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“Food First but Not Always Food Only”: Recommendations for Using Dietary Supplements in Sport. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:371-386. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The term “food first” has been widely accepted as the preferred strategy within sport nutrition, although there is no agreed definition of this and often limited consideration of the implications. We propose that food first should mean “where practically possible, nutrient provision should come from whole foods and drinks rather than from isolated food components or dietary supplements.” There are many reasons to commend a food first strategy, including the risk of supplement contamination resulting in anti-doping violations. However, a few supplements can enhance health and/or performance, and therefore a food only approach could be inappropriate. We propose six reasons why a food only approach may not always be optimal for athletes: (a) some nutrients are difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities in the diet, or may require excessive energy intake and/or consumption of other nutrients; (b) some nutrients are abundant only in foods athletes do not eat/like; (c) the nutrient content of some foods with established ergogenic benefits is highly variable; (d) concentrated doses of some nutrients are required to correct deficiencies and/or promote immune tolerance; (e) some foods may be difficult to consume immediately before, during or immediately after exercise; and (f) tested supplements could help where there are concerns about food hygiene or contamination. In these situations, it is acceptable for the athlete to consider sports supplements providing that a comprehensive risk minimization strategy is implemented. As a consequence, it is important to stress that the correct terminology should be “food first but not always food only.”
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Nieman DC. Multiomics Approach to Precision Sports Nutrition: Limits, Challenges, and Possibilities. Front Nutr 2022; 8:796360. [PMID: 34970584 PMCID: PMC8712338 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.796360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most sports nutrition guidelines are based on group average responses and professional opinion. Precision nutrition for athletes aims to improve the individualization of nutrition practices to optimize long-term performance and health. This is a 2-step process that first involves the acquisition of individual-specific, science-based information using a variety of sources including lifestyle and medical histories, dietary assessment, physiological assessments from the performance lab and wearable sensors, and multiomics data from blood, urine, saliva, and stool samples. The second step consists of the delivery of science-based nutrition advice, behavior change support, and the monitoring of health and performance efficacy and benefits relative to cost. Individuals vary widely in the way they respond to exercise and nutritional interventions, and understanding why this metabolic heterogeneity exists is critical for further advances in precision nutrition. Another major challenge is the development of evidence-based individualized nutrition recommendations that are embraced and efficacious for athletes seeking the most effective enhancement of performance, metabolic recovery, and health. At this time precision sports nutrition is an emerging discipline that will require continued technological and scientific advances before this approach becomes accurate and practical for athletes and fitness enthusiasts at the small group or individual level. The costs and scientific challenges appear formidable, but what is already being achieved today in precision nutrition through multiomics and sensor technology seemed impossible just two decades ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Nieman
- North Carolina Research Campus, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
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Brooke NK, Cosio-Lima L. Nutrition in Cycling. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2021; 33:159-172. [PMID: 34798997 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cycling is predominantly an endurance sport in which fuel utilization for energy production relies on the availability and delivery of oxygen to exercising muscle. Nutrition and training interventions to improve endurance performance are continually evolving, but ultimately, prescription should aim to generate improvements in cycling power and velocity while prioritizing athlete health and well-being. The wide range of cycling events and the different environments in which events take place pose a variety of nutrition-related challenges for cyclists. This review addresses some of these challenges and highlights recent advancements in nutrition for cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrita Kumar Brooke
- Department of Movement Sciences and Health, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway Building 782/220, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA.
| | - Ludmila Cosio-Lima
- Department of Movement Sciences and Health, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway Building 782/220, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
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54
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Gallagher J, Fine P, Ashley P, Needleman I. Developing the role of the sports dentist. Br Dent J 2021; 231:544-546. [PMID: 34773016 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-021-3612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sports dentistry has traditionally focused on orofacial trauma. There is now increasing evidence that participation in sport, particularly at elite level, may significantly increase the risks to oral health. The negative impact of poor oral health on athlete-reported wellbeing and performance is clear. The risks to athlete oral health can and should be mitigated and the role of the sports dentist is evolving to meet these new challenges. Custom-made mouthguards provide protection against orofacial trauma and potentially, concussion. Oral health screening should be included in athlete pre-season preparation. As integrated members of the athlete support team, dentists and dental care professionals can provide sport-specific oral health advice, encouraging athletes to take ownership of their oral health. The potential for translational health and wellbeing benefits to the wider population is also substantial, particularly with youth groups and recreational athletes. Sports dentistry requires distinctive skills. A UK-wide network of dentists and other oral health professionals with an interest in sport is important, to ensure that both appropriate advice and treatment is evidence-based and to further develop the research and clinical foundations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gallagher
- University College London, Eastman Dental Institute, Centre for Oral Health and Performance, Rockefeller Building, 21 University Street, London, WC1E 6DE, UK.
| | - Peter Fine
- University College London, Eastman Dental Institute, Centre for Continuing Professional Development, London, UK
| | - Paul Ashley
- University College London, Eastman Dental Institute, Centre for Oral Health and Performance, Rockefeller Building, 21 University Street, London, WC1E 6DE, UK
| | - Ian Needleman
- University College London, Eastman Dental Institute, Centre for Oral Health and Performance, Rockefeller Building, 21 University Street, London, WC1E 6DE, UK
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55
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Burke LM. Nutritional approaches to counter performance constraints in high-level sports competition. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:2304-2323. [PMID: 34762329 PMCID: PMC9299184 DOI: 10.1113/ep088188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
New Findings What is the topic of this review? The nutritional strategies that athletes use during competition events to optimize performance and the reasons they use them. What advances does it highlight? A range of nutritional strategies can be used by competitive athletes, alone or in combination, to address various event‐specific factors that constrain event performance. Evidence for such practices is constantly evolving but must be combined with understanding of the complexities of real‐life sport for optimal implementation.
Abstract High‐performance athletes share a common goal despite the unique nature of their sport: to pace or manage their performance to achieve the highest sustainable outputs over the duration of the event. Periodic or sustained decline in the optimal performance of event tasks, involves an interplay between central and peripheral phenomena that can often be reduced or delayed in onset by nutritional strategies. Contemporary nutrition practices undertaken before, during or between events include strategies to ensure the availability of limited muscle fuel stores. This includes creatine supplementation to increase muscle phosphocreatine content and consideration of the type, amount and timing of dietary carbohydrate intake to optimize muscle and liver glycogen stores or to provide additional exogenous substrate. Although there is interest in ketogenic low‐carbohydrate high‐fat diets and exogenous ketone supplements to provide alternative fuels to spare muscle carbohydrate use, present evidence suggests a limited utility of these strategies. Mouth sensing of a range of food tastants (e.g., carbohydrate, quinine, menthol, caffeine, fluid, acetic acid) may provide a central nervous system derived boost to sports performance. Finally, despite decades of research on hypohydration and exercise capacity, there is still contention around their effect on sports performance and the best guidance around hydration for sporting events. A unifying model proposes that some scenarios require personalized fluid plans while others might be managed by an ad hoc approach (ad libitum or thirst‐driven drinking) to fluid intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Burke
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
Adolescence (ages 13–18 years) is a period of significant growth and physical development that includes changes in body composition, metabolic and hormonal fluctuations, maturation of organ systems, and establishment of nutrient deposits, which all may affect future health. In terms of nutrition, adolescence is also an important time in establishing an individual’s lifelong relationship with food, which is particularly important in terms of the connection between diet, exercise, and body image. The challenges of time management (e.g., school, training, work and social commitments) and periods of fluctuating emotions are also features of this period. In addition, an adolescent’s peers become increasingly powerful moderators of all behaviours, including eating. Adolescence is also a period of natural experimentation and this can extend to food choice. Adolescent experiences are not the same and individuals vary considerably in their behaviours. To ensure an adolescent athlete fulfils his/her potential, it is important that stakeholders involved in managing youth athletes emphasize eating patterns that align with and support sound physical, physiological and psychosocial development and are consistent with proven principles of sport nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Desbrow
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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57
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Murphy CH, McGlory C. Fish Oil for Healthy Aging: Potential Application to Master Athletes. Sports Med 2021; 51:31-41. [PMID: 34515971 PMCID: PMC8566636 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Master athletes perform high volumes of exercise training yet display lower levels of physical functioning and exercise performance when compared with younger athletes. Several reports in the clinical literature show that long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC n-3 PUFA) ingestion promotes skeletal muscle anabolism and strength in untrained older persons. There is also evidence that LC n-3 PUFA ingestion improves indices of muscle recovery following damaging exercise in younger persons. These findings suggest that LC n-3 PUFA intake could have an ergogenic effect in master athletes. However, the beneficial effect of LC n-3 PUFA intake on skeletal muscle in response to exercise training in both older and younger persons is inconsistent and, in some cases, generated from low-quality studies or those with a high risk of bias. Other factors such as the choice of placebo and health status of participants also confound interpretation of existing reports. As such, when considered on balance, the available evidence does not indicate that ingestion of LC n-3 PUFAs above current population recommendations (250–500 mg/day; 2 portions of oily fish per week) enhances exercise performance or recovery from exercise training in master athletes. Further work is now needed related to how the dose, duration, and co-ingestion of LC n-3 PUFAs with other nutrients such as amino acids impact the adaptive response to exercise training. This work should also consider how LC n-3 PUFA supplementation may differentially alter the lipid profile of cellular membranes of key regulatory sites such as the sarcolemma, mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoileann H Murphy
- Department of Agrifood Business & Spatial Analysis, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Chris McGlory
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division St, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Physical Activity, Dietary Patterns, and Glycemic Management in Active Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes: An Online Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179332. [PMID: 34501920 PMCID: PMC8431360 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are able to balance their blood glucose levels while engaging in a wide variety of physical activities and sports. However, insulin use forces them to contend with many daily training and performance challenges involved with fine-tuning medication dosing, physical activity levels, and dietary patterns to optimize their participation and performance. The aim of this study was to ascertain which variables related to the diabetes management of physically active individuals with T1D have the greatest impact on overall blood glucose levels (reported as A1C) in a real-world setting. A total of 220 individuals with T1D completed an online survey to self-report information about their glycemic management, physical activity patterns, carbohydrate and dietary intake, use of diabetes technologies, and other variables that impact diabetes management and health. In analyzing many variables affecting glycemic management, the primary significant finding was that A1C values in lower, recommended ranges (<7%) were significantly predicted by a very-low carbohydrate intake dietary pattern, whereas the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices had the greatest predictive ability when A1C was above recommended (≥7%). Various aspects of physical activity participation (including type, weekly time, frequency, and intensity) were not significantly associated with A1C for participants in this survey. In conclusion, when individuals with T1D are already physically active, dietary changes and more frequent monitoring of glucose may be most capable of further enhancing glycemic management.
