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Ge Q, Zhang S, Chen L, Tang M, Liu L, Kang M, Gao L, Ma S, Yang Y, Lv P, Kong M, Yao Q, Feng F, Chen K. Mulberry Leaf Regulates Differentially Expressed Genes in Diabetic Mice Liver Based on RNA-Seq Analysis. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 30131712 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01051/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus is a complicated process involving much gene regulation. The molecular mechanism of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf in the treatment of diabetes is not fully understood. In this study, we used the Illumina HiSeq™ 2,500 platform to explore the liver transcriptome of normal mice, STZ-induced diabetic mice, and mulberry leaf-treated diabetic mice, and we obtained 52,542,956, 52,626,414, and 52,780,196 clean reads, respectively. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the pathogenesis of diabetes in mice. The functional properties of DEGs were characterized by comparison with the GO and KEGG databases, and the results show that DEGs are mainly involved in the metabolic pathway. qRT-PCR was used to analyse 27 differential genes involved in liver expression in different groups of diabetic mice. Among the DEGs, the expression of Scube1, Spns3, Ly6a, Igf2, and other genes between the control (C) and diabetic control (DC) groups was significantly upregulated; the expression of Grb10, Mup2, and Fasn was significantly downregulated; the expression of the Sqle, Lss, and Irs2 genes between the C group and diabetic group treated with mulberry (DD) was significantly upregulated; the expression of Fabp2, Ly6a, and Grb10 was significantly downregulated; and the expression of Sqle and Lss was significantly upregulated in the DC and DD groups, but Tap1, Igf2, and Spns3 were significantly downregulated. The results of Western blot validation showed that dynamic changes in proteins, such as IGF2, Ly6a, Grb10, and UBD, occurred to regulate the incidence of diabetes by influencing the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ge
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Lanlan Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mengna Kang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lu Gao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shangshang Ma
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yanhua Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Peng Lv
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qin Yao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fan Feng
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Keping Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Ge Q, Zhang S, Chen L, Tang M, Liu L, Kang M, Gao L, Ma S, Yang Y, Lv P, Kong M, Yao Q, Feng F, Chen K. Mulberry Leaf Regulates Differentially Expressed Genes in Diabetic Mice Liver Based on RNA-Seq Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1051. [PMID: 30131712 PMCID: PMC6090096 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus is a complicated process involving much gene regulation. The molecular mechanism of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf in the treatment of diabetes is not fully understood. In this study, we used the Illumina HiSeq™ 2,500 platform to explore the liver transcriptome of normal mice, STZ-induced diabetic mice, and mulberry leaf-treated diabetic mice, and we obtained 52,542,956, 52,626,414, and 52,780,196 clean reads, respectively. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the pathogenesis of diabetes in mice. The functional properties of DEGs were characterized by comparison with the GO and KEGG databases, and the results show that DEGs are mainly involved in the metabolic pathway. qRT-PCR was used to analyse 27 differential genes involved in liver expression in different groups of diabetic mice. Among the DEGs, the expression of Scube1, Spns3, Ly6a, Igf2, and other genes between the control (C) and diabetic control (DC) groups was significantly upregulated; the expression of Grb10, Mup2, and Fasn was significantly downregulated; the expression of the Sqle, Lss, and Irs2 genes between the C group and diabetic group treated with mulberry (DD) was significantly upregulated; the expression of Fabp2, Ly6a, and Grb10 was significantly downregulated; and the expression of Sqle and Lss was significantly upregulated in the DC and DD groups, but Tap1, Igf2, and Spns3 were significantly downregulated. The results of Western blot validation showed that dynamic changes in proteins, such as IGF2, Ly6a, Grb10, and UBD, occurred to regulate the incidence of diabetes by influencing the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ge
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Lanlan Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mengna Kang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lu Gao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shangshang Ma
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yanhua Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Peng Lv
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qin Yao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fan Feng
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Keping Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Wang R, Li Y, Mu W, Li Z, Sun J, Wang B, Zhong Z, Luo X, Xie C, Huang Y. Mulberry leaf extract reduces the glycemic indexes of four common dietary carbohydrates. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11996. [PMID: 30142838 PMCID: PMC6113008 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a component of mulberry leaf extract (MLE), reduces postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting intestinal a-glycosidase. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the effects of MLE on the glycemic indexes (GI) of common dietary carbohydrates. METHODS This single-center, randomized, open-label, 7-cycle self-controlled crossover study enrolled 15 healthy volunteers at the National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (June 2014 to December 2014). The participants were randomized to receive glucose (3 occasions), glucose+MLE, sucrose+MLE, maltose+MLE, and maltodextrin+MLE orally during 7 visits (every 3 days). Blood glucose level was tested at 15 minutes before and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after carbohydrate intake. The GI of each carbohydrate relative to glucose (GI = 100) was calculated using the incremental area under the curve method. Safety was assessed at each visit. RESULTS All participants completed the protocol. After carbohydrate ingestion, blood glucose level peaked at 30 minutes (glucose, glucose+MLE, sucrose+MLE, and maltose+MLE) or 45 minutes (maltodextrin+MLE) before returning to preprandial levels at 120 minutes. At 30 minutes, the change in blood glucose level was lower for sucrose+MLE, maltose+MLE, and maltodextrin+MLE than for glucose or glucose+MLE (P < .05). GI was lowest for sucrose+MLE (43.22 ± 17.47) and maltose+MLE (49.23 ± 22.39), intermediate for maltodextrin+MLE (75.90 ± 26.01), and higher for glucose+MLE (91.88 ± 27.24). MLE reduced the GIs for maltose, sucrose, maltodextrin, and glucose by 53.11%, 33.51%, 31.00%, and 8.12%, respectively. MLE was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Coconsumption of MLE with sucrose, maltose, or maltodextrin can reduce the GI values of these carbohydrates. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Platform, no. ChiCTR-IPR-15006484. Registered on May 28, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Wang
