51
|
Liu Y, Liu X, Chen Z, Wang Y, Li J, Gong J, He A, Zhao M, Yang C, Yang W, Wang Z. Evaluation of decompressive craniectomy in mice after severe traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol 2022; 13:898813. [PMID: 35959411 PMCID: PMC9360741 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.898813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is of great significance for relieving acute intracranial hypertension and saving lives after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study, a severe TBI mouse model was created using controlled cortical impact (CCI), and a surgical model of DC was established. Furthermore, a series of neurological function assessments were performed to better understand the pathophysiological changes after DC. In this study, mice were randomly allocated into three groups, namely, CCI group, CCI+DC group, and Sham group. The mice in the CCI and CCI+DC groups received CCI after opening a bone window, and after brain injury, immediately returned the bone window to simulate skull condition after a TBI. The CCI+DC group underwent DC and contused tissue removal 6 h after CCI. The mice in the CCI group underwent the same anesthesia process; however, no further treatment of the bone window and trauma was performed. The mice in the Sham group underwent anesthesia and the process of opening the skin and bone window, but not in the CCI group. Changes in Modified Neurological Severity Score, rotarod performance, Morris water maze, intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral blood flow (CBF), brain edema, blood–brain barrier (BBB), inflammatory factors, neuronal apoptosis, and glial cell expression were evaluated. Compared with the CCI group, the CCI+DC group had significantly lower ICP, superior neurological and motor function at 24 h after injury, and less severe BBB damage after injury. Most inflammatory cytokine expressions and the number of apoptotic cells in the brain tissue of mice in the CCI+DC group were lower than in the CCI group at 3 days after injury, with markedly reduced astrocyte and microglia expression. However, the degree of brain edema in the CCI+DC group was greater than in the CCI group, and neurological and motor functions, as well as spatial cognitive and learning ability, were significantly poorer at 14 days after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuanhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhijuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanzhi Wang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Junjie Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Anqi He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingyu Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Weidong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Weidong Yang
| | - Zengguang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Zengguang Wang
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Xiao SY, Liu YJ, Lu W, Sha ZW, Xu C, Yu ZH, Lee SD. Possible Neuropathology of Sleep Disturbance Linking to Alzheimer's Disease: Astrocytic and Microglial Roles. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:875138. [PMID: 35755779 PMCID: PMC9218054 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.875138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances not only deteriorate Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progress by affecting cognitive states but also accelerate the neuropathological changes of AD. Astrocytes and microglia are the principal players in the regulation of both sleep and AD. We proposed that possible astrocyte-mediated and microglia-mediated neuropathological changes of sleep disturbances linked to AD, such as astrocytic adenosinergic A1, A2, and A3 regulation; astrocytic dopamine and serotonin; astrocyte-mediated proinflammatory status (TNFα); sleep disturbance-attenuated microglial CX3CR1 and P2Y12; microglial Iba-1 and astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); and microglia-mediated proinflammatory status (IL-1b, IL-6, IL-10, and TNFα). Furthermore, astrocytic and microglial amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau in AD were reviewed, such as astrocytic Aβ interaction in AD; astrocyte-mediated proinflammation in AD; astrocytic interaction with Aβ in the central nervous system (CNS); astrocytic apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-induced Aβ clearance in AD, as well as microglial Aβ clearance and aggregation in AD; proinflammation-induced microglial Aβ aggregation in AD; microglial-accumulated tau in AD; and microglial ApoE and TREM2 in AD. We reviewed astrocytic and microglial roles in AD and sleep, such as astrocyte/microglial-mediated proinflammation in AD and sleep; astrocytic ApoE in sleep and AD; and accumulated Aβ-triggered synaptic abnormalities in sleep disturbance. This review will provide a possible astrocytic and microglial mechanism of sleep disturbance linked to AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yun Xiao
- Department of Mental Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Jie Liu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Lu
- Department of Traditional Treatment, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Sha
- Department of Mental Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Che Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Yu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shin-Da Lee
- Department of Mental Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Hills KE, Kostarelos K, Wykes RC. Converging Mechanisms of Epileptogenesis and Their Insight in Glioblastoma. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:903115. [PMID: 35832394 PMCID: PMC9271928 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.903115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and advanced form of primary malignant tumor occurring in the adult central nervous system, and it is frequently associated with epilepsy, a debilitating comorbidity. Seizures are observed both pre- and post-surgical resection, indicating that several pathophysiological mechanisms are shared but also prompting questions about how the process of epileptogenesis evolves throughout GBM progression. Molecular mutations commonly seen in primary GBM, i.e., in PTEN and p53, and their associated downstream effects are known to influence seizure likelihood. Similarly, various intratumoral mechanisms, such as GBM-induced blood-brain barrier breakdown and glioma-immune cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment are also cited as contributing to network hyperexcitability. Substantial alterations to peri-tumoral glutamate and chloride transporter expressions, as well as widespread dysregulation of GABAergic signaling are known to confer increased epileptogenicity and excitotoxicity. The abnormal characteristics of GBM alter neuronal network function to result in metabolically vulnerable and hyperexcitable peri-tumoral tissue, properties the tumor then exploits to favor its own growth even post-resection. It is evident that there is a complex, dynamic interplay between GBM and epilepsy that promotes the progression of both pathologies. This interaction is only more complicated by the concomitant presence of spreading depolarization (SD). The spontaneous, high-frequency nature of GBM-associated epileptiform activity and SD-associated direct current (DC) shifts require technologies capable of recording brain signals over a wide bandwidth, presenting major challenges for comprehensive electrophysiological investigations. This review will initially provide a detailed examination of the underlying mechanisms that promote network hyperexcitability in GBM. We will then discuss how an investigation of these pathologies from a network level, and utilization of novel electrophysiological tools, will yield a more-effective, clinically-relevant understanding of GBM-related epileptogenesis. Further to this, we will evaluate the clinical relevance of current preclinical research and consider how future therapeutic advancements may impact the bidirectional relationship between GBM, SDs, and seizures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate E. Hills
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Catalan Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Edifici ICN2, Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert C. Wykes
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Robert C. Wykes
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Zhao Y, Tan DC, Peng B, Yang L, Zhang SY, Shi RP, Chong CM, Zhong ZF, Wang SP, Liang QL, Wang YT. Neuroendocrine-Immune Regulatory Network of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123697. [PMID: 35744822 PMCID: PMC9229650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides) is a popular medicinal herb and health supplement in China, Japan, and Korea, and has a variety of pharmaceutical properties. The neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) network is crucial in maintaining homeostasis and physical or psychological functions at a holistic level, consistent with the regulatory theory of natural medicine. This review aims to systematically summarize the chemical compositions, biological roles, and pharmacological properties of E. ulmoides to build a bridge between it and NEI-associated diseases and to provide a perspective for the development of its new clinical applications. After a review of the literature, we found that E. ulmoides has effects on NEI-related diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative disease, hyperlipidemia, osteoporosis, insomnia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. However, clinical studies on E. ulmoides were scarce. In addition, E. ulmoides derivatives are diverse in China, and they are mainly used to enhance immunity, improve hepatic damage, strengthen bones, and lower blood pressure. Through network pharmacological analysis, we uncovered the possibility that E. ulmoides is involved in functional interactions with cancer development, insulin resistance, NAFLD, and various inflammatory pathways associated with NEI diseases. Overall, this review suggests that E. ulmoides has a wide range of applications for NEI-related diseases and provides a direction for its future research and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Y.Z.); (D.-C.T.); (B.P.); (L.Y.); (S.-Y.Z.); (R.-P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (Z.-F.Z.); (S.-P.W.)
| | - De-Chao Tan
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Y.Z.); (D.-C.T.); (B.P.); (L.Y.); (S.-Y.Z.); (R.-P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (Z.-F.Z.); (S.-P.W.)
| | - Bo Peng
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Y.Z.); (D.-C.T.); (B.P.); (L.Y.); (S.-Y.Z.); (R.-P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (Z.-F.Z.); (S.-P.W.)
| | - Lin Yang
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Y.Z.); (D.-C.T.); (B.P.); (L.Y.); (S.-Y.Z.); (R.-P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (Z.-F.Z.); (S.-P.W.)
| | - Si-Yuan Zhang
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Y.Z.); (D.-C.T.); (B.P.); (L.Y.); (S.-Y.Z.); (R.-P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (Z.-F.Z.); (S.-P.W.)
| | - Rui-Peng Shi
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Y.Z.); (D.-C.T.); (B.P.); (L.Y.); (S.-Y.Z.); (R.-P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (Z.-F.Z.); (S.-P.W.)
| | - Cheong-Meng Chong
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Y.Z.); (D.-C.T.); (B.P.); (L.Y.); (S.-Y.Z.); (R.-P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (Z.-F.Z.); (S.-P.W.)
| | - Zhang-Feng Zhong
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Y.Z.); (D.-C.T.); (B.P.); (L.Y.); (S.-Y.Z.); (R.-P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (Z.-F.Z.); (S.-P.W.)
| | - Sheng-Peng Wang
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Y.Z.); (D.-C.T.); (B.P.); (L.Y.); (S.-Y.Z.); (R.-P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (Z.-F.Z.); (S.-P.W.)
| | - Qiong-Lin Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence: (Q.-L.L.); (Y.-T.W.); Tel.: +86-010-6277-2263 (Q.-L.L.); +853-8822-4691 (Y.-T.W.); Fax: +86-010-6277-2263 (Q.-L.L.); +853-2884-1358 (Y.-T.W.)
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Y.Z.); (D.-C.T.); (B.P.); (L.Y.); (S.-Y.Z.); (R.-P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (Z.-F.Z.); (S.-P.W.)
