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Hu X, Ni Y, Wang F, Ni Z, Jin T, Li Y, Ni M. Identification of molecular mechanisms for achieving HIV-1 control in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Life Sci 2020; 265:118857. [PMID: 33301809 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Antiretroviral therapy (ART) controls viral replication but cannot eradicate an infected virus and restore the immune response of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The gene expression profiles of whole blood, PBMCs, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were obtained from GSE108297. Coexpression analysis was carried out to evaluate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between strong and weak responder HIV controllers (HICs). Enrichment analysis was used to explore the biological functions of DEGs. The key genes with common DEGs were screened using the Lasso Cox model. Then, the immune scores of HICs and HAART were calculated by ssGSEA. The content of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, key genes were verified by flow cytometry, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. KEY FINDINGS DEGs were clustered into 24 coexpression modules. DEGs related to general immune responses had the highest correlation with strong responding HICs, while DEGs mainly related to the apoptotic process had the highest correlation with weak responder HICs. The hub genes CD8A and CCT2, as well as the key genes TMEM132C and S100A9, were DEGs in HICs and HARRT. The immune score and flow cytometry showed that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of HICs were lower than those of HARRT in whole blood. Experiments confirmed the expression of key genes in HICs and HARRT. SIGNIFICANCE The key genes identified in this study highlight the strong responder HICs features that to help the immune system control HIV-1 infection. These results will be useful for developing therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Hu
- Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 380 Jianquan 1 road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, China
| | - Yongkang Ni
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, No.4 Liyushan Road, Xinshi District, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Fengying Wang
- Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 380 Jianquan 1 road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, China
| | - Zhen Ni
- Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 380 Jianquan 1 road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 380 Jianquan 1 road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, China
| | - Yuefei Li
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, No.4 Liyushan Road, Xinshi District, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Mingjian Ni
- Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 380 Jianquan 1 road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, China.
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Li Z, Hajian C, Greene WC. Identification of unrecognized host factors promoting HIV-1 latency. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009055. [PMID: 33270809 PMCID: PMC7714144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To counter HIV latency, it is important to develop a better understanding of the full range of host factors promoting latency. Their identification could suggest new strategies to reactivate latent proviruses and subsequently kill the host cells (“shock and kill”), or to permanently silence these latent proviruses (“block and lock”). We recently developed a screening strategy termed “Reiterative Enrichment and Authentication of CRISPRi Targets” (REACT) that can unambiguously identify host genes promoting HIV latency, even in the presence of high background “noise” produced by the stochastic nature of HIV reactivation. After applying this strategy in four cell lines displaying different levels of HIV inducibility, we identified FTSJ3, TMEM178A, NICN1 and the Integrator Complex as host genes promoting HIV latency. shRNA knockdown of these four repressive factors significantly enhances HIV expression in primary CD4 T cells, and active HIV infection is preferentially found in cells expressing lower levels of these four factors. Mechanistically, we found that downregulation of these newly identified host inhibitors stimulates different stages of RNA Polymerase II-mediated transcription of HIV-1. The identification and validation of these new host inhibitors provide insight into the novel mechanisms that maintain HIV latency even when cells are activated and undergo cell division. The presence of a pool of latent HIV proviruses currently thwarts a cure for HIV-infected individuals. This “latent reservoir” is primarily composed of CD4 T cells that are infected with HIV but are indistinguishable from an uninfected T cell due to a lack of viral gene expression even when the cells are activated and undergo proliferation. This finding suggests there are powerful cellular mechanisms that hold HIV transcription in check even in stimulated cells allowing latent proviruses to remain hidden. Our goal was to identify and characterize these “unknown cellular factors”. We conducted genome-wide CRISPRi screens in multiple