51
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Jack AS, Hurd C, Martin J, Fouad K. Electrical Stimulation as a Tool to Promote Plasticity of the Injured Spinal Cord. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1933-1953. [PMID: 32438858 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike their peripheral nervous system counterparts, the capacity of central nervous system neurons and axons for regeneration after injury is minimal. Although a myriad of therapies (and different combinations thereof) to help promote repair and recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) have been trialed, few have progressed from bench-top to bedside. One of the few such therapies that has been successfully translated from basic science to clinical applications is electrical stimulation (ES). Although the use and study of ES in peripheral nerve growth dates back nearly a century, only recently has it started to be used in a clinical setting. Since those initial experiments and seminal publications, the application of ES to restore function and promote healing have greatly expanded. In this review, we discuss the progression and use of ES over time as it pertains to promoting axonal outgrowth and functional recovery post-SCI. In doing so, we consider four major uses for the study of ES based on the proposed or documented underlying mechanism: (1) using ES to introduce an electric field at the site of injury to promote axonal outgrowth and plasticity; (2) using spinal cord ES to activate or to increase the excitability of neuronal networks below the injury; (3) using motor cortex ES to promote corticospinal tract axonal outgrowth and plasticity; and (4) leveraging the timing of paired stimuli to produce plasticity. Finally, the use of ES in its current state in the context of human SCI studies is discussed, in addition to ongoing research and current knowledge gaps, to highlight the direction of future studies for this therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Jack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Caitlin Hurd
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John Martin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, City University of New York School of Medicine, and City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karim Fouad
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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52
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Nakamura F, Ohshima T, Goshima Y. Collapsin Response Mediator Proteins: Their Biological Functions and Pathophysiology in Neuronal Development and Regeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:188. [PMID: 32655376 PMCID: PMC7325199 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs), which consist of five homologous cytosolic proteins, are one of the major phosphoproteins in the developing nervous system. The prominent feature of the CRMP family proteins is a new class of microtubule-associated proteins that play important roles in the whole process of developing the nervous system, such as axon guidance, synapse maturation, cell migration, and even in adult brain function. The CRMP C-terminal region is subjected to posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, which, in turn, regulates the interaction between the CRMPs and various kinds of proteins including receptors, ion channels, cytoskeletal proteins, and motor proteins. The gene-knockout of the CRMP family proteins produces different phenotypes, thereby showing distinct roles of all CRMP family proteins. Also, the phenotypic analysis of a non-phosphorylated form of CRMP2-knockin mouse model, and studies of pharmacological responses to CRMP-related drugs suggest that the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation process plays a pivotal role in pathophysiology in neuronal development, regeneration, and neurodegenerative disorders, thus showing CRMPs as promising target molecules for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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53
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Belousov A, Titov S, Shved N, Malykin G, Kovalev V, Suprunova I, Khotimchenko Y, Kumeiko V. Hydrogels based on modified pectins capable of modulating neural cell behavior as prospective biomaterials in glioblastoma treatment. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 151:111-138. [PMID: 32448603 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant tumor of the brain, but its treatment outcomes can be improved by new therapeutic techniques using biocompatible materials. Utilizing controllable alkaline de-esterification we obtained pectin preparation with 27.4% esterification degree and used it for bio-artificial matrix production. We discovered optimal gelation conditions in the presence of Ca2+ by the analysis of visco-elastic properties of the gels and produced a series of biomaterials in hydrogel forms. Hydrogels based on low-esterified pectin significantly slow down the metabolism of C6 glioma cells and neural stem cells (NSCs) and slightly decrease the viability of the C6 glioma, but not of NSCs. This happens due to a decrease in cell proliferation rate, while apoptosis degrees remain stable or negligibly decrease. We created a set of pectin hydrogels supplemented with different ratios of two ECM proteins-collagens I and IV. We have shown that the formation of cell processes in glioma C6 can be regulated by varying the ratio of two ECM proteins in gels used for 3D cell cultivation. Thus, composite matrix materials obtained can be used for modeling brain tumor invasion. The results presented suggest that modified pectins supplemented with two collagen types may serve as prospective biomaterials for glioblastoma treatment due to their ability to regulate glioma cell dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Belousov
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sergei Titov
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Nikita Shved
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Grigorii Malykin
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Valeri Kovalev
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Irina Suprunova
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Yuri Khotimchenko
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia; Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vadim Kumeiko
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia.
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54
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Griffin JM, Bradke F. Therapeutic repair for spinal cord injury: combinatory approaches to address a multifaceted problem. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11505. [PMID: 32090481 PMCID: PMC7059014 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent years saw the advent of promising preclinical strategies that combat the devastating effects of a spinal cord injury (SCI) that are progressing towards clinical trials. However, individually, these treatments produce only modest levels of recovery in animal models of SCI that could hamper their implementation into therapeutic strategies in spinal cord injured humans. Combinational strategies have demonstrated greater beneficial outcomes than their individual components alone by addressing multiple aspects of SCI pathology. Clinical trial designs in the future will eventually also need to align with this notion. The scenario will become increasingly complex as this happens and conversations between basic researchers and clinicians are required to ensure accurate study designs and functional readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred M Griffin
- Laboratory for Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Bradke
- Laboratory for Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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55
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Systemic inflammation in traumatic spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2019; 325:113143. [PMID: 31843491 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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56
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Dysregulation of Hyaluronan Homeostasis During White Matter Injury. Neurochem Res 2019; 45:672-683. [PMID: 31542857 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although the extra cellular matrix (ECM) comprises a major proportion of the CNS parenchyma, new roles for the ECM in regeneration and repair responses to CNS injury have only recently been appreciated. The ECM undergoes extensive remodeling following injury to the developing or mature CNS in disorders that -include perinatal hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury, multiple sclerosis and age-related vascular dementia. Here we focus on recently described mechanisms involving hyaluronan (HA), which negatively impact myelin repair after cerebral white matter injury. Injury induced depolymerization of hyaluronan (HA)-a component of the neural ECM-can inhibit myelin repair through the actions of specific sizes of HA fragments. These bioactive fragments selectively block the maturation of late oligodendrocyte progenitors via an immune tolerance-like pathway that suppresses pro-myelination signaling. We highlight emerging new pathophysiological roles of the neural ECM, particularly of those played by HA fragments (HAf) after injury and discuss strategies to promoter repair and regeneration of chronic myelination failure.
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57
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Fawcett JW. The Struggle to Make CNS Axons Regenerate: Why Has It Been so Difficult? Neurochem Res 2019; 45:144-158. [PMID: 31388931 PMCID: PMC6942574 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Axon regeneration in the CNS is inhibited by many extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Because these act in parallel, no single intervention has been sufficient to enable full regeneration of damaged axons in the adult mammalian CNS. In the external environment, NogoA and CSPGs are strongly inhibitory to the regeneration of adult axons. CNS neurons lose intrinsic regenerative ability as they mature: embryonic but not mature neurons can grow axons for long distances when transplanted into the adult CNS, and regeneration fails with maturity in in vitro axotomy models. The causes of this loss of regeneration include partitioning of neurons into axonal and dendritic fields with many growth-related molecules directed specifically to dendrites and excluded from axons, changes in axonal signalling due to changes in expression and localization of receptors and their ligands, changes in local translation of proteins in axons, and changes in cytoskeletal dynamics after injury. Also with neuronal maturation come epigenetic changes in neurons, with many of the transcription factor binding sites that drive axon growth-related genes becoming inaccessible. The overall aim for successful regeneration is to ensure that the right molecules are expressed after axotomy and to arrange for them to be transported to the right place in the neuron, including the damaged axon tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Fawcett
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
- Centre of Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute for Experimental Medicine ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic.