- Correspondence: (Q.-L.L.); (Y.-T.W.); Tel.: +86-010-6277-2263 (Q.-L.L.); +853-8822-4691 (Y.-T.W.); Fax: +86-010-6277-2263 (Q.-L.L.); +853-2884-1358 (Y.-T.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Pre-Exposure to Environmental Enrichment Protects against Learning and Memory Deficits Caused by Infrasound Exposure. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6208872. [PMID: 35620581 PMCID: PMC9129996 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6208872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
With the development of industrialization in recent years, infrasound has become an important component of public noise. To date, diverse studies have revealed the negative effects of infrasound on the central nervous system (CNS), especially the learning and memory ability. It is widely reported that environmental enrichment (EE) ameliorates the learning and memory deficits in different models of brain injury. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the possible benefits of pre-exposure to EE in preventing functional deficits following infrasound exposure and their related mechanism. Adult male rats were given enriched or standard housing for 30 days. Following enrichment, the rats were exposed to 16 Hz, 130 dB infrasound for 14 days, and then their learning and memory ability was assessed. Changes to neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in the hippocampus were also detected. Our results showed that the infrasound-induced deficit in learning and memory was attenuated significantly in EE pre-exposed rats. Pre-exposure to EE could induce a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant properties in the hippocampus. Moreover, pre-exposure to EE also exerted antiapoptosis functions by upregulating the B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) level and downregulating the P53 level in the hippocampus. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that EE is neuroprotective when applied before infrasound exposure, resulting in an improved learning and memory ability by enhancing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptosis capacities.
Collapse
|
56
|
Huang J, Lan H, Xie C, Wei C, Liu Z, Huang Z, Zhou Z, Chen L. Pramipexole Protects Against Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Dysfunction. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1020-1028. [PMID: 35524855 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a severe disease of brain damage accompanied by blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. The BBB is composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), astrocyte terminus, pericytes, and a basement membrane. Tight junction proteins expressed by BMECs play important roles in preserving BBB integrity. Pramipexole is a selective dopamine agonist applied for treating Parkinson's disease and has been recently claimed with neuroprotective capacity. This study will further explore the impact of Pramipexole on tight junctions and BBB integrity to provide the potential treatment strategy for TBI-induced BBB damage. The TBI model was established in mice and was identified by the promoted brain water content, declined Garcia scores, reduced latency of the rotarod test, aggravated pathological changes in the brain cortex, and excessively released inflammatory factors. After treatment with Pramipexole, the neurofunctional deficits, behavioral disability, and aggravated pathological changes were dramatically reversed, accompanied by the alleviated BBB permeability, and upregulated occludin, an important tight junction protein. TBI model cells were established by the scratching bEnd.3 cells method. Cells were stimulated with 10 and 20 μM Pramipexole, followed by exposure to TBI. Increased fluorescence intensity of FITC-dextran, reduced value of TEER, and downregulated occludin and KLF2 were observed in TBI-exposed cells, all of which were greatly reversed by 10 and 20 μM Pramipexole. Furthermore, in KLF2-silenced bEnd.3 cells, the protective ability of Pramipexole against endothelial permeability and the expression level of occludin were dramatically abolished. Collectively, our results suggest that Pramipexole protected against TBI-induced BBB dysfunction by mediating KLF2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junping Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Huan Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Changji Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Chengcong Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhixi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511500, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Abhari AP, Etemadifar M, Yazdanpanah N, Rezaei N. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)-Type Glutamate Receptors and Demyelinating Disorders: A Neuroimmune Perspective. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2624-2640. [PMID: 35507747 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220504135853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors, highly important in regulating substantial physiologic processes in the brain and the nervous system, and disturbance in their function could contribute to different pathologies. Overstimulation and hyperactivity of NMDARs, termed as glutamate toxicity, could promote cell death and apoptosis. Meanwhile, their blockade could lead to dysfunction of the brain and nervous system as well. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the prominent role of NMDARs in demyelinating disorders and anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Herein, we provide an overview of the role of NMDARs' dysfunction in the physiopathology of demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Parsa Abhari
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Isfahan, Iran.,School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoud Etemadifar
- Department of Neurology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Niloufar Yazdanpanah
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children\'s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children\'s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Zhang Y, Chu JMT, Wong GTC. Cerebral Glutamate Regulation and Receptor Changes in Perioperative Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040597. [PMID: 35454185 PMCID: PMC9029551 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and is intricately linked to learning and memory. Its activity depends on the expression of AMPA and NMDA receptors and excitatory amino transporters on neurons and glial cells. Glutamate transporters prevent the excess accumulation of glutamate in synapses, which can lead to aberrant synaptic signaling, excitotoxicity, or cell death. Neuroinflammation can occur acutely after surgical trauma and contributes to the development of perioperative neurocognitive disorders, which are characterized by impairment in multiple cognitive domains. In this review, we aim to examine how glutamate handling and glutamatergic function are affected by neuroinflammation and their contribution to cognitive impairment. We will first summarize the current data regarding glutamate in neurotransmission, its receptors, and their regulation and trafficking. We will then examine the impact of inflammation on glutamate handling and neurotransmission, focusing on changes in glial cells and the effect of cytokines. Finally, we will discuss these changes in the context of perioperative neuroinflammation and the implications they have for perioperative neurocognitive disorders.
Collapse
|
59
|
Broeders TAA, Bhogal AA, Morsinkhof LM, Schoonheim MM, Röder CH, Edens M, Klomp DWJ, Wijnen JP, Vinkers CH. Glutamate levels across deep brain structures in patients with a psychotic disorder and its relation to cognitive functioning. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:489-497. [PMID: 35243931 PMCID: PMC9066676 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221077199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with psychotic disorders often show prominent cognitive impairment. Glutamate seems to play a prominent role, but its role in deep gray matter (DGM) regions is unclear. AIMS To evaluate glutamate levels within deep gray matter structures in patients with a psychotic disorder in relation to cognitive functioning, using advanced spectroscopic acquisition, reconstruction, and post-processing techniques. METHODS A 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner combined with a lipid suppression coil and subject-specific water suppression pulses was used to acquire high-resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging data. Tissue fraction correction and registration to a standard brain were performed for group comparison in specifically delineated DGM regions. The brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia was used to evaluate cognitive status. RESULTS Average glutamate levels across DGM structures (i.e. caudate, pallidum, putamen, and thalamus) in mostly medicated patients with a psychotic disorder (n = 16, age = 33, 4 females) were lower compared to healthy controls (n = 23, age = 24, 7 females; p = 0.005, d = 1.06). Stratified analyses showed lower glutamate levels in the caudate (p = 0.046, d = 0.76) and putamen p = 0.013, d = 0.94). These findings were largely explained by age differences between groups. DGM glutamate levels were positively correlated with psychomotor speed (r(30) = 0.49, p = 0.028), but not with other cognitive domains. CONCLUSIONS We find reduced glutamate levels across DGM structures including the caudate and putamen in patients with a psychotic disorder that are linked to psychomotor speed. Despite limitations concerning age differences, these results underscore the potential role of detailed in vivo glutamate assessments to understand cognitive deficits in psychotic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommy AA Broeders
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Tommy AA Broeders, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alex A Bhogal
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisan M Morsinkhof
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Menno M Schoonheim
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian H Röder
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirte Edens
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis WJ Klomp
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jannie P Wijnen
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Clark IA. Chronic cerebral aspects of long COVID, post-stroke syndromes and similar states share their pathogenesis and perispinal etanercept treatment logic. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00926. [PMID: 35174650 PMCID: PMC8850677 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic neurological aspects of traumatic brain injury, post-stroke syndromes, long COVID-19, persistent Lyme disease, and influenza encephalopathy having close pathophysiological parallels that warrant being investigated in an integrated manner. A mechanism, common to all, for this persistence of the range of symptoms common to these conditions is described. While TNF maintains cerebral homeostasis, its excessive production through either pathogen-associated molecular patterns or damage-associated molecular patterns activity associates with the persistence of the symptoms common across both infectious and non-infectious conditions. The case is made that this shared chronicity arises from a positive feedback loop causing the persistence of the activation of microglia by the TNF that these cells generate. Lowering this excess TNF is the logical way to reducing this persistent, TNF-maintained, microglial activation. While too large to negotiate the blood-brain barrier effectively, the specific anti-TNF biological, etanercept, shows promise when administered by the perispinal route, which allows it to bypass this obstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Albert Clark
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Zielinski MR, Gibbons AJ. Neuroinflammation, Sleep, and Circadian Rhythms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:853096. [PMID: 35392608 PMCID: PMC8981587 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.853096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecules involved in innate immunity affect sleep and circadian oscillators and vice versa. Sleep-inducing inflammatory molecules are activated by increased waking activity and pathogens. Pathologies that alter inflammatory molecules, such as traumatic brain injury, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and stroke often are associated with disturbed sleep and electroencephalogram power spectra. Moreover, sleep disorders, such as insomnia and sleep disordered breathing, are associated with increased dysregulation of inflammatory processes. Inflammatory molecules in both the central nervous system and periphery can alter sleep. Inflammation can also modulate cerebral vascular hemodynamics which is associated with alterations in electroencephalogram power spectra. However, further research is needed to determine the interactions of sleep regulatory inflammatory molecules and circadian clocks. The purpose of this review is to: 1) describe the role of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein-3 inflammasomes in sleep regulation, 2) to discuss the relationship between the vagus nerve in translating inflammatory signals between the periphery and central nervous system to alter sleep, and 3) to present information about the relationship between cerebral vascular hemodynamics and the electroencephalogram during sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Zielinski
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, United States,Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Mark R. Zielinski,
| | - Allison J. Gibbons
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Verma N, Fazioli A, Matijasich P. Natural recovery and regeneration of the central nervous system. Regen Med 2022; 17:233-244. [DOI: 10.2217/rme-2021-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis and management of CNS injuries comprises a large portion of psychiatric practice. Many clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated the benefit of treating CNS injuries using various regenerative techniques and materials such as stem cells, biomaterials and genetic modification. Therefore it is the goal of this review article to briefly summarize the pathogenesis of CNS injuries, including traumatic brain injuries, spinal cord injuries and cerebrovascular accidents. Next, we discuss the role of natural recovery and regeneration of the CNS, explore the relevance in clinical practice and discuss emerging and cutting-edge treatments and current barriers in the field of regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Verma
- Essential Sports & Spine Solutions, 6100 East Main Street 107, Columbus, OH 43213, USA
| | - Alex Fazioli
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA
| | - Paige Matijasich
- University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
El-Kattan MM, Rashed LA, Shazly SR, Ismail RS. Relation of serum level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha to cognitive functions in patients with Parkinson’s disease. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-022-00460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Inflammation is suggested to play a role in the development of non-motor Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptoms. We aimed to investigate the association between serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels and cognition in PD patients. Thirty patients with PD and 30 healthy controls were included. Evaluation and staging of PD were done using Unified PD Rating Scale. Cognitive assessment was done using Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE-III) and trail making B tests. Measurement of serum levels of TNF-α was done.