latently infected cell lines where each cell line displayed a different depth of latency as assessed by responsiveness to latency reversing agents. Application of our recently developed iterative screening strategy (REACT) allowed us to unambiguously identify and confirm four host factors that promote HIV latency. The latency promoting activity of these four factors (FTSJ3, TMEM178A, NICN1 and the Integrator Complex) were further validated in primary CD4 T cells, where their knockdown by shRNA significantly enhances latent HIV reactivation. In addition, we found that HIV infection preferentially occurs in cells expressing lower levels of these four factors. Mechanistically, our findings suggest that the newly identified host inhibitors likely block HIV transcription through different mechanisms. The identification and validation of these host inhibitors provides important new insights into how latency is maintained in T cells that could be useful for either activating and eliminating latently infected cells (“shock and kill”), or permanently silencing the integrated latent proviruses (“block and lock”).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichong Li
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cyrus Hajian
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Santa Rosa Junior College, Santa Rosa, California, United States of America
| | - Warner C. Greene
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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53
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Chen JS, Matoga M, Massa C, Tegha G, Ndalama B, Bonongwe N, Mathiya E, Jere E, Banda G, Loftis AJ, Lancaster KE, Miller WC, Hoffman IF, Cohen MS. Effects of Urethritis on HIV in Semen: Implications for HIV Prevention and Cure. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e2000-e2004. [PMID: 33033831 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior to the widespread availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART), Men living with HIV with urethritis had increased concentration of HIV in semen. This study aims to better evaluate HIV shedding in men with urethritis receiving ART, and implications for the cure of HIV. METHODS Men living with HIV with urethritis taking ART ≥12 weeks were enrolled at a sexually transmitted infections clinic in Lilongwe, Malawi. Study follow-up included visits 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 weeks post urethritis diagnosis and treatment. Matched blood and semen samples were collected at all visits, and all additional episodes of urethritis were followed with extra visits 1, 2, and 4 weeks after treatment. RESULTS 111 men enrolled in the study between January 2017 - March 2019, and 77 (69%) were suppressed in the blood (<400 copies/mL). Among the 77 men, 87 episodes of urethritis were evaluated during follow-up. Of the 87 episodes, 15 episodes (17%) had instances of seminal viral shedding ≥400 copies/mL despite viral suppression in the blood. At follow-up of non-urethritis episodes, ≤6% of men at each visit had a viral load ≥400 copies/mL in the semen while maintaining viral suppression in the blood. CONCLUSIONS An HIV cure requires the elimination of HIV from every body compartment, but available ART does not currently accomplish this. Our study highlights the male genital tract as a local source of HIV that can be reversibly activated. A better understanding of this phenomenon is important to advance the HIV cure field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane S Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy J Loftis
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - William C Miller
- The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Irving F Hoffman
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Myron S Cohen
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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54
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Connell BJ, Hermans LE, Wensing AMJ, Schellens I, Schipper PJ, van Ham PM, de Jong DTCM, Otto S, Mathe T, Moraba R, Borghans JAM, Papathanasopoulos MA, Kruize Z, Venter FWD, Kootstra NA, Tempelman H, Tesselaar K, Nijhuis M. Immune activation correlates with and predicts CXCR4 co-receptor tropism switch in HIV-1 infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15866. [PMID: 32985522 PMCID: PMC7522993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 cell entry is mediated by binding to the CD4-receptor and chemokine co-receptors CCR5 (R5) or CXCR4 (X4). R5-tropic viruses are predominantly detected during early infection. A switch to X4-tropism often occurs during the course of infection. X4-tropism switching is strongly associated with accelerated disease progression and jeopardizes CCR5-based HIV-1 cure strategies. It is unclear whether host immunological factors play a causative role in tropism switching. We investigated the relationship between immunological factors and X4-tropism in a cross-sectional study in HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C)-infected patients and in a longitudinal HIV-1 subtype B (HIV-1B) seroconverter cohort. Principal component analysis identified a cluster of immunological markers (%HLA-DR+ CD4+ T-cells, %CD38+HLA-DR+ CD4+ T-cells, %CD38+HLA-DR+ CD8+ T-cells, %CD70+ CD4+ T-cells, %CD169+ monocytes, and absolute CD4+ T-cell count) in HIV-1C patients that was independently associated with X4-tropism (aOR 1.044, 95% CI 1.003–1.087, p = 0.0392). Analysis of individual cluster contributors revealed strong correlations of two markers of T-cell activation (%HLA-DR+ CD4+ T-cells, %HLA-DR+CD38+ CD4+ T-cells) with X4-tropism, both in HIV-1C patients (p = 0.01;p = 0.03) and HIV-1B patients (p = 0.0003;p = 0.0001). Follow-up data from HIV-1B patients subsequently revealed that T-cell activation precedes and independently predicts X4-tropism switching (aHR 1.186, 95% CI 1.065–1.321, p = 0.002), providing novel insights into HIV-1 pathogenesis and CCR5-based curative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette J Connell