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58
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Stephenson EL, Zhang P, Ghorbani S, Wang A, Gu J, Keough MB, Rawji KS, Silva C, Yong VW, Ling CC. Targeting the Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans: Evaluating Fluorinated Glucosamines and Xylosides in Screens Pertinent to Multiple Sclerosis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1223-1234. [PMID: 31404231 PMCID: PMC6661872 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are upregulated in insults to the central nervous system, including multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating condition of the central nervous system. CSPGs appear to be detrimental in MS, as they enhance immune responses and act as barriers to oligodendrocyte differentiation and thus remyelination. Despite their deleterious roles, strategies to selectively reduce CSPG production are lacking. The purpose of this study was to develop, screen, and describe a series of glucosamine derivatives and xylosides for their capacity to overcome detrimental CSPGs and inflammatory processes. Specifically, we assess the ability of analogues to interfere with CSPG biosynthesis, promote the outgrowth of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in an inhibitory environment, and lower inflammation by attenuating the proliferation of T lymphocytes. We highlight the beneficial activities of a novel compound, per-O-acetylated 4,4-difluoro-N-acetylglucosamine (Ac-4,4-diF-GlcNAc) in vitro, and report that it reduced inflammation and clinical severity in a mouse model of MS. Thus, this study represents an important advance, as we uncover that targeting CSPG biosynthesis with a potent inhibitor is an effective avenue to ameliorate inflammatory cascades and promote repair processes in MS and other neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Stephenson
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ping Zhang
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Samira Ghorbani
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Aixia Wang
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jiamin Gu
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Michael B. Keough
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Khalil Sherali Rawji
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Claudia Silva
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - V. Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chang-Chun Ling
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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59
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Rauti R, Renous N, Maoz BM. Mimicking the Brain Extracellular Matrix
in Vitro
: A Review of Current Methodologies and Challenges. Isr J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Rauti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tel Aviv University Israel
| | - Noa Renous
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tel Aviv University Israel
| | - Ben M. Maoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tel Aviv University Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
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60
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Insolia V, Priori EC, Gasperini C, Coppa F, Cocchia M, Iervasi E, Ferrari B, Besio R, Maruelli S, Bernocchi G, Forlino A, Bottone MG. Prolidase enzyme is required for extracellular matrix integrity and impacts on postnatal cerebellar cortex development. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:61-80. [PMID: 31246278 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is essential for brain development, lamination, and synaptogenesis. In particular, the basement membrane below the pial meninx (pBM) is required for correct cortical development. The last step in the catabolism of the most abundant protein in pBM, collagen Type IV, requires prolidase, an exopeptidase cleaving the imidodipeptides containing pro or hyp at the C-terminal end. Mutations impairing prolidase activity lead in humans to the rare disease prolidase deficiency characterized by severe skin ulcers and mental impairment. Thus, the dark-like (dal) mouse, in which the prolidase is knocked-out, was used to investigate whether the deficiency of prolidase affects the neuronal maturation during development of a brain cortex area. Focusing on the cerebellar cortex, thinner collagen fibers and disorganized pBM were found. Aberrant cortical granule cell proliferation and migration occurred, associated to defects in brain lamination, and in particular in maturation of Purkinje neurons and formation of synaptic contacts. This study deeply elucidates a link between prolidase activity and neuronal maturation shedding new light on the molecular basis of functional aspects in the prolidase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Insolia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Erica C Priori
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Caterina Gasperini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Coppa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Cocchia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Erika Iervasi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Ferrari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberta Besio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Maruelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Forlino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria G Bottone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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61
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Arslan YE, Efe B, Sezgin Arslan T. A novel method for constructing an acellular 3D biomatrix from bovine spinal cord for neural tissue engineering applications. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2814. [PMID: 30963718 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed at generating 3-dimensional (3D) decellularized bovine spinal cord extracellular matrix-based scaffolds (3D-dCBS) for neural tissue engineering applications. Within this scope, bovine spinal cord tissue pieces were homogenized in 0.1 M NaOH and this viscous mixture was molded to attain 3D bioscaffolds. After resultant bioscaffolds were chemically crosslinked, the decellularization process was conducted with detergent, buffer, and enzyme solutions. Nuclear remnants in the native tissue and 3D-dCBS were determined with DNA content analysis and agarose gel electrophoresis. Afterward, 3D-dCBS were biochemically characterized in depth via glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, hydroxyproline (HYP) assay, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Cellular survival of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) on the 3D-dCBS for 3rd, 7th, and 10th days was assessed via MTT assay. Scaffold and cell/scaffold constructs were also evaluated with scanning electron microscopy and histochemical studies. DNA contents for native and 3D-dCBS were respectively found to be 520.76 ± 18.11 and 28.80 ± 0.20 ng/mg dry weight (n = 3), indicating a successful decellularization process. GAG content, HYP assay, and SDS-PAGE results proved that the extracellular matrix was substantially preserved during the decellularization process. In conclusion, it is believed that the novel decellularization method may allow fabricating 3D bioscaffolds with desired geometry from soft nervous system tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Emre Arslan
- Regenerative Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Engineering Faculty, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Burcu Efe
- Regenerative Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Engineering Faculty, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Tugba Sezgin Arslan
- Regenerative Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Engineering Faculty, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
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62
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Mobini S, Song YH, McCrary MW, Schmidt CE. Advances in ex vivo models and lab-on-a-chip devices for neural tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2019; 198:146-166. [PMID: 29880219 PMCID: PMC6957334 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The technologies related to ex vivo models and lab-on-a-chip devices for studying the regeneration of brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve tissues are essential tools for neural tissue engineering and regenerative medicine research. The need for ex vivo systems, lab-on-a-chip technologies and disease models for neural tissue engineering applications are emerging to overcome the shortages and drawbacks of traditional in vitro systems and animal models. Ex vivo models have evolved from traditional 2D cell culture models to 3D tissue-engineered scaffold systems, bioreactors, and recently organoid test beds. In addition to ex vivo model systems, we discuss lab-on-a-chip devices and technologies specifically for neural tissue engineering applications. Finally, we review current commercial products that mimic diseased and normal neural tissues, and discuss the future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahba Mobini
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Young Hye Song
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michaela W McCrary
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christine E Schmidt
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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63
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Lam D, Enright HA, Cadena J, Peters SKG, Sales AP, Osburn JJ, Soscia DA, Kulp KS, Wheeler EK, Fischer NO. Tissue-specific extracellular matrix accelerates the formation of neural networks and communities in a neuron-glia co-culture on a multi-electrode array. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4159. [PMID: 30858401 PMCID: PMC6411890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain’s extracellular matrix (ECM) is a macromolecular network composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and fibrous proteins. In vitro studies often use purified ECM proteins for cell culture coatings, however these may not represent the molecular complexity and heterogeneity of the brain’s ECM. To address this, we compared neural network activity (over 30 days in vitro) from primary neurons co-cultured with glia grown on ECM coatings from decellularized brain tissue (bECM) or MaxGel, a non-tissue-specific ECM. Cells were grown on a multi-electrode array (MEA) to enable noninvasive long-term interrogation of neuronal networks. In general, the presence of ECM accelerated the formation of networks without affecting the inherent network properties. However, specific features of network activity were dependent on the type of ECM: bECM enhanced network activity over a greater region of the MEA whereas MaxGel increased network burst rate associated with robust synaptophysin expression. These differences in network activity were not attributable to cellular composition, glial proliferation, or astrocyte phenotypes, which remained constant across experimental conditions. Collectively, the addition of ECM to neuronal cultures represents a reliable method to accelerate the development of mature neuronal networks, providing a means to enhance throughput for routine evaluation of neurotoxins and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Lam
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Heather A Enright
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jose Cadena
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Sandra K G Peters
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Ana Paula Sales
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Joanne J Osburn
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - David A Soscia
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Kristen S Kulp
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Wheeler
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas O Fischer
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.
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64
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Schaffran B, Hilton BJ, Bradke F. Imaging in vivo dynamics of sensory axon responses to CNS injury. Exp Neurol 2019; 317:110-118. [PMID: 30794766 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Axons in the adult mammalian brain and spinal cord fail to regenerate upon lesion. In vivo imaging serves as a tool to investigate the immediate response of axons to injury and how the same injured axons behave over time. Here, we describe the dynamic changes that injured sensory axons undergo and methods of imaging them in vivo. First, we explain how sensory axons in the dorsal column of the adult mouse spinal cord respond to axotomy. Then, we highlight practical considerations for implementing two-photon based in vivo imaging of these axons. Finally, we describe future directions for this technique, including the possibility of in vivo imaging of subcellular dynamics within the axon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett J Hilton
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Bradke
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany.
