51
|
Kindsvater HK, Dulvy NK, Horswill C, Juan-Jordá MJ, Mangel M, Matthiopoulos J. Overcoming the Data Crisis in Biodiversity Conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:676-688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
52
|
Audzijonyte A, Richards SA. The Energetic Cost of Reproduction and Its Effect on Optimal Life-History Strategies. Am Nat 2018; 192:E150-E162. [PMID: 30205032 DOI: 10.1086/698655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Trade-offs in energy allocation between growth, reproduction, and survival are at the core of life-history theory. While age-specific mortality is considered to be the main determinant of the optimal allocation, some life-history strategies, such as delayed or skipped reproduction, may be better understood when also accounting for reproduction costs. Here, we present a two-pool indeterminate grower model that includes survival and energetic costs of reproduction. The energetic cost sets a minimum reserve required for reproduction, while the survival cost reflects increased mortality from low postreproductive body condition. Three life-history parameters determining age-dependent energy allocation to soma, reserve, and reproduction are optimized, and we show that the optimal strategies can reproduce realistic emergent growth trajectories, maturation ages, and reproductive outputs for fish. The model predicts maturation phase shifts along the gradient of condition-related mortality and shows that increased harvesting will select for earlier maturation and higher energy allocation to reproduction. However, since the energetic reproduction cost sets limits on how early an individual can mature, an increase in fitness at high harvesting can only be achieved by diverting most reserves into reproduction. The model presented here can improve predictions of life-history responses to environmental change and human impacts because key life-history traits such as maturation age and size, maximum body size, and size-specific fecundity emerge dynamically.
Collapse
|
53
|
Ngor PB, McCann KS, Grenouillet G, So N, McMeans BC, Fraser E, Lek S. Evidence of indiscriminate fishing effects in one of the world's largest inland fisheries. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8947. [PMID: 29895943 PMCID: PMC5997758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
While human impacts like fishing have altered marine food web composition and body size, the status of the world's important tropical inland fisheries remains largely unknown. Here, we look for signatures of human impacts on the indiscriminately fished Tonle Sap fish community that supports one of the world's largest freshwater fisheries. By analyzing a 15-year time-series (2000-2015) of fish catches for 116 species obtained from an industrial-scale 'Dai' fishery, we find: (i) 78% of the species exhibited decreasing catches through time; (ii) downward trends in catches occurred primarily in medium to large-bodied species that tend to occupy high trophic levels; (iii) a relatively stable or increasing trend in catches of small-sized species, and; (iv) a decrease in the individual fish weights and lengths for several common species. Because total biomass of the catch has remained remarkably resilient over the last 15 years, the increase in catch of smaller species has compensated for declines in larger species. Our finding of sustained production but altered community composition is consistent with predictions from recent indiscriminate theory, and gives a warning signal to fisheries managers and conservationists that the species-rich Tonle Sap is being affected by heavy indiscriminate fishing pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Bun Ngor
- Fisheries Administration, No. 186, Preah Norodom Blvd., Khan Chamcar Morn, P.O. Box 582, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Gaël Grenouillet
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Nam So
- Mekong River Commission Secretariat, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | | | - Evan Fraser
- University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, Canada
| | - Sovan Lek
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Wood ZT, Palkovacs EP, Kinnison MT. Eco-evolutionary Feedbacks from Non-target Species Influence Harvest Yield and Sustainability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6389. [PMID: 29686227 PMCID: PMC5913267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution in harvested species has become a major concern for its potential to affect yield, sustainability, and recovery. However, the current singular focus on harvest-mediated evolution in target species overlooks the potential for evolution in non-target members of communities. Here we use an individual-based model to explore the scope and pattern of harvest-mediated evolution at non-target trophic levels and its potential feedbacks on abundance and yield of the harvested species. The model reveals an eco-evolutionary trophic cascade, in which harvest at top trophic levels drives evolution of greater defense or competitiveness at subsequently lower trophic levels, resulting in alternating feedbacks on the abundance and yield of the harvested species. The net abundance and yield effects of these feedbacks depends on the intensity of harvest and attributes of non-target species. Our results provide an impetus and framework to evaluate the role of non-target species evolution in determining fisheries yield and sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Wood
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. .,Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Kinnison
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.,Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Fidler RY, Carroll J, Rynerson KW, Matthews DF, Turingan RG. Coral reef fishes exhibit beneficial phenotypes inside marine protected areas. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193426. [PMID: 29470525 PMCID: PMC5823445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human fishing effort is size-selective, preferentially removing the largest individuals from harvested stocks. Intensive, size-specific fishing mortality induces directional shifts in phenotypic frequencies towards the predominance of smaller and earlier-maturing individuals, which are among the primary causes of declining fish biomass. Fish that reproduce at smaller size and younger age produce fewer, smaller, and less viable larvae, severely reducing the reproductive capacity of harvested populations. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are extensively utilized in coral reefs for fisheries management, and are thought to mitigate the impacts of size-selective fishing mortality and supplement fished stocks through larval export. However, empirical evidence of disparities in fitness-relevant phenotypes between MPAs and adjacent fished reefs is necessary to validate this assertion. Here, we compare key life-history traits in three coral-reef fishes (Acanthurus nigrofuscus, Ctenochaetus striatus, and Parupeneus multifasciatus) between MPAs and fished reefs in the Philippines. Results of our analyses support previous hypotheses regarding the impacts of MPAs on phenotypic traits. Asymptotic length (Linf) and growth rates (K) differed between conspecifics in MPAs and fished reefs, with protected populations exhibiting phenotypes that are known to confer higher fecundity. Additionally, populations demonstrated increases in length at 50% maturity (L50) inside MPAs compared to adjacent areas, although age at 50% maturity (A50) did not appear to be impacted by MPA establishment. Shifts toward advantageous phenotypes were most common in the oldest and largest MPAs, but occurred in all of the MPAs examined. These results suggest that MPAs may provide protection against the impacts of size-selective harvest on life-history traits in coral-reef fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y. Fidler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica Carroll
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kristen W. Rynerson
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Danielle F. Matthews
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ralph G. Turingan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Hutchings JA, Kuparinen A. Empirical links between natural mortality and recovery in marine fishes. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.0693. [PMID: 28615502 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Probability of species recovery is thought to be correlated with specific aspects of organismal life history, such as age at maturity and longevity, and how these affect rates of natural mortality (M) and maximum per capita population growth (rmax). Despite strong theoretical underpinnings, these correlates have been based on predicted rather than realized population trajectories following threat mitigation. Here, we examine the level of empirical support for postulated links between a suite of life-history traits (related to maturity, age, size and growth) and recovery in marine fishes. Following threat mitigation (medium time since cessation of overfishing = 20 years), 71% of 55 temperate populations had fully recovered, the remainder exhibiting, on average, negligible change (impaired recovery). Singly, life-history traits did not influence recovery status. In combination, however, those that jointly reflect length-based mortality at maturity, Mα , revealed that recovered populations have higher Mα , which we hypothesize to reflect local adaptations associated with greater rmax But, within populations, the smaller sizes at maturity generated by overfishing are predicted to increase Mα , slowing recovery and increasing its uncertainty. We conclude that recovery potential is greater for populations adapted to high M but that temporal increases in M concomitant with smaller size at maturity will have the opposite effect. The recovery metric documented here (Mα ) has a sound theoretical basis, is significantly correlated with direct estimates of M that directly reflect rmax, is not reliant on data-intensive time series, can be readily estimated, and offers an empirically defensible correlate of recovery, given its clear links to the positive and impaired responses to threat mitigation that have been observed in fish populations over the past three decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Hutchings
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada .,Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Marine Research Station, 4817 His, Norway