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Michnik A, Sadowska-Krępa E, Kiełboń A, Duch K, Bańkowski S. Blood serum denaturation profile examined by differential scanning calorimetry reflects the effort put into ultramarathon by amateur long-distance runners. J Therm Biol 2021; 99:103013. [PMID: 34420643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The impact of participation in the ultramarathon on the health and mental and physical condition is very complex. Undoubtedly, exercise brings many benefits but also involves health risks. Especially such an extreme effort as the one associated with finishing the ultramarathon run, can be dangerous to the health of the runner. With the variety of possible biomarkers of excessive fatigue that threaten health and life, a question arises which of them are the best and which should be considered in amateur long-distance runners showing particularly high individual variability. In this study differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been applied to show the overall effect of the 12-h run on blood sera of participants. Serum samples were obtained from the blood of ten male amateur long-distance runners, collected before and immediately after the run. Distinct changes in the shape of DSC curves have been observed for serum after finishing the run relative to pre-race serum. Statistically significant differences between stages "before" and "after" ultramarathon running have been found for parameters of the endothermic transition associated with denaturation of serum proteins. An increase in the temperature (from 70.9 ± 0.9 to 75.8 ± 2.9 °C) and excess heat capacity (from 0.859 ± 0.201 to 1.102 ± 0.226 Jg-1 °C-1) at peak maximum, the enthalpy of serum denaturation (from 18.55 ± 6.52 to 22.08 ± 5.61 Jg-1) and the first moment of the thermal transition with respect to the temperature (from the value of 67.0 ± 2.1 to 72.6 ± 2.1 °C) has been observed. These results show a clear impact of running an ultramarathon on the participant's blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Michnik
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500, Chorzow, Poland.
| | - Ewa Sadowska-Krępa
- The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Institute of Sport Sciences, ul. Mikołowska 72a, 40-065, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kiełboń
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500, Chorzow, Poland.
| | - Klaudia Duch
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500, Chorzow, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Bańkowski
- The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Institute of Sport Sciences, ul. Mikołowska 72a, 40-065, Katowice, Poland.
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60
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Raghunandan A, Charnoff JN, Matsuwaka ST. The Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Nonsurgical Treatment of Injuries Related to Endurance Running. Curr Sports Med Rep 2021; 20:306-311. [PMID: 34099608 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Running is a popular form of exercise that is easily accessible to various populations; endurance running, defined as distances beyond 5 km, continues to grow within the sport. Endurance running-related injuries are common in the lower extremities and are primarily overuse related. A multitude of risk factors for injury exist, including extrinsic factors, such as running distance and frequency, and intrinsic factors, such as biomechanics and nutrition status. Training and rehabilitation techniques vary with a general focus on strengthening and gradual increase in activity, but evidence is mixed, and it is difficult to generalize programs across different running populations. Management of specific running groups, including youth runners, is an area in which additional research is needed. New treatments, such as orthobiologics and wearable technology, have promising potential to optimize performance and recovery and minimize injury. However, they need to be further evaluated with high-quality studies.
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61
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Nieman DC. Current and Novel Reviews in Sports Nutrition. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082549. [PMID: 34444710 PMCID: PMC8398675 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David C Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
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62
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Sports Dietitians Australia Position Statement: Nutrition for Exercise in Hot Environments. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 30:83-98. [PMID: 31891914 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is the position of Sports Dietitians Australia (SDA) that exercise in hot and/or humid environments, or with significant clothing and/or equipment that prevents body heat loss (i.e., exertional heat stress), provides significant challenges to an athlete's nutritional status, health, and performance. Exertional heat stress, especially when prolonged, can perturb thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. Heat acclimation or acclimatization provides beneficial adaptations and should be undertaken where possible. Athletes should aim to begin exercise euhydrated. Furthermore, preexercise hyperhydration may be desirable in some scenarios and can be achieved through acute sodium or glycerol loading protocols. The assessment of fluid balance during exercise, together with gastrointestinal tolerance to fluid intake, and the appropriateness of thirst responses provide valuable information to inform fluid replacement strategies that should be integrated with event fuel requirements. Such strategies should also consider fluid availability and opportunities to drink, to prevent significant under- or overconsumption during exercise. Postexercise beverage choices can be influenced by the required timeframe for return to euhydration and co-ingestion of meals and snacks. Ingested beverage temperature can influence core temperature, with cold/icy beverages of potential use before and during exertional heat stress, while use of menthol can alter thermal sensation. Practical challenges in supporting athletes in teams and traveling for competition require careful planning. Finally, specific athletic population groups have unique nutritional needs in the context of exertional heat stress (i.e., youth, endurance/ultra-endurance athletes, and para-sport athletes), and specific adjustments to nutrition strategies should be made for these population groups.
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63
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Ratajczak J, Czerniak U, Wieliński D, Ciekot-Sołtysiak M, Zieliński J, Gronek P, Demuth A. Pro-Healthy Diet Properties and Its Determinants among Aging Masters Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7614. [PMID: 34300064 PMCID: PMC8304838 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Qualitative dietary assessments are not common in aging athletes. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate diet quality and its determinants among aging masters athletes. Eighty-six participants of the 8th World Masters Indoor Athletics Championships were enrolled in the study (age range 36-65 years). Three subgroups were distinguished to represent countries with different eating habits. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance. Eating habits and diet quality were assessed using the Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire (KomPAN®, Warszawa, Poland), and the Pro-healthy Diet Index (pHDI-10). Dietary quality determinants were identified by a multiple regression model conducted for each subgroup separately (Great Britain, France, and Poland). The results showed that none of the subgroups adhered to the reference intake of products with beneficial health outcomes. This was particularly noticeable in the insufficient consumption of whole grain products, dairy, and fish. The fish and vegetables consumption frequency significantly differentiated the eating habits of the studied groups. Diet quality determinants varied depending on the group. However, in each of them, fruit consumption was one of the components of a good-quality diet. The obtained results can be used by institutions providing health education among the elderly to develop an appropriate strategy aimed at changing inappropriate eating habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ratajczak
- Department of Anthropology and Biometry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (U.C.); (D.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Urszula Czerniak
- Department of Anthropology and Biometry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (U.C.); (D.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Dariusz Wieliński
- Department of Anthropology and Biometry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (U.C.); (D.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Monika Ciekot-Sołtysiak
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (M.C.-S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (M.C.-S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Piotr Gronek
- Department of Dance, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Anna Demuth
- Department of Anthropology and Biometry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (U.C.); (D.W.); (A.D.)
