comprehensively examine drains as a route of exposure to fecal contamination in four low-income neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana. A stochastic model of six likely exposure scenarios was constructed to estimate children's exposure to drain water. Regardless of the age of the child, any exposure scenario considered resulted in exposure to a high level of fecal contamination. Fecal contamination levels in drains were high (Escherichia coli: geometric mean (GM), 8.60 cfu log(10)/100 mL; coliphage: GM, 5.56 pfu log(10)/100 mL), and did not differ by neighborhood or physical drain characteristics, indicating that frequency of contact with drains, and not drain type or location, drives exposure risk. To mitigate health risks associated with this exposure, drains should be covered, with priority given to large concrete and small to medium dirt-lined drains that children were most commonly observed entering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Gretsch
- Center for Global Safe Water, Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph A Ampofo
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Water Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kelly K Baker
- Center for Global Safe Water, Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Julie Clennon
- Center for Global Safe Water, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clair A Null
- Center for Global Safe Water, Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Suite 6050, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA E-mail: ; Mathematica Policy Research, Princeton, NJ, USA; Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dorothy Peprah
- Center for Global Safe Water, Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Suite 6050, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA E-mail:
| | - Heather Reese
- Center for Global Safe Water, Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katharine Robb
- Center for Global Safe Water, Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Suite 6050, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA E-mail:
| | - Peter Teunis
- Center for Global Safe Water, Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Suite 6050, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA E-mail: ; Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Cambridge, MA, USA; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nii Wellington
- Training Research and Networking for Development (TREND Group), Accra, Ghana
| | - Habib Yakubu
- Center for Global Safe Water, Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Suite 6050, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA E-mail:
| | - Christine L Moe
- Center for Global Safe Water, Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Suite 6050, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA E-mail:
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Wang S, Ma J, Pan L, Lin C, Wang B, Duan X. Quantification of soil/dust (SD) on the hands of children from Hubei Province, China using hand wipes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 120:193-197. [PMID: 26086575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A total of 120 children (58 males and 62 females) between the ages of 2 and 17 years were randomly selected from Wuhan City and Wufeng County in Hubei Province, China. We gathered hand SD samples from these children using hand wipes. We determined approximate amounts of hand SD and concentrations of three tracer soil elements (Ce, Y, V) in these samples. The approximate amounts of hand SD ranged from 6.35 to 85.42mg with a median value of 20.62mg. In addition, mean amounts of hand SD estimated using concentrations of Ce, Y, and V in samples were 1.07, 1.00, and 0.92mg, respectively. The amounts of hand SD varied greatly among age groups: primary school children had more hand SD than kindergarten and middle school children, males had more hand SD than females, and children from rural areas had more hand SD than those from urban areas. The rates of daily ingestion of hand SD for kindergarten, primary school, and middle school children were estimated as 1.79, 2.12, and 0.49mg/d, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Libo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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55
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Tsou MC, Özkaynak H, Beamer P, Dang W, Hsi HC, Jiang CB, Chien LC. Mouthing activity data for children aged 7 to 35 months in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:388-98. [PMID: 25027450 PMCID: PMC4470867 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Young children's mouthing activities thought to be among the most important exposure pathways. Unfortunately, mouthing activity studies have only been conducted in a few countries. In the current study, we used videotaping and computer-based translating method to obtain mouthing activity data for 66 children aged 7-35 months in Taiwan. The median indoor hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth frequencies were 8.91 and 11.39 contacts/h, respectively. The median indoor hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth hourly contact durations were 0.34 and 0.46 min/h, respectively. The indoor object-to-mouth activities were significantly and negatively correlated with age. Children aged 12 to <24 months in the current study had lower indoor hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth frequencies than children of same age group in the United States. We also found that indoor mouthing duration with pacifier was significantly and negatively correlated with indoor mouthing duration with other non-dietary objects. The results of the current study indicate that the mouthing behaviors may be different between different countries or populations with different ethnic or lifestyle characteristics. We conclude that using hand-to-mouth frequency values from the current literature may not be most reliable for estimating non-dietary exposures of young children living in Taiwan or even in other similar Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chien Tsou
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Halûk Özkaynak
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (E205-01), USA
| | - Paloma Beamer
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, USA
| | - Winston Dang
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Cheng Hsi