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland.,Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Yates P, Ziegler P, Welsford D, McIvor J, Farmer B, Woodcock E. Spatio-temporal dynamics in maturation and spawning of Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides on the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Plateau. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:34-54. [PMID: 29314006 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated maturation and spawning of Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides in the Heard Island and McDonald Islands (HIMI) fishery on the Kerguelen Plateau in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean based on gonads and otoliths collected between 2004 and 2015 and using histological analyses and calibration of macroscopic staging criteria. Dissostichus eleginoides at HIMI spawn throughout the austral late autumn and winter months of May-August and spawning activity is concentrated on slopes along the west and south of the plateau around HIMI at depths of 1500-1900 m. Comparison between histological analyses and macroscopic gonad staging indicated that many fish that had spawned, as indicated by the presence of post-ovulatory follicles, returned to a resting stage which was macroscopically indistinguishable from maturing fish. Furthermore, the occurrence of females of all size classes with low gonado-somatic index and low macroscopic gonad stage during the spawning season suggested that a proportion of mature females did not spawn every year. Age-at-maturity estimates, based on the assumption that fish of macroscopic stages ≥2 were mature, decreased between the 2004-2009 and 2010-2015 periods for both sexes. The magnitude of this temporal variation in age at maturity, however, varied between gear types and fishing depths and variable sampling regimes probably influenced these variations. This study highlights the importance of correct interpretation of macroscopic gonad stages and understanding the influence of fishery operations on estimations of life-history parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Yates
- Department of the Environment, Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - P Ziegler
- Department of the Environment, Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - D Welsford
- Department of the Environment, Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - J McIvor
- Department of the Environment, Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - B Farmer
- Department of the Environment, Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
- University of Tasmania, Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - E Woodcock
- Department of the Environment, Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
- University of Tasmania, Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Dencker TS, Pecuchet L, Beukhof E, Richardson K, Payne MR, Lindegren M. Temporal and spatial differences between taxonomic and trait biodiversity in a large marine ecosystem: Causes and consequences. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189731. [PMID: 29253876 PMCID: PMC5734758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity is a multifaceted concept, yet most biodiversity studies have taken a taxonomic approach, implying that all species are equally important. However, species do not contribute equally to ecosystem processes and differ markedly in their responses to changing environments. This recognition has led to the exploration of other components of biodiversity, notably the diversity of ecologically important traits. Recent studies taking into account both taxonomic and trait diversity have revealed that the two biodiversity components may exhibit pronounced temporal and spatial differences. These apparent incongruences indicate that the two components may respond differently to environmental drivers and that changes in one component might not affect the other. Such incongruences may provide insight into the structuring of communities through community assembly processes, and the resilience of ecosystems to change. Here we examine temporal and spatial patterns and drivers of multiple marine biodiversity indicators using the North Sea fish community as a case study. Based on long-term spatially resolved survey data on fish species occurrences and biomasses from 1983 to 2014 and an extensive trait dataset we: (i) investigate temporal and spatial incongruences between taxonomy and trait-based indicators of both richness and evenness; (ii) examine the underlying environmental drivers and, (iii) interpret the results in the context of assembly rules acting on community composition. Our study shows that taxonomy and trait-based biodiversity indicators differ in time and space and that these differences are correlated to natural and anthropogenic drivers, notably temperature, depth and substrate richness. Our findings show that trait-based biodiversity indicators add information regarding community composition and ecosystem structure compared to and in conjunction with taxonomy-based indicators. These results emphasize the importance of examining and monitoring multiple indicators of biodiversity in ecological studies as well as for conservation and ecosystem-based management purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Spaanheden Dencker
- Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU-Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Laurene Pecuchet
- Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU-Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Esther Beukhof
- Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU-Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katherine Richardson
- Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Danish Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark R. Payne
- Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU-Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Lindegren
- Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU-Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Kuparinen A, Festa-Bianchet M. Harvest-induced evolution: insights from aquatic and terrestrial systems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0036. [PMID: 27920381 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial and recreational harvests create selection pressures for fitness-related phenotypic traits that are partly under genetic control. Consequently, harvesting can drive evolution in targeted traits. However, the quantification of harvest-induced evolutionary life history and phenotypic changes is challenging, because both density-dependent feedback and environmental changes may also affect these changes through phenotypic plasticity. Here, we synthesize current knowledge and uncertainties on six key points: (i) whether or not harvest-induced evolution is happening, (ii) whether or not it is beneficial, (iii) how it shapes biological systems, (iv) how it could be avoided, (v) its importance relative to other drivers of phenotypic changes, and (vi) whether or not it should be explicitly accounted for in management. We do this by reviewing findings from aquatic systems exposed to fishing and terrestrial systems targeted by hunting. Evidence from aquatic systems emphasizes evolutionary effects on age and size at maturity, while in terrestrial systems changes are seen in weapon size and date of parturition. We suggest that while harvest-induced evolution is likely to occur and negatively affect populations, the rate of evolutionary changes and their ecological implications can be managed efficiently by simply reducing harvest intensity.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marco Festa-Bianchet
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Hendry AP, Gotanda KM, Svensson EI. Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0028. [PMID: 27920373 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have dramatic, diverse and far-reaching influences on the evolution of other organisms. Numerous examples of this human-induced contemporary evolution have been reported in a number of 'contexts', including hunting, harvesting, fishing, agriculture, medicine, climate change, pollution, eutrophication, urbanization, habitat fragmentation, biological invasions and emerging/disappearing diseases. Although numerous papers, journal special issues and books have addressed each of these contexts individually, the time has come to consider them together and thereby seek important similarities and differences. The goal of this special issue, and this introductory paper, is to promote and expand this nascent integration. We first develop predictions as to which human contexts might cause the strongest and most consistent directional selection, the greatest changes in evolutionary potential, the greatest genetic (as opposed to plastic) changes and the greatest effects on evolutionary diversification We then develop predictions as to the contexts where human-induced evolutionary changes might have the strongest effects on the population dynamics of the focal evolving species, the structure of their communities, the functions of their ecosystems and the benefits and costs for human societies. These qualitative predictions are intended as a rallying point for broader and more detailed future discussions of how human influences shape evolution, and how that evolution then influences species traits, biodiversity, ecosystems and humans.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A OC4
| | - Kiyoko M Gotanda
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Erik I Svensson
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Kuparinen A, Hutchings JA. Genetic architecture of age at maturity can generate divergent and disruptive harvest-induced evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0035. [PMID: 27920380 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-history traits are generally assumed to be inherited quantitatively. Fishing that targets large, old individuals is expected to decrease age at maturity. In Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), it has recently been discovered that sea age at maturity is under strong control by a single locus with sexually dimorphic expression of heterozygotes, which makes it less intuitive to predict how life histories respond to selective fishing. We explore evolutionary responses to fishing in Atlantic salmon, using eco-evolutionary simulations with two alternative scenarios for the genetic architecture of age at maturity: (i) control by multiple loci with additive effects and (ii) control by one locus with sexually dimorphic expression. We show that multi-locus control leads to unidirectional evolution towards earlier maturation, whereas single-locus control causes largely divergent and disruptive evolution of age at maturity without a clear phenotypic trend but a wide range of alternative evolutionary trajectories and greater trait variability within trajectories. Our results indicate that the range of evolutionary responses to selective fishing can be wider than previously thought and that a lack of phenotypic trend need not imply that evolution has not occurred. These findings underscore the role of genetic architecture of life-history traits in understanding how human-induced selection can shape target populations.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeffrey A Hutchings