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Hattori S, Omi N, Yang Z, Nakamura M, Ikemoto M. Effect of ginger extract ingestion on skeletal muscle glycogen contents and endurance exercise in male rats. Phys Act Nutr 2021; 25:15-19. [PMID: 34315202 PMCID: PMC8342189 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2021.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Skeletal muscle glycogen is a determinant of endurance capacity for some athletes. Ginger is well known to possess nutritional effects, such as anti-diabetic effects. We hypothesized that ginger extract (GE) ingestion increases skeletal muscle glycogen by enhancing fat oxidation. Thus, we investigated the effect of GE ingestion on exercise capacity, skeletal muscle glycogen, and certain blood metabolites in exercised rats. [Methods] First, we evaluated the influence of GE ingestion on body weight and elevation of exercise performance in rats fed with different volumes of GE. Next, we measured the skeletal muscle glycogen content and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in GE-fed rats. Finally, we demonstrated that GE ingestion contributes to endurance capacity during intermittent exercise to exhaustion. [Results] We confirmed that GE ingestion increased exercise performance (p<0.05) and elevated the skeletal muscle glycogen content compared to the non-GE-fed (CE, control exercise) group before exercise (Soleus: p<0.01, Plantaris: p<0.01, Gastrocnemius: p<0.05). Blood FFA levels in the GE group were significantly higher than those in the CE group after exercise (p<0.05). Moreover, we demonstrated that exercise capacity was maintained in the CE group during intermittent exercise (p<0.05). [Conclusion] These findings indicate that GE ingestion increases skeletal muscle glycogen content and exercise performance through the upregulation of fat oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hattori
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naomi Omi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Zhou Yang
- Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Moeka Nakamura
- Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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65
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Daigle K, Subach R, Valliant M. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Revised 2021 Standards of Practice and Standards of Professional Performance for Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (Competent, Proficient, and Expert) in Sports and Human Performance Nutrition. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 121:1813-1830.e55. [PMID: 34183294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition in sports and human performance incorporates knowledge of the intersection of human physiology and nutrition. Registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) practitioners in sports and human performance focus on nutrition care that is specific to the individual and their sport/occupational requirements. The Dietitians in Sports, Cardiovascular and Wellness Dietetic Practice Group, along with the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Management Committee, have updated the Standards of Practice (SOP) and Standards of Professional Performance (SOPP) for RDNs working in sports and human performance. The SOP and SOPP for RDNs in Sports and Human Performance Nutrition provide indicators that describe three levels of practice: competent, proficient, and expert. The SOP uses the Nutrition Care Process and clinical workflow elements for delivering care to athletic/professional populations. The SOPP describes the following six domains that focus on professional performance: Quality in Practice, Competence and Accountability, Provision of Services, Application of Research, Communication and Application of Knowledge, and Utilization and Management of Resources. Specific indicators outlined in the SOP and SOPP depict how these standards apply to practice. The SOP and SOPP are complementary resources for RDNs and are intended to be used as a self-evaluation tool for assuring competent practice in sports and human performance and for determining potential education and training needs for advancement to a higher practice level in a variety of settings.
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66
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Aiello EM, Deshpande S, Ozaslan B, Wolkowicz KL, Dassau E, Pinsker JE, Doyle FJ. Review of Automated Insulin Delivery Systems for Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes: Tailored Solutions for Subpopulations. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 19. [PMID: 34368518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems have proven safe and effective in improving glycemic outcomes in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Clinical evaluation of this technology has progressed to large randomized, controlled outpatient studies and recent commercial approval of AID systems for children and adults. However, several challenges remain in improving these systems for different subpopulations (e.g., young children, athletes, pregnant women, seniors and those with hypoglycemia unawareness). In this review, we highlight the requirements and challenges in AID design for selected subpopulations, and discuss current advances from recent clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora M Aiello
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 150 Western Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, USA.,Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Sunil Deshpande
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 150 Western Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, USA.,Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Basak Ozaslan
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 150 Western Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, USA.,Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Kelilah L Wolkowicz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Eyal Dassau
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 150 Western Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, USA.,Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, CA
| | | | - Francis J Doyle
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 150 Western Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, USA.,Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, CA
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Scrivin R, Costa RJ, Pelly F, Lis D, Slater G. Development and validation of a questionnaire investigating endurance athletes practices to manage gastrointestinal symptoms around exercise. Nutr Diet 2021; 78:286-295. [PMID: 34047004 DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop and validate a questionnaire investigating endurance athletes' carbohydrate beliefs, knowledge, information sources, and other dietary and non-dietary practices related to exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms. METHODS A questionnaire was developed by a review of relevant literature and sports-related questionnaires, and input from five experienced sports dietitians. Item construct and format was adapted and modified from a previous questionnaire. The modified questionnaire sought information on demographics, nutrition knowledge, beliefs, intended practices, information sources and exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms. A five-phase validity process was conducted to determine content, face and construct validity, item difficulty and internal reliability of the questionnaire. The Delphi technique was applied with experts over three anonymous rounds. Items were reviewed to determine whether to keep, modify, or delete, rate the relevance of each item using a content validity index (CVI), and provide comments. A content analysis was conducted on all comments after each round. Online interviews were conducted with a pilot group of endurance athletes (n = 15) to assess item difficulty and feasibility. Nutrition knowledge was compared between pilot group of athletes and experts to determine construct validity and internal consistency. A test-retest process was applied to a second pilot group (n = 8) to verify questionnaire reliability. RESULTS High CVI (≥.83) and agreement scores were obtained through the Delphi technique. High reliability (r = .942) and acceptable internal consistency (α = .53-.78) of the questionnaire were obtained. CONCLUSIONS The questionnaire was shown to be a valid and reliable tool that will be of use for clinicians and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Scrivin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Health, Education and Environment Faculty, Toi Ohomai Technical Institute Limited, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Ricardo Js Costa
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona Pelly
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dana Lis
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gary Slater
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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The Effects of an Acute "Train-Low" Nutritional Protocol on Markers of Recovery Optimization in Endurance-Trained Male Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1764-1776. [PMID: 34044369 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effects of an acute "train-low" nutritional protocol on markers of recovery optimization compared to standard recovery nutrition protocol. METHODS After completing a 2-hour high-intensity interval running protocol, 8 male endurance athletes consumed a standard dairy milk recovery beverage (CHO; 1.2 g/kg body mass [BM] of carbohydrate and 0.4 g/kg BM of protein) and a low-carbohydrate (L-CHO; isovolumetric with 0.35 g/kg BM of carbohydrate and 0.5 g/kg BM of protein) dairy milk beverage in a double-blind randomized crossover design. Venous blood and breath samples, nude BM, body water, and gastrointestinal symptom measurements were collected preexercise and during recovery. Muscle biopsy was performed at 0 hour and 2 hours of recovery. Participants returned to the laboratory the following morning to measure energy substrate oxidation and perform a 1-hour distance test. RESULTS The exercise protocol resulted in depletion of muscle glycogen stores (250 mmol/kg dry weight) and mild body-water losses (BM loss = 1.8%). Neither recovery beverage replenished muscle glycogen stores (279 mmol/kg dry weight) or prevented a decrease in bacterially stimulated neutrophil function (-21%). Both recovery beverages increased phosphorylation of mTORSer2448 (main effect of time = P < .001) and returned hydration status to baseline. A greater fold increase in p-GSK-3βSer9/total-GSK-3β occurred on CHO (P = .012). Blood glucose (P = .005) and insulin (P = .012) responses were significantly greater on CHO (618 mmol/L per 2 h and 3507 μIU/mL per 2 h, respectively) compared to L-CHO (559 mmol/L per 2 h and 1147 μIU/mL per 2 h, respectively). Rates of total fat oxidation were greater on CHO, but performance was not affected. CONCLUSION A lower-carbohydrate recovery beverage consumed after exercise in a "train-low" nutritional protocol does not negatively impact recovery optimization outcomes.