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University
| | - Chuen-Bin Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Chu Chien
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Correspondence: Ling-Chu Chien, Ph.D., School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, No.250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 11031, Taiwan, Tel: 886-2-2736-1661 ext. 6516, Fax: 886-2-2738-4831,
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56
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Mattioli MCM, Davis J, Boehm AB. Hand-to-mouth contacts result in greater ingestion of feces than dietary water consumption in Tanzania: a quantitative fecal exposure assessment model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:1912-20. [PMID: 25559008 DOI: 10.1021/es505555f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases kill 1800 children under the age of five die each day, and nearly half of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Contaminated drinking water and hands are two important environmental transmission routes of diarrhea-causing pathogens to young children in low-income countries. The objective of this research is to evaluate the relative contribution of these two major exposure pathways in a low-income country setting. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the amount of human feces ingested by children under five years old from exposure via hand-to-mouth contacts and stored drinking water ingestion in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Child specific exposure data were obtained from the USEPA 2011 Exposure Factors Handbook, and fecal contamination was estimated using hand rinse and stored water fecal indicator bacteria concentrations from over 1200 Tanzanian households. The model outcome is a distribution of a child's daily dose of feces via each exposure route. The model results show that Tanzanian children ingest a significantly greater amount of feces each day from hand-to-mouth contacts than from drinking water, which may help elucidate why interventions focused on water without also addressing hygiene often see little to no effect on reported incidence of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Catharine M Mattioli
- Environmental and Water Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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57
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Moya J, Phillips L. A review of soil and dust ingestion studies for children. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2014; 24:545-54. [PMID: 24691008 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Soil and dust ingestion by children may be important pathways of exposure to environmental contaminants. Contaminated soil and dust may end up on children's hands and objects, because they play close to the ground. These contaminants can be ingested by children, because they have a tendency to place objects, including their fingers, in their mouths. Assessing exposure through this pathway requires information about the amount of soil and dust ingested by children. Estimates of soil and dust ingestion and information on the prevalence of the behavior have been published in the literature, but research in this area is generally limited. Three methodologies have been used to quantify soil and dust ingestion rates. In this paper, these are referred to as the tracer element method, the biokinetic model comparison method, and the activity pattern method. This paper discusses the information available on the prevalence of soil and dust ingestion behavior, summarizes the three methodologies for quantifying soil and dust ingestion, and discusses their limitations. Soil ingestion data derived from studies that use these methodologies are also summarized. Although they are based on different estimation approaches, the central tendency estimates of soil and dust ingestion derived from the three methodologies are generally comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Moya
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Linda Phillips
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, USA
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58
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Evers EG, Berk PA, Horneman ML, van Leusden FM, de Jonge R. A quantitative microbiological risk assessment for Campylobacter in petting zoos. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2014; 34:1618-1638. [PMID: 24724585 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The significance of petting zoos for transmission of Campylobacter to humans and the effect of interventions were estimated. A stochastic QMRA model simulating a child or adult visiting a Dutch petting zoo was built. The model describes the transmission of Campylobacter in animal feces from the various animal species, fences, and the playground to ingestion by visitors through touching these so-called carriers and subsequently touching their lips. Extensive field and laboratory research was done to fulfill data needs. Fecal contamination on all carriers was measured by swabbing in 10 petting zoos, using Escherichia coli as an indicator. Carrier-hand and hand-lip touching frequencies were estimated by, in total, 13 days of observations of visitors by two observers at two petting zoos. The transmission from carrier to hand and from hand to lip by touching was measured using preapplied cow feces to which E. coli WG5 was added as an indicator. Via a Beta-Poisson dose-response function, the number of Campylobacter cases for the whole of the Netherlands (16 million population) in a year was estimated at 187 and 52 for children and adults, respectively, so 239 in total. This is significantly lower than previous QMRA results on chicken fillet and drinking water consumption. Scenarios of 90% reduction of the contamination (meant to mimic cleaning) of all fences and just goat fences reduces the number of cases by 82% and 75%, respectively. The model can easily be adapted for other fecally transmitted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Evers
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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59