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2.,Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, PO Box 422, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Ożgo M, Liew TS, Webster NB, Schilthuizen M. Inferring microevolution from museum collections and resampling: lessons learned from Cepaea. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3938. [PMID: 29093997 PMCID: PMC5661451 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural history collections are an important and largely untapped source of long-term data on evolutionary changes in wild populations. Here, we utilize three large geo-referenced sets of samples of the common European land-snail Cepaea nemoralis stored in the collection of Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden, the Netherlands. Resampling of these populations allowed us to gain insight into changes occurring over 95, 69, and 50 years. Cepaea nemoralis is polymorphic for the colour and banding of the shell; the mode of inheritance of these patterns is known, and the polymorphism is under both thermal and predatory selection. At two sites the general direction of changes was towards lighter shells (yellow and less heavily banded), which is consistent with predictions based on on-going climatic change. At one site no directional changes were detected. At all sites there were significant shifts in morph frequencies between years, and our study contributes to the recognition that short-term changes in the states of populations often exceed long-term trends. Our interpretation was limited by the few time points available in the studied collections. We therefore stress the need for natural history collections to routinely collect large samples of common species, to allow much more reliable hind-casting of evolutionary responses to environmental change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Ożgo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Thor-Seng Liew
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Endless Forms Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole B Webster
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Endless Forms Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Schilthuizen
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Endless Forms Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Jablonski D. Approaches to Macroevolution: 2. Sorting of Variation, Some Overarching Issues, and General Conclusions. Evol Biol 2017; 44:451-475. [PMID: 29142334 PMCID: PMC5661022 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-017-9434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Approaches to macroevolution require integration of its two fundamental components, within a hierarchical framework. Following a companion paper on the origin of variation, I here discuss sorting within an evolutionary hierarchy. Species sorting-sometimes termed species selection in the broad sense, meaning differential origination and extinction owing to intrinsic biological properties-can be split into strict-sense species selection, in which rate differentials are governed by emergent, species-level traits such as geographic range size, and effect macroevolution, in which rates are governed by organism-level traits such as body size; both processes can create hitchhiking effects, indirectly causing the proliferation or decline of other traits. Several methods can operationalize the concept of emergence, so that rigorous separation of these processes is increasingly feasible. A macroevolutionary tradeoff, underlain by the intrinsic traits that influence evolutionary dynamics, causes speciation and extinction rates to covary in many clades, resulting in evolutionary volatility of some clades and more subdued behavior of others; the few clades that break the tradeoff can achieve especially prolific diversification. In addition to intrinsic biological traits at multiple levels, extrinsic events can drive the waxing and waning of clades, and the interaction of traits and events are difficult but important to disentangle. Evolutionary trends can arise in many ways, and at any hierarchical level; descriptive models can be fitted to clade trajectories in phenotypic or functional spaces, but they may not be diagnostic regarding processes, and close attention must be paid to both leading and trailing edges of apparent trends. Biotic interactions can have negative or positive effects on taxonomic diversity within a clade, but cannot be readily extrapolated from the nature of such interactions at the organismic level. The relationships among macroevolutionary currencies through time (taxonomic richness, morphologic disparity, functional variety) are crucial for understanding the nature of evolutionary diversification. A novel approach to diversity-disparity analysis shows that taxonomic diversifications can lag behind, occur in concert with, or precede, increases in disparity. Some overarching issues relating to both the origin and sorting of clades and phenotypes include the macroevolutionary role of mass extinctions, the potential differences between plant and animal macroevolution, whether macroevolutionary processes have changed through geologic time, and the growing human impact on present-day macroevolution. Many challenges remain, but progress is being made on two of the key ones: (a) the integration of variation-generating mechanisms and the multilevel sorting processes that act on that variation, and (b) the integration of paleontological and neontological approaches to historical biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Jablonski
- Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
|
65
|
van Rijn I, Buba Y, DeLong J, Kiflawi M, Belmaker J. Large but uneven reduction in fish size across species in relation to changing sea temperatures. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:3667-3674. [PMID: 28296022 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ectotherms often attain smaller body sizes when they develop at higher temperatures. This phenomenon, known as the temperature-size rule, has important consequences for global fisheries, whereby ocean warming is predicted to result in smaller fish and reduced biomass. However, the generality of this phenomenon and the mechanisms that drive it in natural populations remain unresolved. In this study, we document the maximal size of 74 fish species along a steep temperature gradient in the Mediterranean Sea and find strong support for the temperature-size rule. Importantly, we additionally find that size reduction in active fish species is dramatically larger than for more sedentary species. As the temperature dependence of oxygen consumption depends on activity levels, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that oxygen is a limiting factor shaping the temperature-size rule in fishes. These results suggest that ocean warming will result in a sharp, but uneven, reduction in fish size that will cause major shifts in size-dependent interactions. Moreover, warming will have major implications for fisheries as the main species targeted for harvesting will show the most substantial declines in biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itai van Rijn
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehezkel Buba
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - John DeLong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Moshe Kiflawi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Be'er Sheva, Israel
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences of Eilat, Eilat, Israel
| | - Jonathan Belmaker
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Wang HY, Chen YS, Hsu CC, Shen SF. Fishing-induced changes in adult length are mediated by skipped-spawning. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:274-284. [PMID: 28052500 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating fishing effects on fish population dynamics is a critical step toward sustainable fisheries management. Despite previous studies that have suggested age or size truncation in exploited fish populations, other aspects of fishing effects on population demography, e.g., via altering life histories and density, have received less attention. Here, we investigated the fishing effects altering adult demography via shifting reproductive trade-offs in the iconic, overexploited, Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis. We found that, contrary to our expectation, mean lengths of catch increased over time in longline fisheries. On the other hand, mean catch lengths for purse seine fisheries did not show such increasing trends. We hypothesized that the size-dependent energetic cost of the spawning migration and elevated fishing mortality on the spawning grounds potentially drive size-dependent skipped spawning for adult tuna, mediating the observed changes in the catch lengths. Using eco-genetic individual-based modeling, we demonstrated that fishing-induced evolution of skipped spawning and size truncation interacted to shape the observed temporal changes in mean catch lengths for tuna. Skipped spawning of the small adults led to increased mean catch lengths for the longline fisheries, while truncation of small adults by the purse seines could offset such a pattern. Our results highlight the eco-evolutionary dynamics of fishing effects on population demography and caution against using demographic traits as a basis for fisheries management of the Pacific bluefin tuna as well as other migratory species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Wang
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Shiuan Chen
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Hsu
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Feng Shen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Roles of density-dependent growth and life history evolution in accounting for fisheries-induced trait changes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:15030-15035. [PMID: 27940913 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525749113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative roles of density dependence and life history evolution in contributing to rapid fisheries-induced trait changes remain debated. In the 1930s, northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua), currently the world's largest cod stock, experienced a shift from a traditional spawning-ground fishery to an industrial trawl fishery with elevated exploitation in the stock's feeding grounds. Since then, age and length at maturation have declined dramatically, a trend paralleled in other exploited stocks worldwide. These trends can be explained by demographic truncation of the population's age structure, phenotypic plasticity in maturation arising through density-dependent growth, fisheries-induced evolution favoring faster-growing or earlier-maturing fish, or a combination of these processes. Here, we use a multitrait eco-evolutionary model to assess the capacity of these processes to reproduce 74 y of historical data on age and length at maturation in northeast Arctic cod, while mimicking the stock's historical harvesting regime. Our results show that model predictions critically depend on the assumed density dependence of growth: when this is weak, life history evolution might be necessary to prevent stock collapse, whereas when a stronger density dependence estimated from recent data is used, the role of evolution in explaining fisheries-induced trait changes is diminished. Our integrative analysis of density-dependent growth, multitrait evolution, and stock-specific time series data underscores the importance of jointly considering evolutionary and ecological processes, enabling a more comprehensive perspective on empirically observed stock dynamics than previous studies could provide.