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65
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Myelinated axons and functional blood vessels populate mechanically compliant rGO foams in chronic cervical hemisected rats. Biomaterials 2019; 192:461-474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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66
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Long KR, Huttner WB. How the extracellular matrix shapes neural development. Open Biol 2019; 9:180216. [PMID: 30958121 PMCID: PMC6367132 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, both cells and tissues must acquire the correct shape to allow their proper function. This is especially relevant in the nervous system, where the shape of individual cell processes, such as the axons and dendrites, and the shape of entire tissues, such as the folding of the neocortex, are highly specialized. While many aspects of neural development have been uncovered, there are still several open questions concerning the mechanisms governing cell and tissue shape. In this review, we discuss the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in these processes. In particular, we consider how the ECM regulates cell shape, proliferation, differentiation and migration, and more recent work highlighting a key role of ECM in the morphogenesis of neural tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Long
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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67
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Acute and chronic demyelinated CNS lesions exhibit opposite elastic properties. Sci Rep 2019; 9:999. [PMID: 30700777 PMCID: PMC6354022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) is a known inhibitor of axonal regrowth and remyelination. Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated that oligodendrocyte differentiation is impacted by the physical properties of the ECM. However, characterization of the mechanical properties of the healthy and injured CNS myelin is challenging, and has largely relied on non-invasive, low-resolution methods. To address this, we have employed atomic force microscopy to perform micro-indentation measurements of demyelinated tissue at cellular scale. Analysis of mouse and human demyelinated brains indicate that acute demyelination results in decreased tissue stiffness that recovers with remyelination; while chronic demyelination is characterized by increased tissue stiffness, which correlates with augmented ECM deposition. Thus, changes in the mechanical properties of the acutely (softer) or chronically (stiffer) demyelinated brain might contribute to differences in their regenerative capacity. Our findings are relevant to the optimization of cell-based therapies aimed at promoting CNS regeneration and remyelination.
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68
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Mikhailova MM, Bolshakov AP, Chaban EA, Paltsev MA, Panteleyev AA. Primary culture of mouse embryonic spinal cord neurons: cell composition and suitability for axonal regeneration studies. Int J Neurosci 2019; 129:762-769. [PMID: 30621485 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1567508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Primary culture is an effective experimental model to study molecular mechanisms that drive axonal regeneration after central nervous system injury. However, the culture of spinal cord (SC) cells remains poorly characterized. Here, we have analyzed the cell composition of a primary SC culture during its maturation. Methods: Primary cell culture was prepared from mouse embryo spinal cords. After 2, 7, and 14 days of cultivation, the cells were fixed and stained with antibodies against β3-tubulin, nestin, crmp1, SMI-32, DCC or GFAP. We counted percentage of cells positive for the mentioned markers and measured the length of cell processes. Results: We found that β3-tubulin and nestin were both expressed at day 2 of culture in vitro. Surprisingly (given the use of differentiation-supporting culture medium), the number of nestin+ cells has significantly increased during the first week of cultivation. The GFAP+ cells appeared only at the seventh day in vitro, and their fraction increased during the following cultivation. At 14 day in vitro, SC culture contained cells that expressed the markers typical of commissural and motor neurons. At this age, the neurons had the ability to repair injured neurites after mechanical damage. Conclusion: Primary culture of SC cells is a dynamically developing cell population that contains all main types of SC cells and is capable of self-repair. Therefore, the culture of mouse embryonic SC cells represents an adequate experimental model for studying cellular and molecular processes taking place in SC neurons after axonal damage in the absence of external inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya M Mikhailova
- a National Research Center Kurchatov Institute , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Alexey P Bolshakov
- b Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A Chaban
- c Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail A Paltsev
- c Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Panteleyev
- a National Research Center Kurchatov Institute , Moscow , Russian Federation
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69
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Hyaluronic acid is present on specific perineuronal nets in the mouse cerebral cortex. Brain Res 2018; 1698:139-150. [PMID: 30099038 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules comprise more than 20% of the volume and are involved in neuronal plasticity, synaptic transmission, and differentiation. Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are ECM molecules that highly accumulate around the soma of neurons. The components of the ECM in the CNS include proteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans. Although hyaluronic acid (HA) is considered a constituent element of PNNs, the distribution of HA in the cortex has not been clarified. To elucidate the cortical region-specific distribution of HA, we quantitatively analyzed HA binding protein (HABP)-positive PNNs in the mature mouse cerebral cortex. Our findings revealed that HABP-positive PNNs are present throughout the mouse cortex. The distribution of many HABP-positive PNNs differed from that of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive PNNs. Furthermore, we observed granular-like HABP-positive PNNs in layer 1 of the cortex. These findings indicate that PNNs in the mouse cortex show region-dependent differences in composition. HABP-positive PNNs in layer 1 of the cortex may have different functions such as neuronal differentiation, proliferation, and migration unlike what has been reported for PNNs so far.
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70
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Wang Q, Zhang H, Xu H, Zhao Y, Li Z, Li J, Wang H, Zhuge D, Guo X, Xu H, Jones S, Li X, Jia X, Xiao J. Novel multi-drug delivery hydrogel using scar-homing liposomes improves spinal cord injury repair. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:4429-4446. [PMID: 30214630 PMCID: PMC6134929 DOI: 10.7150/thno.26717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper selection and effective delivery of combination drugs targeting multiple pathophysiological pathways key to spinal cord injury (SCI) hold promise to address the thus far scarce clinical therapeutics for improving recovery after SCI. In this study, we aim to develop a clinically feasible way for targeted delivery of multiple drugs with different physiochemical properties to the SCI site, detail the underlying mechanism of neural recovery, and detect any synergistic effect related to combination therapy. Methods: Liposomes (LIP) modified with a scar-targeted tetrapeptide (cysteine-alanine-glutamine-lysine, CAQK) were first constructed to simultaneously encapsulate docetaxel (DTX) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and then were further added into a thermosensitive heparin-modified poloxamer hydrogel (HP) with affinity-bound acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF-HP) for local administration into the SCI site (CAQK-LIP-GFs/DTX@HP) in a rat model. In vivo fluorescence imaging was used to examine the specificity of CAQK-LIP-GFs/DTX binding to the injured site. Multiple comprehensive evaluations including biotin dextran amine anterograde tracing and magnetic resonance imaging were used to detect any synergistic effects and the underlying mechanisms of CAQK-LIP-GFs/DTX@HP both in vivo (rat SCI model) and in vitro (primary neuron). Results: The multiple drugs were effectively delivered to the injured site. The combined application of GFs and DTX supported neuro-regeneration by improving neuronal survival and plasticity, rendering a more permissive extracellular matrix environment with improved regeneration potential. In addition, our combination therapy promoted axonal regeneration via moderation of microtubule function and mitochondrial transport along the regenerating axon. Conclusion: This novel multifunctional therapeutic strategy with a scar-homing delivery system may offer promising translational prospects for the clinical treatment of SCI.