Results
Patients had significantly worser cognitive scores than controls except for language subclass of ACE score. Mean serum TNF-α level was significantly greater in PD patients as compared to controls. TNF-α serum level was significantly negatively correlated with ACE visuospatial function. Sensitivity and specificity of TNF-α to detect cognitive dysfunction in PD using ACE III and trail making B tests were (73.1, 75%), (57.1, 56.2%), respectively, whereas sensitivity and specificity of TNF-α to detect severity of PD using H&Y staging in PD were 50%.
Conclusion
Patients with PD frequently have cognitive impairment. Elevated serum TNF-α levels in patients with PD, and association of this cytokine to visuospatial impairment, implicate this pro-inflammatory cytokine in the neurobiology of cognitive impairment in PD.
Collapse
|
64
|
Salwierak-Głośna K, Piątek P, Domowicz M, Świderek-Matysiak M. Effect of Multiple Sclerosis Cerebrospinal Fluid and Oligodendroglia Cell Line Environment on Human Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells Secretome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042177. [PMID: 35216294 PMCID: PMC8878514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder of autoimmune aetiology. Experimental therapies with the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a response to the unmet need for new treatment options. The unique immunomodulatory features of stem cells obtained from Wharton’s jelly (WJ-MSCs) make them an interesting research and therapeutic model. Most WJ-MSCs transplants for multiple sclerosis use intrathecal administration. We studied the effect of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from MS patients on the secretory activity of WJ-MSCs and broaden this observation with WJ-MSCs interactions with human oligodendroglia cell line (OLs). Analysis of the WJ-MSCs secretory activity with use of Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Cytokine confirmed significant and diverse immunomodulatory potential. Our data reveal rich WJ-MSCs secretome with markedly increased levels of IL-6, IL-8, IP-10 and MCP-1 synthesis and a favourable profile of growth factors. The addition of MS CSF to the WJ-MSCs culture caused depletion of most proteins measured, only IL-12, RANTES and GM-CSF levels were increased. Most cytokines and chemokines decreased their concentrations in WJ-MSCs co-cultured with OLs, only eotaxin and RANTES levels were slightly increased. These results emphasize the spectrum of the immunomodulatory properties of WJ-MSCs and show how those effects can be modulated depending on the transplantation milieu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paweł Piątek
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (K.S.-G.); (P.P.); (M.D.)
- Department of Immunogenetics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Domowicz
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (K.S.-G.); (P.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Mariola Świderek-Matysiak
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (K.S.-G.); (P.P.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Shah MA, Kang JB, Park DJ, Kim MO, Koh PO. Chlorogenic acid alleviates cerebral ischemia-induced neuroinflammation via attenuating nuclear factor kappa B activation. Neurosci Lett 2022; 773:136495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
66
|
Ma S, Bi W, Liu X, Li S, Qiu Y, Huang C, Lv R, Yin Q. Single-Cell Sequencing Analysis of the db/db Mouse Hippocampus Reveals Cell-Type-Specific Insights Into the Pathobiology of Diabetes-Associated Cognitive Dysfunction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:891039. [PMID: 35721719 PMCID: PMC9200615 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.891039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes-associated cognitive decline (DCD), is one of the complications of diabetes, which is characterized by a series of neurophysiological and pathological abnormalities. However, the exact pathogenesis of DCD is still unknown. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) could discover unusual subpopulations, explore functional heterogeneity and identify signaling pathways and potential markers. The aim of this research was to provide deeper opinion into molecular and cellular changes underlying DCD, identify different cellular types of the diabetic mice hippocampus at single-cell level, and elucidate the factors mediating the pathogenesis of DCD. To elucidate cell specific gene expression changes in the hippocampus of diabetic encephalopathy. Single-cell RNA sequencing of hippocampus from db/m and db/db mice was carried out. Subclustering analysis was performed to further describe microglial cell subpopulations. Interestingly using immunohistochemistry, these findings were confirmed at the protein level. Single cell analysis yielded transcriptome data for 14621 hippocampal cells and defined 11 different cell types. Analysis of differentially expressed genes in the microglia compartments indicated that infection- and immune system process- associated terms, oxidative stress and inflammation play vital roles in the progression of DCD. Compared with db/m mouse, experiments at the protein level supported the activation of microglia, increased expression of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress damage in the hippocampus of db/db mouse. In addition, a major finding of our research was the subpopulation of microglia that express genes related to pro-inflammatory disease-associated microglia (DAM). Our research reveals pathological alterations of inflammation and oxidative stress mediated hippocampal damage in the db/db mice, and may provide potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic interventions for DCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizhan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenkai Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shangbin Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yaxin Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengcheng Huang
- Clinical Education Administration, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Renjun Lv
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Renjun Lv, ; Qingqing Yin,
| | - Qingqing Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Renjun Lv, ; Qingqing Yin,
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
C-type lectin receptor DCIR contributes to hippocampal injury in acute neurotropic virus infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23819. [PMID: 34893671 PMCID: PMC8664856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses target the brain and contribute to neurologic diseases. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize carbohydrate structures on endogenous molecules and pathogens. The myeloid CLR dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR) is expressed by antigen presenting cells and mediates inhibitory intracellular signalling. To investigate the effect of DCIR on neurotropic virus infection, mice were infected experimentally with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). Brain tissue of TMEV-infected C57BL/6 mice and DCIR−/− mice were analysed by histology, immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR, and spleen tissue by flow cytometry. To determine the impact of DCIR deficiency on T cell responses upon TMEV infection in vitro, antigen presentation assays were utilised. Genetic DCIR ablation in C57BL/6 mice was associated with an ameliorated hippocampal integrity together with reduced cerebral cytokine responses and reduced TMEV loads in the brain. Additionally, absence of DCIR favoured increased peripheral cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses following TMEV infection. Co-culture experiments revealed that DCIR deficiency enhances the activation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells by virus-exposed dendritic cells (DCs), indicated by increased release of interleukin-2 and interferon-γ. Results suggest that DCIR deficiency has a supportive influence on antiviral immune mechanisms, facilitating virus control in the brain and ameliorates neuropathology during acute neurotropic virus infection.
Collapse
|
68
|
Abd-El-Basset EM, Rao MS, Alshawaf SM, Ashkanani HK, Kabli AH. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces astrogliosis, microgliosis and promotes survival of cortical neurons. AIMS Neurosci 2021; 8:558-584. [PMID: 34877406 PMCID: PMC8611192 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2021031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Neuro-inflammation occurs as a sequence of brain injury and is associated with production of cytokines. Cytokines can modulate the function and survival of neurons, microglia and astrocytes. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of TNF on the neurons, microglia and astrocytes in normal brain and stab wound brain injury. Methods Normal BALB/c male mice (N) without any injury were subdivided into NA and NB groups. Another set mouse was subjected to stab wound brain injury (I) and were subdivided into IA and IB. NA and IA groups received intraperitoneal injections of TNF (1 µg/kg body weight/day) for nine days, whereas NB and IB groups received intraperitoneal injections of PBS. Animals were killed on 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 7th, and 9th day. Frozen brain sections through the injury site in IA and IB or corresponding region in NA and NB groups were stained for neurodegeneration, immunostained for astrocytes, microglia and neurons. Western blotting for GFAP and ELISA for BDNF were done from the tissues collected from all groups. Results The number of degenerating neurons significantly decreased in TNF treated groups. There was a significant increase in the number of astrocytes and microglia in TNF treated groups compared to PBS treated groups. In addition, it was found that TNF stimulated the expression of GFAP and BDNF in NA and IA groups. Conclusions TNF induces astrogliosis and microgliosis in normal and injured brain and promotes the survival of cortical neurons in stab wound brain injury, may be by upregulating the BDNF level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam M Abd-El-Basset
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13100, Kuwait
| | - Muddanna Sakkattu Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13100, Kuwait
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Song T, Song X, Zhu C, Patrick R, Skurla M, Santangelo I, Green M, Harper D, Ren B, Forester BP, Öngür D, Du F. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and metabolic alterations in the progression of Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101503. [PMID: 34751136 PMCID: PMC8662951 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that metabolic changes in the brain associated with neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction play an important role in the pathophysiology of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the neural signatures associated with these metabolic alterations and underlying molecular mechanisms are still elusive. Accordingly, we reviewed the literature on in vivo human brain 1H and 31P-MRS studies and use meta-analyses to identify patterns of brain metabolic alterations in MCI and AD. 40 and 39 studies on MCI and AD, respectively, were classified according to brain regions. Our results indicate decreased N-acetyl aspartate and creatine but increased myo-inositol levels in both MCI and AD, decreased glutathione level in MCI as well as disrupted energy metabolism in AD. In addition, the hippocampus shows the strongest alterations in most of these metabolites. This meta-analysis also illustrates progressive metabolite alterations from MCI to AD. Taken together, it suggests that 1) neuroinflammation and oxidative stress may occur in the early stages of AD, and likely precede neuron loss in its progression; 2) the hippocampus is a sensitive region of interest for early diagnosis and monitoring the response of interventions; 3) targeting bioenergetics associated with neuroinflammation/oxidative stress is a promising approach for treating AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Song
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, 02478, USA; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 02478, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Song
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, 02478, USA; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 02478, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Chenyawen Zhu
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, 02478, USA; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 02478, USA
| | - Regan Patrick
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, 02478, USA; Department of Neuropsychology, McLean Hospital, 02478, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Miranda Skurla
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, 02478, USA
| | | | - Morgan Green
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, 02478, USA
| | - David Harper
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, 02478, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Boyu Ren
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Brent P Forester
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, 02478, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dost Öngür
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, 02478, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Fei Du
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, 02478, USA; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 02478, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Chu E, Mychasiuk R, Hibbs ML, Semple BD. Dysregulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling in microglia: shaping chronic neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:276. [PMID: 34838047 PMCID: PMC8627624 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are integral mediators of innate immunity within the mammalian central nervous system. Typical microglial responses are transient, intending to restore homeostasis by orchestrating the removal of pathogens and debris and the regeneration of damaged neurons. However, prolonged and persistent microglial activation can drive chronic neuroinflammation and is associated with neurodegenerative disease. Recent evidence has revealed that abnormalities in microglial signaling pathways involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) may contribute to altered microglial activity and exacerbated neuroimmune responses. In this scoping review, the known and suspected roles of PI3K-AKT signaling in microglia, both during health and pathological states, will be examined, and the key microglial receptors that induce PI3K-AKT signaling in microglia will be described. Since aberrant signaling is correlated with neurodegenerative disease onset, the relationship between maladapted PI3K-AKT signaling and the development of neurodegenerative disease will also be explored. Finally, studies in which microglial PI3K-AKT signaling has been modulated will be highlighted, as this may prove to be a promising therapeutic approach for the future treatment of a range of neuroinflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erskine Chu
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, 3181, Australia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, 3181, Australia.