- Medical institution conducting clinical trials for human used drug, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin
| | - Yanfen Li
- Medical institution conducting clinical trials for human used drug, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin
| | - Wei Mu
- Medical institution conducting clinical trials for human used drug, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin
| | - Ziqiang Li
- Medical institution conducting clinical trials for human used drug, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin
| | - Jinxia Sun
- Medical institution conducting clinical trials for human used drug, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin
| | - Baohe Wang
- Medical institution conducting clinical trials for human used drug, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin
| | | | - Xiuzhen Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Medical institution conducting clinical trials for human used drug, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin
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Ge Q, Chen L, Tang M, Zhang S, Liu L, Gao L, Ma S, Kong M, Yao Q, Feng F, Chen K. Analysis of mulberry leaf components in the treatment of diabetes using network pharmacology. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:50-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Yu Y, Li H, Zhang B, Wang J, Shi X, Huang J, Yang J, Zhang Y, Deng Z. Nutritional and functional components of mulberry leaves from different varieties: Evaluation of their potential as food materials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1489833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Research and Development Department, Jiangxi Sericulture and Tea Research Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junwen Wang
- Research and Development Department, Jiangxi Sericulture and Tea Research Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xuping Shi
- Research and Development Department, Jiangxi Sericulture and Tea Research Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jinzhi Huang
- Research and Development Department, Jiangxi Sericulture and Tea Research Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Piao X, Li S, Sui X, Guo L, Liu X, Li H, Gao L, Cai S, Li Y, Wang T, Liu B. 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) Ameliorates Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Mice by Affecting NF-kappaB Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:372. [PMID: 29725297 PMCID: PMC5917448 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric ulcer (GU) is a main threat to public health. 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may prevent GU but related mechanism remains unclear. DNJ was extracted from the supernatants of Bacillus subtilis by using ethanol and purified by using CM-Sepharose chromatography. A GU mouse model was induced by indomethacin. The functional role of DNJ in GU mice was explored by measuring the main molecules in the NF-KappaB pathway. After the model establishment, 40 GU mice were evenly assigned into five categories: IG (received vehicle control), LG (10 μg DNJ daily), MG (20 μg DNJ daily), HG (40 μg DNJ daily), and RG (0.5 mg ranitidine daily). Meanwhile, eight healthy mice were assigned as a control group (CG). After 1-month therapy, weight and gastric volume were investigated. The levels of serum inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), antioxidant indices [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH)], and oxidant biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA) were examined via ELISA. Meanwhile, inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) levels, and key molecules (NF-κB p65), cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1 and COX2) involved in NF-κB pathway, were analyzed by using Western Blot. COX-1 and COX-2 levels were further measured by immunohistochemistry. The effects of DNJ on gastric functions were explored by measuring the changes of Motilin (MOT), Substance P (SP), Somatostatin (SS), and Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in GU mouse models with ELISA Kits. The results indicated that DNJ prevented indomethacin-caused increase of gastric volume. DNJ improved histopathology of GU mice when compared with the mice from IG group (P < 0.05). DNJ consumption decreased the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α (P < 0.05). DNJ increased antioxidant indices of GU mice by improving the activities of SOD, CAT and reduced GSH, and reduced MDA levels (P < 0.05). DNJ increased the levels of prostaglandin E2, COX-1, COX2, and reduced the levels of and NF-κB p65 (P < 0.05). DNJ showed protection for gastric functions of GU mice by reducing the levels of MOT and SP, and increasing the levels of SS and VIP. DNJ treatment inactivates NF-κB signaling pathway, and increases anti-ulceration ability of the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Piao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Shuangdi Li
- Heart Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodan Sui
- Department of Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lianyi Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xingmei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Leming Gao