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Gaskell SK, Rauch CE, Parr A, Costa RJS. Diurnal versus Nocturnal Exercise-Effect on the Gastrointestinal Tract. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1056-1067. [PMID: 33065594 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to determine the effect of diurnal versus nocturnal exercise on gastrointestinal integrity and functional responses, plasma lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and soluble CD14 (sCD14) concentrations (as indirect indicators of endotoxin responses), systemic inflammatory cytokine profile, gastrointestinal symptoms, and feeding tolerance. METHODS Endurance runners (n = 16) completed 3 h of 60% V˙O2max (22.7°C, 45% relative humidity) running, on one occasion performed at 0900 h (400 lx; DAY) and on another occasion at 2100 h (2 lx; NIGHT). Blood samples were collected pre- and postexercise and during recovery to determine plasma concentrations of cortisol, catecholamines, claudin-3, I-FABP, LBP, and sCD14 and inflammatory cytokine profiles by ELISA. Orocecal transit time (OCTT) was determined by lactulose challenge test given at 150 min, with concomitant breath hydrogen (H2) and gastrointestinal symptom determination. RESULTS Cortisol increased substantially pre- to postexercise on NIGHT (+182%) versus DAY (+4%) (trial-time, P = 0.046), with no epinephrine (+41%) and norepinephrine (+102%) trial differences. I-FABP, but not claudin-3, increased pre- to postexercise on both trials (mean = 2269 pg·mL-1, 95% confidence interval = 1351-3187, +143%) (main effect of time [MEOT], P < 0.001). sCD14 increased pre- to postexercise (trial-time, P = 0.045, +5.6%) and was greater on DAY, but LBP decreased (MEOT, P = 0.019, -11.2%) on both trials. No trial difference was observed for systemic cytokine profile (MEOT, P = 0.004). Breath H2 responses (P = 0.019) showed that OCTT was significantly delayed on NIGHT (>84 min, with n = 3 showing no breath H2 turning point by 180 min postexercise) compared with DAY (mean = 54 min, 95% confidence interval = 29-79). NIGHT resulted in greater total gastrointestinal symptoms (P = 0.009) compared with DAY. No difference in feeding tolerance markers was observed between trials. CONCLUSION Nocturnal exercise instigates greater gastrointestinal functional perturbations and symptoms compared with diurnal exercise. However, there are no circadian differences to gastrointestinal integrity and systemic perturbations in response to the same exertional stress and controlled procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Gaskell
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
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70
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Mullie P, Maes P, van Veelen L, Van Tiggelen D, Clarys P. Energy Balance and Energy Availability During a Selection Course for Belgian Paratroopers. Mil Med 2021; 186:1176-1182. [PMID: 33861342 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adequate energy supply is a prerequisite for optimal performances and recovery. The aims of the present study were to estimate energy balance and energy availability during a selection course for Belgian paratroopers. METHODS Energy expenditure by physical activity was measured with accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA) and rest metabolic rate in Cal.d-1 with Tinsley et al.'s equation based on fat-free mass = 25.9 × fat-free mass in kg + 284. Participants had only access to the French individual combat rations of 3,600 Cal.d-1, and body fat mass was measured with quadripolar impedance (Omron BF508, Omron, Osaka, Japan). Energy availability was calculated by the formula: ([energy intake in foods and beverages] - [energy expenditure physical activity])/kg FFM-1.d-1, with FFM = fat-free mass. RESULTS Mean (SD) age of the 35 participants was 25.1 (4.18) years, and mean (SD) percentage fat mass was 12.0% (3.82). Mean (SD) total energy expenditure, i.e., the sum of rest metabolic rate, dietary-induced thermogenesis, and physical activity, was 5,262 Cal.d-1 (621.2), with percentile 25 at 4,791 Cal.d-1 and percentile 75 at 5,647 Cal.d-1, a difference of 856 Cal.d-1. Mean daily energy intake was 3,600 Cal.d-1, giving a negative energy balance of 1,662 (621.2) Cal.d-1. Mean energy availability was 9.3 Cal.kg FFM-1.d-1. Eleven of the 35 participants performed with a negative energy balance of 2,000 Cal.d-1, and only five participants out of 35 participants performed at a less than 1,000 Cal.d-1 negative energy balance level. CONCLUSIONS Energy intake is not optimal as indicated by the negative energy balance and the low energy availability, which means that the participants to this selection course had to perform in suboptimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mullie
- Belgian Defence, DG H&WB, Queen Elisabeth Barracks, Evere 1140, Belgium.,Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Human Biometrics and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1140, Belgium
| | - Pieter Maes
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Human Biometrics and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1140, Belgium.,Belgian Defence, Special Forces Group, Heverlee 1140, Belgium
| | | | - Damien Van Tiggelen
- Center for Musculoskeletal Medicine and Rehabilitation, Military Hospital Queen Astrid, Brussels 1120, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation 3B3, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Peter Clarys
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Human Biometrics and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1140, Belgium
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71
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Martínez-Gómez MG, Roberts BM. Metabolic Adaptations to Weight Loss: A Brief Review. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2970-2981. [PMID: 33677461 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Martínez-Gómez, MG and Roberts, BM. Metabolic adaptations to weight loss: A brief review. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-As the scientific literature has continuously shown, body mass loss attempts do not always follow a linear fashion nor always go as expected even when the intervention is calculated with precise tools. One of the main reasons why this tends to happen relies on our body's biological drive to regain the body mass we lose to survive. This phenomenon has been referred to as "metabolic adaptation" many times in the literature and plays a very relevant role in the management of obesity and human weight loss. This review will provide insights into some of the theoretical models for the etiology of metabolic adaptation as well as a quick look into the physiological and endocrine mechanisms that underlie it. Nutritional strategies and dietetic tools are thus necessary to confront these so-called adaptations to body mass loss. Among some of these strategies, we can highlight increasing protein needs, opting for high-fiber foods or programming-controlled diet refeeds, and diet breaks over a large body mass loss phase. Outside the nutritional aspects, it might be wise to increase the physical activity and thus the energy flux of an individual when possible to maintain diet-induced body mass loss in the long term. This review will examine these protocols and their viability in the context of adherence and sustainability for the individual toward successful body mass loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario G Martínez-Gómez
- CarloSportNutrition, Spain; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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72
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Body Composition, Training Volume/Pattern and Injury Status of Slovenian Adolescent Female High-Performance Gymnasts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042019. [PMID: 33669675 PMCID: PMC7923138 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Body composition (BC), training volume/pattern, and injury status are a few important factors affecting training quality and sport performance in female artistic gymnastics. We aimed to examine BC status, training volume/pattern, and injury status during the first competition period. Our cross-sectional study included 17 female gymnasts (age: 17.4 ± 4.1 years, body height: 159.8 ± 6.2 cm, and body weight: 54.8 ± 5.3 kg) who were high performance at the international and national level. The BC (measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) parameters included body height and mass, body fat percentage (BF %), lean body mass (LBM), body mass index (BMI), total bone mineral density (BMD total), and total bone mineral content (BMC total). Training volume and pattern were assessed via an author-developed questionnaire, while injury status (i.e., anatomical location, symmetry and rate of injuries) was assessed via a modified questionnaire on overuse injuries used in sports injury epidemiology studies with elite-level athletes. Body composition parameters were as follows: the BMI was 21.5 ± 1.4 kg/m2, BF % was 21.9 ± 4.7%, LBM was 41.2 ± 3.4 kg, BMD total was 1.22 ± 0.08 g/cm2, and BMC total was 2486 ± 344 g. Furthermore, the average weekly volume of training was 23.5 ± 1.4 h, with the highest training volume occurring on Monday and Tuesday and high variability within gymnasts. Our study also revealed that the most frequently injured joints that had the most negative impact on training volume, sport performance and pain status were the ankles and low back, followed by the knees and shoulders. This kind of yearly screening method is warranted to allow more definitive conclusions to be made on adjusted training and preventive strategies.
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73
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Smith-Ryan AE, Hirsch KR, Saylor HE, Gould LM, Blue MNM. Nutritional Considerations and Strategies to Facilitate Injury Recovery and Rehabilitation. J Athl Train 2021; 55:918-930. [PMID: 32991705 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-550-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional interventions are not commonly a standard of care in rehabilitation interventions. A nutritional approach has the potential to be a low-cost, high-volume strategy that complements the existing standard of care. In this commentary, our aim is to provide an evidence-based, practical guide for athletes with injuries treated surgically or conservatively, along with healing and rehabilitation considerations. Injuries are a normal and expected part of exercise participation. Regardless of severity, an injury typically results in the athlete's short- or long-term removal from participation. Nutritional interventions may augment the recovery process and support optimal healing; therefore, incorporating nutritional strategies is important at each stage of the healing process. Preoperative nutrition and nutritional demands during rehabilitation are key factors to consider. The physiological response to wounds, immobilization, and traumatic brain injuries may be improved by optimizing macronutrient composition, caloric consumption, and nutrient timing and using select dietary supplements. Previous research supports practical nutrition recommendations to reduce surgical complications, minimize deficits after immobilization, and maximize the chance of safe return to play. These recommendations include identifying the individual's caloric requirements to ensure that energy needs are being met. A higher protein intake, with special attention to evenly distributed consumption throughout the day, will help to minimize loss of muscle and strength during immobilization. Dietary-supplement strategies may be useful when navigating the challenges of appropriate caloric intake and timing and a reduced appetite. The rehabilitation process also requires a strong nutritional plan to enhance recovery from injury. Athletic trainers, physical therapists, and other health care professionals should provide basic nutritional recommendations during rehabilitation, discuss the timing of meals with respect to therapy, and refer the patient to a registered dietitian if warranted. Because nutrition plays an essential role in injury recovery and rehabilitation, nutritional interventions should become a component of standard-of-care practice after injury. In this article, we address best practices for implementing nutritional strategies among patients with athletic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Katie R Hirsch
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Hannah E Saylor
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Lacey M Gould
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Malia N M Blue
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Bassaganya-Riera J, Berry EM, Blaak EE, Burlingame B, le Coutre J, van Eden W, El-Sohemy A, German JB, Knorr D, Lacroix C, Muscaritoli M, Nieman DC, Rychlik M, Scholey A, Serafini M. Goals in Nutrition Science 2020-2025. Front Nutr 2021; 7:606378. [PMID: 33665201 PMCID: PMC7923694 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.606378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Five years ago, with the editorial board of Frontiers in Nutrition, we took a leap of faith to outline the Goals for Nutrition Science - the way we see it (1). Now, in 2020, we can put ourselves to the test and take a look back. Without a doubt we got it right with several of the key directions. To name a few, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for Food and Nutrition are part of the global public agenda, and the SDGs contribute to the structuring of international science and research. Nutritional Science has become a critical element in strengthening work on the SDGs, and the development of appropriate methodologies is built on the groundwork of acquiring and analyzing big datasets. Investigation of the Human Microbiome is providing novel insight on the interrelationship between nutrition, the immune system and disease. Finally, with an advanced definition of the gut-brain-axis we are getting a glimpse into the potential for Nutrition and Brain Health. Various milestones have been achieved, and any look into the future will have to consider the lessons learned from Covid-19 and the sobering awareness about the frailty of our food systems in ensuring global food security. With a view into the coming 5 years from 2020 to 2025, the editorial board has taken a slightly different approach as compared to the previous Goals article. A mind map has been created to outline the key topics in nutrition science. Not surprisingly, when looking ahead, the majority of scientific investigation required will be in the areas of health and sustainability. Johannes le Coutre, Field Chief Editor, Frontiers in Nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory (NIMML) Institute, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Elliot M Berry
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes le Coutre
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ahmed El-Sohemy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dietrich Knorr
- Institute of Food Technology and Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christophe Lacroix