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71
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The Tenascin-C-Derived Peptide VSWRAPTA Promotes Neuronal Branching Via Transcellular Activation of the Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway In Vitro. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:632-647. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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72
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Pearson CS, Mencio CP, Barber AC, Martin KR, Geller HM. Identification of a critical sulfation in chondroitin that inhibits axonal regeneration. eLife 2018; 7:37139. [PMID: 29762123 PMCID: PMC5976435 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of mammalian CNS neurons to regenerate their axons derives from a combination of intrinsic deficits and extrinsic factors. Following injury, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) within the glial scar inhibit axonal regeneration, an action mediated by the sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains of CSPGs, especially those with 4-sulfated (4S) sugars. Arylsulfatase B (ARSB) selectively cleaves 4S groups from the non-reducing ends of GAG chains without disrupting other, growth-permissive motifs. We demonstrate that ARSB is effective in reducing the inhibitory actions of CSPGs both in in vitro models of the glial scar and after optic nerve crush (ONC) in adult mice. ARSB is clinically approved for replacement therapy in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis VI and therefore represents an attractive candidate for translation to the human CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Pearson
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Amanda C Barber
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R Martin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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73
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Stephenson EL, Yong VW. Pro-inflammatory roles of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in disorders of the central nervous system. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:432-442. [PMID: 29702175 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix of the central nervous system is an interconnected network of proteins and sugars. It is crucial for homeostasis, but its remodeling in neurological diseases impacts both injury and repair. Here we introduce an extracellular matrix family member that participates in immune-matrix interactions, the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans integrate signals from the microenvironment to activate immune cells, and they boost inflammatory responses by binding immunological receptors including toll-like receptors, selectins, CD44, and β1 integrin. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans also bind signaling molecules for immune cells such as cytokines and chemokines, and they activate matrix-degrading enzymes. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans accumulate in the damaged CNS, including during traumatic brain/spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis, and they help drive pathogenesis. This Review aims to give new insights into the remodeling of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans during inflammation, and how these matrix glycoproteins are able to drive neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Stephenson
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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74
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Kim SM, Long DW, Tsang MWK, Wang Y. Zebrafish extracellular matrix improves neuronal viability and network formation in a 3-dimensional culture. Biomaterials 2018; 170:137-146. [PMID: 29665503 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian central nervous system (CNS) has limited capacity for regeneration. CNS injuries cause life-long debilitation and lead to $50 billion in healthcare costs in U.S. alone each year. Despite numerous efforts in the last few decades, CNS-related injuries remain as detrimental as they were 50 years ago. Some functional recovery can occur, but most regeneration are limited by an extracellular matrix (ECM) that actively inhibits axonal repair and promotes glial scarring. In most tissues, the ECM is an architectural foundation that plays an active role in supporting cellular development and regenerative response after injury. In mammalian CNS, however, this is not the case - its composition is not conducive for regeneration, with various molecules restricting plasticity and neuronal growth. In fact, the CNS ECM alters its composition dramatically following injury to restrict regeneration and to prioritize containment of injury as well as preservation of intact neural circuitry. This leads us to hypothesize that the inhibitory extracellular environment needs be modified or supplemented to be more regeneration-permissive for significant CNS regeneration. Mammalian nervous tissue cannot provide such ECM, and synthesizing it in a laboratory is beyond current technology. Evolutionarily lower species possess remarkably regenerative neural tissue. For example, small fresh-water dwelling zebrafish (Danio rerio) can regenerate severed spinal cord, re-gaining full motor function in a week. We believe their ECM contributes to its regenerative capability and that it can be harnessed to induce more regeneration in mammalian CNS. This study shows that ECM derived from zebrafish brains promotes more neuronal survival and axonal network formation than the widely studied and available ECM derived from mammalian tissues such as porcine brains, porcine urinary bladder, and rat brains. We believe its regenerative potential, combined with its affordability, easy handling, and fast reproduction, will make zebrafish an excellent candidate as a novel ECM source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | | | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
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75
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Abstract
Proteoglycans are diverse, complex extracellular/cell surface macromolecules composed of a central core protein with covalently linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains; both of these components contribute to the growing list of important bio-active functions attributed to proteoglycans. Increasingly, attention has been paid to the roles of proteoglycans in nervous tissue development due to their highly regulated spatio/temporal expression patterns, whereby they promote/inhibit neurite outgrowth, participate in specification and maturation of various precursor cell types, and regulate cell behaviors like migration, axonal pathfinding, synaptogenesis and plasticity. These functions emanate from both the environments proteoglycans create around cells by retaining ions and water or serving as scaffolds for cell shaping or motility, and from dynamic interactions that modulate signaling fields for cytokines, growth factors and morphogens, which may bind to either the protein or GAG portions. Also, genetic abnormalities impacting proteoglycan synthesis during critical steps of brain development and response to environmental insults and injuries, as well as changes in microenvironment interactions leading to tumors in the central nervous system, all suggest roles for proteoglycans in behavioral and intellectual disorders and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Miriam S Domowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
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76
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Carwardine D, Prager J, Neeves J, Muir EM, Uney J, Granger N, Wong LF. Transplantation of canine olfactory ensheathing cells producing chondroitinase ABC promotes chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan digestion and axonal sprouting following spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188967. [PMID: 29228020 PMCID: PMC5724818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is a promising strategy for treating spinal cord injury (SCI), as has been demonstrated in experimental SCI models and naturally occurring SCI in dogs. However, the presence of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans within the extracellular matrix of the glial scar can inhibit efficient axonal repair and limit the therapeutic potential of OECs. Here we have used lentiviral vectors to genetically modify canine OECs to continuously deliver mammalian chondroitinase ABC at the lesion site in order to degrade the inhibitory chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans in a rodent model of spinal cord injury. We demonstrate that these chondroitinase producing canine OECs survived at 4 weeks following transplantation into the spinal cord lesion and effectively digested chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans at the site of injury. There was evidence of sprouting within the corticospinal tract rostral to the lesion and an increase in the number of corticospinal axons caudal to the lesion, suggestive of axonal regeneration. Our results indicate that delivery of the chondroitinase enzyme can be achieved with the genetically modified OECs to increase axon growth following SCI. The combination of these two promising approaches is a potential strategy for promoting neural regeneration following SCI in veterinary practice and human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Carwardine
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Prager
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Neeves
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. Muir
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Uney
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Granger
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Liang-Fong Wong
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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77
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Influence of Different ECM-Like Hydrogels on Neurite Outgrowth Induced by Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:6319129. [PMID: 29333166 PMCID: PMC5733162 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6319129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proposed for spinal cord injury (SCI) applications due to their capacity to secrete growth factors and vesicles—secretome—that impacts important phenomena in SCI regeneration. To improve MSC survival into SCI sites, hydrogels have been used as transplantation vehicles. Herein, we hypothesized if different hydrogels could interact differently with adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ASCs). The efficacy of three natural hydrogels, gellan gum (functionalized with a fibronectin peptide), collagen, and a hydrogel rich in laminin epitopes (NVR-gel) in promoting neuritogenesis (alone and cocultured with ASCs), was evaluated in the present study. Their impact on ASC survival, metabolic activity, and gene expression was also evaluated. Our results indicated that all hydrogels supported ASC survival and viability, being this more evident for the functionalized GG hydrogels. Moreover, the presence of different ECM-derived biological cues within the hydrogels appears to differently affect the mRNA levels of growth factors involved in neuronal survival, differentiation, and axonal outgrowth. All the hydrogel-based systems supported axonal growth mediated by ASCs, but this effect was more robust in functionalized GG. The data herein presented highlights the importance of biological cues within hydrogel-based biomaterials as possible modulators of ASC secretome and its effects for SCI applications.