- School of Stomatology, 2nd Dental Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shusheng Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yanrong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Baohai Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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1-Deoxynojirimycin from Bacillus subtilis improves antioxidant and antibacterial activities of juvenile Yoshitomi tilapia. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Xu J, Wang X, Cao K, Dong Z, Feng Z, Liu J. Combination of β-glucan and Morus alba L. Leaf Extract Promotes Metabolic Benefits in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101110. [PMID: 29023387 PMCID: PMC5691726 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucan (BG) and mulberry have received increasing attention for their benefits as natural sources of metabolic health. In the current study, we investigated the synergetic beneficial effects of BG and mulberry leaf extract (MLE) in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Male C57BL6 mice were fed a HFD for twelve weeks to induce significant obesity and insulin resistance. BG and MLE were administrated orally throughout the feeding period. The administration of BG resulted in a significant reduction in body weight gain, perirenal fat mass, fasting insulin, serum lipids, serum inflammation markers, and fatty liver, showing systemic health improvement. Likewise, the administration of MLE showed benefits similar to BG, with the exception of body weight gain. In addition to the systemic benefits, the combination of BG and MLE resulted in a synergetic improvement in insulin sensitivity. Meanwhile, only the combination of BG and MLE significantly enhanced liver GST (Glutathione S-Transferase) activity and CuZn–SOD (Superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn)) activity, resulting in a significant reduction in GSH/GSSG (Glutathione disulfide) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the liver. These results further confirm the beneficial effects of BG and MLE on metabolic disorders and show that the combination of BG and MLE has synergetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Ke Cao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Zhizhong Dong
- Nestlé Research Center Beijing, Beijing 100095, China.
| | - Zhihui Feng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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Józefczuk J, Malikowska K, Glapa A, Stawińska-Witoszyńska B, Nowak JK, Bajerska J, Lisowska A, Walkowiak J. Mulberry leaf extract decreases digestion and absorption of starch in healthy subjects-A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:302-306. [PMID: 28501729 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf tea has recently received much attention as a dietary supplement due to the wide range of putative health benefits, such as antidiabetic effects. Nevertheless, data evaluating its influence on carbohydrate metabolism in humans are scarce. The present study aims to investigate the effect of mulberry leaf extract supplementation on starch digestion and absorption in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study comprised of 25 healthy subjects, aged 19-27 years. In all subjects, a starch 13C breath test was performed twice in a crossover and single blind design. Subjects were initially randomized to ingest naturally 13C-abundant cornflakes (50g cornflakes+100ml low fat milk) either with the mulberry leaf extract (36mg of active component-1-deoxynojirimycin) or the placebo and each subject received the opposite preparation one week later. RESULTS The cumulative percentage dose recovery was lower for the mulberry leaf extract test than for the placebo test (median [quartile distribution]: 13.9% [9.9-17.4] vs. 17.2% [13.3-20.6]; p=0.015). A significant decrease was detectable from minute 120 after the ingestion. CONCLUSIONS A single dose of mulberry leaf extract taken with a test meal decreases starch digestion and absorption. These findings could possibly be translated into everyday practice for improvement of postprandial glycemic control.
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Wang N, Zhu F, Chen K. 1-Deoxynojirimycin: Sources, Extraction, Analysis and Biological Functions. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a natural polyhydroxylated piperidine alkaloid, is attracting growing attention due to its important biological functions. This paper introduces the discovery and origins of DNJ, its extraction, purification, and physiological functions in the treatment of diabetes. The mechanisms of DNJ in the inhibition of fat accumulation and tumor cell metastasis are also discussed. In addition, the prospects and challenges of DNJ for practical production are proposed. This work aims to provide technical advice on obtaining DNJ and a fuller understanding of its biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niannian Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Feifei Zhu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Keping Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
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Necyk C, Zubach-Cassano L. Natural Health Products and Diabetes: A Practical Review. Can J Diabetes 2017; 41:642-647. [PMID: 28826695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of natural health product (NHP) use in Canada is extensive. Patients with chronic diseases, including diabetes, use NHPs at a higher rate than the general population. Many NHPs exert hypoglycemic effects, among other effects relevant to diabetes management. To provide a practical, clinical review of NHPs with such effects targeted to pharmacists, a literature search was performed to collect data on the efficacy and safety profiles of 10 commonly used NHPs that exert antidiabetic properties. The following NHPs are included in this clinical review: alpha-lipoic acid, chromium, magnesium, bitter melon, cinnamon, fenugreek, gymnema, milk thistle, Reishi mushroom and white mulberry. Given the potential of NHPs to additively cause hypoglycemia when used concurrently with conventional medications, pharmacists should be up to date with current evidence around NHPs that may affect diabetes care to prevent adverse reactions and interactions. In addition, effective and respectful communication with patients around NHP use and collaboration with various health-care providers are essential in the patient care process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Necyk