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Turan MI, Aktaş M, Gundogdu B, Yilmaz SK, Suleyman H. The effect of Hippophae rhamnoides L. extract on acrylamideinduced brain injury in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2021; 36:e361005. [PMID: 34817026 PMCID: PMC8610209 DOI: 10.1590/acb361005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Reactive oxygen species (ROS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) have been shown in the pathogenesis of acrylamide neurotoxicity. Hippophae rhamnoides L. extract (HRE) has a cytoprotective effect by stabilizing the production of ROS, IL-1β and TNF-α. The objective of the article was to investigate the effect of HRE on acrylamide-induced brain damage in rats biochemically and histopathologically. Methods: To the HRE+acrylamide only (ACR) group (n=6) of the animals, HRE was administered orally at a dose of 50 mg / kg into the stomach by gavage. The same volume of solvent (olive oil) was administered orally to the ACR (n=6) and healthy (HG) (n=6) groups. One hour after HRE administration, acrylamide was given orally at a dose of 20 mg/kg to HRE+ACR and ACR groups in the same way. This procedure was repeated once a day for 30 days. At the end of this period, brain tissues extracted from animals killed with 50 mg/kg thiopental anesthesia were examined biochemically and histopathologically. Results: It has been shown that HRE prevents the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), IL-1β and TNF-α with acrylamide and the decrease of total glutathione (tGSH) and glutathione reductase (GSHRd) levels in brain tissue. Conclusions: HRE may be useful in the treatment of acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity.
Collapse
|
72
|
Morphological changes in the substantia nigra pars reticulata of the mice during kindling. Neurosci Lett 2021; 764:136278. [PMID: 34600041 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) has been implicated in modulation, propagation and cessation of seizures. This study aimed to determine whether structural changes occur in SNpr during kindling. Male mice were randomly divided into four groups including early and late-phase kindled groups and their time-matched controls. Kindling was induced by every other day administration of a subconvulsive dose of PTZ (40 mg/kg, i.p.). The first occurrence of seizure behaviors was used to categorize the early and late phases of kindling. There was no significant difference in the volume of SNpr between the early- and late-phase kindled groups. The diameter of SNpr was significantly increased in the early phase group and decreased in the late phase group as compared to their matched controls (p < 0.05). Reduced neural cells and increased dead cell numbers were observed in the SNpr of the late-phase group in comparison to its control group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that SNpr is a sensitive and vulnerable structure involving seizure propagation in the processes of epileptogenesis.
Collapse
|
73
|
Blast-induced injury responsive relative gene expression of traumatic brain injury biomarkers in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Brain Res 2021; 1770:147642. [PMID: 34474000 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical component of traumatic brain injury (TBI) progression. However, further research into the mechanism of BBB disruption and its specific role in TBI pathophysiology is necessary. To help make progress in elucidating TBI affected BBB pathophysiology, we report herein relative gene expression of eleven TBI biomarkers and other factors of neuronal function in human brain microvascular cells (HBMVEC), one of the main cell types in the BBB. Our in-vitro blast TBI model employs a custom acoustic shock tube to deliver injuries of varying intensities to HBMVECs in culture. Each of the investigated genes exhibit a significant change in expression as a response to TBI, which is dependent on both the injury intensity and time following the injury. This data suggests that cell signaling of HBMVECs could be essential to understanding the interaction of the BBB and TBI pathophysiology, warranting future investigation.
Collapse
|
74
|
Magdy S, Gamal M, Samir NF, Rashed L, Emad Aboulhoda B, Mohammed HS, Sharawy N. IκB kinase inhibition remodeled connexins, pannexin-1, and excitatory amino-acid transporters expressions to promote neuroprotection of galantamine and morphine. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7516-7532. [PMID: 33855721 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory pathway and disruption in glutamate homeostasis join at the level of the glia, resulting in various neurological disorders. In vitro studies have provided evidence that membrane proteins connexions (Cxs) are involved in glutamate release, meanwhile, excitatory amino-acid transporters (EAATs) are crucial for glutamate reuptake (clearance). Moreover, pannexin-1 (Panx-1) activation is more detrimental to neurons. Their expression patterns during inflammation and the impacts of IκB kinase (IKK) inhibition, morphine, and galantamine on the inflammatory-associated glutamate imbalance remain elusive. To investigate this, rats were injected with saline or lipopolysaccharide. Thereafter, vehicles, morphine, galantamine, and BAY-117082 were administered in different groups of animals. Subsequently, electroencephalography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and histopathological examinations were carried out and various indicators of inflammation and glutamate level were determined. Parallel analysis of Cxs, Panx-1, and EAAts in the brain was performed. Our findings strengthen the concept that unregulated expressions of Cxs, Panx-1, and EAATs contribute to glutamate accumulation and neuronal cell loss. Nuclear factor-kB (NF-κB) pathway can significantly contribute to glutamate homeostasis via modulating Cxs, Panx-1, and EAATs expressions. BAY-117082, via inhibition of IkK, promoted the anti-inflammatory effects of morphine as well as galantamine. We concluded that NF-κB is an important component of reshaping the expressions of Cxs, panx-1, and EAATs and the development of glutamate-induced neuronal degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Magdy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Gamal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nancy F Samir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Basma Emad Aboulhoda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haitham S Mohammed
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nivin Sharawy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Ishijima T, Nakajima K. Inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 are induced in endotoxin- stimulated microglia through different signaling cascades. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211054985. [PMID: 34821182 PMCID: PMC10450609 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211054985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By using an animal model in which inflammatory cytokines are induced in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected rat brain, we investigated the induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and IL-6. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry revealed that all three cytokines were transiently induced in the cerebral cortex at about 12 h after LPS injection. To clarify which glial cell type induced the cytokines, we examined the respective abilities of astrocytes and microglia in vitro. Primary microglia largely induced TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 in response to LPS, but primary astrocytes induced only limited levels of TNFα. Thus, we used specific inhibitors to focus on microglia in surveying signaling molecules involved in the induction of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6. The experiments using mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) inhibitors revealed that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38, external signal regulated kinase (ERK)/JNK, and ERK/JNK/p38 are necessary for the induction of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6, respectively. The experiments using protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor clarified that PKCα is required for the induction of all these cytokines in LPS-stimulated microglia. Furthermore, LPS-dependent IL-1β/IL-6 induction was suppressed by pretreatment with a nitric oxide (NO) scavenger, suggesting that NO is involved in the signaling cascade of IL-1β/IL-6 induction. Thus, an inducible NO synthase induced in the LPS-injected cerebral cortex might be related to the induction of IL-1β/IL-6 through the production of NO in vivo. Taken together, these results demonstrated that microglia induce different kinds of inflammatory cytokine through specific combinations of MAPKs and by the presence or absence of NO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ishijima
- Department of Science and Engineering for Sustainable Innovation, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Glycan & Life Systems Integration Center, Soka University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Science and Engineering for Sustainable Innovation, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Glycan & Life Systems Integration Center, Soka University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Boyd A, Byrne S, Middleton RJ, Banati RB, Liu GJ. Control of Neuroinflammation through Radiation-Induced Microglial Changes. Cells 2021; 10:2381. [PMID: 34572030 PMCID: PMC8468704 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system, play a pivotal role in the modulation of neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation has been implicated in many diseases of the CNS, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. It is well documented that microglial activation, initiated by a variety of stressors, can trigger a potentially destructive neuroinflammatory response via the release of pro-inflammatory molecules, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. However, the potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects that microglia are also thought to exhibit have been under-investigated. The application of ionising radiation at different doses and dose schedules may reveal novel methods for the control of microglial response to stressors, potentially highlighting avenues for treatment of neuroinflammation associated CNS disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. There remains a need to characterise the response of microglia to radiation, particularly low dose ionising radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Boyd
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia; (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.J.M.); (R.B.B.)
| | - Sarah Byrne
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia; (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.J.M.); (R.B.B.)
| | - Ryan J. Middleton
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia; (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.J.M.); (R.B.B.)
| | - Richard B. Banati
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia; (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.J.M.); (R.B.B.)
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia; (A.B.); (S.B.); (R.J.M.); (R.B.B.)