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78
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Wiersma AM, Fouad K, Winship IR. Enhancing Spinal Plasticity Amplifies the Benefits of Rehabilitative Training and Improves Recovery from Stroke. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10983-10997. [PMID: 29025926 PMCID: PMC6596489 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0770-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited recovery that occurs following stroke happens almost entirely in the first weeks postinjury. Moreover, the efficacy of rehabilitative training is limited beyond this narrow time frame. Sprouting of spared corticospinal tract axons in the contralesional spinal cord makes a significant contribution to sensorimotor recovery, but this structural plasticity is also limited to the first few weeks after stroke. Here, we tested the hypothesis that inducing plasticity in the spinal cord during chronic stroke could improve recovery from persistent sensorimotor impairment. We potentiated spinal plasticity during chronic stroke, weeks after the initial ischemic injury, in male Sprague-Dawley rats via intraspinal injections of chondroitinase ABC. Our data show that chondroitinase injections into the contralesional gray matter of the cervical spinal cord administered 28 d after stroke induced significant sprouting of corticospinal axons originating in the peri-infarct cortex. Chondroitinase ABC injection during chronic stroke without additional training resulted in moderate improvements of sensorimotor deficits. Importantly, this therapy dramatically potentiated the efficacy of rehabilitative training delivered during chronic stroke in a skilled forelimb reaching task. These novel data suggest that spinal therapy during chronic stroke can amplify the benefits of delayed rehabilitative training with the potential to reduce permanent disability in stroke survivors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain and spinal cord undergo adaptive rewiring ("plasticity") following stroke. This plasticity allows for partial functional recovery from stroke induced sensorimotor impairments. However, the plasticity that underlies recovery occurs predominantly in the first weeks following stroke, and most stroke survivors are left with permanent disability even after rehabilitation. Using animal models, our data show that removal of plasticity-inhibiting signals in the spinal cord (via intraspinal injections of the enzyme chondroitinase ABC) augments rewiring of circuits connecting the brain to the spinal cord, even weeks after stroke. Moreover, this plasticity can be harnessed by rehabilitative training to significantly promote sensorimotor recovery. Thus, intraspinal therapy may augment rehabilitative training and improve recovery even in individuals living with chronic disability due to stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karim Fouad
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, and
| | - Ian R Winship
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute,
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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79
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Hilton BJ, Bradke F. Can injured adult CNS axons regenerate by recapitulating development? Development 2017; 144:3417-3429. [PMID: 28974639 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS), neurons typically fail to regenerate their axons after injury. During development, by contrast, neurons extend axons effectively. A variety of intracellular mechanisms mediate this difference, including changes in gene expression, the ability to form a growth cone, differences in mitochondrial function/axonal transport and the efficacy of synaptic transmission. In turn, these intracellular processes are linked to extracellular differences between the developing and adult CNS. During development, the extracellular environment directs axon growth and circuit formation. In adulthood, by contrast, extracellular factors, such as myelin and the extracellular matrix, restrict axon growth. Here, we discuss whether the reactivation of developmental processes can elicit axon regeneration in the injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Hilton
- Laboratory for Axon Growth and Regeneration, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Bradke
- Laboratory for Axon Growth and Regeneration, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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80
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Härtig W, Mages B, Aleithe S, Nitzsche B, Altmann S, Barthel H, Krueger M, Michalski D. Damaged Neocortical Perineuronal Nets Due to Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice, Rats and Sheep. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:15. [PMID: 28860977 PMCID: PMC5559442 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the extracellular matrix (ECM), perineuronal nets (PNs) are polyanionic, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)-rich coatings of certain neurons, known to be affected in various neural diseases. Although these structures are considered as important parts of the neurovascular unit (NVU), their role during evolution of acute ischemic stroke and subsequent tissue damage is poorly understood and only a few preclinical studies analyzed PNs after acute ischemic stroke. By employing three models of experimental focal cerebral ischemia, this study was focused on histopathological alterations of PNs and concomitant vascular, glial and neuronal changes according to the NVU concept. We analyzed brain tissues obtained 1 day after ischemia onset from: (a) mice after filament-based permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO); (b) rats subjected to thromboembolic MACO; and (c) sheep at 14 days after electrosurgically induced focal cerebral ischemia. Multiple fluorescence labeling was applied to explore simultaneous alterations of NVU and ECM. Serial mouse sections labeled with the net marker Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) displayed largely decomposed and nearly erased PNs in infarcted neocortical areas that were demarcated by up-regulated immunoreactivity for vascular collagen IV (Coll IV). Subsequent semi-quantitative analyses in mice confirmed significantly decreased WFA-staining along the ischemic border zone and a relative decrease in the directly ischemia-affected neocortex. Triple fluorescence labeling throughout the three animal models revealed up-regulated Coll IV and decomposed PNs accompanied by activated astroglia and altered immunoreactivity for parvalbumin, a calcium-binding protein in fast-firing GABAergic neurons which are predominantly surrounded by neocortical PNs. Furthermore, ischemic neocortical areas in rodents simultaneously displayed less intense staining of WFA, aggrecan, the net components neurocan, versican and the cartilage link protein (CRTL) as well as markers in net-bearing neurons such as the potassium channel subunit Kv3.1b and neuronal nuclei (NeuN). In summary, theconsistent observations based on three different stroke models confirmed that PNs are highly sensitive constituents of the NVU along with impaired associated GABAergic neurons. These results suggest that PNs could be promising targets of future stroke treatment, and further studies should address their reorganization and plasticity in both stabilizing the acute stroke as well as supportive effects during the chronic phase of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Härtig
- Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Bianca Mages
- Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Aleithe
- Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Björn Nitzsche
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Altmann
- Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
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81
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Skeath JB, Wilson BA, Romero SE, Snee MJ, Zhu Y, Lacin H. The extracellular metalloprotease AdamTS-A anchors neural lineages in place within and preserves the architecture of the central nervous system. Development 2017; 144:3102-3113. [PMID: 28760813 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) regulates cell migration and sculpts organ shape. AdamTS proteins are extracellular metalloproteases known to modify ECM proteins and promote cell migration, but demonstrated roles for AdamTS proteins in regulating CNS structure and ensuring cell lineages remain fixed in place have not been uncovered. Using forward genetic approaches in Drosophila, we find that reduction of AdamTS-A function induces both the mass exodus of neural lineages out of the CNS and drastic perturbations to CNS structure. Expressed and active in surface glia, AdamTS-A acts in parallel to perlecan and in opposition to viking/collagen IV and βPS-integrin to keep CNS lineages rooted in place and to preserve the structural integrity of the CNS. viking/collagen IV and βPS-integrin are known to promote tissue stiffness and oppose the function of perlecan, which reduces tissue stiffness. Our work supports a model in which AdamTS-A anchors cells in place and preserves CNS architecture by reducing tissue stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Skeath
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Beth A Wilson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Selena E Romero
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mark J Snee
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Haluk Lacin
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
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82
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Wehner D, Tsarouchas TM, Michael A, Haase C, Weidinger G, Reimer MM, Becker T, Becker CG. Wnt signaling controls pro-regenerative Collagen XII in functional spinal cord regeneration in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2017; 8:126. [PMID: 28743881 PMCID: PMC5526933 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory extracellular matrix in a spinal lesion site is a major impediment to axonal regeneration in mammals. In contrast, the extracellular matrix in zebrafish allows substantial axon re-growth, leading to recovery of movement. However, little is known about regulation and composition of the growth-promoting extracellular matrix. Here we demonstrate that activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in fibroblast-like cells in the lesion site is pivotal for axon re-growth and functional recovery. Wnt/β-catenin signaling induces expression of col12a1a/b and deposition of Collagen XII, which is necessary for axons to actively navigate the non-neural lesion site environment. Overexpression of col12a1a rescues the effects of Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibition and is sufficient to accelerate regeneration. We demonstrate that in a vertebrate of high regenerative capacity, Wnt/β-catenin signaling controls the composition of the lesion site extracellular matrix and we identify Collagen XII as a promoter of axonal regeneration. These findings imply that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and Collagen XII may be targets for extracellular matrix manipulations in non-regenerating species. Following spinal injury in zebrafish, non-neural cells establish an extracellular matrix to promote axon re-growth but how this is regulated is unclear. Here, the authors show that Wnt/β-catenin signaling in fibroblast-like cells at a lesion activates axon re-growth via deposition of Collagen XII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wehner
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Themistoklis M Tsarouchas
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Andria Michael
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Christa Haase
- Institute for Immunology, TechnischeUniversität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Gilbert Weidinger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Michell M Reimer
- Technische Universität Dresden, DFG-Center of Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence at the TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Catherina G Becker
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
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83
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Wu YT, Adnan A. Effect of Shock-Induced Cavitation Bubble Collapse on the damage in the Simulated Perineuronal Net of the Brain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5323. [PMID: 28706307 PMCID: PMC5509702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to conduct modeling and simulation to understand the effect of shock-induced mechanical loading, in the form of cavitation bubble collapse, on damage to the brain's perineuronal nets (PNNs). It is known that high-energy implosion due to cavitation collapse is responsible for corrosion or surface damage in many mechanical devices. In this case, cavitation refers to the bubble created by pressure drop. The presence of a similar damage mechanism in biophysical systems has long being suspected but not well-explored. In this paper, we use reactive molecular dynamics (MD) to simulate the scenario of a shock wave induced cavitation collapse within the perineuronal net (PNN), which is the near-neuron domain of a brain's extracellular matrix (ECM). Our model is focused on the damage in hyaluronan (HA), which is the main structural component of PNN. We have investigated the roles of cavitation bubble location, shockwave intensity and the size of a cavitation bubble on the structural evolution of PNN. Simulation results show that the localized supersonic water hammer created by an asymmetrical bubble collapse may break the hyaluronan. As such, the current study advances current knowledge and understanding of the connection between PNN damage and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ting Wu
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, the University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, 76010, USA
| | - Ashfaq Adnan
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, the University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, 76010, USA.