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Kan J, Velliquette RA, Grann K, Burns CR, Scholten J, Tian F, Zhang Q, Gui M. A novel botanical formula prevents diabetes by improving insulin resistance. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:352. [PMID: 28679380 PMCID: PMC5499036 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and the prevalence has increased significantly in recent decades to epidemic proportions in China. Individually, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seed, mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) root can improve glycemia in various animal models and humans with impaired glucose metabolism and T2DM. The aim of this study was to design an optimized botanical formula containing these herbal extracts as a nutritional strategy for the prevention of insulin resistance and T2DM. Methods Cell-free α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme assays were used to determine inhibitory potential of extracts. Glucose uptake was examined in differentiated human adipocytes using radiolabeled 2-deoxyglucose. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided and glycemia balanced into 5 groups: two controls (naïve and model) and three doses of the botanical test formula containing standardized fenugreek seed, mulberry leaf and American ginseng extracts (42.33, 84.66 and 169.33 mg/kg BW). Insulin resistance and T2DM was induced by feeding animals a high fat diet and with an alloxan injection. Glucose tolerance was examined by measuring serum glucose levels following an oral glucose load. Results Fenugreek seed and mulberry leaf dose dependently inhibited α-amylase (IC50 = 73.2 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 111.8 ng/mL), respectively. All three botanical extracts improved insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in human adipocytes, which lead to the design of an optimized botanical test formula. In a rat model of insulin resistance and T2DM, the optimized botanical test formula improved fasting serum glucose levels, fasting insulin resistance and the development of impaired glucose tolerance. The reduction in epididymal adipose tissue GLUT4 and PDK1 expression induced by high fat diet and alloxan was blunted by the botanical test formula. Conclusions A novel botanical formula containing standardized extracts of mulberry leaf, fenugreek seed and American ginseng at a ratio of 1:1.3:3.4 prevented the development of insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and T2DM. Given the rising need for effective non-drug targeting of insulin resistance and progression to T2DM, complementary and alternative nutritional strategies without intolerable side effects could have meaningful impact on metabolic health and diabetes risks.
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Cai D, Liu M, Wei X, Li X, Wang Q, Nomura CT, Chen S. Use of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HZ-12 for High-Level Production of the Blood Glucose Lowering Compound, 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), and Nutraceutical Enriched Soybeans via Fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 181:1108-1122. [PMID: 27826807 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) is an efficient α-glucosidase inhibitor (α-GI) with potential applications in the prevention and treatment of diabetes. In this study, 16 Bacillus strains were screened for α-GI rate, and the strain HZ-12 with the highest α-GI rate was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens through the analysis of physiological biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence. By LC-MS/Q-TOF analysis, the α-GI component produced by B. amyloliquefaciens HZ-12 was identified as DNJ. Soybean was used as the substrate for the solid-state fermentation; 870 mg/kg DNJ was produced by B. amyloliquefaciens HZ-12 after optimizing the fermentation conditions and media, which was 3.83-fold higher than the initial yield. Also, evaluations of nutraceutical enrichment in the form of anticoagulant activity, antioxidant activity, total nitrogen (TN), and total reducing sugars (TRS) of the B. amyloliquefaciens HZ-12 fermented soybeans were substantially higher than unfermented soybeans. This study provided a promising strain for high-level production of DNJ and produced nutraceutical enriched soybeans by fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Cai
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, No. 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mengjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuetuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xinmiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, No. 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Christopher T Nomura
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, No. 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY ESF), Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Shouwen Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, No. 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Yamagishi K, Onose S, Takasu S, Ito J, Ikeda R, Kimura T, Nakagawa K, Miyazawa T. Lactose Increases the Production of 1-deoxynojirimycin in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.23.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamagishi
- National Food Research Institute (NFRI), National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO)
| | - Shinji Onose
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - So Takasu
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Junya Ito
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | | | - Toshiyuki Kimura
- National Food Research Institute (NFRI), National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO)
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Biotechnology Innovation Project, New Industry Creation Hathery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University
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65
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Zheng YC, He H, Wei X, Ge S, Lu YH. Comparison of Regulation Mechanisms of Five Mulberry Ingredients on Insulin Secretion under Oxidative Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8763-8772. [PMID: 27802600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of mulberry ingredients including 1-deoxynojrimycin (DNJ), resveratrol (RES), oxyresveratrol (OXY), cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), and cyanidin-3-rutinoside (C3R) on insulin secretion under oxidative stress were investigated. The results revealed that they had distinct effects on insulin secretion in H2O2-induced MIN 6 cells, especially DNJ, C3G, and C3R, while RES and OXY showed modest effects in low dose (12.5 μM). The mechanisms were demonstrated in signal pathway that after treatment with DNJ, C3G, and C3R, the expressions of glucokinase (GK) were up-regulated, leading to intracellular ATP accumulation and insulin secretion. They also bound to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), improved GLP-1R, duodenal homeobox factor-1 (PDX-1) expression, and stimulated insulin secretion. Moreover, ROS production was inhibited, followed by a decreasing apoptosis rate, while RES and OXY accelerated the apoptosis at high dose (50 μM). This work expounded the potential mechanisms of mulberry ingredients on insulin secretion, indicating the potential application in the intervention against hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Ge
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