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Muscaritoli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - David C Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Technical University of Munich, Analytical Food Chemistry, Freising, Germany
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mauro Serafini
- Functional Food and Metabolic Stress Prevention Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences and Technologies for Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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75
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Patel KA, Farias de Oliveira L, Sale C, James RM. The effect of β-alanine supplementation on high intensity cycling capacity in normoxia and hypoxia. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1295-1301. [PMID: 33491594 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1867416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The availability of dietary beta-alanine (BA) is the limiting factor in carnosine synthesis within human muscle due to its low intramuscular concentration and substrate affinity. Carnosine can accept hydrogen ions (H+), making it an important intramuscular buffer against exercise-induced acidosis. Metabolite accumulation rate increases when exercising in hypoxic conditions, thus an increased carnosine concentration could attenuate H+ build-up when exercising in hypoxic conditions. This study examined the effects of BA supplementation on high intensity cycling capacity in normoxia and hypoxia. In a double-blind design, nineteen males were matched into a BA group (n = 10; 6.4 g·d-1) or a placebo group (PLA; n = 9) and supplemented for 28 days, carrying out two pre- and two post-supplementation cycling capacity trials at 110% of powermax, one in normoxia and one in hypoxia (15.5% O2). Hypoxia led to a 9.1% reduction in exercise capacity, but BA supplementation had no significant effect on exercise capacity in normoxia or hypoxia (P > 0.05). Blood lactate accumulation showed a significant trial x time interaction post-supplementation (P = 0.016), although this was not significantly different between groups. BA supplementation did not increase high intensity cycling capacity in normoxia, nor did it improve cycling capacity in hypoxia even though exercise capacity was reduced under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Akshay Patel
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Luana Farias de Oliveira
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Craig Sale
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ruth M James
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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76
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Nabhan D, Taylor D, Lewis M, Bahr R. Protecting the world's finest athletes: periodic health evaluation practices of the top performing National Olympic Committees from the 2016 Rio or 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Games. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:961-967. [PMID: 33468453 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe the periodic health evaluation (PHE) practices of the top performing National Olympic Committees (NOCs). METHODS We sent a survey to NOCs finishing in the top 8 for medal count at the 2016 Rio Olympic Games or 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Games. The survey included four sections: (1) PHE staff composition and roles, (2) beliefs regarding the PHE, (3) a ranking of risk factors for future injury and (4) details on the elements of the PHE. RESULTS All 14 NOCs with top 8 finishes at the 2016 Rio Olympic Games or 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Games completed the survey. NOCs included a median of seven staff specialties in the PHE, with physicians and physiotherapists having the highest level of involvement. There was agreement that PHEs are effective in identifying current health conditions (13/14) and that athletes should receive individualised action plans after their PHE (14/14), but less agreement (6/14) that PHEs can predict future injury. The practices of NOCs were diverse and often specific to the athlete population being tested, but always included the patient's health history, laboratory studies, cardiovascular screening and assessments of movement capacity. The top three risk factors for future injury were thought to be previous injury, age and training experience. CONCLUSIONS Among the top performing NOCs, the PHE is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary process aimed to identify existing conditions and provide baseline health and performance profiles in the event of future injury. Research linking PHEs to injury prevention is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Nabhan
- Sports Medicine, United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA .,US Coalition for Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - David Taylor
- Sports Medicine, United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA.,US Coalition for Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Melie Lewis
- Sports Medicine, United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA.,US Coalition for Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway
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77
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Russo I, Della Gatta PA, Garnham A, Porter J, Burke LM, Costa RJS. Does the Nutritional Composition of Dairy Milk Based Recovery Beverages Influence Post-exercise Gastrointestinal and Immune Status, and Subsequent Markers of Recovery Optimisation in Response to High Intensity Interval Exercise? Front Nutr 2021; 7:622270. [PMID: 33521041 PMCID: PMC7840831 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.622270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of flavored dairy milk based recovery beverages of different nutrition compositions on markers of gastrointestinal and immune status, and subsequent recovery optimisation markers. After completing 2 h high intensity interval running, participants (n = 9) consumed a whole food dairy milk recovery beverage (CM, 1.2 g/kg body mass (BM) carbohydrate and 0.4 g/kg BM protein) or a dairy milk based supplement beverage (MBSB, 2.2 g/kg BM carbohydrate and 0.8 g/kg BM protein) in a randomized crossover design. Venous blood samples, body mass, body water, and breath samples were collected, and gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) were measured, pre- and post-exercise, and during recovery. Muscle biopsies were performed at 0 and 2 h of recovery. The following morning, participants returned to the laboratory to assess performance outcomes. In the recovery period, carbohydrate malabsorption (breath H2 peak: 49 vs. 24 ppm) occurred on MBSB compared to CM, with a trend toward greater gut discomfort. No difference in gastrointestinal integrity (i.e., I-FABP and sCD14) or immune response (i.e., circulating leukocyte trafficking, bacterially-stimulated neutrophil degranulation, and systemic inflammatory profile) markers were observed between CM and MBSB. Neither trial achieved a positive rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis [-25.8 (35.5) mmol/kg dw/h]. Both trials increased phosphorylation of intramuscular signaling proteins. Greater fluid retention (total body water: 86.9 vs. 81.9%) occurred on MBSB compared to CM. Performance outcomes did not differ between trials. The greater nutrient composition of MBSB induced greater gastrointestinal functional disturbance, did not prevent the post-exercise reduction in neutrophil function, and did not support greater overall acute recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Russo
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A Della Gatta
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Judi Porter
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia.,School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ricardo J S Costa
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
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78
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Cyranka K, Dudek D, Małecki MT, Klupa T. "Fighting spirit": specific personality traits as one of the key factors for sport championship in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Int 2021; 12:317-323. [PMID: 33457163 PMCID: PMC7804577 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-020-00488-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is ample evidence that sport is a protective factor against a number of health risks, across all ages, in the general population. An in-depth understanding of energy metabolism has reasonably entailed exercise as a cornerstone in the lifestyle of almost all subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Nevertheless, individuals with T1DM often fail in accomplishing exercise guidelines and they are often less active than their peer without diabetes. Two major obstacles are feared: management of blood glucose control and hypoglycemia. Nowadays, strategies, including glucose monitoring technology and insulin pump therapy, have significantly contributed to the participation in regular physical activity, and even in competitive sports, for T1DM people. The case report presents an analysis of specific personality traits and psychological parameters of 20 years old female Polish multiple champion in weightlifting with excellent T1DM control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Cyranka
- Department of Psychiatry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.,University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominika Dudek
- Department of Psychiatry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.,University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej T Małecki
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.,University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Klupa
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.,University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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79
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Jakše B, Jakše B, Mis NF, Jug B, Šajber D, Godnov U, Čuk I. Nutritional Status and Cardiovascular Health in Female Adolescent Elite-Level Artistic Gymnasts and Swimmers: A Cross-Sectional Study of 31 Athletes. J Nutr Metab 2021; 2021:8810548. [PMID: 33505718 PMCID: PMC7815399 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8810548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nutritional status is important for health and competitive achievement. This area remains understudied among elite-level female athletes and is appropriate for research. We examined nutritional status and cardiovascular health markers of two groups of female athletes of the same age and competition period, involved in weight-bearing and a non-weight-bearing sport: gymnasts (n = 17) and swimmers (n = 14); mean age 17.4 and 16.6 years. METHODS Body composition and dietary intake were assessed by bioelectrical impedance and Food Frequency Questionnaire. The concentrations of serum micronutrients (B12, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D), calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and iron), blood lipids, and blood pressure (BP) were measured. Setting and Participants. A cross-sectional study of 31 athletes from Slovenia. RESULTS Gymnasts had higher body mass index (21.5 vs. 20.1 kg/m2, p=0.043) and lower fat free mass (42.4 vs. 46.6 kg, p=0.024) than swimmers and comparable body fat percentage (22.5 vs. 22.8%). Both groups had low intake of carbohydrates, fibre, polyunsaturated fats, protein (only gymnasts), and micronutrients (11/13 micronutrients gymnasts and 4/13 swimmers) and high intake of free sugars and saturated fats. Both groups also had significantly lower-than-recommended serum levels of 25 (OH) D. All cardiovascular risk factors were within recommended ranges. Gymnasts had higher LDL cholesterol (2.7 vs. 2.2 mmol/L, p < 0.011), and swimmers had higher systolic BP (126 vs. 107 mmHg, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Dietary intake especially in gymnasts was suboptimal, which may reflect in anthropometric and cardiovascular marker differences between gymnasts and swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boštjan Jakše
- Department of Food Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Nataša Fidler Mis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Borut Jug
- Centre for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dorica Šajber
- Department of Swimming, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Godnov
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Čuk
- Department of Gymnastics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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80
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sorell
- Department of Family Medicine, St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center, Mishawaka, IN
| | | | - Stephen M Simons
- Sports Medicine and Orthopedics, St. Joseph Regional Medical Center, Medical Office Building at Mishawaka Medical Center, Mishawaka, IN
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81
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Cannata F, Vadalà G, Ambrosio L, Papalia R, Napoli N. Nutritional Therapy for Athletes with Diabetes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5040083. [PMID: 33467298 PMCID: PMC7739333 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a worldwide disease also affecting the sports field. The two main forms of diabetes, namely type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), differ in both their pathological and pharmacological characteristics and thus require a distinct nutritional treatment. Diet plays an important role in the management of athletes with diabetes and is crucial to achieving their best performance. This review aims to investigate the objectives of nutritional therapy before, during and after training, in order to improve the best composition of macronutrients during meals. In this review, we provide a brief overview of recent studies about nutritional approaches to people with diabetes for performance optimization and for the control of diabetes-related complications. Thereafter, we discuss the differences between macronutrients and dietary intake before, during and after training. It can be concluded that each sport has particular characteristics in terms of endurance and power, hence demanding a specific energy expenditure and consequent nutritional adjustments. Therefore, the management of athletes with diabetes must be personalized and supported by medical professionals, including a diabetologist, physiologist and a nutritionist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cannata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Gianluca Vadalà
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-225-418-228
| | - Luca Ambrosio
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Rocco Papalia
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Nicola Napoli
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (N.N.)