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84
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Moeendarbary E, Weber IP, Sheridan GK, Koser DE, Soleman S, Haenzi B, Bradbury EJ, Fawcett J, Franze K. The soft mechanical signature of glial scars in the central nervous system. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14787. [PMID: 28317912 PMCID: PMC5364386 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) alters the molecular and cellular composition of neural tissue and leads to glial scarring, which inhibits the regrowth of damaged axons. Mammalian glial scars supposedly form a chemical and mechanical barrier to neuronal regeneration. While tremendous effort has been devoted to identifying molecular characteristics of the scar, very little is known about its mechanical properties. Here we characterize spatiotemporal changes of the elastic stiffness of the injured rat neocortex and spinal cord at 1.5 and three weeks post-injury using atomic force microscopy. In contrast to scars in other mammalian tissues, CNS tissue significantly softens after injury. Expression levels of glial intermediate filaments (GFAP, vimentin) and extracellular matrix components (laminin, collagen IV) correlate with tissue softening. As tissue stiffness is a regulator of neuronal growth, our results may help to understand why mammalian neurons do not regenerate after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Moeendarbary
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave 56, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK,
| | - Isabell P. Weber
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Graham K. Sheridan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK,School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - David E. Koser
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Sara Soleman
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Barbara Haenzi
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Elizabeth J. Bradbury
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - James Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK,
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85
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Lemarchant S, Wojciechowski S, Vivien D, Koistinaho J. ADAMTS-4 in central nervous system pathologies. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1703-1711. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sighild Lemarchant
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. BOX 1627 70211 Kuopio Finland
| | - Sara Wojciechowski
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. BOX 1627 70211 Kuopio Finland
| | - Denis Vivien
- INSERM, INSERM UMR-S 919, “Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit”; University of Caen Basse-Normandie; GIP Cyceron, Bd H. Becquerel, BP 5229 14074 Caen Cedex France
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. BOX 1627 70211 Kuopio Finland
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86
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Yokota K, Kobayakawa K, Saito T, Hara M, Kijima K, Ohkawa Y, Harada A, Okazaki K, Ishihara K, Yoshida S, Kudo A, Iwamoto Y, Okada S. Periostin Promotes Scar Formation through the Interaction between Pericytes and Infiltrating Monocytes/Macrophages after Spinal Cord Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:639-653. [PMID: 28082119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Scar formation is a prominent pathological feature of traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injury, which has long been implicated as a major impediment to the CNS regeneration. However, the factors affecting such scar formation remain to be elucidated. We herein demonstrate that the extracellular matrix protein periostin (POSTN) is a key player in scar formation after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Using high-throughput RNA sequencing data sets, we found that the genes involved in the extracellular region, such as POSTN, were significantly expressed in the injured spinal cord. The expression of POSTN peaked at 7 days after SCI, predominantly in the scar-forming pericytes. Notably, we found that genetic deletion of POSTN in mice reduced scar formation at the lesion site by suppressing the proliferation of the pericytes. Conversely, we found that recombinant POSTN promoted the migration capacity of the monocytes/macrophages and increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α from the monocytes/macrophages in vitro, which facilitated the proliferation of pericytes. Furthermore, we revealed that the pharmacological blockade of POSTN suppressed scar formation and improved the long-term functional outcome after SCI. Our findings suggest a potential mechanism whereby POSTN regulates the scar formation after SCI and provide significant evidence that POSTN is a promising therapeutic target for CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Yokota
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazu Kobayakawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Hara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Kijima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Department of Transcriptomics, Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihito Harada
- Department of Transcriptomics, Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Okazaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohei Ishihara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeo Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Kudo
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukihide Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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87
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Viswanath A, Vanacker J, Germain L, Leprince JG, Diogenes A, Shakesheff KM, White LJ, des Rieux A. Extracellular matrix-derived hydrogels for dental stem cell delivery. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:319-328. [PMID: 27636889 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized mammalian extracellular matrices (ECM) have been widely accepted as an ideal substrate for repair and remodelling of numerous tissues in clinical and pre-clinical studies. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability of ECM scaffolds derived from site-specific homologous tissues to direct cell differentiation. The present study investigated the suitability of hydrogels derived from different source tissues: bone, spinal cord and dentine, as suitable carriers to deliver human apical papilla derived mesenchymal stem cells (SCAP) for spinal cord regeneration. Bone, spinal cord, and dentine ECM hydrogels exhibited distinct structural, mechanical, and biological characteristics. All three hydrogels supported SCAP viability and proliferation. However, only spinal cord and bone derived hydrogels promoted the expression of neural lineage markers. The specific environment of ECM scaffolds significantly affected the differentiation of SCAP to a neural lineage, with stronger responses observed with spinal cord ECM hydrogels, suggesting that site-specific tissues are more likely to facilitate optimal stem cell behavior for constructive spinal cord regeneration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 319-328, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiswarya Viswanath
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Julie Vanacker
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Loïc Germain
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julian G Leprince
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anibal Diogenes
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio-TX, USA
| | | | - Lisa J White
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Anne des Rieux
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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88
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Haggerty AE, Marlow MM, Oudega M. Extracellular matrix components as therapeutics for spinal cord injury. Neurosci Lett 2016; 652:50-55. [PMID: 27702629 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is no treatment for people with spinal cord injury that leads to significant functional improvements. The extracellular matrix is an intricate, 3-dimensional, structural framework that defines the environment for cells in the central nervous system. The components of extracellular matrix have signaling and regulatory roles in the fate and function of neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system. This review discusses the therapeutic potential of extracellular matrix components for spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes E Haggerty
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Megan M Marlow
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Martin Oudega
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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89
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Gao M, Tao H, Wang T, Wei A, He B. Functionalized self-assembly polypeptide hydrogel scaffold applied in modulation of neural progenitor cell behavior. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911516653146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell culturing provides an appealing biomimetic platform to probe the biological effects of a designed extracellular matrix on the behavior of seeded neural stem or neural progenitor cells. This culturing model serves as an important tool to investigate functional regulators involved in proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells. This study aims to reconstruct a polypeptide hydrogel matrix functionally integrated with cyclo-RGD motif [c(RGDfK)] for initial exploration of neural progenitor cell behavior in three-dimensional culture. Three types of hydrogel scaffolds including Type I collagen, RADA16 self-assembly peptide, and RADA16-c(RGDfK) self-assembly peptide hydrogel were employed to serve as the culturing extracellular matrix of neonatal rat spinal neural progenitor cells. The neural adhesion of functionalized self-assembly peptide hydrogel was acquired prior to its RADA16 counterpart with neural progenitor cell seeding tests. The biophysiological properties of self-assembly peptide hydrogel scaffolds were then detected by scanning electron microscopy and rheology measurements. The biological behavior of embedded neural progenitor cells including cell proliferation and differentiation in three-dimensional niche were analyzed by MTT [(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)] tests and immunocytochemistry fluorescence staining. The 1% (w/v) RADA16-c(RGDfK) hydrogel scaffold [R16-c(RGDfK)HS] demonstrated an elastic modulus(312 ± 5.7 Pa) compatible with central neural cells, which significantly facilitated the proliferation of embedded neural progenitor cells. Compared to collagen hydrogel, both RADA16 and RADA16-c(RGDfK) hydrogel scaffold improved the cellular proliferation and neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells in a three-dimensional culture model. In order to model neuronal regeneration, introduction of neurotrophin-3 in the differentiation environment significantly increased the neuronal differentiation in which the ratio of Tuj-1-positive cell number increased to 72.5% ± 4.7% in the c(RGDfK)-functionalized three-dimensional matrix environment at 7 days in culture. Collectively, the present R16-c(RGDfK)HS displays excellent central neural biocompatibility and emerges as a promising bioengineered extracellular matrix niche of neural stem or progenitor cells, building a solid foundation for the subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies including neural repair, regeneration, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyong Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiyin Tao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- DSAPM and PCFM Lab, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ailin Wei