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66
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Gao K, Zheng C, Wang T, Zhao H, Wang J, Wang Z, Zhai X, Jia Z, Chen J, Zhou Y, Wang W. 1-Deoxynojirimycin: Occurrence, Extraction, Chemistry, Oral Pharmacokinetics, Biological Activities and In Silico Target Fishing. Molecules 2016; 21:E1600. [PMID: 27886092 PMCID: PMC6273535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ, C₆H13NO₄, 163.17 g/mol), an alkaloid azasugar or iminosugar, is a biologically active natural compound that exists in mulberry leaves and Commelina communis (dayflower) as well as from several bacterial strains such as Bacillus and Streptomyces species. Deoxynojirimycin possesses antihyperglycemic, anti-obesity, and antiviral features. Therefore, the aim of this detailed review article is to summarize the existing knowledge on occurrence, extraction, purification, determination, chemistry, and bioactivities of DNJ, so that researchers may use it to explore future perspectives of research on DNJ. Moreover, possible molecular targets of DNJ will also be investigated using suitable in silico approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Gao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Chenglong Zheng
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
- Beijing Gulou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 13 DouFuChi Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100009, China.
| | - Tong Wang
- Beijing Gulou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 13 DouFuChi Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100009, China.
| | - Huihui Zhao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Juan Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xing Zhai
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zijun Jia
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yingwu Zhou
- Beijing Gulou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 13 DouFuChi Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100009, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
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67
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Król E, Jeszka-Skowron M, Krejpcio Z, Flaczyk E, Wójciak RW. The Effects of Supplementary Mulberry Leaf (Morus alba) Extracts on the Trace Element Status (Fe, Zn and Cu) in Relation to Diabetes Management and Antioxidant Indices in Diabetic Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 174:158-165. [PMID: 27071614 PMCID: PMC5055558 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Mulberry leaves (Morus alba) have been used in folk medicine to mitigate symptoms of diabetes. The mulberry plant contains phenolic compounds that are able to decrease blood glucose concentration. Since various phenolics have antioxidant and metal binding properties, they can be used to alleviate oxidative stress and chelate trace elements involved in redox reactions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with mulberry leaf extracts (acetone-water (AE) and ethanol-water (EE)) on the trace element status (Fe, Zn and Cu) in relation to diabetes management and antioxidant indices in high-fat diet-fed/STZ diabetic rats. The experiment was performed on 38 male Wistar rats with diabetes (induced by high-fat diet (HF) and streptozotocin injection) or the control fed with AIN-93M or high-fat diet. As a result, five experimental groups were used: (1) a healthy control group fed with AIN-93M; (2) an HF control group; (3) a diabetic HF group; (4) a diabetic HF + AE group (6 g/kg diet); (5) a diabetic HF + EE group (6 g/kg diet). The rats were fed with appropriate diets for 4 weeks. The content of trace elements (Fe, Zn and Cu) in the serum and tissues was measured by means of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Biochemical analyses (glucose, TBARS, FRAP) were performed on the blood serum. It was shown that the AE decreased hepatic and renal Fe stores, while the EE increased hepatic Cu levels in diabetic rats and confirmed their ability to regulate the Fe and Cu status in diabetes. The results confirmed a significant hypoglycaemic and antioxidant potential of both mulberry leaf extracts in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Król
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Jeszka-Skowron
- Department of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznań University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Krejpcio
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Flaczyk
- Department of Food Service and Catering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rafał W Wójciak
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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68
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Marx TK, Glávits R, Endres JR, Palmer PA, Clewell AE, Murbach TS, Hirka G, Pasics I. A 28-Day Repeated Dose Toxicological Study of an Aqueous Extract of Morus Alba L. Int J Toxicol 2016; 35:683-691. [PMID: 27733446 DOI: 10.1177/1091581816670597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Morus alba L. (white mulberry) leaves are one of the oldest recognized traditional Chinese medicines. More recently, M alba leaves and their constituents, particularly iminosugars (or azasugars), have garnered attention for their ability to maintain normal blood glucose concentrations, an effect identified in both animal studies and human clinical trials. Reducose (Phynova Group Limited) is a commercial water-soluble extract of M alba leaves standardized to 5% 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), an iminosugar with α-glucosidase inhibition properties. Although there is an extensive history of consumption of M alba leaves by humans and animals worldwide, suggesting that the leaves and their extracts have a relatively good safety profile, we are unaware of safety assessments on an extract containing a higher amount of DNJ than that occurs naturally. The current 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity study in rats, conducted according to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines, was carried out to assess the safety of Reducose. Male and female Hsd.Han Wistar rats (4 groups of 10 animals/sex) were administered Reducose via gavage at doses of 0, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 mg/kg body weight (bw)/d. No treatment-related mortality or adverse effects (per clinical observations, body weight/weight gain, food consumption, ophthalmoscopy, clinical pathology, gross pathology, organ weights, or histopathology) were observed, and no target organs were identified. The no observed adverse effect level was determined to be 4,000 mg/kg bw/d for both male and female rats, the highest dose tested.