Collapse
|
68
|
McDaniel J, Piner K, Lee HH, Hill K. Evidence that the Migration of the Northern Subpopulation of Pacific Sardine (Sardinops sagax) off the West Coast of the United States Is Age-Based. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166780. [PMID: 27851805 PMCID: PMC5112908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of fish movements has been an important area of study for fisheries ecology and population dynamics for decades. Pacific sardine, Sardinops sagax, along the west coast of the United States exhibit a well-defined large-scale seasonal migration. Larger and older fish are found in the northern reaches of their range during summer and contract to southerly offshore areas for spawning during spring. Because of the close correlation between fish size and age it has not yet been determined if movements are size- or age-based. Measuring spatial changes in the age structure conditioned on individual lengths was used to determine the roles of age versus length in the seasonal migration. S. sagax have a pattern of increasing age-at-length with seasonal northward movements and offshore movements for spawning. The pattern of increasing age-at-length with distance from the origin eliminates a solely length-based process of movement and supports age-based movement. Patterns in the size and age when fish first show migratory behaviors, coupled with the patterns observed during the spawning season, support a hypothesis that migratory behaviors are linked to age-based ontogenetic changes associated with maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny McDaniel
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kevin Piner
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hui-Hua Lee
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Hill
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Audzijonyte A, Kuparinen A. The role of life histories and trophic interactions in population recovery. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2016; 30:734-743. [PMID: 26538016 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Factors affecting population recovery from depletion are at the focus of wildlife management. Particularly, it has been debated how life-history characteristics might affect population recovery ability and productivity. Many exploited fish stocks have shown temporal changes towards earlier maturation and reduced adult body size, potentially owing to evolutionary responses to fishing. Whereas such life-history changes have been widely documented, their potential role on stock's ability to recover from exploitation often remains ignored by traditional fisheries management. We used a marine ecosystem model parameterized for Southeastern Australian ecosystem to explore how changes towards "faster" life histories might affect population per capita growth rate r. We show that for most species changes towards earlier maturation during fishing have a negative effect (3-40% decrease) on r during the recovery phase. Faster juvenile growth and earlier maturation were beneficial early in life, but smaller adult body sizes reduced the lifetime reproductive output and increased adult natural mortality. However, both at intra- and inter-specific level natural mortality and trophic position of the species were as important in determining r as species longevity and age of maturation, suggesting that r cannot be predicted from life-history traits alone. Our study highlights that factors affecting population recovery ability and productivity should be explored in a multi-species context, where both age-specific fecundity and survival schedules are addressed simultaneously. It also suggests that contemporary life-history changes in harvested species are unlikely to increase their resilience and recovery ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asta Audzijonyte
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 2, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 2, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Kvalnes T, Saether BE, Haanes H, Røed KH, Engen S, Solberg EJ. Harvest-induced phenotypic selection in an island population of moose, Alces alces. Evolution 2016; 70:1486-500. [PMID: 27174031 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Empirical evidence strongly indicates that human exploitation has frequently led to rapid evolutionary changes in wild populations, yet the mechanisms involved are often poorly understood. Here, we applied a recently developed demographic framework for analyzing selection to data from a 20-year study of a wild population of moose, Alces alces. In this population, a genetic pedigree has been established all the way back to founders. We demonstrate harvest-induced directional selection for delayed birth dates in males and reduced body mass as calf in females. During the study period, birth date was delayed by 0.81 days per year for both sexes, whereas no significant changes occurred in calf body mass. Quantitative genetic analyses indicated that both traits harbored significant additive genetic variance. These results show that selective harvesting can induce strong selection that oppose natural selection. This may cause evolution of less favorable phenotypes that become maladaptive once harvesting ceases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kvalnes
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Bernt-Erik Saether
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hallvard Haanes
- Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, NO-1361 Østerås, Norway
| | - Knut H Røed
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO-8146 Dep, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steinar Engen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erling J Solberg
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Kuparinen A, Hutchings JA, Waples RS. Harvest-induced evolution and effective population size. Evol Appl 2016; 9:658-72. [PMID: 27247617 PMCID: PMC4869408 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Much has been written about fishery‐induced evolution (FIE) in exploited species, but relatively little attention has been paid to the consequences for one of the most important parameters in evolutionary biology—effective population size (Ne). We use a combination of simulations of Atlantic cod populations experiencing harvest, artificial manipulation of cod life tables, and analytical methods to explore how adding harvest to natural mortality affects Ne, census size (N), and the ratio Ne/N. We show that harvest‐mediated reductions in Ne are due entirely to reductions in recruitment, because increasing adult mortality actually increases the Ne/N ratio. This means that proportional reductions in abundance caused by harvest represent an upper limit to the proportional reductions in Ne, and that in some cases Ne can even increase with increased harvest. This result is a quite general consequence of increased adult mortality and does not depend on harvest selectivity or FIE, although both of these influence the results in a quantitative way. In scenarios that allowed evolution, Ne recovered quickly after harvest ended and remained higher than in the preharvest population for well over a century, which indicates that evolution can help provide a long‐term buffer against loss of genetic variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Jeffrey A Hutchings
- Department of Biology Dalhousie University Halifax NS Canada; Department of Biosciences Centre For Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis University of Oslo Oslo Norway; Department of Natural Sciences University of Agder Kristiansand Norway
| | - Robin S Waples
- National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Northwest Fisheries Science Center Seattle WA USA
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Woods JS, Veltman K, Huijbregts MAJ, Verones F, Hertwich EG. Towards a meaningful assessment of marine ecological impacts in life cycle assessment (LCA). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 89-90:48-61. [PMID: 26826362 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human demands on marine resources and space are currently unprecedented and concerns are rising over observed declines in marine biodiversity. A quantitative understanding of the impact of industrial activities on the marine environment is thus essential. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a widely applied method for quantifying the environmental impact of products and processes. LCA was originally developed to assess the impacts of land-based industries on mainly terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. As such, impact indicators for major drivers of marine biodiversity loss are currently lacking. We review quantitative approaches for cause-effect assessment of seven major drivers of marine biodiversity loss: climate change, ocean acidification, eutrophication-induced hypoxia, seabed damage, overexploitation of biotic resources, invasive species and marine plastic debris. Our review shows that impact indicators can be developed for all identified drivers, albeit at different levels of coverage of cause-effect pathways and variable levels of uncertainty and spatial coverage. Modeling approaches to predict the spatial distribution and intensity of human-driven interventions in the marine environment are relatively well-established and can be employed to develop spatially-explicit LCA fate factors. Modeling approaches to quantify the effects of these interventions on marine biodiversity are less well-developed. We highlight specific research challenges to facilitate a coherent incorporation of marine biodiversity loss in LCA, thereby making LCA a more comprehensive and robust environmental impact assessment tool. Research challenges of particular importance include i) incorporation of the non-linear behavior of global circulation models (GCMs) within an LCA framework and ii) improving spatial differentiation, especially the representation of coastal regions in GCMs and ocean-carbon cycle models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John S Woods
- Industrial Ecology Programme, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Sem Sælands vei 7, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Karin Veltman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences (EHS), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Verones
- Industrial Ecology Programme, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Sem Sælands vei 7, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Edgar G Hertwich
- Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Valenzuela-Quiñonez F. How fisheries management can benefit from genomics? Brief Funct Genomics 2016; 15:352-7. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elw006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
|
74
|
Fishing-induced life-history changes degrade and destabilize harvested ecosystems. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22245. [PMID: 26915461 PMCID: PMC4768105 DOI: 10.1038/srep22245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishing is widely known to magnify fluctuations in targeted populations. These fluctuations are correlated with population shifts towards young, small, and more quickly maturing individuals. However, the existence and nature of the mechanistic basis for these correlations and their potential ecosystem impacts remain highly uncertain. Here, we elucidate this basis and associated impacts by showing how fishing can increase fluctuations in fishes and their ecosystem, particularly when coupled with decreasing body sizes and advancing maturation characteristic of the life-history changes induced by fishing. More specifically, using an empirically parameterized network model of a well-studied lake ecosystem, we show how fishing may both increase fluctuations in fish abundances and also, when accompanied by decreasing body size of adults, further decrease fish abundance and increase temporal variability of fishes’ food resources and their ecosystem. In contrast, advanced maturation has relatively little effect except to increase variability in juvenile populations. Our findings illustrate how different mechanisms underlying life-history changes that may arise as evolutionary responses to intensive, size-selective fishing can rapidly and continuously destabilize and degrade ecosystems even after fishing has ceased. This research helps better predict how life-history changes may reduce fishes’ resilience to fishing and ecosystems’ resistance to environmental variations.
Collapse
|
75
|
Gray CA. Effects of Fishing and Fishing Closures on Beach Clams: Experimental Evaluation across Commercially Fished and Non-Fished Beaches before and during Harvesting. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146122. [PMID: 26731102 PMCID: PMC4701498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Management responses to reconcile declining fisheries typically include closed areas and times to fishing. This study evaluated this strategy for a beach clam fishery by testing the hypothesis that changes in the densities and size compositions of clams from before to during harvesting would differ between commercially fished and non-fished beaches. Sampling was spatially stratified across the swash and dry sand habitats on each of two commercially fished and two non-fished beaches, and temporally stratified across three six-week blocks: before, early and late harvesting. Small-scale spatio-temporal variability in the densities and sizes of clams was prevalent across both habitats and the components of variation were generally greatest at the lowest levels examined. Despite this, differences in the densities and sizes of clams among individual beaches were evident, but there were few significant differences across the commercially fished versus non-fished beaches from before to during harvesting. There was no evidence of reduced densities or truncated size compositions of clams on fished compared to non-fished beaches, contrasting reports of some other organisms in protected areas. This was probably due to a combination of factors, including the current levels of commercial harvests, the movements and other local-scale responses of clams to ecological processes acting independently across individual beaches. The results identify the difficulties in detecting fishing-related impacts against inherent levels of variability in clam populations. Nevertheless, continued experimental studies that test alternate management arrangements may help refine and determine the most suitable strategies for the sustainable harvesting of beach clams, ultimately enhancing the management of sandy beaches.