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Xu P, Tao C, Zhu Y, Wang G, Kong L, Li W, Li R, Li J, Zhang C, Wang L, Liu X, Sun W, Hu W. TAK1 mediates neuronal pyroptosis in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:188. [PMID: 34461942 PMCID: PMC8406585 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immunity can facilitate early brain injury (EBI) following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Numerous studies suggest that pyroptosis could exacerbate extracellular immune responses by promoting secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a quintessential kinase that positively regulates inflammation through NF-κB and MAPK signaling cascades. However, the effects of TAK1 on neuroinflammation in EBI following SAH are largely unknown. METHODS Two hundred and forty-six male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to the endovascular perforation model of SAH. A selective TAK1 inhibitor, 5Z-7-oxozeaenol (OZ) was administered by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injection at 30 min after SAH induction. To genetic knockdown of TAK1, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was i.c.v injected at 48 h before SAH induction. SAH grade, brain water content, BBB permeability, neurological score, western blot, real-time PCR, ELISA, transmission electron microscope, and immunofluorescence staining were performed. Long-term behavioral sequelae were evaluated by the rotarod and Morris water maze tests. Furthermore, OZ was added to the culture medium with oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) to mimic SAH in vitro. The reactive oxygen species level was detected by DCFH-DA staining. Lysosomal integrity was assessed by Lyso-Tracker Red staining and Acridine Orange staining. RESULTS The neuronal phosphorylated TAK1 expression was upregulated following SAH. Pharmacologic inhibition of TAK1 with OZ could alleviate neurological deficits, brain edema, and brain-blood barrier (BBB) disruption at 24 h after SAH. In addition, OZ administration restored long-term neurobehavioral function. Furthermore, blockade of TAK1 dampened neuronal pyroptosis by downregulating the N-terminal fragment of GSDMD (GSDMD-N) expression and IL-1β/IL-18 production. Mechanistically, both in vivo and in vitro, we demonstrated that TAK1 can induce neuronal pyroptosis through promoting nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and activating nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. TAK1 siRNA treatment mitigated SAH-induced neurobehavioral deficits and restrained phosphorylated NF-κB p65 expression and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. TAK1 blockade also ameliorated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and prevented lysosomal cathepsin B releasing into the cytoplasm. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that TAK1 modulates NLRP3-mediated neuronal pyroptosis in EBI following SAH. Inhibition of TAK1 may serve as a potential candidate to relieve neuroinflammatory responses triggered by SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Chunrong Tao
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yuyou Zhu
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Lingqi Kong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Wenyu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Li
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Juanji Li
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Li Wang
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.,Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Chhetri G. Emerging roles of IL-34 in neurodegenerative and neurological infectious disease. Int J Neurosci 2021; 133:660-671. [PMID: 34347576 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1963962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurological infections are often devastating in their clinical presentation. Although significant advances have made in neuroimaging techniques and molecular tools for diagnosis, as well as in anti-infective therapy, these diseases always difficult to diagnose and treat. Neuroparasitic infections and virus infections lead to neurological infections. In the nervous system, various cytokines and chemokines act as neuroinflammatory agents, neuromodulators, regulate neurodevelopment, and synaptic transmission. Among the most important cytokines, interleukins (ILs) are a large group of immunomodulatory proteins that elicit a wide variety of responses in cells and tissues. These ILs are involved in pro and anti-inflammatory effects, systemic inflammation, immune system modulation and play crucial roles in fighting cancer, infectious disease, and neurological disorders. Interleukin-34 (IL-34) identified by screening a comprehensive human protein library containing ∼3400 secreted and extracellular domain proteins in a human monocyte viability assay. Recent evidence has disclosed the crucial roles of IL-34 in the proliferation and differentiation of mononuclear phagocyte lineage cells, osteoclastogenesis, and inflammation. Additionally, IL-34 plays an important role in development, homeostasis, and disease. Dysregulation in IL-34 function can lead to various inflammatory and infectious diseases (e.g. Inflammatory bowel disease, liver fibrosis, Systemic Lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis), neurological disorders (e.g. Alzheimer disease) and neurological infectious disease (e.g. West Nile virus disease). In this review, we explore the biological role of IL-34 in addition to various impairments caused by dysregulation in IL-34 and discuss their potential links that may lead to important therapeutic and/or preventive strategies for these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Chhetri
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Rupnik M, Baker D, Selwood DL. Oligodendrocytes, BK channels and remyelination. F1000Res 2021; 10:781. [PMID: 34909188 PMCID: PMC8596180 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.53422.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes wrap multiple lamellae of their membrane, myelin, around axons of the central nervous system (CNS), to improve impulse conduction. Myelin synthesis is specialised and dynamic, responsive to local neuronal excitation. Subtle pathological insults are sufficient to cause significant neuronal metabolic impairment, so myelin preservation is necessary to safeguard neural networks. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent demyelinating disease of the CNS. In MS, inflammatory attacks against myelin, proposed to be autoimmune, cause myelin decay and oligodendrocyte loss, leaving neurons vulnerable. Current therapies target the prominent neuroinflammation but are mostly ineffective in protecting from neurodegeneration and the progressive neurological disability. People with MS have substantially higher levels of extracellular glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter. This impairs cellular homeostasis to cause excitotoxic stress. Large conductance Ca2 +-activated K + channels (BK channels) could preserve myelin or allow its recovery by protecting cells from the resulting excessive excitability. This review evaluates the role of excitotoxic stress, myelination and BK channels in MS pathology, and explores the hypothesis that BK channel activation could be a therapeutic strategy to protect oligodendrocytes from excitotoxic stress in MS. This could reduce progression of neurological disability if used in parallel to immunomodulatory therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Rupnik
- Wolfson Insitute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David Baker
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David L. Selwood
- Wolfson Insitute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Rupnik M, Baker D, Selwood DL. Oligodendrocytes, BK channels and the preservation of myelin. F1000Res 2021; 10:781. [PMID: 34909188 PMCID: PMC8596180 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.53422.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes wrap multiple lamellae of their membrane, myelin, around axons of the central nervous system (CNS), to improve impulse conduction. Myelin synthesis is specialised and dynamic, responsive to local neuronal excitation. Subtle pathological insults are sufficient to cause significant neuronal metabolic impairment, so myelin preservation is necessary to safeguard neural networks. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent demyelinating disease of the CNS. In MS, inflammatory attacks against myelin, proposed to be autoimmune, cause myelin decay and oligodendrocyte loss, leaving neurons vulnerable. Current therapies target the prominent neuroinflammation but are mostly ineffective in protecting from neurodegeneration and the progressive neurological disability. People with MS have substantially higher levels of extracellular glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter. This impairs cellular homeostasis to cause excitotoxic stress. Large conductance Ca2 +-activated K + channels (BK channels) could preserve myelin or allow its recovery by protecting cells from the resulting excessive excitability. This review evaluates the role of excitotoxic stress, myelination and BK channels in MS pathology, and explores the hypothesis that BK channel activation could be a therapeutic strategy to protect oligodendrocytes from excitotoxic stress in MS. This could reduce progression of neurological disability if used in parallel to immunomodulatory therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Rupnik
- Wolfson Insitute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David Baker
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David L. Selwood
- Wolfson Insitute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction is a condition that prevents normal fetal development, and previous studies have reported that intrauterine growth restriction is caused by adverse intrauterine factors. This condition affects both short- and long-term neurodevelopmental disorders. Studies have revealed that neurodevelopmental disorders can contribute to gray and white matter damage and decrease the brain volume of affected individuals. Further, these disorders are associated with increased risks of mental retardation, cognitive impairment, and cerebral palsy, which seriously affect the quality of life. Although the mechanisms underlying the neurologic injury associated with intrauterine growth restriction are not completely clear, studies have revealed that neuronal apoptosis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, excitatory toxicity, disruption of blood-brain barrier, and epigenetics may be involved in this process. This article reviews the manifestations and possible mechanisms underlying neurologic injury in intrauterine growth restriction and provides a theoretical basis for the effective prevention and treatment of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, 70566The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kaiju Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, 70566The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pingyang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, 70566The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Su SH, Song Y, Newstead MW, Cai T, Wu M, Stephens A, Singer BH, Kurabayashi K. Ultrasensitive Multiparameter Phenotyping of Rare Cells Using an Integrated Digital-Molecular-Counting Microfluidic Well Plate. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101743. [PMID: 34170616 PMCID: PMC8349899 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Integrated microfluidic cellular phenotyping platforms provide a promising means of studying a variety of inflammatory diseases mediated by cell-secreted cytokines. However, immunosensors integrated in previous microfluidic platforms lack the sensitivity to detect small signals in the cellular secretion of proinflammatory cytokines with high precision. This limitation prohibits researchers from studying cells secreting cytokines at low abundance or existing at a small population. Herein, the authors present an integrated platform named the "digital Phenoplate (dPP)," which integrates digital immunosensors into a microfluidic chip with on-chip cell assay chambers, and demonstrates ultrasensitive cellular cytokine secretory profile measurement. The integrated sensors yield a limit of detection as small as 0.25 pg mL-1 for mouse tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Each on-chip cell assay chamber confines cells whose population ranges from ≈20 to 600 in arrayed single-cell trapping microwells. Together, these microfluidic features of the dPP simultaneously permit precise counting and image-based cytometry of individual cells while performing parallel measurements of TNF-α released from rare cells under multiple stimulant conditions for multiple samples. The dPP platform is broadly applicable to the characterization of cellular phenotypes demanding high precision and high throughput.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiuan-Haur Su
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yujing Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael W Newstead
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Tao Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - MengXi Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Andrew Stephens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin H Singer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Katsuo Kurabayashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Manrique-Suárez V, Macaya L, Contreras MA, Parra N, Maura R, González A, Toledo JR, Sánchez O. Design and characterization of a novel dimeric blood-brain barrier penetrating TNFα inhibitor. Proteins 2021; 89:1508-1521. [PMID: 34219271 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inhibitors could prevent neurological disorders systemically, but their design generally relies on molecules unable to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This research was aimed to design and characterize a novel TNFα inhibitor based on the angiopeptide-2 as a BBB shuttle molecule fused to the extracellular domain of human TNFα receptor 2 and a mutated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) dimerization domain. This new chimeric protein (MTV) would be able to trigger receptor-mediated transcytosis across the BBB via low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) and inhibit the cytotoxic effect of TNFα more efficiently because of its dimeric structure. Stably transformed CHO cells successfully expressed MTV, and its purification by Immobilized-Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) rendered high purity degree. Mutated VEGF domain included in MTV did not show cell proliferation or angiogenic activities measured by scratch and aortic ring assays, which corroborate that the function of this domain is restricted to dimerization. The pairs MTV-TNFα (Kd 279 ± 40.9 nM) and MTV-LRP1 (Kd 399 ± 50.5 nM) showed high affinity by microscale thermophoresis, and a significant increase in cell survival was observed after blocking TNFα with MTV in a cell cytotoxicity assay. Also, the antibody staining in CHOK1 and bEnd3 cells demonstrated the adhesion of MTV to the LRP1 receptor located in the cell membrane. These results provide compelling evidence for the proper functioning of the three main domains of MTV individually, which encourage us to continue the research with this new molecule as a potential candidate for the systemic treatment of neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viana Manrique-Suárez
- Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pharmacology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Luis Macaya
- Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pharmacology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Maria Angélica Contreras
- Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pharmacology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Natalie Parra
- Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pharmacology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Rafael Maura
- Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pharmacology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Alaín González
- Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pharmacology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Jorge R Toledo
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion, Chile.,Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Spa, Concepción, Chile
| | - Oliberto Sánchez
- Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pharmacology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Spa, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Sivandzade F, Alqahtani F, Cucullo L. Impact of chronic smoking on traumatic brain microvascular injury: An in vitro study. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:7122-7134. [PMID: 34160882 PMCID: PMC8335687 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major reason of cerebrovascular and neurological damage. Premorbid conditions such as tobacco smoking (TS) can worsen post‐TBI injuries by promoting vascular endothelial impairments. Indeed, TS‐induced oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation can hamper the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) endothelium. This study evaluated the subsequence of chronic TS exposure on BBB endothelial cells in an established in vitro model of traumatic cell injury. Experiments were conducted on confluent TS‐exposed mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (mBMEC‐P5) following scratch injury. The expression of BBB integrity–associated tight junction (TJ) proteins was assessed by immunofluorescence imaging (IF), Western blotting (WB) and quantitative RT‐PCR. We evaluated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, the nuclear factor 2–related (Nrf2) with its downstream effectors and several inflammatory markers. Thrombomodulin expression was used to assess the endothelial haemostatic response to injury and TS exposure. Our results show that TS significantly decreased Nrf2, thrombomodulin and TJ expression in the BBB endothelium injury models while increased OS and inflammation compared to parallel TS‐free cultures. These data suggest that chronic TS exposure exacerbates traumatic endothelial injury and abrogates the protective antioxidative cell responses. The downstream effect was a more significant decline of BBB endothelial viability, which could aggravate subsequent neurological impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA.,Department of Foundation Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundation Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Holton KF, Ramachandra SS, Murray SL, Baron M, Baraniuk JN. Effect of the low glutamate diet on inflammatory cytokines in veterans with Gulf War Illness (GWI): A pilot study. Life Sci 2021; 280:119637. [PMID: 34015284 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the effects of the low glutamate diet on inflammatory cytokines in veterans with Gulf War Illness (GWI). MAIN METHODS Forty veterans with GWI were recruited from across the country. Anthropometric measurements and blood samples were collected at baseline and after one month on the low glutamate diet. Dietary adherence was measured with a glutamate food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) were measured in pre- and post-diet serum (N = 34). Improvement was defined as being "much" or "very much" improved on the patient global impression of change scale (PGIC), or as having ≥30% of their symptoms remit. Correlations of the FFQ and the cytokines were calculated, followed by multivariable linear regression for significant findings. Mann Whitney U tests were used to compare cytokine levels according to improvement on the diet, and then logistic regression was used to estimate the association after adjustment for potential confounders. Classification trees were also produced to determine the ability of change in the inflammatory cytokines to predict improvement on the diet. KEY FINDINGS Dietary adherence was significantly associated with reduction in TNF-α, and PGIC improvement was significantly associated with reduced IL-1β, after adjustment for potential confounders. Classification trees demonstrated that IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 can predict improvement on the diet with 76.5% accuracy. SIGNIFICANCE Findings suggest that the low glutamate diet may be able to reduce systemic inflammation in veterans with GWI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F Holton
- Department of Health Studies, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America; Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America.
| | - Shalini S Ramachandra
- Department of Health Studies, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America
| | - Sidney L Murray
- Behavior, Cognition, and Neuroscience Program, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America
| | - Michael Baron
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America
| | - James N Baraniuk
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Liao MF, Yeh SR, Lu KT, Hsu JL, Chao PK, Hsu HC, Peng CH, Lee YL, Hung YH, Ro LS. Interactions between Autophagy, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Apoptosis in Neuropathic Pain: Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor as a Multipotent Therapy in Rats with Chronic Constriction Injury. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050542. [PMID: 34066206 PMCID: PMC8151381 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that early systemic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment can attenuate neuropathic pain in rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) by modulating expression of different proinflammatory cytokines, microRNAs, and proteins. Besides the modulation of inflammatory mediators' expression, previous studies have also reported that G-CSF can modulate autophagic and apoptotic activity. Furthermore, both autophagy and apoptosis play important roles in chronic pain modulation. In this study, we evaluated the temporal interactions of autophagy, and apoptosis in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and injured sciatic nerve after G-CSF treatment in CCI rats. We studied the behaviors of CCI rats with or without G-CSF treatment and the various levels of autophagic, proinflammatory, and apoptotic proteins in injured sciatic nerves and DRG neurons at different time points using Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical methods. The results showed that G-CSF treatment upregulated autophagic protein expression in the early phase and suppressed apoptotic protein expression in the late phase after nerve injury. Thus, medication such as G-CSF can modulate autophagy, apoptosis, and different proinflammatory proteins in the injured sciatic nerve and DRG neurons, which have the potential to treat neuropathic pain. However, autophagy-mediated regulation of neuropathic pain is a time-dependent process. An increase in autophagic activity in the early phase before proinflammatory cytokines reach the threshold level to induce neuropathic pain can effectively alleviate further neuropathic pain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Feng Liao
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Taipei 33305, Taiwan; (M.-F.L.); (J.-L.H.); (Y.-L.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;
| | - Shin-Rung Yeh
- College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Kwok-Tung Lu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;
| | - Jung-Lung Hsu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Taipei 33305, Taiwan; (M.-F.L.); (J.-L.H.); (Y.-L.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Neurology, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 23652, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine and Research Center for Brain and Consciousness, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 23561, Taiwan
| | - Po-Kuan Chao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Ching Hsu
- Division of Chinese Acupuncture and Traumatology, Chang Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Taipei 33305, Taiwan; (H.-C.H.); (C.-H.P.)
| | - Chi-Hao Peng
- Division of Chinese Acupuncture and Traumatology, Chang Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Taipei 33305, Taiwan; (H.-C.H.); (C.-H.P.)
| | - Yun-Lin Lee
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Taipei 33305, Taiwan; (M.-F.L.); (J.-L.H.); (Y.-L.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Yu-Hui Hung
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Taipei 33305, Taiwan; (M.-F.L.); (J.-L.H.); (Y.-L.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Long-Sun Ro
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Taipei 33305, Taiwan; (M.-F.L.); (J.-L.H.); (Y.-L.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-3281200 (ext. 8351)
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Clark IC, Gutiérrez-Vázquez C, Wheeler MA, Li Z, Rothhammer V, Linnerbauer M, Sanmarco LM, Guo L, Blain M, Zandee SEJ, Chao CC, Batterman KV, Schwabenland M, Lotfy P, Tejeda-Velarde A, Hewson P, Manganeli Polonio C, Shultis MW, Salem Y, Tjon EC, Fonseca-Castro PH, Borucki DM, Alves de Lima K, Plasencia A, Abate AR, Rosene DL, Hodgetts KJ, Prinz M, Antel JP, Prat A, Quintana FJ. Barcoded viral tracing of single-cell interactions in central nervous system inflammation. Science 2021; 372:372/6540/eabf1230. [PMID: 33888612 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions control the physiology and pathology of the central nervous system (CNS). To study astrocyte cell interactions in vivo, we developed rabies barcode interaction detection followed by sequencing (RABID-seq), which combines barcoded viral tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Using RABID-seq, we identified axon guidance molecules as candidate mediators of microglia-astrocyte interactions that promote CNS pathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and, potentially, multiple sclerosis (MS). In vivo cell-specific genetic perturbation EAE studies, in vitro systems, and the analysis of MS scRNA-seq datasets and CNS tissue established that Sema4D and Ephrin-B3 expressed in microglia control astrocyte responses via PlexinB2 and EphB3, respectively. Furthermore, a CNS-penetrant EphB3 inhibitor suppressed astrocyte and microglia proinflammatory responses and ameliorated EAE. In summary, RABID-seq identified microglia-astrocyte interactions and candidate therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain C Clark
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cristina Gutiérrez-Vázquez
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zhaorong Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mathias Linnerbauer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Liliana M Sanmarco
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lydia Guo
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manon Blain
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Stephanie E J Zandee
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Chun-Cheih Chao
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katelyn V Batterman
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Marius Schwabenland
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Lotfy
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amalia Tejeda-Velarde
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick Hewson
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carolina Manganeli Polonio
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael W Shultis
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yasmin Salem
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emily C Tjon
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pedro H Fonseca-Castro
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Davis M Borucki
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kalil Alves de Lima
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Agustin Plasencia
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam R Abate
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kevin J Hodgetts
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Signaling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jack P Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Lu Z, Liu S, Lopes-Virella MF, Wang Z. LPS and palmitic acid Co-upregulate microglia activation and neuroinflammatory response. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2021; 6:100048. [PMID: 35757363 PMCID: PMC9216426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that disturbances in the inflammatory response system can have deleterious effects on neuronal function and mental health. While the correlation between elevated peripheral inflammatory markers and psychiatric disorders are well documented, the exact molecular and neuronal mechanism underlying the connection between activated inflammation and neuropsychiatric behaviour remain elusive. Microglia activation is the key interface between neuro-inflammation and manifestation of psychiatric symptoms. Microglia are immunocompetent cells in the central nervous system (CNS) which are primarily involved in the response to inflammatory stimulation and are widely used to study neuroinflammation and test anti-inflammatory chemicals. In the brain, activated microglia play very important roles during neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Both stress-related disorders such as Depression and PTSD, and medical conditions such as metabolic syndrome (Mets) and type 2 diabetes (TD2) are associated with increased levels of both saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in circulation. This work was aimed at determining whether SFA interacts with LPS to activate microglia, thus up-regulating neuroinflammatory processes and, if so which pathways were involved in this process. Our results showed that low-dose LPS and palmitic acid (PA) robustly stimulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and the combination of PA and LPS further upregulated proinflammatory cytokines through MAPK, NFκB and AP-1 signaling pathways in the HMC3-human microglial cell line. In addition, PA stimulated ceramide production via de novo synthesis and sphingomyelin hydrolysis, and the combination of LPS and PA further increased ceramide production. HMC3 co-cultured with macrophage and lymphocyte enhanced LPS and PA induced-inflammatory response more than that in HMC3 alone. These results indicate that LPS interacts with PA to activated microglia; induced neuroinflammatory responses, upregulate proinflammatory cytokine expression via MAPK, NFκB, and AP-1 signaling pathways, and induced sphingolipid metabolism in HMC3. These observations suggest that inhibiting microglia activation and reducing LPS and PA-induced inflammatory response may be useful in the treatment of neuronal inflammatory diseases. Microglial activation plays critical role in the pathology of various psychiatric conditions. PA interacts with LPS to active microglia induce proinflammatory cytokine and gene expression. PA and LPS stimulate the MAPK and NFκB signaling pathway regulated IL-6 secretion in microglia. U937 and lymphocyte enhance IL-6 secretion in microglia. PA and LPS plus PA increase ceramide and decrease sphingomyelin productions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Shufeng Liu