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82
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Benardot D. Nutritional Concerns for the Artistic Athlete. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2020; 32:51-64. [PMID: 33198898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Performing artists are similar to sports athletes, with repeated patterns of training and performing. This requires that artistic athletes manage the dynamic interaction between energy/nutrient/fluid utilization and provision to assure long, healthful, and successful careers. Although sports athletes have an abundance of science-based nutritional guidance available, there are few nutrition-focused resources available to artistic athletes, which can result in failure to optimally satisfy the artistic athlete's individual nutritional needs. The purpose of this article is to review common nutritional issues faced by artistic athletes and to present science-based nutrition strategies that can aid in lowering nutrition-associated health and performance risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Benardot
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Candler Library, Emory University, Suite 107, Atlanta, GA 30323, USA; Emeritus, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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83
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Harber MP, McCurry A, Carlini N, Kistler B, Fleenor BS. Caffeine ingestion alters central hemodynamics following aerobic exercise in middle-aged men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:435-443. [PMID: 33098463 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the acute influence of caffeine on post-exercise central blood pressures, arterial stiffness, and wave reflection properties. METHODS In a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover study design, ten middle-aged males (55 ± 5 year) completed two exercise trials after ingestion of caffeine (400 mg) or placebo. Measurements were taken before and 30 min post-ingestion via cuff-based pulse wave analysis (PWA) and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV). Participants performed a 40-min cycling bout at 70% HRmax with matched workloads between trials. PWA and PWV were reassessed 30 min post-exercise. RESULTS Prior to exercise, compared to placebo, caffeine increased brachial systolic blood pressure (bSBP) (+ 12.3 ± 2.4 mmHg; p = 0.004), brachial diastolic blood pressure (bDBP) (+ 7.7 ± 0.9 mmHg; p = 0.011), central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) (+ 11.1 ± 2.1 mmHg; p = 0.005) and central diastolic blood pressure (cDBP) (+ 7.6 ± 1.0 mmHg; p = 0.012). PWV was higher 30 min after pill ingestion (p = 0.021 for time) with a trend for a greater increase in caffeine (p = 0.074 for interaction). bSBP (p = 0.036) and cSBP (p = 0.007) were lower after exercise but remained higher (both p < 0.001) in caffeine compared to placebo. PWV remained higher (p = 0.023) after exercise in caffeine compared to placebo but was not influenced by exercise. At rest, augmentation pressure (AP) and index (AIx) were not influenced by caffeine ingestion. Conversely, AIx was lower (p = 0.009) after exercise in placebo only. CONCLUSION In healthy and active middle-aged men, pre-exercise caffeine ingestion led to higher central and peripheral systolic blood pressures, PWV and AIx at 30 min post-exercise, indicating an increased left ventricular workload which may have implications for cardiovascular event risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Harber
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA.
| | - Allison McCurry
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA
| | - Nicholas Carlini
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA
| | - Brandon Kistler
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Bradley S Fleenor
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA
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84
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Collins J, Maughan RJ, Gleeson M, Bilsborough J, Jeukendrup A, Morton JP, Phillips SM, Armstrong L, Burke LM, Close GL, Duffield R, Larson-Meyer E, Louis J, Medina D, Meyer F, Rollo I, Sundgot-Borgen J, Wall BT, Boullosa B, Dupont G, Lizarraga A, Res P, Bizzini M, Castagna C, Cowie CM, D'Hooghe M, Geyer H, Meyer T, Papadimitriou N, Vouillamoz M, McCall A. UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Current evidence to inform practical recommendations and guide future research. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:416. [PMID: 33097528 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Football is a global game which is constantly evolving, showing substantial increases in physical and technical demands. Nutrition plays a valuable integrated role in optimising performance of elite players during training and match-play, and maintaining their overall health throughout the season. An evidence-based approach to nutrition emphasising, a 'food first' philosophy (ie, food over supplements), is fundamental to ensure effective player support. This requires relevant scientific evidence to be applied according to the constraints of what is practical and feasible in the football setting. The science underpinning sports nutrition is evolving fast, and practitioners must be alert to new developments. In response to these developments, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) has gathered experts in applied sports nutrition research as well as practitioners working with elite football clubs and national associations/federations to issue an expert statement on a range of topics relevant to elite football nutrition: (1) match day nutrition, (2) training day nutrition, (3) body composition, (4) stressful environments and travel, (5) cultural diversity and dietary considerations, (6) dietary supplements, (7) rehabilitation, (8) referees and (9) junior high-level players. The expert group provide a narrative synthesis of the scientific background relating to these topics based on their knowledge and experience of the scientific research literature, as well as practical experience of applying knowledge within an elite sports setting. Our intention is to provide readers with content to help drive their own practical recommendations. In addition, to provide guidance to applied researchers where to focus future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Collins
- Intra Performance Group, London, UK.,Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Gleeson
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Johann Bilsborough
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,New England Patriots, Foxboro, MA, USA
| | - Asker Jeukendrup
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,MySport Science, Birmingham, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - S M Phillips
- Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence Armstrong
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rob Duffield
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Medina
- Athlete Care and Performance, Monumental Sports & Entertainment, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Flavia Meyer
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ian Rollo
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Gregory Dupont
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Peter Res
- Dutch Olympic Team, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mario Bizzini
- Research and Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Castagna
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Technical Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Florence, Italy.,Italian Football Referees Association, Bologna, Italy
| | - Charlotte M Cowie
- Technical Directorate, Football Association, Burton upon Trent, UK.,Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Michel D'Hooghe
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Medical Centre of Excelence, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Alan McCall
- Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK .,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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85
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Nutrition and Exercise Performance in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. Can J Diabetes 2020; 44:750-758. [PMID: 32847769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The best nutritional practices for exercise and sports performance are largely activity specific. The presence of type 1 diabetes undeniably bestows additional factors to consider to manage exercise and ensure adequate nutrients and fuels are available for optimal performance. Whether participating in sports or physical activity on a recreational basis or striving to achieve a high level of athletic performance, individuals with type 1 diabetes must pay attention to their nutritional and dietary patterns, including intake of macronutrients, micronutrients, fluids and supplements, such as caffeine to maintain metabolic and glycemic balance. Performance aside, nutritional recommendations may also differ on an individual basis relative to exercise, glycemic management and body weight goals. Balancing all these dietary factors can be challenging for individuals with type 1 diabetes, and many related aspects have yet to be fully researched in this population.
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86
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Riddell MC, Scott SN, Fournier PA, Colberg SR, Gallen IW, Moser O, Stettler C, Yardley JE, Zaharieva DP, Adolfsson P, Bracken RM. The competitive athlete with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1475-1490. [PMID: 32533229 PMCID: PMC7351823 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regular exercise is important for health, fitness and longevity in people living with type 1 diabetes, and many individuals seek to train and compete while living with the condition. Muscle, liver and glycogen metabolism can be normal in athletes with diabetes with good overall glucose management, and exercise performance can be facilitated by modifications to insulin dose and nutrition. However, maintaining normal glucose levels during training, travel and competition can be a major challenge for athletes living with type 1 diabetes. Some athletes have low-to-moderate levels of carbohydrate intake during training and rest days but tend to benefit, from both a glucose and performance perspective, from high rates of carbohydrate feeding during long-distance events. This review highlights the unique metabolic responses to various types of exercise in athletes living with type 1 diabetes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Riddell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Muscle Health Research Centre and Physical Activity & Chronic Disease Unit, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
- LMC Diabetes & Endocrinology, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Sam N Scott
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Team Novo Nordisk Professional Cycling Team, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paul A Fournier
- School of Human Sciences, Division Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Sheri R Colberg
- Human Movement Sciences Department, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Ian W Gallen
- Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK
| | - Othmar Moser
- Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Stettler
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jane E Yardley
- Augustana Faculty, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dessi P Zaharieva
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter Adolfsson
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital of Halland, Kungsbacka, Sweden
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard M Bracken
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, A111 Engineering East, Fabian Way, Crymlyn Burrows, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK.