Collapse
|
76
|
Ward TD, Algera DA, Gallagher AJ, Hawkins E, Horodysky A, Jørgensen C, Killen SS, McKenzie DJ, Metcalfe JD, Peck MA, Vu M, Cooke SJ. Understanding the individual to implement the ecosystem approach to fisheries management. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow005. [PMID: 27293757 PMCID: PMC4825417 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem-based approaches to fisheries management (EAFMs) have emerged as requisite for sustainable use of fisheries resources. At the same time, however, there is a growing recognition of the degree of variation among individuals within a population, as well as the ecological consequences of this variation. Managing resources at an ecosystem level calls on practitioners to consider evolutionary processes, and ample evidence from the realm of fisheries science indicates that anthropogenic disturbance can drive changes in predominant character traits (e.g. size at maturity). Eco-evolutionary theory suggests that human-induced trait change and the modification of selective regimens might contribute to ecosystem dynamics at a similar magnitude to species extirpation, extinction and ecological dysfunction. Given the dynamic interaction between fisheries and target species via harvest and subsequent ecosystem consequences, we argue that individual diversity in genetic, physiological and behavioural traits are important considerations under EAFMs. Here, we examine the role of individual variation in a number of contexts relevant to fisheries management, including the potential ecological effects of rapid trait change. Using select examples, we highlight the extent of phenotypic diversity of individuals, as well as the ecological constraints on such diversity. We conclude that individual phenotypic diversity is a complex phenomenon that needs to be considered in EAFMs, with the ultimate realization that maintaining or increasing individual trait diversity may afford not only species, but also entire ecosystems, with enhanced resilience to environmental perturbations. Put simply, individuals are the foundation from which population- and ecosystem-level traits emerge and are therefore of central importance for the ecosystem-based approaches to fisheries management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D. Ward
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, CanadaK1S 5B6
- Corresponding author: Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6.
| | - Dirk A. Algera
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, CanadaK1S 5B6
| | - Austin J. Gallagher
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, CanadaK1S 5B6
| | - Emily Hawkins
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON, CanadaK1N 9B4
| | - Andrij Horodysky
- Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
| | - Christian Jørgensen
- Department of Biology and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David J. McKenzie
- Equipe Diversité et Ecologie des Poissons, UMR5119 Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier cedex 5 34095, France
| | - Julian D. Metcalfe
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft Laboratory, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Myron A. Peck
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Olbersweg 24, Hamburg 22767, Germany
| | - Maria Vu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON, CanadaK1N 9B4
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, CanadaK1S 5B6
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Heino M, Díaz Pauli B, Dieckmann U. Fisheries-Induced Evolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Heino
- Department of Biology and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway;
- Institute of Marine Research and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Beatriz Díaz Pauli
- Department of Biology and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Winter A, Pompert J, Arkhipkin A, Brewin PE. Interannual variability in the skate assemblage on the South Patagonian shelf and slope. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:1449-1468. [PMID: 26709216 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Observer data from the commercial fishery on the Patagonian shelf and slope around the Falkland Islands (home to an assemblage of >16 skate species (Rajiformes), for which commercial catches have been recorded since 1987), as well as survey data from an area closed to skate target fishing after exploitation, were summarized by species to examine changes in the population status of individual skate species. Total skate catch per unit effort increased significantly in the target fishery since 1994, and four species have made up >85% of all skate catch. Bathyraja brachyurops and Zearaja chilensis increased significantly in catch proportions and abundance from 1994 to 2013. Bathyraja albomaculata and Bathyraja griseocauda decreased significantly before rebounding with trends of increasing abundance. Concurrently, B. brachyurops and Z. chilensis showed decreasing trends in size at 50% maturity in areas where skates continue to be targeted commercially. The increasing abundances and concomitant reductions in size at maturity of B. brachyurops and Z. chilensis suggest either plasticity in life-history traits or a density-dependent growth response to fishing pressure. Bathyraja griseocauda decreased in size at 50% maturity in the area that was closed to skate target fishing, where it was initially larger, but only decreased to the same average size as in the commercially targeted areas. Bathyraja albomaculata and Z. chilensis are IUCN-listed as vulnerable and B. griseocauda is listed as endangered, but their abundance trends since 1994 indicate that these populations are not declining in Falkland waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Winter
- Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries), Falkland Islands Government, Bypass Road, Stanley FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands
| | - J Pompert
- Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries), Falkland Islands Government, Bypass Road, Stanley FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands
| | - A Arkhipkin
- Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries), Falkland Islands Government, Bypass Road, Stanley FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands
| | - P E Brewin
- Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries), Falkland Islands Government, Bypass Road, Stanley FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Chebib J, Renaut S, Bernatchez L, Rogers SM. Genetic structure and within-generation genome scan analysis of fisheries-induced evolution in a Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) population. CONSERV GENET 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-015-0797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
80
|
Phillis CC, Moore JW, Buoro M, Hayes SA, Garza JC, Pearse DE. Shifting Thresholds: Rapid Evolution of Migratory Life Histories in Steelhead/Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Hered 2015; 107:51-60. [PMID: 26585381 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of phenotypic plasticity depends on reaction norms adapted to historic selective regimes; anthropogenic changes in these selection regimes necessitate contemporary evolution or declines in productivity and possibly extinction. Adaptation of conditional strategies following a change in the selection regime requires evolution of either the environmentally influenced cue (e.g., size-at-age) or the state (e.g., size threshold) at which an individual switches between alternative tactics. Using a population of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) introduced above a barrier waterfall in 1910, we evaluate how the conditional strategy to migrate evolves in response to selection against migration. We created 9 families and 917 offspring from 14 parents collected from the above- and below-barrier populations. After 1 year of common garden-rearing above-barrier offspring were 11% smaller and 32% lighter than below-barrier offspring. Using a novel analytical approach, we estimate that the mean size at which above-barrier fish switch between the resident and migrant tactic is 43% larger than below-barrier fish. As a result, above-barrier fish were 26% less likely to express the migratory tactic. Our results demonstrate how rapid and opposing changes in size-at-age and threshold size contribute to the contemporary evolution of a conditional strategy and indicate that migratory barriers may elicit rapid evolution toward the resident life history on timescales relevant for conservation and management of conditionally migratory species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corey C Phillis
- From the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Phillis, Moore, and Pearse); Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (Phillis and Moore); Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (Buoro); Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 110 Shaffer Rd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Hayes, Garza, and Pearse); Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Hayes, Garza, and Pearse); and Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112 (Phillis).