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas E Hermans
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Ndlovu Research Consortium, Elandsdoorn, Limpopo Province, South Africa
| | - Annemarie M J Wensing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Ndlovu Research Consortium, Elandsdoorn, Limpopo Province, South Africa
| | - Ingrid Schellens
- Center for Translational Immunology, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline J Schipper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra M van Ham
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dorien T C M de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid Otto
- Center for Translational Immunology, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tholakele Mathe
- Ndlovu Research Consortium, Elandsdoorn, Limpopo Province, South Africa
| | - Robert Moraba
- Ndlovu Research Consortium, Elandsdoorn, Limpopo Province, South Africa
| | | | - Maria A Papathanasopoulos
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zita Kruize
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francois W D Venter
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Tempelman
- Ndlovu Research Consortium, Elandsdoorn, Limpopo Province, South Africa
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Center for Translational Immunology, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Ndlovu Research Consortium, Elandsdoorn, Limpopo Province, South Africa. .,HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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55
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Ward AR, Mota TM, Jones RB. Immunological approaches to HIV cure. Semin Immunol 2020; 51:101412. [PMID: 32981836 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has proven remarkably successful - for those who can access and afford it - yet HIV infection persists indefinitely in a reservoir of cells, despite effective ART and despite host antiviral immune responses. An HIV cure is therefore the next aspirational goal and challenge, though approaches differ in their objectives - with 'functional cures' aiming for durable viral control in the absence of ART, and 'sterilizing cures' aiming for the more difficult to realize objective of complete viral eradication. Mechanisms of HIV persistence, including viral latency, anatomical sequestration, suboptimal immune functioning, reservoir replenishment, target cell-intrinsic immune resistance, and, potentially, target cell distraction of immune effectors, likely need to be overcome in order to achieve a cure. A small fraction of people living with HIV (PLWH) naturally control infection via immune-mediated mechanisms, however, providing both sound rationale and optimism that an immunological approach to cure is possible. Herein we review up to date knowledge and emerging evidence on: the mechanisms contributing to HIV persistence, as well as potential strategies to overcome these barriers; promising immunological approaches to achieve viral control and elimination of reservoir-harboring cells, including harnessing adaptive immune responses to HIV and engineered therapies, as well as enhancers of their functions and of complementary innate immune functioning; and combination strategies that are most likely to succeed. Ultimately, a cure must be safe, effective, durable, and, eventually, scalable in order to be widely acceptable and available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; PhD Program in Epidemiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Talia M Mota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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56
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Genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen identifies ZNF304 as a silencer of HIV transcription that promotes viral latency. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008834. [PMID: 32956422 PMCID: PMC7529202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of anti-retroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) still persists in an infected cell reservoir that harbors transcriptionally silent yet replication-competent proviruses. While significant progress has been made in understanding how the HIV reservoir is established, transcription repression mechanisms that are enforced on the integrated viral promoter have not been fully revealed. In this study, we performed a whole-genome CRISPR knockout screen in HIV infected T cells to identify host genes that potentially promote HIV latency. Of several top candidates, the KRAB-containing zinc finger protein, ZNF304, was identified as the top hit. ZNF304 silences HIV gene transcription through associating with TRIM28 and recruiting to the viral promoter heterochromatin-inducing methyltransferases, including the polycomb repression complex (PRC) and SETB1. Depletion of ZNF304 expression reduced levels of H3K9me3, H3K27me3 and H2AK119ub repressive histone marks on the HIV promoter as well as SETB1 and TRIM28, ultimately enhancing HIV gene transcription. Significantly, ZNF304 also promoted HIV latency, as its depletion delayed the entry of HIV infected cells into latency. In primary CD4+ cells, ectopic expression of ZNF304 silenced viral transcription. We conclude that by associating with TRIM28 and recruiting host transcriptional repressive complexes, SETB1 and PRC, to the HIV promoter, ZNF304 silences HIV gene transcription and promotes viral latency. Antiretroviral therapy has significantly decreased the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection. However, a complete cure remains out of reach, as HIV persists in a cell reservoir that is highly stable in the face of therapy. While developing novel therapeutic strategies to eliminate the reservoir is a well-recognized goal, knowledge of the molecular events that establish HIV latency is still not complete. To obtain insights into the silencing mechanisms of HIV gene transcription and the establishment of viral latency, a genome-wide CRISPR screen was employed to identify host factors that control viral latency. We identified zinc-finger protein 304 (ZNF304) and showed that through association with TRIM28, it recruits the histone methyltransferases SETB1 and PRC to deposit repressive marks on chromatin of the HIV promoter, thereby facilitating the silencing of viral gene transcription. Moreover, we found that depletion of ZNF304 expression activated HIV gene expression, while ZNF304 overexpression repressed viral gene transcription both in a T cell line and in primary CD4+ cells. Finally, our study showed that ZNF304 is also involved in modulating HIV latency, as its depletion delayed entry of the virus into a latency state. Our results offer an additional mechanistic explanation for how host histone repression complexes are tethered to the HIV promoter to promote chromatin compaction, thereby defining a potentially new target for perturbing the establishment of the viral reservoir.
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57
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Yang X, Wang Y, Lu P, Shen Y, Zhao X, Zhu Y, Jiang Z, Yang H, Pan H, Zhao L, Zhong Y, Wang J, Liang Z, Shen X, Lu D, Jiang S, Xu J, Wu H, Lu H, Jiang G, Zhu H. PEBP1 suppresses HIV transcription and induces latency by inactivating MAPK/NF-κB signaling. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49305. [PMID: 32924251 PMCID: PMC7645261 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The latent HIV‐1 reservoir is a major barrier to viral eradication. However, our understanding of how HIV‐1 establishes latency is incomplete. Here, by performing a genome‐wide CRISPR‐Cas9 knockout library screen, we identify phosphatidylethanolamine‐binding protein 1 (PEBP1), also known as Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), as a novel gene inducing HIV latency. Depletion of PEBP1 leads to the reactivation of HIV‐1 in multiple models of latency. Mechanistically, PEBP1 de‐phosphorylates Raf1/ERK/IκB and IKK/IκB signaling pathways to sequestrate NF‐κB in the cytoplasm, which transcriptionally inactivates HIV‐1 to induce latency. Importantly, the induction of PEBP1 expression by the green tea compound epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) prevents latency reversal by inhibiting nuclear translocation of NF‐κB, thereby suppressing HIV‐1 transcription in primary CD4+ T cells isolated from patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). These results suggest a critical role for PEBP1 in the regulation of upstream NF‐κB signaling pathways governing HIV transcription. Targeting of this pathway could be an option to control HIV reservoirs in patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Panpan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinzhong Shen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - He Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangcheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiming Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daru Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guochun Jiang