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69
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Shin SO, Seo HJ, Park H, Song HJ. Effects of mulberry leaf extract on blood glucose and serum lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Eur J Integr Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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70
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A meta-analysis of efficacy of Morus alba Linn. to improve blood glucose and lipid profile. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1509-1521. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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71
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Current anti-diabetes mechanisms and clinical trials using Morus alba L. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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72
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Ju WT, Kim HB, Kim KY, Sung GB, Kim YS. Screening of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) producing bacteria using mulberry leaf. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.7852/ijie.2015.31.2.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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73
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Liu Q, Li X, Li C, Zheng Y, Peng G. 1-Deoxynojirimycin Alleviates Insulin Resistance via Activation of Insulin Signaling PI3K/AKT Pathway in Skeletal Muscle of db/db Mice. Molecules 2015; 20:21700-14. [PMID: 26690098 PMCID: PMC6331926 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) is widely used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus as an inhibitor of intestinal α-glucosidase. However, there are few reports about its effect on insulin sensitivity improvement. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether DNJ decreased hyperglycemia by improving insulin sensitivity. An economical method was established to prepare large amounts of DNJ. Then, db/db mice were treated with DNJ intravenously (20, 40 and 80 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) for four weeks. Blood glucose and biochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effects on hyperglycemia and the related molecular mechanisms in skeletal muscle were explored. DNJ significantly reduced body weight, blood glucose and serum insulin levels. DNJ treatment also improved glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance. Moreover, although expressions of total protein kinase B (AKT), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), insulin receptor beta (IR-β), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in skeletal muscle were not affected, GLUT4 translocation and phosphorylation of Ser473-AKT, p85-PI3K, Tyr1361-IR-β and Tyr612-IRS1 were significantly increased by DNJ treatment. These results indicate that DNJ significantly improved insulin sensitivity via activating insulin signaling PI3K/AKT pathway in skeletal muscle of db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingpu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Cunyu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yunfeng Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Guoping Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, China.
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74
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Intercultural Usage of Mori Folium: Comparison Review from a Korean Medical Perspective. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:379268. [PMID: 26539223 PMCID: PMC4619920 DOI: 10.1155/2015/379268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. A review on studies related to the use of Mori folium, the leaves of Morus alba, was conducted with the goal of identifying new clinical applications in Korean medicine. Methods. Global literature search was conducted using three electronic databases up to January 2015 with the term Morus alba and its Korean terms. KM literatures including textbooks and standard pharmacopoeia were separately hand-searched and reviewed to provide comparison. Data were extracted according to predetermined criteria, and clinical uses were standardized with ICD-10 categories. Results. 159 potentially relevant studies were identified, and 18 articles including 12 ethnopharmacologic and 6 clinical studies were finally included in this analysis. Ethnopharmacologic studies from 8 countries provided 17 clinical uses. We found that five out of six clinical trials were related to diabetes and suggested a moderate short-term to mild long-term effect. And 43 Korean texts also provided 156 clinical uses in 35 categories including ocular and respiratory disorders. Discussion and Conclusions. Though majority of the clinical uses were also found in Korean medicine literature, treatment of infertility, jaundice, cognitive disorder, and hyperpigmentation was found to be effective and diabetes with Morus alba was recognized to have clinical importance.