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Boisa N, Bird G, Brewer PA, Dean JR, Entwistle JA, Kemp SJ, Macklin MG. Potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in scalp hair, soil and metallurgical wastes in Mitrovica, Kosovo: the role of oral bioaccessibility and mineralogy in human PHE exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 60:56-70. [PMID: 24013020 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Internationally publicized impacts upon human health associated with potentially harmful element (PHE) exposure have been reported amongst internally displaced populations (IDPs) in Mitrovica, Kosovo, following the Kosovan War. Particular concern has surrounded the exposure to Pb indicated by the presence of highly elevated concentrations of Pb in blood and hair samples. This study utilizes a physiologically-based in-vitro extraction method to assess the bioaccessibility of PHEs in surface soils and metallurgical waste in Mitrovica and assesses the potential daily intake of soil-bound PHEs. Maximum As (210mgkg(-1)), Cd (38mgkg(-1)), Cu (410mgkg(-1)), Pb (18790mgkg(-1)) and Zn (8500mgkg(-1)) concentrations in surface soils (0-10cm) are elevated above guideline values. Samples with high PHE concentrations (e.g. As >1000mgkg(-1); Pb >1500mgkg(-1)) exhibit a wide range of bioaccessibilities (5.40 - 92.20% in the gastric (G) phase and 10.00 - 55.80% in the gastric-intestinal (G-I) phase). Samples associated with lower bioaccessibilities typically contain a number of XRD-identifiable primary and secondary mineral phases, particularly As- and Pb-bearing arsenian pyrite, beudantite, galena and cerrusite. Quantification of the potential human exposure risk associated with the ingestion of soil-associated PHEs indicates that on average, 0.01μg Cd kg(-1) BW d(-1), 0.16μg Cu kg(-1) BW d(--1), 0.12μg As kg(-1) BW d(-1), 7.81μg Pb kg(-1) BW d(-1), and 2.68μg Zn kg(-1) BW d(-1) could be bioaccessible following ingestion of PHE-rich soils in the Mitrovica region, with Pb, and to a lesser extent As, indicating the likely possibility of local populations exceeding the recommended tolerable daily intake. Lead present within surface soils of the area could indeed have contributed to the human Pb burden due to the high bioaccessibility of Pb present within these soils (13.40 - 92.20% in the gastric phase). Data for Pb levels in scalp hair (≤120μgg(-1)) and blood (≥650μgdL(-1); WHO, 2004) for children that have lived within IDP camps in Mitrovica indicate significant Pb uptake has indeed taken place. The highly bioaccessible nature of soil-associated PHEs in this study highlights the need for appropriate environmental management approaches that limit the exposure of local populations to these contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Boisa
- Department of Geography, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
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60
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Williams ES, Mahler BJ, Van Metre PC. Cancer risk from incidental ingestion exposures to PAHs associated with coal-tar-sealed pavement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23181746 DOI: 10.1021/es303371t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent (2009-10) studies documented significantly higher concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in settled house dust in living spaces and soil adjacent to parking lots sealed with coal-tar-based products. To date, no studies have examined the potential human health effects of PAHs from these products in dust and soil. Here we present the results of an analysis of potential cancer risk associated with incidental ingestion exposures to PAHs in settings near coal-tar-sealed pavement. Exposures to benzo[a]pyrene equivalents were characterized across five scenarios. The central tendency estimate of excess cancer risk resulting from lifetime exposures to soil and dust from nondietary ingestion in these settings exceeded 1 × 10(-4), as determined using deterministic and probabilistic methods. Soil was the primary driver of risk, but according to probabilistic calculations, reasonable maximum exposure to affected house dust in the first 6 years of life was sufficient to generate an estimated excess lifetime cancer risk of 6 × 10(-5). Our results indicate that the presence of coal-tar-based pavement sealants is associated with significant increases in estimated excess lifetime cancer risk for nearby residents. Much of this calculated excess risk arises from exposures to PAHs in early childhood (i.e., 0-6 years of age).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Spencer Williams
- Baylor University, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, Texas 76798-7178, USA.
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61
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Phillips L, Moya J. The evolution of EPA's Exposure Factors Handbook and its future as an exposure assessment resource. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2013; 23:13-21. [PMID: 22805985 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The need to compile and summarize exposure factors data into a resource document was first established in 1983 after the publication of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) report on Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process and subsequent publication of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) exposure guidelines in 1986 (NAS, 1983; US EPA, 1986). During the same time frame, the EPA published a report entitled Development of Statistical Distributions or Ranges of Standard Factors Used in Exposure Assessment to promote consistency among various exposure assessment activities in which EPA was involved and to serve as a support document to the 1986 exposure guidelines (US EPA, 1985). As the exposure assessment field continued to advance during the 1980s and 1990s, so did the need for more comprehensive data on exposure factors. The Exposure Factors Handbook was first published in 1989 in response to this need (US EPA, 1989). It became an important reference document and has been revised and updated since its original publication (US EPA, 1989; US EPA, 1997a; US EPA, 2011a). This paper reviews the evolution of the Exposure Factors Handbook, and explores anticipated needs and some of the potential options for future updates of the handbook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Phillips
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Mailcode 8623P, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20460, USA.