| | - Jonathan W Moore
- From the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Phillis, Moore, and Pearse); Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (Phillis and Moore); Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (Buoro); Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 110 Shaffer Rd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Hayes, Garza, and Pearse); Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Hayes, Garza, and Pearse); and Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112 (Phillis)
| | - Mathieu Buoro
- From the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Phillis, Moore, and Pearse); Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (Phillis and Moore); Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (Buoro); Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 110 Shaffer Rd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Hayes, Garza, and Pearse); Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Hayes, Garza, and Pearse); and Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112 (Phillis)
| | - Sean A Hayes
- From the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Phillis, Moore, and Pearse); Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (Phillis and Moore); Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (Buoro); Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 110 Shaffer Rd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Hayes, Garza, and Pearse); Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Hayes, Garza, and Pearse); and Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112 (Phillis)
| | - John Carlos Garza
- From the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Phillis, Moore, and Pearse); Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (Phillis and Moore); Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (Buoro); Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 110 Shaffer Rd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Hayes, Garza, and Pearse); Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Hayes, Garza, and Pearse); and Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112 (Phillis)
| | - Devon E Pearse
- From the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Phillis, Moore, and Pearse); Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (Phillis and Moore); Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (Buoro); Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 110 Shaffer Rd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Hayes, Garza, and Pearse); Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (Hayes, Garza, and Pearse); and Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112 (Phillis)
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Karatayev VA, Kraft CE, Zipkin EF. Racing through life: maturation rate plasticity regulates overcompensation and increases persistence. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00513.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
82
|
Piou C, Taylor MH, Papaïx J, Prévost E. Modelling the interactive effects of selective fishing and environmental change on Atlantic salmon demogenetics. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Piou
- INRA; UMR 1224 ECOBIOP; Aquapôle; Quartier Ibarron 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle France
- UMR 1224 ECOBIOP; University Pau & Pays Adour; UFR Côte Basque; Allée du parc Montaury 64600 Anglet France
- CIRAD; UMR CBGP; F-34398 Montpellier France
| | - Marc H. Taylor
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology; Bremen Germany
| | - Julien Papaïx
- INRA; UMR 1224 ECOBIOP; Aquapôle; Quartier Ibarron 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle France
- UMR 1224 ECOBIOP; University Pau & Pays Adour; UFR Côte Basque; Allée du parc Montaury 64600 Anglet France
- INRA; UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP; Avenue Lucien Brétignières 78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
- INRA; UR 341 MIAJ; Domaine de Vilvert 78352 Jouy-en-Josas France
- CNRS; UMR 5175 CEFE; 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier 5 France
| | - Etienne Prévost
- INRA; UMR 1224 ECOBIOP; Aquapôle; Quartier Ibarron 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle France
- UMR 1224 ECOBIOP; University Pau & Pays Adour; UFR Côte Basque; Allée du parc Montaury 64600 Anglet France
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Feiner ZS, Chong SC, Knight CT, Lauer TE, Thomas MV, Tyson JT, Höök TO. Rapidly shifting maturation schedules following reduced commercial harvest in a freshwater fish. Evol Appl 2015; 8:724-37. [PMID: 26240608 PMCID: PMC4516423 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Size-selective harvest of fish stocks can lead to maturation at smaller sizes and younger ages, which may depress stock productivity and recovery. Such changes in maturation may be very slow to reverse, even following complete fisheries closures. We evaluated temporal trends in maturation of five Great Lakes stocks of yellow perch (Perca flavescens Mitchill) using indices that attempt to disentangle plastic and evolutionary changes in maturation: age at 50% maturity and probabilistic maturation reaction norms (PMRNs). Four populations were fished commercially throughout the time series, while the Lake Michigan fishery was closed following a stock collapse. We documented rapid increases in PMRNs of the Lake Michigan stock coincident with the commercial fishery closure. Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron PMRNs also increased following reduced harvest, while Lake Erie populations were continuously fished and showed little change. The rapid response of maturation may have been enhanced by the short generation time of yellow perch and potential gene flow between northern and southern Lake Michigan, in addition to potential reverse adaptation following the fishing moratorium. These results suggest that some fish stocks may retain the ability to recover from fisheries-induced life history shifts following fishing moratoria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Feiner
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Stephen C Chong
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
| | - Carey T Knight
- Division of Wildlife, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Fairport Fish Research Station Fairport Harbor, OH, USA
| | - Thomas E Lauer
- Department of Biology, Ball State University Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Michael V Thomas
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lake St. Clair Fisheries Research Station Harrison Township, Mt. Clemons, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Tyson
- Division of Wildlife, Sandusky Fisheries Research Unit, Ohio Department of Natural Resources Sandusky, OH, USA
| | - Tomas O Höök
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA ; Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Lewis B, Grant WS, Brenner RE, Hamazaki T. Changes in Size and Age of Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Returning to Alaska. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130184. [PMID: 26090990 PMCID: PMC4474552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The average sizes of Pacific salmon have declined in some areas in the Northeast Pacific over the past few decades, but the extent and geographic distribution of these declines in Alaska is uncertain. Here, we used regression analyses to quantify decadal trends in length and age at maturity in ten datasets from commercial harvests, weirs, and spawner abundance surveys of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha throughout Alaska. We found that on average these fish have become smaller over the past 30 years (~6 generations), because of a decline in the predominant age at maturity and because of a decrease in age-specific length. The proportion of older and larger 4-ocean age fish in the population declined significantly (P < 0.05) in all stocks examined by return year or brood year. Our analyses also indicated that the age-specific lengths of 4-ocean fish (9 of 10 stocks) and of 3-ocean fish (5 of 10 stocks) have declined significantly (P < 0.05). Size-selective harvest may be driving earlier maturation and declines in size, but the evidence is not conclusive, and additional factors, such as ocean conditions or competitive interactions with other species of salmon, may also be responsible. Regardless of the cause, these wide-spread phenotypic shifts influence fecundity and population abundance, and ultimately may put populations and associated fisheries at risk of decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bert Lewis
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Division, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - W. Stewart Grant
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Division, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Brenner
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Division, Juneau, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Toshihide Hamazaki
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Division, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Uusi-Heikkilä S, Whiteley AR, Kuparinen A, Matsumura S, Venturelli PA, Wolter C, Slate J, Primmer CR, Meinelt T, Killen SS, Bierbach D, Polverino G, Ludwig A, Arlinghaus R. The evolutionary legacy of size-selective harvesting extends from genes to populations. Evol Appl 2015; 8:597-620. [PMID: 26136825 PMCID: PMC4479515 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Size-selective harvesting is assumed to alter life histories of exploited fish populations, thereby negatively affecting population productivity, recovery, and yield. However, demonstrating that fisheries-induced phenotypic changes in the wild are at least partly genetically determined has proved notoriously difficult. Moreover, the population-level consequences of fisheries-induced evolution are still being controversially discussed. Using an experimental approach, we found that five generations of size-selective harvesting altered the life histories and behavior, but not the metabolic rate, of wild-origin zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish adapted to high positively size selective fishing pressure invested more in reproduction, reached a smaller adult body size, and were less explorative and bold. Phenotypic changes seemed subtle but were accompanied by genetic changes in functional loci. Thus, our results provided unambiguous evidence for rapid, harvest-induced phenotypic and evolutionary change when harvesting is intensive and size selective. According to a life-history model, the observed life-history changes elevated population growth rate in harvested conditions, but slowed population recovery under a simulated moratorium. Hence, the evolutionary legacy of size-selective harvesting includes populations that are productive under exploited conditions, but selectively disadvantaged to cope with natural selection pressures that often favor large body size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silva Uusi-Heikkilä
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany ; Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Andrew R Whiteley
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Paul A Venturelli
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Christian Wolter
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany
| | - Jon Slate
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank Sheffield, UK
| | - Craig R Primmer
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Thomas Meinelt
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
| | - David Bierbach
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany
| | - Giovanni Polverino
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany ; Chair of Integrative Fisheries Management, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht-Daniel-Thaer Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Gotanda KM, Correa C, Turcotte MM, Rolshausen G, Hendry AP. Linking macrotrends and microrates: Re-evaluating microevolutionary support for Cope's rule. Evolution 2015; 69:1345-54. [PMID: 25809687 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cope's rule, wherein a lineage increases in body size through time, was originally motivated by macroevolutionary patterns observed in the fossil record. More recently, some authors have argued that evidence exists for generally positive selection on individual body size in contemporary populations, providing a microevolutionary mechanism for Cope's rule. If larger body size confers individual fitness advantages as the selection estimates suggest, thereby explaining Cope's rule, then body size should increase over microevolutionary time scales. We test this corollary by assembling a large database of studies reporting changes in phenotypic body size through time in contemporary populations, as well as studies reporting average breeding values for body size through time. Trends in body size were quite variable with an absence of any general trend, and many populations trended toward smaller body sizes. Although selection estimates can be interpreted to support Cope's rule, our results suggest that actual rates of phenotypic change for body size cannot. We discuss potential reasons for this discrepancy and its implications for the understanding of Cope's rule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko M Gotanda
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C4, Canada.