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases & Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Huanzhang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Olwenyi OA, Acharya A, Routhu NK, Pierzchalski K, Jones JW, Kane MA, Sidell N, Mohan M, Byrareddy SN. Retinoic Acid Improves the Recovery of Replication-Competent Virus from Latent SIV Infected Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E2076. [PMID: 32932813 PMCID: PMC7565696 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate estimation and eradication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) viral reservoirs is limited by the incomplete reactivation of cells harboring the latent replication-competent virus. We investigated whether the in vitro and in vivo addition of retinoic acid (RA) enhances virus replication and improves the detection of latent virus. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from naive and anti-retroviral therapy (ART)-treated SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) were cultured in vitro with anti-CD3/CD28 + IL-2 in the presence/absence of RA. Viral RNA and p27 levels were quantified using RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Viral reservoirs were estimated using the Tat/Rev-Induced Limited Dilution Assay (TILDA) and Quantitative Viral Outgrowth Assay (QVOA). In vitro and in vivo measures revealed that there was also an increase in viral replication in RA-treated versus without RA conditions. In parallel, the addition of RA to either CD3/CD28 or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)/ionomycin during QVOA and TILDA, respectively, was shown to augment reactivation of the replication-competent viral reservoir in anti-retroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed RMs as shown by a greater than 2.3-fold increase for QVOA and 1 to 2-fold increments for multi-spliced RNA per million CD4+ T cells. The use of RA can be a useful approach to enhance the efficiency of current protocols used for in vitro and potentially in vivo estimates of CD4+ T cell latent reservoirs. In addition, flow cytometry analysis revealed that RA improved estimates of various viral reservoir assays by eliciting broad CD4 T-cell activation as demonstrated by elevated CD25 and CD38 but reduced CD69 and PD-1 expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omalla A. Olwenyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA; (O.A.O.); (A.A.); (N.K.R.)
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA; (O.A.O.); (A.A.); (N.K.R.)
| | - Nanda Kishore Routhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA; (O.A.O.); (A.A.); (N.K.R.)
| | - Keely Pierzchalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.P.); (J.W.J.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Jace W. Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.P.); (J.W.J.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.P.); (J.W.J.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Neil Sidell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA; (O.A.O.); (A.A.); (N.K.R.)
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
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Pinto DO, DeMarino C, Vo TT, Cowen M, Kim Y, Pleet ML, Barclay RA, Noren Hooten N, Evans MK, Heredia A, Batrakova EV, Iordanskiy S, Kashanchi F. Low-Level Ionizing Radiation Induces Selective Killing of HIV-1-Infected Cells with Reversal of Cytokine Induction Using mTOR Inhibitors. Viruses 2020; 12:E885. [PMID: 32823598 PMCID: PMC7472203 DOI: 10.3390/v12080885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infects 39.5 million people worldwide, and cART is effective in preventing viral spread by reducing HIV-1 plasma viral loads to undetectable levels. However, viral reservoirs persist by mechanisms, including the inhibition of autophagy by HIV-1 proteins (i.e., Nef and Tat). HIV-1 reservoirs can be targeted by the "shock and kill" strategy, which utilizes latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to activate latent proviruses and immunotarget the virus-producing cells. Yet, limitations include reduced LRA permeability across anatomical barriers and immune hyper-activation. Ionizing radiation (IR) induces effective viral activation across anatomical barriers. Like other LRAs, IR may cause inflammation and modulate the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). We and others have shown that cells may secrete cytokines and viral proteins in EVs and, therefore, LRAs may contribute to inflammatory EVs. In the present study, we mitigated the effects of IR-induced inflammatory EVs (i.e., TNF-α), through the use of mTOR inhibitors (mTORi; Rapamycin and INK128). Further, mTORi were found to enhance the selective killing of HIV-1-infected myeloid and T-cell reservoirs at the exclusion of uninfected cells, potentially via inhibition of viral transcription/translation and induction of autophagy. Collectively, the proposed regimen using cART, IR, and mTORi presents a novel approach allowing for the targeting of viral reservoirs, prevention of immune hyper-activation, and selectively killing latently infected HIV-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O. Pinto
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Thy T. Vo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Maria Cowen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Yuriy Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Michelle L. Pleet
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Robert A. Barclay
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Nicole Noren Hooten
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (N.N.H.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Michele K. Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (N.N.H.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Elena V. Batrakova
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Sergey Iordanskiy
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (D.O.P.); (C.D.); (T.T.V.); (M.C.); (Y.K.); (M.L.P.); (R.A.B.)