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87
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Tabata S, Yamasawa F, Torii S, Manabe T, Kamada H, Namba A, Kato J, Kaneko H, Tahara K, Tsukahara Y, Sato K. Use of nutritional supplements by elite Japanese track and field athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:38. [PMID: 32698870 PMCID: PMC7374838 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While scientific evidence supports the efficacy of only limited nutritional supplements (NS) on sports performance, the use of NS is widespread in athletes. Given the serious issues of health damage or unintended Anti-Doping Rule Violations due to ingestion of contaminated NS in sports, accurately understanding NS practices by athletes is crucial. This study therefore elucidated the use of NS by elite Japanese track and field (TF) athletes. METHODS The subjects were 574 Japanese TF athletes, including 275 junior athletes (under 20 years) and 299 senior athletes, who participated in international competitions from 2013 to 2018. Data on NS use were collected through pre-participation medical forms obtained from all entrants before their participation in competitions. NS users were requested to report the product names and primary components of all NS they were taking. RESULTS The overall prevalence of NS use was 63.9%. The mean number of NS products used per athlete was 1.4. The prevalence was significantly higher in women (69.2%) than in men (59.6%) (p = 0.018) and significantly higher in senior athletes (68.9%) than in junior athletes (58.9%) (p = 0.012). The prevalence of NS use was higher in long-distance runners (75.8%) and lower in jumpers (52.3%) and throwers (49.2%) than other disciplines (p < 0.001). The most prevalent components were amino acids (49.3%), followed by vitamins (48.3%), minerals (22.8%), and protein (17.8%). CONCLUSIONS Approximately two-thirds of elite Japanese TF athletes reported the use of NS, and NS practices varied by gender, age, and discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Tabata
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi 35, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. .,Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Fumihiro Yamasawa
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suguru Torii
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima 2-579-15, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Manabe
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Sports Medicine Research Center, Keio University, Hiyoshi 4-1-1, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamada
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Amakubo 2-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Namba
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Saitama Medical University, Morohongo 38, Moroyama, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jo Kato
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Kasumigaura Medical Center, Shimotakatsu 2-17-14, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Haruka Kaneko
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medicine for Orthopedics and Motor Organ, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 3-1-3, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Tahara
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Musashinodai 2-8-29, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Tsukahara
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi 35, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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88
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Arent SM, Cintineo HP, McFadden BA, Chandler AJ, Arent MA. Nutrient Timing: A Garage Door of Opportunity? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071948. [PMID: 32629950 PMCID: PMC7400240 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient timing involves manipulation of nutrient consumption at specific times in and around exercise bouts in an effort to improve performance, recovery, and adaptation. Its historical perspective centered on ingestion during exercise and grew to include pre- and post-training periods. As research continued, translational focus remained primarily on the impact and outcomes related to nutrient consumption during one specific time period to the exclusion of all others. Additionally, there seemed to be increasing emphasis on outcomes related to hypertrophy and strength at the expense of other potentially more impactful performance measures. As consumption of nutrients does not occur at only one time point in the day, the effect and impact of energy and macronutrient availability becomes an important consideration in determining timing of additional nutrients in and around training and competition. This further complicates the confining of the definition of “nutrient timing” to one very specific moment in time at the exclusion of all other time points. As such, this review suggests a new perspective built on evidence of the interconnectedness of nutrient impact and provides a pragmatic approach to help frame nutrient timing more inclusively. Using this approach, it is argued that the concept of nutrient timing is constrained by reliance on interpretation of an “anabolic window” and may be better viewed as a “garage door of opportunity” to positively impact performance, recovery, and athlete availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M. Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (H.P.C.); (B.A.M.); (A.J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-803-576-8394
| | - Harry P. Cintineo
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (H.P.C.); (B.A.M.); (A.J.C.)
| | - Bridget A. McFadden
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (H.P.C.); (B.A.M.); (A.J.C.)
| | - Alexa J. Chandler
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (H.P.C.); (B.A.M.); (A.J.C.)
| | - Michelle A. Arent
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
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89
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Lastella M, Memon AR, Vincent GE. Global Research Output on Sleep Research in Athletes from 1966 to 2019: A Bibliometric Analysis. Clocks Sleep 2020; 2:99-119. [PMID: 33089195 PMCID: PMC7445811 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep2020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined sleep research in athletes published between 1966 and 2019, through a bibliometric analysis of research output in the Scopus database. Following a robust assessment of titles, the bibliometric indicators of productivity for studies included in the final analysis were: Distribution of publications and citations (excluding self-citations), top ten active journals, countries, institutions and authors, single- and multi-country collaboration, and 25 top-cited papers. Out of the 1015 papers, 313 were included in the final analysis. The majority of the papers were research articles (n = 259; 82.8%) and published in English (n = 295; 94.3%). From 2011, there was a dramatic increase in papers published (n = 257; 82.1%) and citations (n = 3538; 91.0%). The number of collaborations increased after 2001, with papers published through international (n = 81; 25.9%) and national (n = 192; 61.3%) collaboration. Australia was the most prolific country in terms of number of publications (n = 97; 31.0%), and citations (n = 1529; 15.8%). In conclusion, after the beginning of the twenty-first century, the scientific production on sleep research in athletes has seen significant growth in publication and citation output. Future research should focus on interventions to improve sleep in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Lastella
- Appleton Institute of Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide 5034, South Australia, Australia; (M.L.); (G.E.V.)
| | - Aamir Raoof Memon
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Nawabshah (SBA), Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Grace E. Vincent
- Appleton Institute of Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide 5034, South Australia, Australia; (M.L.); (G.E.V.)
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90
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The Impact of a Dairy Milk Recovery Beverage on Bacterially Stimulated Neutrophil Function and Gastrointestinal Tolerance in Response to Hypohydration Inducing Exercise Stress. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 30:237-248. [PMID: 32460239 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the impact of a dairy milk recovery beverage immediately after endurance exercise on leukocyte trafficking, neutrophil function, and gastrointestinal tolerance markers during recovery. Male runners (N = 11) completed two feeding trials in randomized order, after 2 hr of running at 70% V˙O2max, fluid restricted, in temperate conditions (25 °C, 43% relative humidity). Immediately postexercise, the participants received a chocolate-flavored dairy milk beverage equating to 1.2 g/kg body mass carbohydrate and 0.4 g/kg body mass protein in one trial, and water volume equivalent in another trial. Venous blood and breath samples were collected preexercise, postexercise, and during recovery to determine the leukocyte counts, plasma intestinal fatty acid binding protein, and cortisol concentrations, as well as breath H2. In addition, 1,000 µl of whole blood was incubated with 1 μg/ml Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide for 1 hr at 37 °C to determine the stimulated plasma elastase concentration. Gastrointestinal symptoms and feeding tolerance markers were measured preexercise, every 15 min during exercise, and hourly postexercise for 3 hr. The postexercise leukocyte (mean [95% confidence interval]: 12.7 [11.6, 14.0] × 109/L [main effect of time, MEOT]; p < .001) and neutrophil (10.2 [9.1, 11.5] × 109/L; p < .001) counts, as well as the plasma intestinal fatty acid binding protein (470 pg/ml; +120%; p = .012) and cortisol (236 nMol/L; +71%; p = .006) concentrations, were similar throughout recovery for both trials. No significant difference in breath H2 and gastrointestinal symptoms was observed between trials. The total (Trial × Time, p = .025) and per cell (Trial × Time, p = .001) bacterially stimulated neutrophil elastase release was greater for the chocolate-flavored dairy milk recovery beverage (+360% and +28%, respectively) in recovery, compared with the water trial (+85% and -38%, respectively). Chocolate-flavored dairy milk recovery beverage consumption immediately after exercise prevents the decrease in neutrophil function during the recovery period, and it does not account for substantial malabsorption or gastrointestinal symptoms over a water volume equivalent.