| | - Cristián Correa
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia.,Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia
| | - Martin M Turcotte
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Rolshausen
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C4, Canada
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Correa SB, Costa-Pereira R, Fleming T, Goulding M, Anderson JT. Neotropical fish-fruit interactions: eco-evolutionary dynamics and conservation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 90:1263-78. [PMID: 25599800 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Frugivorous fish play a prominent role in seed dispersal and reproductive dynamics of plant communities in riparian and floodplain habitats of tropical regions worldwide. In Neotropical wetlands, many plant species have fleshy fruits and synchronize their fruiting with the flood season, when fruit-eating fish forage in forest and savannahs for periods of up to 7 months. We conducted a comprehensive analysis to examine the evolutionary origin of fish-fruit interactions, describe fruit traits associated with seed dispersal and seed predation, and assess the influence of fish size on the effectiveness of seed dispersal by fish (ichthyochory). To date, 62 studies have documented 566 species of fruits and seeds from 82 plant families in the diets of 69 Neotropical fish species. Fish interactions with flowering plants are likely to be as old as 70 million years in the Neotropics, pre-dating most modern bird-fruit and mammal-fruit interactions, and contributing to long-distance seed dispersal and possibly the radiation of early angiosperms. Ichthyochory occurs across the angiosperm phylogeny, and is more frequent among advanced eudicots. Numerous fish species are capable of dispersing small seeds, but only a limited number of species can disperse large seeds. The size of dispersed seeds and the probability of seed dispersal both increase with fish size. Large-bodied species are the most effective seed dispersal agents and remain the primary target of fishing activities in the Neotropics. Thus, conservation efforts should focus on these species to ensure continuity of plant recruitment dynamics and maintenance of plant diversity in riparian and floodplain ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bibiana Correa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, U.S.A
| | - Raul Costa-Pereira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia & Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Julio de Mesquita Filho', Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Theodore Fleming
- Emeritus, Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Dr., Coral Gables, FL 33124, U.S.A
| | - Michael Goulding
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460, U.S.A
| | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Pérez-Rodríguez A, Morgan MJ, Saborido-Rey F. Comparison of demographic and direct methods to calculate probabilistic maturation reaction norms for Flemish Cap cod (Gadus morhua). Evol Appl 2015; 2:291-8. [PMID: 25567881 PMCID: PMC3352489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Age and length at maturation have declined in many fish populations and this has been hypothesized to be a genetic change caused by high fishing mortality. Probabilistic Maturation Reaction Norms (PMRNs) have been used as a tool to gain a better understanding of the possible genetic nature of these changes. The demographic and direct methods are two ways to calculate PMRNs. The data requirements are more often met for the demographic method than for the direct method which requires the identification of recruit spawners. However, the demographic method relies on more assumptions than the direct method, typically assuming equality of growth and mortality rates for immature and mature individuals within an age class. This study provides the first direct comparison of demographic and direct methods and shows that both methods produce comparable results. Differences between methods are hypothesized to be owed to possible differences in growth rate between mature and immature individuals in Flemish Cap cod.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Pérez-Rodríguez
- Institute of Marine Research, CSIC, Resources and Marine Ecology Department Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Marie Joanne Morgan
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, DFO, Groundfish Section, St. John's NF, Canada
| | - Fran Saborido-Rey
- Institute of Marine Research, CSIC, Resources and Marine Ecology Department Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that fishing may cause rapid contemporary evolution in freshwater and marine fish populations. This has led to growing concern about the possible consequences such evolutionary change might have for aquatic ecosystems and the utility of those ecosystems to society. This special issue contains contributions from a symposium on fisheries-induced evolution held at the American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting in August 2008. Contributions include primary studies and reviews of field-based and experimental evidence, and several theoretical modeling studies advancing life-history theory and investigating potential management options. In this introduction we review the state of research in the field, discuss current controversies, and identify contributions made by the papers in this issue to the knowledge of fisheries-induced evolution. We end by suggesting directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Dunlop
- Aquatic Research and Development Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Peterborough, ON, Canada ; Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway ; Institute of Marine Research Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
| | - Katja Enberg
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Mikko Heino
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway ; Institute of Marine Research Nordnes, Bergen, Norway ; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Okamoto KW, Whitlock R, Magnan P, Dieckmann U. Mitigating fisheries-induced evolution in lacustrine brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) in southern Quebec, Canada. Evol Appl 2015; 2:415-37. [PMID: 25567889 PMCID: PMC3352495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Size-selective mortality caused by fishing can impose strong selection on harvested fish populations, causing evolution in important life-history traits. Understanding and predicting harvest-induced evolutionary change can help maintain sustainable fisheries. We investigate the evolutionary sustainability of alternative management regimes for lacustrine brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) fisheries in southern Canada and aim to optimize these regimes with respect to the competing objectives of maximizing mean annual yield and minimizing evolutionary change in maturation schedules. Using a stochastic simulation model of brook charr populations consuming a dynamic resource, we investigate how harvesting affects brook charr maturation schedules. We show that when approximately 5% to 15% of the brook charr biomass is harvested, yields are high, and harvest-induced evolutionary changes remain small. Intensive harvesting (at approximately >15% of brook charr biomass) results in high average yields and little evolutionary change only when harvesting is restricted to brook charr larger than the size at 50% maturation probability at the age of 2 years. Otherwise, intensive harvesting lowers average yield and causes evolutionary change in the maturation schedule of brook charr. Our results indicate that intermediate harvesting efforts offer an acceptable compromise between avoiding harvest-induced evolutionary change and securing high average yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi W Okamoto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Whitlock
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Pierre Magnan
- Département de chimie-biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Wang HY, Höök TO. Eco-genetic model to explore fishing-induced ecological and evolutionary effects on growth and maturation schedules. Evol Appl 2015; 2:438-55. [PMID: 25567890 PMCID: PMC3352491 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Eco-genetic individual-based models involve tracking the ecological dynamics of simulated individual organisms that are in part characterized by heritable parameters. We developed an eco-genetic individual-based model to explore ecological and evolutionary interactions of fish growth and maturation schedules. Our model is flexible and allows for exploration of the effects of heritable growth rates (based on von Bertalanffy and biphasic growth patterns), heritable maturation schedules (based on maturation reaction norm concepts), or both on individual- and population-level traits. In baseline simulations with rather simple ecological trade-offs and over a relatively short time period (<200 simulation years), simulated male and female fish evolve differential genetic growth and maturation. Further, resulting patterns of genetically determined growth and maturation are influenced by mortality rate and density-dependent processes, and maturation and growth parameters interact to mediate the evolution of one another. Subsequent to baseline simulations, we conducted experimental simulations to mimic fisheries harvest with two size-limits (targeting large or small fish), an array of fishing mortality rates, and assuming a deterministic or stochastic environment. Our results suggest that fishing with either size-limit may induce considerable changes in life-history trait expression (maturation schedules and growth rates), recruitment, and population abundance and structure. However, targeting large fish would cause more adverse genetic effects and may lead to a population less resilient to environmental stochasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Wang
- Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, University of Michigan and NOAA's Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tomas O Höök
- Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, University of Michigan and NOAA's Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Lankau RA, Strauss SY. Newly rare or newly common: evolutionary feedbacks through changes in population density and relative species abundance, and their management implications. Evol Appl 2015; 4:338-53. [PMID: 25567977 PMCID: PMC3352561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental management typically seeks to increase or maintain the population sizes of desirable species and to decrease population sizes of undesirable pests, pathogens, or invaders. With changes in population size come long-recognized changes in ecological processes that act in a density-dependent fashion. While the ecological effects of density dependence have been well studied, the evolutionary effects of changes in population size, via changes in ecological interactions with community members, are underappreciated. Here, we provide examples of changing selective pressures on, or evolution in, species as a result of changes in either density of conspecifics or changes in the frequency of heterospecific versus conspecific interactions. We also discuss the management implications of such evolutionary responses in species that have experienced rapid increases or decreases in density caused by human actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Lankau
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA ; Department of Evolution and Ecology UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Y Strauss
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA ; Department of Evolution and Ecology UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Jørgensen C, Ernande B, Fiksen Ø. Size-selective fishing gear and life history evolution in the Northeast Arctic cod. Evol Appl 2015; 2:356-70. [PMID: 25567886 PMCID: PMC3352490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial fishing has been identified as a cause for life history changes in many harvested stocks, mainly because of the intense fishing mortality and its size-selectivity. Because these changes are potentially evolutionary, we investigate evolutionarily stable life-histories and yield in an energy-allocation state-dependent model for Northeast Arctic cod Gadus morhua. We focus on the evolutionary effects of size-selective fishing because regulation of gear selectivity may be an efficient management tool. Trawling, which harvests fish above a certain size, leads to early maturation except when fishing is low and confined to mature fish. Gillnets, where small and large fish escape, lead to late maturation for low to moderate harvest rates, but when harvest rates increase maturation age suddenly drops. This is because bell-shaped selectivity has two size-refuges, for fish that are below and above the harvestable size-classes. Depending on the harvest rate it either pays to grow through the harvestable slot and mature above it, or mature small below it. Sustainable yield on the evolutionary time-scale is highest when fishing is done by trawling, but only for a small parameter region. Fishing with gillnets is better able to withstand life-history evolution, and maintains yield over a wider range of fishing intensities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Ernande
- Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, IFREMER Port-en-bessin, France
| | - Øyvind Fiksen
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Diopere E, Maes GE, Komen H, Volckaert FAM, Groenen MAM. A genetic linkage map of sole (Solea solea): a tool for evolutionary and comparative analyses of exploited (flat)fishes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115040. [PMID: 25541971 PMCID: PMC4277273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Linkage maps based on markers derived from genes are essential evolutionary tools for commercial marine fish to help identify genomic regions associated with complex traits and subject to selective forces at play during exploitation or selective breeding. Additionally, they allow the use of genomic information from other related species for which more detailed information is available. Sole (solea solea L.) is a commercially important flatfish species in the North Sea, subject to overexploitation and showing evidence of fisheries-induced evolutionary changes in growth- and maturation-related traits. Sole would definitely benefit from a linkage map to better understand how evolution has shaped its genome structure. This study presents a linkage map of sole based on 423 single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from expressed sequence tags and 8 neutral microsatellite markers. The total map length is 1233.8 cM and consists of 38 linkage groups with a size varying between 0 to 92.1 cM. Being derived from expressed sequence tags allowed us to align the map with the genome of four model fish species, namely medaka (Oryzias latipes), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and green spotted pufferfish (Tetraodon nigroviridis). This comparison revealed multiple conserved syntenic regions with all four species, and suggested that the linkage groups represent 21 putative sole chromosomes. The map was also compared to the linkage map of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), another commercially important flatfish species and closely related to sole. For all putative sole chromosomes (except one) a turbot homolog was detected, confirming the even higher degree of synteny between these two flatfish species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Diopere
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Gregory E. Maes
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, 4811 QLD Townsville, Australia
| | - Hans Komen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Filip A. M. Volckaert
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martien A. M. Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Engen S, Lande R, Sæther BE. Evolutionary consequences of nonselective harvesting in density-dependent populations. Am Nat 2014; 184:714-26. [PMID: 25438172 DOI: 10.1086/678407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
There is now considerable empirical evidence that evolutionary changes in many phenotypic characters, such as body mass, age at maturation, and timing of breeding, often occur in populations subject to intense harvesting over longer periods. Here, we analyze the evolutionary component of the selection due to nonselective harvesting, which will operate even under selective harvesting and may generate a large evolutionary response. If phenotype affects susceptibility to density dependence-for example, through resource limitation-then nonselective harvesting can induce evolutionary change through its effect on population density. We provide a model for evolution of a quantitative character in such a fluctuating density-dependent population, using the diffusion approximation to describe jointly the temporal changes in mean phenotype and log population size. We show how nonselective harvesting in particular generates r-selection governed by genetic variation in the strength of density regulation and the magnitude of population fluctuations. We show that r-selection caused by nonselective harvesting is proportional to the mean fraction of the population harvested. We then compare the short-term as well as the long-term evolutionary impact of nonselective harvesting for different harvesting strategies by using the mean harvest fraction for different strategies. This comparison is performed for three different harvesting strategies: constant, proportional, and threshold harvesting. The more ecologically sustainable strategies also produce smaller evolutionary changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steinar Engen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Center for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim N-7491, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Kuparinen A, Stenseth NC, Hutchings JA. Fundamental population-productivity relationships can be modified through density-dependent feedbacks of life-history evolution. Evol Appl 2014; 7:1218-25. [PMID: 25558282 PMCID: PMC4275093 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of life histories over contemporary time scales will almost certainly affect population demography. One important pathway for such eco-evolutionary interactions is the density-dependent regulation of population dynamics. Here, we investigate how fisheries-induced evolution (FIE) might alter density-dependent population-productivity relationships. To this end, we simulate the eco-evolutionary dynamics of an Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) population under fishing, followed by a period of recovery in the absence of fishing. FIE is associated with increases in juvenile production, the ratio of juveniles to mature population biomass, and the ratio of the mature population biomass relative to the total population biomass. In contrast, net reproductive rate (R 0 ) and per capita population growth rate (r) decline concomitantly with evolution. Our findings suggest that FIE can substantially modify the fundamental population-productivity relationships that underlie density-dependent population regulation and that form the primary population-dynamical basis for fisheries stock-assessment projections. From a conservation and fisheries-rebuilding perspective, we find that FIE reduces R 0 and r, the two fundamental correlates of population recovery ability and inversely extinction probability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nils Christian Stenseth
- Centre For Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeffrey A Hutchings
- Centre For Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway ; Department of Biology, Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Côté IM. Inadvertent consequences of fishing: the case of the sex-changing shrimp. J Anim Ecol 2014; 82:495-7. [PMID: 24499309 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Hokkai shrimp Pandalus latirostris starts life as a male, but eventually turns into a female given the right size and social conditions. The traps used in the fishery targeting this species selectively retain the larger females, leaving a severely male-biased sex ratio in nature and social conditions that bear no resemblance to those that prompted (or prevented) sex change. Photo: Susumu Chiba Chiba, S., Yoshino, K., Kanaiwa, M., Kawajiri, T. & Goshima, S. (2013) Maladaptive sex ratio adjustment by a sex-changing shrimp in selective fishing environments. Journal of Animal Ecology, 82, 631-640. Fishing can have many unintended consequences. In this issue, Chiba et al. (2013) demonstrate that size-selective harvesting of a sex-changing shrimp effectively voids their normally adaptive adjustments to population sex ratio. The shrimp's 'decision' to change sex depends largely on the relative abundance of mature males and females in early summer, before fishing begins. However, fishing traps selectively retain females, leading to heavily male-biased sex ratios at the onset of autumn breeding that are different from the ratios that influenced sex-change decisions. Although this phenomenon is not yet expressed in catch trends, maladaptive sex-change decisions could ultimately affect population productivity and persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle M Côté
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Statistical power: an important consideration in designing community-based monitoring programs for Arctic and sub-Arctic subsistence fisheries. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
99
|
Olsen EM, Serbezov D, Vøllestad LA. Probabilistic maturation reaction norms assessed from mark-recaptures of wild fish in their natural habitat. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:1601-10. [PMID: 24967078 PMCID: PMC4063461 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction norms are a valuable tool in evolutionary biology. Lately, the probabilistic maturation reaction norm approach, describing probabilities of maturing at combinations of age and body size, has been much applied for testing whether phenotypic changes in exploited populations of fish are mainly plastic or involving an evolutionary component. However, due to typical field data limitations, with imperfect knowledge about individual life histories, this demographic method still needs to be assessed. Using 13 years of direct mark-recapture observations on individual growth and maturation in an intensively sampled population of brown trout (Salmo trutta), we show that the probabilistic maturation reaction norm approach may perform well even if the assumption of equal survival of juvenile and maturing fish does not hold. Earlier studies have pointed out that growth effects may confound the interpretation of shifts in maturation reaction norms, because this method in its basic form deals with body size rather than growth. In our case, however, we found that juvenile body size, rather than annual growth, was more strongly associated with maturation. Viewed against earlier studies, our results also underscore the challenges of generalizing life-history patterns among species and populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esben M Olsen
- Institute of Marine Research Flødevigen N-4817, His, Norway ; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway ; Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder P.O. Box 422, N-4604, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Dimitar Serbezov
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leif A Vøllestad
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Valiquette E, Perrier C, Thibault I, Bernatchez L. Loss of genetic integrity in wild lake trout populations following stocking: insights from an exhaustive study of 72 lakes from Québec, Canada. Evol Appl 2014; 7:625-44. [PMID: 25067947 PMCID: PMC4105915 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stocking represents the most important management tool worldwide to increase and sustain commercial and recreational fisheries in a context of overexploitation. Genetic impacts of this practice have been investigated in many studies, which examined population and individual admixture, but few have investigated determinants of these processes. Here, we addressed these questions from the genotyping at 19 microsatellite loci of 3341 adult lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from 72 unstocked and stocked lakes. Results showed an increase in genetic diversity and a twofold decrease in the extent of genetic differentiation among stocked populations when compared to unstocked. Stocked populations were characterized by significant admixture at both population and individual levels. Moreover, levels of admixture in stocked populations were strongly correlated with stocking intensity and a threshold value of total homogenization between source and stocked populations was identified. Our results also suggest that under certain scenarios, the genetic impacts of stocking could be of short duration. Overall, our study emphasizes the important alteration of the genetic integrity of stocked populations and the need to better understand determinants of admixture to optimize stocking strategies and to conserve the genetic integrity of wild populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Valiquette
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Charles Perrier
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Isabel Thibault
- Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement de la Faune et des Parcs Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|