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60
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Li M, Liu W, Bauch T, Graviss EA, Arduino RC, Kimata JT, Chen M, Wang J. Clearance of HIV infection by selective elimination of host cells capable of producing HIV. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4051. [PMID: 32792548 PMCID: PMC7426846 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17753-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The RNA genome of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is reverse-transcribed into DNA and integrated into the host genome, resulting in latent infections that are difficult to clear. Here we show an approach to eradicate HIV infections by selective elimination of host cells harboring replication-competent HIV (SECH), which includes viral reactivation, induction of cell death, inhibition of autophagy and the blocking of new infections. Viral reactivation triggers cell death specifically in HIV-1-infected T cells, which is promoted by agents that induce apoptosis and inhibit autophagy. SECH treatments can clear HIV-1 in >50% mice reconstituted with a human immune system, as demonstrated by the lack of viral rebound after withdrawal of treatments, and by adoptive transfer of treated lymphocytes into uninfected humanized mice. Moreover, SECH clears HIV-1 in blood samples from HIV-1-infected patients. Our results suggest a strategy to eradicate HIV infections by selectively eliminating host cells capable of producing HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tonya Bauch
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Edward A Graviss
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Roberto C Arduino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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61
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Zhuang X, Pedroza-Pacheco I, Nawroth I, Kliszczak AE, Magri A, Paes W, Rubio CO, Yang H, Ashcroft M, Mole D, Balfe P, Borrow P, McKeating JA. Hypoxic microenvironment shapes HIV-1 replication and latency. Commun Biol 2020; 3:376. [PMID: 32665623 PMCID: PMC7360605 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral replication is defined by the cellular microenvironment and one key factor is local oxygen tension, where hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) regulate the cellular response to oxygen. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected cells within secondary lymphoid tissues exist in a low-oxygen or hypoxic environment in vivo. However, the majority of studies on HIV replication and latency are performed under laboratory conditions where HIFs are inactive. We show a role for HIF-2α in restricting HIV transcription via direct binding to the viral promoter. Hypoxia reduced tumor necrosis factor or histone deacetylase inhibitor, Romidepsin, mediated reactivation of HIV and inhibiting HIF signaling-pathways reversed this phenotype. Our data support a model where the low-oxygen environment of the lymph node may suppress HIV replication and promote latency. We identify a mechanism that may contribute to the limited efficacy of latency reversing agents in reactivating HIV and suggest new strategies to control latent HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | | | - Isabel Nawroth
- Institute of Immunity and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anna E Kliszczak
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Andrea Magri
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Wayne Paes
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | | | - Hongbing Yang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Margaret Ashcroft
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - David Mole
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Peter Balfe
- Institute of Immunity and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.
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62
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Turner AMW, Dronamraju R, Potjewyd F, James KS, Winecoff DK, Kirchherr JL, Archin NM, Browne EP, Strahl BD, Margolis DM, James LI. Evaluation of EED Inhibitors as a Class of PRC2-Targeted Small Molecules for HIV Latency Reversal. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1719-1733. [PMID: 32347704 PMCID: PMC7359025 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A hallmark of human
immunodeficiency type-1 (HIV) infection is
the integration of the viral genome into host chromatin, resulting
in a latent reservoir that persists despite antiviral therapy or immune
response. Thus, key priorities toward eradication of HIV infection
are to understand the mechanisms that allow HIV latency and to develop
latency reversal agents (LRAs) that can facilitate the clearance of
latently infected cells. The repressive H3K27me3 histone mark, catalyzed
by the PRC2 complex, plays a pivotal role in transcriptional repression
at the viral promoter in both cell line and primary CD4+ T cell models
of latency. EZH2 inhibitors which block H3K27 methylation have been
shown to act as LRAs, suggesting other PRC2 components could also
be potential targets for latency reversal. EED, a core component of
PRC2, ensures the propagation of H3K27me3 by allosterically activating
EZH2 methyltransferase activity. Therefore, we sought to investigate
if inhibition of EED would also reverse latency. Inhibitors of EED,
EED226 and A-395, demonstrated latency reversal activity as single
agents, and this activity was further enhanced when used in combination
with other known LRAs. Loss of H3K27me3 following EED inhibition significantly
increased the levels of H3K27 acetylation globally and at the HIV
LTR. These results further confirm that PRC2 mediated repression plays
a significant role in the maintenance of HIV latency and suggest that