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75
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Farzaei MH, Rahimi R, Farzaei F, Abdollahi M. Traditional Medicinal Herbs for the Management of Diabetes and its Complications: An Evidence-Based Review. INT J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2015.874.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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76
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Wang GQ, Zhu L, Ma ML, Chen XC, Gao Y, Yu TY, Yang GS, Pang WJ. Mulberry 1-Deoxynojirimycin Inhibits Adipogenesis by Repression of the ERK/PPARγ Signaling Pathway in Porcine Intramuscular Adipocytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6212-6220. [PMID: 26075699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intramuscular fat (IMF), which is modulated by adipogenensis of intramuscular adipocytes, plays a key role in pork quality associated with marbling, juiceness, and flavor. However, the regulatory mechanism of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) on adipogenesis is still unknown. Here, we found that both DNJ (2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 μM) and rosiglitazone (RSG; 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mM) had no effect on cell viability. Moreover, 4 μM DNJ significantly inhibited adipogenesis, whereas 0.4 mM RSG increased lipogenesis of porcine intramuscular adipocytes. Interestingly, DNJ sharply inhibited phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), but did not change phosphorylation of AKT (protein kinase B) in intramuscular adipocytes. We further found that the inhibitory adipogenesis of DNJ was attenuated by RSG via up-regulation of PPARγ. On the basis of the above findings, we suggest that DNJ inhibited adipogenesis through the ERK/PPARγ signaling pathway in porcine intramuscular adipocytes.
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77
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Deng MJ, Lin XD, Lin QT, Wen DF, Zhang ML, Wang XQ, Gao HC, Xu JP. A 1H-NMR Based Study on Hemolymph Metabolomics in Eri Silkworm after Oral Administration of 1-Deoxynojirimycin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131696. [PMID: 26148185 PMCID: PMC4492494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) modulates glycometabolism and has toxicity in Eri silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini, Saturniidae). In this paper, hemolymph metabolites were used to explore metabolic changes after oral administration of DNJ or mulberry latex and to characterize the biological function of DNJ at the metabolic and systemic levels. Hemolymph samples were collected from fourth-instar larvae of Eri silkworm and ex-vivo high-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were acquired from the collected hemolymph samples. Then the obtained spectra were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and independent-samples t-test. Metabolic pattern recognition analysis of hemolymph samples indicated that the groups of 0.25% DNJ, latex, and the mixture of 0.5% DNJ and latex (1:1) were significantly different from the control group. Moreover, compared to the control group, the groups of 0.25% DNJ, latex, and the mixture of 0.5% DNJ and latex (1:1) showed the decreased levels of citrate, succinate, fumarate, malate, and glutamine in hemolymph, the groups of 0.25% DNJ and the mixture of 0.5% DNJ and latex (1:1) showed the increased levels of trehalose and lactate. In addition, mulberry leaves exude latex was highly toxic to Eri silkworm because rich unidentified high-molecular-weight factor (s) acted as toxic substances. In our results, latex caused 20 deaths among 50 fourth-instar larvae of Eri silkmoth, but DNJ or the mixture did not caused death. All these results suggest that DNJ has a positive impact on the reverse glycometabolism by modulating glycometabolism and inhibiting glucogenesis and energy metabolism. DNJ is a secure substance as a single-ingredient antidiabetic medicine due to its nontoxicity and bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jie Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Analytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Lin
- Analytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Ting Lin
- Analytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - De-Fu Wen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- Analytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xian-Qin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Analytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hong-Chang Gao
- Analytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JPX); (HCG)
| | - Jia-Ping Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- * E-mail: (JPX); (HCG)
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78
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Roskar I, Molek P, Vodnik M, Stempelj M, Strukelj B, Lunder M. Peptide modulators of alpha-glucosidase. J Diabetes Investig 2015; 6:625-31. [PMID: 26543535 PMCID: PMC4627538 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Acute glucose fluctuations during the postprandial period pose great risk for cardiovascular complications and thus represent an important therapeutic approach in type 2 diabetes. In the present study, screening of peptide libraries was used to select peptides with an affinity towards mammalian intestinal alpha-glucosidase as potential leads in antidiabetic agent development. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three phage-displayed peptide libraries were used in independent selections with different elution strategies to isolate target-binding peptides. Selected peptides displayed on phage were tested to compete for an enzyme-binding site with known competitive inhibitors, acarbose and voglibose. The four best performing peptides were synthesized. Their binding to the mammalian alpha-glucosidase and their effect on enzyme activity were evaluated. RESULTS Two linear and two cyclic heptapeptides with high affinity towards intestinal alpha-glucosidase were selected. Phage-displayed as well as synthetic peptides bind into or to the vicinity of the active site on the enzyme. Both cyclic peptides inhibited enzyme activity, whereas both linear peptides increased enzyme activity. CONCLUSIONS Although natural substrates of glycosidase are polysaccharides, in the present study we successfully isolated novel peptide modulators of alpha-glucosidase. Modulatory activity of selected peptides could be further optimized through peptidomimetic design. They represent promising leads for development of efficient alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Roskar
- Entrapharm d.o.o., University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Molek
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Vodnik
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Stempelj
- Entrapharm d.o.o., University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Borut Strukelj
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Lunder