- Department of Spine Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Spine Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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90
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Härtig W, Appel S, Suttkus A, Grosche J, Michalski D. Abolished perineuronal nets and altered parvalbumin-immunoreactivity in the nucleus reticularis thalami of wildtype and 3xTg mice after experimental stroke. Neuroscience 2016; 337:66-87. [PMID: 27634771 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Treatment strategies for ischemic stroke are still limited, since numerous attempts were successful only in preclinical research but failed under clinical condition. To overcome this translational roadblock, clinical relevant stroke models should consider co-morbidities, age-related effects and the complex neurovascular unit (NVU) concept. The NVU includes neurons, vessels and glial cells with astrocytic endfeet in close relation to the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the role of the ECM after stroke-related tissue damage is poorly understood and mostly neglected for treatment strategies. This study is focused on alterations of perineuronal nets (PNs) as ECM constituents and parvalbumin-containing GABAergic neurons in mice with emphasis on the nucleus reticularis thalami (NRT) in close proximity to the ischemic lesion as induced by a filament-based stroke model. One day after ischemia onset, immunofluorescence-based quantitative analyses revealed drastically declined PNs in the ischemia-affected NRT from 3- and 12-month-old wildtype and co-morbid triple-transgenic (3xTg) mice with Alzheimer-like alterations. Parvalbumin-positive cells decreased numerically in the ischemia-affected NRT, while staining intensity did not differ between the affected and non-affected hemisphere. Additional qualitative analyses demonstrated ischemia-induced loss of PNs and allocated neuropil ECM immunoreactive for aggrecan and neurocan, and impaired immunoreactivity for calbindin, the potassium channel subunit Kv3.1b and the glutamate decarboxylase isoforms GAD65 and GAD67 in the NRT. In conclusion, these data confirm PNs as highly sensitive constituents of the ECM along with impaired neuronal integrity of GABAergic neurons. Therefore, specific targeting of ECM components might appear as a promising strategy for future treatment strategies in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Simon Appel
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Suttkus
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20 A, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Grosche
- Effigos GmbH, Am Deutschen Platz 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Michalski
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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91
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Zhang Q, Yan S, You R, Kaplan DL, Liu Y, Qu J, Li X, Li M, Wang X. Multichannel silk protein/laminin grafts for spinal cord injury repair. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:3045-3057. [PMID: 27474892 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The physical, chemical, and bioactive cues provided by biomaterials are critical for spinal cord regeneration following injury. In this study, we investigated the bioactivity of a silk-based scaffold for nerve tissue remodeling that featured morphological guidance in the form of ridges as well as bioactive molecules. Multichannel/laminin (LN) silk scaffolds stimulated growth, development, and the extension of primary hippocampal neurons after 7 days of culture in vitro. And then, the multichannel/LN silk scaffolds were implanted into 2-mm-long hemisection defects in Sprague-Dawley rat spinal cords for 70 days to evaluate their bioactivities of spinal cord remolding. Our results demonstrated that animal behavior was significantly improved in the multichannel/LN group, as evaluated by Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan score, whereas the implantation of multichannels and random pores groups resulted in recurring limps. Moreover, histology and immunohistochemical staining revealed an increase in blood vessels and expression of growth associated protein-43 and neurofilament-200 as well as reduced expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the multichannel/LN group, which contributed to the rebuilding of spinal cord defects. Thus, multichannel/LN silk scaffolds mediated cell migration, stimulated blood capillary formation, and promoted axonal extension, suggesting the utility of these scaffolds for spinal cord reconstruction. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 3045-3057, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, 02155 Massachusetts
| | - Shuqin Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Renchuan You
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, 02155 Massachusetts
| | - Yu Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jing Qu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiufang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Mingzhong Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Performance Textiles, School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3056, Victoria, Australia
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Nagai J, Takaya R, Piao W, Goshima Y, Ohshima T. Deletion of Crmp4 attenuates CSPG-induced inhibition of axonal growth and induces nociceptive recovery after spinal cord injury. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 74:42-8. [PMID: 26995506 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity for regeneration in the injured adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is largely limited by potent inhibitory barriers. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are major inhibitors of axonal regeneration/sprouting and accumulate at lesion sites after CNS trauma. Despite extensive research during the two decades since their discovery, the molecular mechanisms remain elusive, including intracellular phosphorylation events. Collapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4) is known to directly regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and neurite extension, while phosphorylated CRMP4 loses its binding affinity for cytoskeletal proteins. We have previously found that spinal cord injury (SCI) induces CRMP4 upregulation and phosphorylation and that CRMP4 knockout (Crmp4-/-) mice show behavioral recovery of locomotor function after SCI. However, the role of CRMP4 in the recovery of other forms of physiological function such as sensation remains largely unknown. We here have demonstrated CRMP4 involvement in CSPG-induced inhibitory signaling and nociceptive recovery in Crmp4-/- mice after SCI. We cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons on CSPG-coated dishes; Crmp4 deletion overrode CSPG-induced inhibition of axon growth in vitro. CRMP4 levels were increased in DRGs in vivo after SCI. Crmp4-/- mice exhibited axonal growth of sensory neurons and recovery of nociceptive function after spinal transection. These results support Crmp4 deletion as a therapeutic target in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nagai
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takaya
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Wenhui Piao
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.
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93
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Cationic, amphiphilic copolymer micelles as nucleic acid carriers for enhanced transfection in rat spinal cord. Acta Biomater 2016; 35:98-108. [PMID: 26873365 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury commonly leads to permanent motor and sensory deficits due to the limited regenerative capacity of the adult central nervous system (CNS). Nucleic acid-based therapy is a promising strategy to deliver bioactive molecules capable of promoting axonal regeneration. Branched polyethylenimine (bPEI: 25kDa) is one of the most widely studied nonviral vectors, but its clinical application has been limited due to its cytotoxicity and low transfection efficiency in the presence of serum proteins. In this study, we synthesized cationic amphiphilic copolymers, poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-graft-polyethylenimine (PgP), by grafting low molecular weight PLGA (4kDa) to bPEI (25kDa) at approximately a 3:1 ratio as an efficient nonviral vector. We show that PgP micelle is capable of efficiently transfecting plasmid DNA (pDNA) and siRNA in the presence of 10% serum in neuroglioma (C6) cells, neuroblastoma (B35) cells, and primary E8 chick forebrain neurons (CFN) with pDNA transfection efficiencies of 58.8%, 75.1%, and 8.1%, respectively. We also show that PgP provides high-level transgene expression in the rat spinal cord in vivo that is substantially greater than that attained with bPEI. The combination of improved transfection and reduced cytotoxicity in vitro in the presence of serum and in vivo transfection of neural cells relative to conventional bPEI suggests that PgP may be a promising nonviral vector for therapeutic nucleic acid delivery for neural regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Gene therapy is a promising strategy to overcome barriers to axonal regeneration in the injured central nervous system. Branched polyethylenimine (bPEI: 25kDa) is one of the most widely studied nonviral vectors, but its clinical application has been limited due to cytotoxicity and low transfection efficiency in the presence of serum proteins. Here, we report cationic amphiphilic copolymers, poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-graft-polyethylenimine (PgP) that are capable of efficiently transfecting reporter genes and siRNA both in the presence of 10% serum in vitro and in the rat spinal cord in vivo. The combination of improved transfection and reduced cytotoxicity in the presence of serum as well as transfection of neural cells in vivo suggests PgP may be a promising nucleic acid carrier for CNS gene delivery.
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94
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High-throughput proteomics reveal alarmins as amplifiers of tissue pathology and inflammation after spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21607. [PMID: 26899371 PMCID: PMC4761922 DOI: 10.1038/srep21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is characterized by acute cellular and axonal damage followed by aggressive inflammation and pathological tissue remodelling. The biological mediators underlying these processes are still largely unknown. Here we apply an innovative proteomics approach targeting the enriched extracellular proteome after spinal cord injury for the first time. Proteomics revealed multiple matrix proteins not previously associated with injured spinal tissue, including small proteoglycans involved in cell-matrix adhesion and collagen fibrillogenesis. Network analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics datasets uncovered persistent overexpression of extracellular alarmins that can trigger inflammation via pattern recognition receptors. In mechanistic experiments, inhibition of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) revealed the involvement of alarmins in inflammatory gene expression, which was found to be dominated by IL1 and NFκΒ signalling. Extracellular high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) was identified as the likely endogenous regulator of IL1 expression after injury. These data reveal a novel tissue remodelling signature and identify endogenous alarmins as amplifiers of the inflammatory response that promotes tissue pathology and impedes neuronal repair after spinal cord injury.