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - Maria F. Lopes-Virella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - Zhewu Wang
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
- Corresponding author. Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Pitzer EM, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. Effects of pyrethroids on brain development and behavior: Deltamethrin. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 87:106983. [PMID: 33848594 PMCID: PMC8440325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.106983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deltamethrin (DLM) is a Type II pyrethroid pesticide widely used in agriculture, homes, public spaces, and medicine. Epidemiological studies report that increased pyrethroid exposure during development is associated with neurobehavioral disorders. This raises concern about the safety of these chemicals for children. Few animal studies have explored the long-term effects of developmental exposure to DLM on the brain. Here we review the CNS effects of pyrethroids, with emphasis on DLM. Current data on behavioral and cognitive effects after developmental exposure are emphasized. Although, the acute mechanisms of action of DLM are known, how these translate to long-term effects is only beginning to be understood. But existing data clearly show there are lasting effects on locomotor activity, acoustic startle, learning and memory, apoptosis, and dopamine in mice and rats after early exposure. The most consistent neurochemical findings are reductions in the dopamine transporter and the dopamine D1 receptor. The data show that DLM is developmentally neurotoxic but more research on its mechanisms of long-term effects is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Pitzer
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States of America; Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America.
| | - Michael T Williams
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States of America.
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Abstract
Of all the oral sensations that are experienced, "metallic" is one that is rarely reported in healthy participants. So why, then, do chemotherapy patients so frequently report that "metallic" sensations overpower and interfere with their enjoyment of food and drink? This side-effect of chemotherapy-often referred to (e.g., by patients) as "metal mouth"-can adversely affect their appetite, resulting in weight loss, which potentially endangers (or at the very least slows) their recovery. The etiology of "metal mouth" is poorly understood, and current management strategies are largely unevidenced. As a result, patients continue to suffer as a result of this poorly understood phenomenon. Here, we provide our perspective on the issue, outlining the evidence for a range of possible etiologies, and highlighting key research questions. We explore the evidence for "metallic" as a putative taste, and whether "metal mouth" might therefore be a form of phantageusia, perhaps similar to already-described "release-of-inhibition" phenomena. We comment on the possibility that "metal mouth" may simply be a direct effect of chemotherapy drugs. We present the novel theory that "metal mouth" may be linked to chemotherapy-induced sensitization of TRPV1. Finally, we discuss the evidence for retronasal olfaction of lipid oxidation products in the etiology of "metal mouth." This article seeks principally to guide much-needed future research which will hopefully one day provide a basis for the development of novel supportive therapies for future generations of patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J M Reith
- Oxford Medical School, Medical Sciences Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK
| | - Charles Spence
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, UK
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Butler CA, Popescu AS, Kitchener EJA, Allendorf DH, Puigdellívol M, Brown GC. Microglial phagocytosis of neurons in neurodegeneration, and its regulation. J Neurochem 2021; 158:621-639. [PMID: 33608912 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that excessive microglial phagocytosis of neurons and synapses contributes to multiple brain pathologies. RNA-seq and genome-wide association (GWAS) studies have linked multiple phagocytic genes to neurodegenerative diseases, and knock-out of phagocytic genes has been found to protect against neurodegeneration in animal models, suggesting that excessive microglial phagocytosis contributes to neurodegeneration. Here, we review recent evidence that microglial phagocytosis of live neurons and synapses causes neurodegeneration in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementias, multiple sclerosis, retinal degeneration and neurodegeneration induced by ischaemia, infection or ageing. We also review factors regulating microglial phagocytosis of neurons, including: nucleotides, frackalkine, phosphatidylserine, calreticulin, UDP, CD47, sialylation, complement, galectin-3, Apolipoprotein E, phagocytic receptors, Siglec receptors, cytokines, microglial epigenetics and expression profile. Some of these factors may be potential treatment targets to prevent neurodegeneration mediated by excessive microglial phagocytosis of live neurons and synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Butler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alma S Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Mar Puigdellívol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Ruzafa N, Pereiro X, Fonollosa A, Araiz J, Acera A, Vecino E. Plasma Rich in Growth Factors (PRGF) Increases the Number of Retinal Müller Glia in Culture but Not the Survival of Retinal Neurons. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:606275. [PMID: 33767620 PMCID: PMC7985077 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.606275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) is a subtype of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) that stimulates tissue regeneration and may promote neuronal survival. It has been employed in ophthalmology to achieve tissue repair in some retinal pathologies, although how PRGF acts in the retina is still poorly understood. As a part of the central nervous system, the retina has limited capacity for repair capacity following damage, and retinal insult can provoke the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), potentially producing irreversible blindness. RGCs are in close contact with glial cells, such as Müller cells, that help maintain homeostasis in the retina. In this study, the aim was to determine whether PRGF can protect RGCs and whether it increases the number of Müller cells. Therefore, PRGF were tested on primary cell cultures of porcine RGCs and Müller cells, as well as on co-cultures of these two cell types. Moreover, the inflammatory component of PRGF was analyzed and the cytokines in the different PRGFs were quantified. In addition, we set out to determine if blocking the inflammatory components of PRGF alters its effect on the cells in culture. The presence of PRGF compromises RGC survival in pure cultures and in co-culture with Müller cells, but this effect was reversed by heat-inactivation of the PRGF. The detrimental effect of PRGF on RGCs could be in part due to the presence of cytokines and specifically, to the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines that compromise their survival. However, other factors are likely to be present in the PRGF that have a deleterious effect on the RGCs since the exposure to antibodies against these cytokines were insufficient to protect RGCs. Moreover, PRGF promotes Müller cell survival. In conclusion, PRGF hinders the survival of RGCs in the presence or absence of Müller cells, yet it promotes Müller cell survival that could be the reason of retina healing observed in the in vivo treatments, with some cytokines possibly implicated. Although PRGF could stimulate tissue regeneration, further studies should be performed to evaluate the effect of PRGF on neurons and the implication of its potential inflammatory role in such processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Ruzafa
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, Cruces Hospital, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Xandra Pereiro
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, Cruces Hospital, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alex Fonollosa
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, Cruces Hospital, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Javier Araiz
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Arantxa Acera
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Elena Vecino
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, Cruces Hospital, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Singh L, Kaur A, Singh AP, Bhatti R. Daphnetin, a natural coumarin averts reserpine-induced fibromyalgia in mice: modulation of MAO-A. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1451-1463. [PMID: 33677656 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia is a common, chronic, and generalized pain syndrome that is often associated with comorbid depression. The etiology of fibromyalgia is complex; most researchers have documented that the hallmark symptoms are due to the central nervous system's abnormal functioning. Neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and glutamate, have been reported to be key regulators of fibromyalgia syndrome. Daphnetin is a 7, 8 dihydroxy coumarin widely distributed in Thymelaeaceae family plants, possessing various activities such as anti-arthritic, anti-tumor, anti-malarial, and anti-parasitic. The present study was designed to explore the potential of daphnetin against reserpine-induced fibromyalgia in mice. In mice, a fibromyalgia-like state was achieved by injecting reserpine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c) continuously for 3 days. All behavioral tests were conducted on the 4th and 6th day of experimentation. Reserpine administration significantly increased the mechanical hypersensitivity in electronic von Frey (eVF) and pressure application measurement (PAM) tests. It also increased the immobility period and time to reach the platform in force swim test (FST) and Morris water maze (MWM) test, respectively. In the biochemical analysis, reserpine treatment upregulated the monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) activity and level of glutamate, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Whereas, it decreased the level of glutathione (GSH), dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Daphnetin pretreatment attenuated the behavioral and biochemical changes induced by reserpine. Thus, the current investigation results delineate that daphnetin might exert its protective effect by inhibiting inflammatory stress and MAO-A-mediated neurotransmitter depletion and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lovedeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anudeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Amrit Pal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajbir Bhatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Huang Z, Feng Y, Zhu X, Wang L, Lu W. MK801 regulates the expression of key osteoarthritis factors in osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts through complement C5. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:377-384. [PMID: 33799167 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis is currently one of the most common chronic diseases. As life expectancy increases, its prevalence and incidence are expected to rise. At present, more and more evidences prove the correlation between the complement system and osteoarthritis (OA). This study aims to investigate complement C5's influence on the effect of MK801 on osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts (OA-SFs). METHODS We used IL-1b to induce OA-SFs derived from mice to obtain OA-SFs. And we performed RT-PCR and Western Blot assays to evaluate the expression levels of associated mRNA and protein. The alteration of MAC expression on OA-SFs cell membrane was evaluated by immunofluorescence assay. The expression of related inflammatory factors of OA-SFs was evaluated by ELISA experiment. RESULTS MK801 could significantly inhibit the expression of osteoarthritis (OA) marker factors, such as: membrane attack complex (MAC), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13). Meanwhile, MK801 can significantly inhibit the expression of complement C5 (C5) in OA-SFs. Immunofluorescence assay showed that MAC expression on OA-SFs cell membrane was significantly inhibited by MK801. The nucleo-plasmic separation experiment demonstrated that MK801 could significantly inhibit the activation of Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in OA-SFs. Futhermore, koncking down the expression of C5 reversed the inhibition MK801 on the expression of OA-SFs inflammatory factors. CONCLUSIONS These results illustrated two points: first, MK801 inhibited the generation of MAC and the release of inflammation factors in OA-SFs through C5; second: MK801 inhibited the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in OA-SFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Huang
- Department of interventional radiology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Yuanyu Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of pain, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550002, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Ding L, Xu X, Li C, Wang Y, Xia X, Zheng JC. Glutaminase in microglia: A novel regulator of neuroinflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 92:139-156. [PMID: 33278560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is the inflammatory responses that are involved in the pathogenesis of most neurological disorders. Glutaminase (GLS) is the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine to produce glutamate. Besides its well-known role in cellular metabolism and excitatory neurotransmission, GLS has recently been increasingly noticed to be up-regulated in activated microglia under pathological conditions. Furthermore, GLS overexpression induces microglial activation, extracellular vesicle secretion, and neuroinflammatory microenvironment formation, which, are compromised by GLS inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that GLS has more complicated implications in brain disease etiology than what are previously known. In this review, we introduce GLS isoforms, expression patterns in the body and the brain, and expression/activities regulation. Next, we discuss the metabolic and neurotransmission functions of GLS. Afterwards, we summarize recent findings of GLS-mediated microglial activation and pro-inflammatory extracellular vesicle secretion, which, in turns, induces neuroinflammation. Lastly, we provide a comprehensive discussion for the involvement of microglial GLS in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders, indicating microglial GLS as a promising target to treat these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ding
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiaonan Xu
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Congcong Li
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China.