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia
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79
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Kim JY, Ok HM, Kim J, Park SW, Kwon SW, Kwon O. Mulberry leaf extract improves postprandial glucose response in prediabetic subjects: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Med Food 2014; 18:306-13. [PMID: 25343729 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of 4 weeks of mulberry leaf aqueous extract (MLAE) supplementation (5 g/day) for postprandial glycemic control in 36 subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) tolerance. Postprandial responses in the glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were measured after a carbohydrate load both at baseline and after 4 weeks of MLAE supplementation. The postprandial glycemic response was attenuated in the MLAE group after the treatment period, particularly 30 and 60 min after loading (P=.003 and 0.0325 for glucose, P=.0005 and .0350 for insulin, and P=.0151 and .0864 for C-peptide). Additionally, the incremental area under the curve for insulin was significantly lower in the MLAE group than in the placebo group (P=.0207). Four weeks of MLAE supplementation improved postprandial glycemic control in individuals with IFG tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Kim
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology , Seoul, Korea
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80
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Heo HS, Choi JH, Oh JJ, Lee WJ, Kim SS, Lee DH, Lee HK, Song SW, Kim KH, Choi YK, Ryu KS, Kang BH. Evaluation of general toxicity and genotoxicity of the silkworm extract powder. Toxicol Res 2013; 29:263-78. [PMID: 24578797 PMCID: PMC3936179 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2013.29.4.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The silkworm extract powder contain 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a potent α-glycosidase inhibitor, has therapeutic potency against diabetes mellitus. Therefore, natural products containing DNJ from mulberry leaves and silkworm are consumed as health functional food. The present study was performed to evaluate the safety of the silkworm extract powder, a health food which containing the DNJ. The repeated toxicity studies and gentic toxicity studies of the silkworm extract powder were performed to obtain the data for new functional food approval in MFDS. The safety was evaluated by a single-dose oral toxicity study and a 90 day repeated-dose oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. The silkworm extract powder was also evaluated for its mutagenic potential in a battery of genetic toxicity test: in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay, in vitro chromosomal aberration test, and in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. The results of the genetic toxicology assays were negative in all of the assays. The approximate lethal dose in single oral dose toxicity study was considered to be higher than 5000 mg/kg in rats. In the 90 day study, the dose levels were wet at 0, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg/day, and 10 animals/sex/dose were treated with oral gavage. The parameters that were monitored were clinical signs, body weights, food and water consumptions, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, organ weights, and histopathological examination. No adverse effects were observed after the 90 day administration of the silkworm extract powder. The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) of silkworm extract powder in the 90 day study was 2000 mg/kg/day in both sexes, and no target organ was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Suk Heo
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea ; College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hun Choi
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea
| | - Jung-Ja Oh
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea
| | - Woo-Joo Lee
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea
| | | | - Do-Hoon Lee
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kul Lee
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea
| | - Si-Whan Song
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea
| | - Kap-Ho Kim
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kang-Sun Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Boo-Hyon Kang
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea
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81
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Chung HI, Kim J, Kim JY, Kwon O. Acute intake of mulberry leaf aqueous extract affects postprandial glucose response after maltose loading: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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82
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Onose S, Ikeda R, Nakagawa K, Kimura T, Yamagishi K, Higuchi O, Miyazawa T. Production of the α-glycosidase inhibitor 1-deoxynojirimycin from Bacillus species. Food Chem 2012; 138:516-23. [PMID: 23265519 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a potent α-glycosidase inhibitor, has therapeutic applications in treatments of HIV, Gaucher's disease, and diabetes. DNJ has been extracted from natural sources (mulberry leaves) for therapeutic purposes; however, DNJ ingredients are in limited supply and are costly to obtain on a large scale. Since certain strains of Bacillus and Streptomyces species reportedly produce DNJ, they may serve as potential sources for high-yield DNJ production. In this study, we obtained evidence for a DNJ production in Bacillus subtilis DSM704 by hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, from a screen of 750 microorganisms, we identified additional Bacillus strains (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AS385 and Bacillus subtilis B4) that produce DNJ in large quantities. Investigation of the effect of various culture conditions, using Bacillus subtilis DSM704 and the DNJ high-production Bacillus strains, provided evidence for the importance of sorbitol supplementation on the yield of the DNJ precursor, 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannitol, thereby increasing DNJ production. The role of sorbitol in increased DNJ production was supported by an observed increase in mRNA expression of the biosynthetic gene, gabT1. When Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AS385 was cultured in medium supplemented with sorbitol, extracellular DNJ concentration reached a maximum of 460 mg/l of medium (equivalent to 9.20mg/g of freeze-dried medium), indicating that this strain can serve as a source for food- and drug-grade products. These findings not only lead to a further understanding of the DNJ biosynthetic pathway, but also suggest a method for microbial mass production of DNJ for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Onose
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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