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95
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Pardo L, Schlüter A, Valor LM, Barco A, Giralt M, Golbano A, Hidalgo J, Jia P, Zhao Z, Jové M, Portero-Otin M, Ruiz M, Giménez-Llort L, Masgrau R, Pujol A, Galea E. Targeted activation of CREB in reactive astrocytes is neuroprotective in focal acute cortical injury. Glia 2016; 64:853-74. [PMID: 26880229 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical challenge in acute injury as in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is to halt the delayed neuronal loss that occurs hours and days after the insult. Here we report that the activation of CREB-dependent transcription in reactive astrocytes prevents secondary injury in cerebral cortex after experimental TBI. The study was performed in a novel bitransgenic mouse in which a constitutively active CREB, VP16-CREB, was targeted to astrocytes with the Tet-Off system. Using histochemistry, qPCR, and gene profiling we found less neuronal death and damage, reduced macrophage infiltration, preserved mitochondria, and rescued expression of genes related to mitochondrial metabolism in bitransgenic mice as compared to wild type littermates. Finally, with meta-analyses using publicly available databases we identified a core set of VP16-CREB candidate target genes that may account for the neuroprotective effect. Enhancing CREB activity in astrocytes thus emerges as a novel avenue in acute brain post-injury therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Pardo
- Institut De Neurociències and Unitat De Bioquímica, Facultat De Medicina, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Agatha Schlüter
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, L'hospitalet De Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
| | - Luis M Valor
- Instituto De Neurociencias De Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández/Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan D'alacant, Alicante, 03550, Spain
| | - Angel Barco
- Instituto De Neurociencias De Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández/Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan D'alacant, Alicante, 03550, Spain
| | - Mercedes Giralt
- Institut De Neurociències and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Arantxa Golbano
- Institut De Neurociències and Unitat De Bioquímica, Facultat De Medicina, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Institut De Neurociències and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Peilin Jia
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, 25198, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, 25198, Spain
| | - Montserrat Ruiz
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, L'hospitalet De Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
| | - Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Institut De Neurociènces and Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Roser Masgrau
- Institut De Neurociències and Unitat De Bioquímica, Facultat De Medicina, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, L'hospitalet De Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain.,Institució Catalana De Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Galea
- Institut De Neurociències and Unitat De Bioquímica, Facultat De Medicina, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.,Institució Catalana De Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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96
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Lemarchant S, Pomeshchik Y, Kidin I, Kärkkäinen V, Valonen P, Lehtonen S, Goldsteins G, Malm T, Kanninen K, Koistinaho J. ADAMTS-4 promotes neurodegeneration in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:10. [PMID: 26809777 PMCID: PMC4727317 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) proteoglycanases are specialized in the degradation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and participate in mechanisms mediating neuroplasticity. Despite the beneficial effect of ADAMTS-4 on neurorepair after spinal cord injury, the functions of ADAMTS proteoglycanases in other CNS disease states have not been studied. Therefore, we investigated the expression, effects and associated mechanisms of ADAMTS-4 during amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the SOD1G93A mouse model. Results ADAMTS-4 expression and activity were reduced in the spinal cord of SOD1G93A mice at disease end-stage when compared to WT littermates. To counteract the loss of ADAMTS-4, SOD1G93A and WT mice were treated with saline or a recombinant ADAMTS-4 before symptom onset. Administration of ADAMTS-4 worsened the prognosis of SOD1G93A mice by accelerating clinical signs of neuromuscular dysfunctions. The worsened prognosis of ADAMTS-4-treated SOD1G93A mice was accompanied by increased degradation of perineuronal nets enwrapping motoneurons and increased motoneuron degeneration in the lumbar spinal cord. Motoneurons of ADAMTS-4-treated SOD1G93A mice were more vulnerable to degeneration most likely due to the loss of their extracellular matrix envelopes. The decrease of neurotrophic factor production induced by ADAMTS-4 in vitro and in vivo may also contribute to a hostile environment for motoneuron especially when devoid of a net. Conclusions This study suggests that the reduction of ADAMTS-4 activity during the progression of ALS pathology may be an adaptive change to mitigate its neurodegenerative impact in CNS tissues. Therapies compensating the compromized ADAMTS-4 activity are likely not promising approaches for treating ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sighild Lemarchant
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Yuriy Pomeshchik
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Iurii Kidin
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Virve Kärkkäinen
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Piia Valonen
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Sarka Lehtonen
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Gundars Goldsteins
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tarja Malm
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Katja Kanninen
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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97
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Chondroitinase improves midbrain pathway reconstruction by transplanted dopamine progenitors in Parkinsonian mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 69:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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98
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Hyaluronan Synthesis, Catabolism, and Signaling in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Cell Biol 2015; 2015:368584. [PMID: 26448752 PMCID: PMC4581574 DOI: 10.1155/2015/368584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA), a component of the extracellular matrix, has been implicated in regulating neural differentiation, survival, proliferation, migration, and cell signaling in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). HA is found throughout the CNS as a constituent of proteoglycans, especially within perineuronal nets that have been implicated in regulating neuronal activity. HA is also found in the white matter where it is diffusely distributed around astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Insults to the CNS lead to long-term elevation of HA within damaged tissues, which is linked at least in part to increased transcription of HA synthases. HA accumulation is often accompanied by elevated expression of at least some transmembrane HA receptors including CD44. Hyaluronidases that digest high molecular weight HA into smaller fragments are also elevated following CNS insults and can generate HA digestion products that have unique biological activities. A number of studies, for example, suggest that both the removal of high molecular weight HA and the accumulation of hyaluronidase-generated HA digestion products can impact CNS injuries through mechanisms that include the regulation of progenitor cell differentiation and proliferation. These studies, reviewed here, suggest that targeting HA synthesis, catabolism, and signaling are all potential strategies to promote CNS repair.
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99
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Saccadic Palsy following Cardiac Surgery: Possible Role of Perineuronal Nets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132075. [PMID: 26135580 PMCID: PMC4489868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Perineuronal nets (PN) form a specialized extracellular matrix around certain highly active neurons within the central nervous system and may help to stabilize synaptic contacts, promote local ion homeostasis, or play a protective role. Within the ocular motor system, excitatory burst neurons and omnipause neurons are highly active cells that generate rapid eye movements – saccades; both groups of neurons contain the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin and are ensheathed by PN. Experimental lesions of excitatory burst neurons and omnipause neurons cause slowing or complete loss of saccades. Selective palsy of saccades in humans is reported following cardiac surgery, but such cases have shown normal brainstem neuroimaging, with only one clinicopathological study that demonstrated paramedian pontine infarction. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that lesions of PN surrounding these brainstem saccade-related neurons may cause saccadic palsy. Methods Together with four controls we studied the brain of a patient who had developed a permanent selective saccadic palsy following cardiac surgery and died several years later. Sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded brainstem blocks were applied to double-immunoperoxidase staining of parvalbumin and three different components of PN. Triple immunofluorescence labeling for all PN components served as internal controls. Combined immunostaining of parvalbumin and synaptophysin revealed the presence of synapses. Results Excitatory burst neurons and omnipause neurons were preserved and still received synaptic input, but their surrounding PN showed severe loss or fragmentation. Interpretation Our findings support current models and experimental studies of the brainstem saccade-generating neurons and indicate that damage to PN may permanently impair the function of these neurons that the PN ensheathe. How a postulated hypoxic mechanism could selectively damage the PN remains unclear. We propose that the well-studied saccadic eye movement system provides an accessible model to evaluate the role of PN in health and disease.
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100
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Benarroch EE. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: Regulation, effects, and potential clinical relevance. Neurology 2015; 85:1417-27. [PMID: 25817841 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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