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91
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Beermann BL, Lee DG, Almstedt HC, McCormack WP. Nutritional Intake and Energy Availability of Collegiate Distance Runners. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 39:747-755. [PMID: 32191158 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1735570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Research investigating the dietary habits of distance runners has presented varying results. Proper dietary intake appears to enhance distance running performance and low dietary intake may impact health. The purpose of this investigation was to perform a comprehensive evaluation of nutrient intake of collegiate distance runners with comparison to recommendations for athletes.Methods: Twenty-one men (Age: 19.6 ± 1.2 years; height: 177.1 ± 5.7 cm; body mass: 65.7 ± 4.6 kg; body fat: 15.5 ± 2.2%) and 20 women (Age: 20.2 ± 1.7 years; height: 162.9 ± 6.6 cm; body mass: 53.7 ± 6.5 kg; body fat: 23.3 ± 3.6%) volunteered to participate in the investigation. Energy intake was derived from the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire. Energy availability was calculated by subtracting exercising energy expenditure from daily energy intake, divided by bone free lean mass and fat-free mass. Macronutrient and micronutrient consumption were compared with the appropriate dietary reference intake values, U.S. Dietary Guidelines, or standards recommended for endurance athletes.Results: Dietary intake for the men was 2,741.0 ± 815.2kilocalories and for the women was 1,927.7 ± 638.2kilocalories. A majority of the runners (73%) consumed less than recommended levels of carbohydrates. All men and 75% of women met or exceeded the recommended daily protein intake. Fifty percent of women and 24% of men did not meet the recommended daily allowance for calcium. Ninety-five percent of the runners did not meet the RDA for vitamin D. All the men and 75% of the women met the RDA for iron intake, with 24 of the runners taking an iron supplement. Eight men and 10 women did not meet the recommended intake for potassium.Conclusion: The dietary intake in this group of distance runners is below that necessary for the level of energy expended in their training. Carbohydrate intake is below the recommended amount for endurance athletes, and the calcium and vitamin D intake may not be favorable for bone health in this group of distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L Beermann
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Deborah G Lee
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hawley C Almstedt
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - William P McCormack
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, USA
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92
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Amatori S, Sisti D, Perroni F, Impey S, Lantignotti M, Gervasi M, Donati Zeppa S, Rocchi MBL. Which are the Nutritional Supplements Used by Beach-Volleyball Athletes? A Cross-Sectional Study at the Italian National Championship. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8030031. [PMID: 32168730 PMCID: PMC7183069 DOI: 10.3390/sports8030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Beach volleyball is an intermittent team sport played under high temperature and humidity. Given that some nutritional supplements can enhance sports performance, this study aimed to evaluate the quantity and the heterogeneity of the nutritional supplementation practices of amateur (n = 69) and professional (n = 19) beach volley athletes competing in the Italian National Championship; an online form was used to collect data about the supplementation habits. The latent class analysis was used to find sub-groups characterised by different habits regarding supplements consumption. The most frequently used supplements (more than once a week) are vitamins B and C (39.2% of athletes), protein (46.8%), and caffeine (36.9%). The latent class analysis revealed three different sub-groups of athletes: the first class (56.7%) included athletes who were used to take very few supplements, the second class (17.0%) was characterised by higher consumption of supplements and the third class (26.2%) was in the middle between the others two. Groups were characterised not only by the quantity but also by the category of supplements used. Our results highlighted a high heterogeneity in supplementation habits. A pragmatic approach to supplements and sports foods is needed in the face of the evidence that some products can usefully contribute to enhancing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Amatori
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (S.A.); (D.S.); (M.L.); (M.B.L.R.)
| | - Davide Sisti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (S.A.); (D.S.); (M.L.); (M.B.L.R.)
| | - Fabrizio Perroni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti 26/2, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (M.G.); (S.D.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-338-2923797
| | - Samuel Impey
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Building 21, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia;
| | - Michela Lantignotti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (S.A.); (D.S.); (M.L.); (M.B.L.R.)
| | - Marco Gervasi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti 26/2, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (M.G.); (S.D.Z.)
| | - Sabrina Donati Zeppa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti 26/2, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (M.G.); (S.D.Z.)
| | - Marco B. L. Rocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (S.A.); (D.S.); (M.L.); (M.B.L.R.)
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93
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Meng K, Qiu J, Benardot D, Carr A, Yi L, Wang J, Liang Y. The risk of low energy availability in Chinese elite and recreational female aesthetic sports athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:13. [PMID: 32131846 PMCID: PMC7055083 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low energy availability (LEA) is a medical condition observed in athletes, with a higher prevalence in aesthetic sports. For the first time, this study evaluated the relative prevalence of LEA in female elite athletes (ELA) and recreational athletes (REA) in aesthetic sports in China. Methods Female athletes from 6 sports (trampolining, rhythmic gymnastics, aerobics, dance sport, cheerleading and dance) were recruited, including ELA (n = 52; age = 20 ± 3) on Chinese national teams and REA (n = 114; Age = 20 ± 2) from Beijing Sport University. Participants completed 2 online questionnaires to assess LEA and eating disorder risk. These included the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q), which provided information on injury history, gastrointestinal function and menstrual history, and the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 Referral Form (EDI-3 RF). For a sub-group of elite athletes (n = 14), body composition, bone mineral density, and blood serum were also quantified. Results A total of 41.6% of participants (n = 69) were at increased risk of LEA, and 57.2% of participants (n = 95) were classified as high in eating disorder risk. For ELA vs. REA, there was a significantly higher prevalence of LEA risk (55.8% vs. 35.1%; p = 0.012) and amenorrhea (53.8% vs. 13.3%; p < 0.001). Elite athletes at increased risk of LEA had significantly lower estradiol (p = 0.021) and whole-body BMD (p = 0.028). Pearson correlations indicated that the whole-body BMD (r = − 0.667, p = 0.009) correlated negatively with LEAF-Q score. Conclusions Results of this study indicate that there is a risk of LEA in female Chinese athletes within aesthetic sports, and significantly higher prevalence of increased LEA risk observed in ELA than in REA. Chinese coaches and sports medicine staff working elite female athletes in aesthetic sports should develop strategies to reduce the prevalence of LEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Meng
- Arts School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Junqiang Qiu
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
| | - Dan Benardot
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amelia Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Longyan Yi
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jieting Wang
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.,Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yiheng Liang
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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94
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Forbes SC, Bell GJ. Whey protein isolate or concentrate combined with concurrent training does not augment performance, cardiorespiratory fitness, or strength adaptations. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:832-840. [PMID: 32141277 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein supplementation alters both strength and endurance training adaptations individually; however less is known regarding protein supplementation during concurrent training. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of whey protein supplementation during six weeks of concurrent training on performance, cardiorespiratory fitness, and maximal strength adaptations, as well as acute hormonal and immune responses. A secondary purpose was to explore the effects of two types of whey protein powders on these latter variables. METHODS Thirty-one participants were randomly assigned to supplement with a placebo (PLA; N.=10), whey protein isolate (WPI; N.=10), or whey protein concentrate (WPC; N.=11) in addition to their habitual diet. Total protein intake was 1.2, 3.5, and 3.5 g/kg/day for PLA, WPI, WPC groups, respectively. Exercise testing was performed before and after 6 weeks of concurrent training. Blood samples were obtained at rest, and 5 and 60 minutes after a simulated 2000 m rowing race prior to and after training. RESULTS There were similar but significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (PLA +7.5%; WPI +3.9%; WPC +6.9%), upper body strength (PLA +5.5%; WPI +5.1%; WPC +6.7%), lower body strength (PLA +13.6%; WPI +9.4%; WPC +14.1%) and 2000m rowing performance (PLA -2.5%; WPI -2.3%; WPC -2.3%) in all groups, P<0.05. As well, hormonal and immune responses to acute exercise were similar over time and between groups. CONCLUSIONS Whey protein supplementation did not differentially influence performance, cardiorespiratory fitness, upper and lower body strength, immune or hormonal adaptations following 6 weeks of concurrent training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada -
| | - Gordon J Bell
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Abstract
Exercise is universally recognized for its health benefits and distance running has long been a popular form of exercise and sport. Ultramarathons, defined as races longer than a marathon, have become increasingly popular in recent years. The diverse ultramarathon distances and courses provide additional challenges in race performance and medical coverage for these events. As the sport grows in popularity, more literature has become available regarding ultramarathon-specific illnesses and injuries, nutrition guidelines, psychology, physiologic changes, and equipment. This review focuses on recent findings and trends in ultramarathon running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Spittler
- UCH-A.F. Williams Family Medicine Center at Stapleton, Denver, CO
| | - Lauren Oberle
- University of Colorado-Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO
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96
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Does Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation Improve Neuromuscular Performance and Match Activity in Young Basketball Players? A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010188. [PMID: 31936621 PMCID: PMC7019528 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas beetroot juice (BJ) supplementation is shown to increase physical performance in endurance activities, its benefits in team sports has been barely studied. In this randomized placebo-controlled study, we investigated the effects of BJ acute supplementation in improving neuromuscular performance and physical match activity in basketball. Ten young male competitive basketball players aged 15–16 years received 140 mL of BJ or placebo (PLA) on two separated days in a balanced cross-over design. Testing sessions comprised a neuromuscular test battery consisting of a countermovement jump (CMJ), isometric handgrip strength, 10-m/20-m sprint and agility T-test, followed by a 40-minute simulated basketball match. Physical match activity (distances, speeds, accelerations, and decelerations) was monitored using an inertial tracking system (Wimu ProTM) Results revealed no significant effects of BJ on CMJ (p = 0.304, ES = 0.13), isometric handgrip strength (p = 0.777, ES = 0.06), 10-m (p = 0.820, ES = 0.10), and 20-m sprint (p = 0.540, ES = 0.13), agility T-test (p = 0.979, ES ≤ 0.01) and any physical match demands (p > 0.151, ES = 0.13–0.48). Acute moderate doses of BJ (12.8 mmol of NO3−) was not effective in improving neuromuscular performance (jump height, isometric handgrip strength, sprint, and agility) or physical match requirements in young trained basketball players the day of the competition.
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