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Shin HM, McKone TE, Bennett DH. Intake fraction for the indoor environment: a tool for prioritizing indoor chemical sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10063-72. [PMID: 22920860 DOI: 10.1021/es3018286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Reliable exposure-based chemical characterization tools are needed to evaluate and prioritize in a rapid and efficient manner the more than tens of thousands of chemicals in current use. This study applies intake fraction (iF), the integrated incremental intake of a chemical per unit of emission, for a suite of indoor released compounds. A fugacity-based indoor mass-balance model was used to simulate the fate and transport of chemicals for three release scenarios: direct emissions to room air and surface applications to carpet and vinyl. Exposure through inhalation, dermal uptake, and nondietary ingestion was estimated. To compute iF, cumulative intake was summed from all exposure pathways for 20 years based on a scenario with two adults and a 1-year-old child who ages through the simulation. Overall iFs vary by application modes: air release (3.1 × 10(-3) to 6.3 × 10(-3)), carpet application (3.8 × 10(-5) to 6.2 × 10(-3)), and vinyl application (9.0 × 10(-5) to 1.8 × 10(-2)). These iF values serve as initial estimates that offer important insights on variations among chemicals and the potential relative contribution of each pathway over a suite of compounds. The approach from this study is intended for exposure-based prioritization of chemicals released inside homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Moo Shin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States.
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63
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Williams ES, Mahler BJ, Van Metre PC. Coal-tar pavement sealants might substantially increase children's PAH exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 164:40-41. [PMID: 22327113 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Spencer Williams
- Baylor University, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, One Bear Place, #97178, Waco, TX 76798-7178, USA.
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Ericson Jogsten I, Nadal M, van Bavel B, Lindström G, Domingo JL. Per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in house dust and indoor air in Catalonia, Spain: implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 39:172-80. [PMID: 22208757 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A total of 27 per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were determined in both house dust (n=10) and indoor air (n=10) from selected homes in Catalonia, Spain. Concentrations were found to be similar or lower than those previously reported for household microenvironments in other countries. Ten PFCs were detected in all house dust samples. The highest mean concentrations corresponded to perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), 10.7 ng/g (median: 1.5 ng/g) and 10.4 ng/g (median: 5.4 ng/g), respectively, while the 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) was the dominating neutral PFC at a concentration of 0.41 ng/g (median: 0.35 ng/g). The indoor air was dominated by the FTOHs, especially the 8:2 FTOH at a mean (median) concentration of 51 pg/m(3) (median: 42 pg/m(3)). A limited number of ionic PFCs were also detected in the indoor air samples. Daily intakes of PFCs were estimated for average and worst case scenarios of human exposure from indoor sources. For toddlers, this resulted in average intakes of ∑ionic PFCs of 4.9ng/day (0.33 ng/kg(bw)/day for a 15 kg toddlers) and ∑neutral PFCs of 0.072 ng/day (0.005 ng/kg(bw)/day) from house dust. For adults, the average daily intakes of dust were 3.6 and 0.053 ng/day (0.05 and 0.001 ng/kg(bw)/day for a 70 kg adult) for ∑ionic and ∑neutral PFCs, respectively. The average daily inhalation of ∑neutral PFCs was estimated to be 0.9 and 1.3 ng/day (0.06 and 0.02 ng/kg(bw)/day) for toddlers and adults, respectively. For PFOS, the main ionic PFC detected in indoor air samples, the median intakes (based on those samples where PFOS was detected), resulted in indoor exposures of 0.06 and 0.11 ng/day (0.004 and 0.002 ng/kg(bw)/day) for toddlers and adults, respectively. Based on previous studies on dietary intake and drinking water consumption, both house dust and indoor air contribute significantly less to PFC exposure within this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ericson Jogsten
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
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Beamer PI, Luik CE, Canales RA, Leckie JO. Quantified outdoor micro-activity data for children aged 7-12-years old. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2012; 22:82-92. [PMID: 21989500 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2011.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Estimation of aggregate exposure and risk requires detailed information regarding dermal contact and mouthing activity. We analyzed micro-level activity time series (MLATS) of children aged 7-12 years to quantify these contact behaviors and evaluate differences by age and gender. In all, 18 children, aged 7-12 years, were videotaped while playing outdoors. Video footage was transcribed via Virtual Timing Device (VTD) software. We calculated the hand and mouth contact frequency, hourly duration and median duration of contact with 16 object categories. Median mouthing frequencies were 12.6 events/h and 2.6 events/h for hands and non-dietary objects, respectively. Median hourly mouthing duration was 0.4 min/h and 0.1 min/h with hands and objects. Median mouthing contact duration was 1 s and 1.5 s with hands and objects, respectively. The median object contact frequency for both the hands combined was 537.3 events/h with an hourly contact duration of 81.8 min/h and a median contact duration of 3 s. There were no significant differences in the mouthing activity between genders or age groups. Female children had longer and more frequent hand contacts with several surface types. Age was negatively correlated with hand contacts of floor and wood surfaces. Contact frequencies in this study are higher than current regulatory recommendations for this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma I Beamer
- Environmental Health Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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