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China.
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Chen J, Wang X, Hu J, Du J, Dordoe C, Zhou Q, Huang W, Guo R, Han F, Guo K, Ye S, Lin L, Li X. FGF20 Protected Against BBB Disruption After Traumatic Brain Injury by Upregulating Junction Protein Expression and Inhibiting the Inflammatory Response. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:590669. [PMID: 33568994 PMCID: PMC7868342 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the cerebral inflammatory response occurring after traumatic brain injury (TBI) facilitate further brain damage, which leads to long-term complications of TBI. Fibroblast growth factor 20 (FGF20), a neurotrophic factor, plays important roles in brain development and neuronal homeostasis. The aim of the current study was to assess the protective effects of FGF20 on TBI via BBB maintenance. In the present study, recombinant human FGF20 (rhFGF20) reduced neurofunctional deficits, brain edema, Evans blue extravasation and neuroinflammation in a TBI mouse model. In an in vitro TNF-α-induced human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) model of BBB disruption, rhFGF20 reduced paracellular permeability and increased trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Both in the TBI mouse model and in vitro, rhFGF20 increased the expression of proteins composing in BBB-associated tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs), and decreased the inflammatory response, which protected the BBB integrity. Notably, rhFGF20 preserved BBB function by activating the AKT/GSK3β pathway and inhibited the inflammatory response by regulating the JNK/NFκB pathway. Thus, FGF20 is a potential candidate treatment for TBI that protects the BBB by upregulating junction protein expression and inhibiting the inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingting Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Confidence Dordoe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiulin Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruili Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fanyi Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kaiming Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shasha Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Extracellular cardiolipin modulates microglial phagocytosis and cytokine secretion in a toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-dependent manner. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 353:577496. [PMID: 33517251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia-driven neuroinflammation contributes to neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin acts as a signaling molecule when released from damaged cells. We demonstrate that extracellular cardiolipin induces the secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 by resting microglia while inhibiting secretion of cytokines by microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, amyloid Aβ42 peptides, or α-synuclein. Extracellular cardiolipin also induces nitric oxide secretion by microglia-like cells and upregulates microglial phagocytosis. By using blocking antibodies, we determine that toll-like receptor 4 mediates the latter effect. Under physiological and pathological conditions characterized by cell death, extracellularly released cardiolipin may regulate immune responses of microglia.
Collapse
|
98
|
The aging mouse brain: cognition, connectivity and calcium. Cell Calcium 2021; 94:102358. [PMID: 33517250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex process that differentially impacts multiple cognitive, sensory, neuronal and molecular processes. Technological innovations now allow for parallel investigation of neuronal circuit function, structure and molecular composition in the brain of awake behaving adult mice. Thus, mice have become a critical tool to better understand how aging impacts the brain. However, a more granular systems-based approach, which considers the impact of age on key features relating to neural processing, is required. Here, we review evidence probing the impact of age on the mouse brain. We focus on a range of processes relating to neuronal function, including cognitive abilities, sensory systems, synaptic plasticity and calcium regulation. Across many systems, we find evidence for prominent age-related dysregulation even before 12 months of age, suggesting that emerging age-related alterations can manifest by late adulthood. However, we also find reports suggesting that some processes are remarkably resilient to aging. The evidence suggests that aging does not drive a parallel, linear dysregulation of all systems, but instead impacts some processes earlier, and more severely, than others. We propose that capturing the more fine-scale emerging features of age-related vulnerability and resilience may provide better opportunities for the rejuvenation of the aged brain.
Collapse
|
99
|
Dos Santos Pereira M, Abreu GHD, Rocca J, Hamadat S, Raisman-Vozari R, Michel PP, Del Bel E. Contributive Role of TNF-α to L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in a Unilateral 6-OHDA Lesion Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:617085. [PMID: 33510643 PMCID: PMC7836015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.617085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our present objective was to better characterize the mechanisms that regulate striatal neuroinflammation in mice developing L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). For that, we used 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned mice rendered dyskinetic by repeated intraperitoneal injections of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (L-DOPA) and quantified ensuing neuroinflammatory changes in the dopamine-denervated dorsal striatum. LID development was associated with a prominent astrocytic response, and a more moderate microglial cell reaction restricted to this striatal area. The glial response was associated with elevations in two pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β. Treatment with the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol and the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV-1) channel antagonist capsazepine diminished LID intensity and decreased TNF-α levels without impacting other inflammation markers. To possibly reproduce the neuroinflammatory component of LID, we exposed astrocyte and microglial cells in culture to candidate molecules that might operate as inflammatory cues during LID development, i.e., L-DOPA, dopamine, or glutamate. Neither L-DOPA nor dopamine produced an inflammatory response in glial cell cultures. However, glutamate enhanced TNF-α secretion and GFAP expression in astrocyte cultures and promoted Iba-1 expression in microglial cultures. Of interest, the antidyskinetic treatment with cannabidiol + capsazepine reduced TNF-α release in glutamate-activated astrocytes. TNF-α, on its own, promoted the synaptic release of glutamate in cortical neuronal cultures, whereas cannabidiol + capsazepine prevented this effect. Therefore, we may assume that the release of TNF-α by glutamate-activated astrocytes may contribute to LID by exacerbating corticostriatal glutamatergic inputs excitability and maintaining astrocytes in an activated state through a self-reinforcing mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Dos Santos Pereira
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, FMRP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Brazil.,Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Henrique Dias Abreu
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Brazil
| | - Jeremy Rocca
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Sabah Hamadat
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Pierre Michel
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Elaine Del Bel
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, FMRP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Muruzheva ZM, Ivleva IS, Traktirov DS, Zubov AS, Karpenko MN. The relationship between serum interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-α levels and clinical features in essential tremor. Int J Neurosci 2021; 132:1143-1149. [PMID: 33345671 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1865952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been discussion that essential tremor (ET) might be a neurodegenerative disease. Indicators of inflammation are considered as possible biomarkers of neurodegeneration. In this connection, the aim of our study was to identify the relationship between serum inflammation markers and clinical features in ET, including the severity of tremor, cognitive decline, depression. METHODS The serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were measured in 90 ET patients and 90 healthy control people of the corresponding age and gender. Fahn-Tolosa-Marin scale was used for the severity of the tremor. Cognitive function was assessed using the MoCA. Affective symptoms were measured by the Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS ET patients had significantly lower serum TNF-α (p < 0.01) but higher serum IL-8 (p < 0.02) and IL-10 (p < 0.01) levels compared to the control patients. The severity of tremor positively correlated with the serum IL-8 level, R = 0.3 (p < 0.01). The serum IL-6 level was higher in ET patients with cognitive impairment compared with normal cognitive ability (p < 0.01). ROC analysis showed that an IL-8 level of 4 pg/ml and higher related with a high risk of severe tremor in ET (AUC-ROC = 0.761). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that neuroinflammation makes a certain contribution to the development of ET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zamira M Muruzheva
- Pavlov Department of Physiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Institute of Experimental Medicine», Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina S Ivleva
- Pavlov Department of Physiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Institute of Experimental Medicine», Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Traktirov
- Pavlov Department of Physiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Institute of Experimental Medicine», Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander S Zubov
- Pavlov Department of Physiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Institute of Experimental Medicine», Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina N Karpenko
- Pavlov Department of Physiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Institute of Experimental Medicine», Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|