EED may serve as a promising new target for LRA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie W. Turner
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Raghuvar Dronamraju
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Frances Potjewyd
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Katherine S. James
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Daniel K. Winecoff
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Kirchherr
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nancie M. Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Edward P. Browne
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Brian D. Strahl
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David M. Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Lindsey I. James
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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63
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Lima NS, Takata H, Huang SH, Haregot A, Mitchell J, Blackmore S, Garland A, Sy A, Cartwright P, Routy JP, Michael NL, Appay V, Jones RB, Trautmann L. CTL Clonotypes with Higher TCR Affinity Have Better Ability to Reduce the HIV Latent Reservoir. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:699-707. [PMID: 32591402 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The success of the shock and kill strategy for the HIV cure depends both on the reactivation of the latent reservoir and on the ability of the immune system to eliminate infected cells. As latency reversal alone has not shown any impact in the size of the latent reservoir, ensuring that effector CTLs are able to recognize and kill HIV-infected cells could contribute to reservoir reduction. In this study, we investigated which functional aspects of human CTLs are associated with a better capacity to kill HIV-infected CD4+ T cells. We isolated Gag- and Nef-specific CTL clones with different TCR sequences from the PBMC of donors in acute and chronic infection. High-affinity clonotypes that showed IFN-γ production preserved even when the CD8 coreceptor was blocked, and clones with high Ag sensitivity exhibited higher efficiency at reducing the latent reservoir. Although intrinsic cytotoxic capacity did not differ according to TCR affinity, clonotypes with high TCR affinity showed a better ability to kill HIV-infected CD4+ T cells obtained from in vivo-infected PBMC and subjected to viral reactivation. Strategies aiming to specifically boost and maintain long-living memory CTLs with high TCR affinity in vivo prior to latency-reversing treatment might improve the efficacy of the shock and kill approach to reduce the latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemia S Lima
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817.,Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Hiroshi Takata
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Szu-Han Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Alexander Haregot
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Julie Mitchell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Stephen Blackmore
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Ayanna Garland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Aaron Sy
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Nelson L Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Victor Appay
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris 75005, France; and.,International Research Center of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - R Brad Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910; .,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
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64
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Cellular Gene Modulation of HIV-Infected CD4 T Cells in Response to Serial Treatment with the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Vorinostat. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00351-20. [PMID: 32295913 PMCID: PMC7307144 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00351-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors are widely studied HIV latency-reversing agents (LRAs). VOR, an HDACi, induces histone acetylation and chromatin remodeling and modulates host and HIV gene expression. However, the relationship between these events is poorly defined, and clinical studies suggest diminished HIV reactivation in resting CD4 T cells with daily exposure to VOR. Our study provides evidence that VOR induces a consistent level of host cell gene transcription following intermittent exposure. In addition, in response to VOR exposure a gene signature that was conserved across single and serial exposures both in vitro and in vivo was identified, indicating that VOR can consistently and reproducibly modulate transcriptional host responses. However, as the HIV response to HDACi declines over time, other factors modulate viral reactivation in vivo despite robust HDAC activity. The identified host gene VOR biomarkers can be used for monitoring the pharmacodynamic activity of HDAC inhibitors. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are the most widely studied HIV latency-reversing agents (LRAs). The HDACi suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (vorinostat [VOR]) has been employed in several clinical HIV latency reversal studies, as well as in vitro models of HIV latency, and has been shown to effectively induce HIV RNA and protein expression. Despite these findings, response to HDACi can vary, particularly with intermittent dosing, and information is lacking on the relationship between the host transcriptional response and HIV latency reversal. Here, we report on global gene expression responses to VOR and examine the longevity of the transcriptional response in various cellular models. We found that many genes are modulated at 6 h post-VOR treatment in HCT116, Jurkat, and primary resting CD4 T cells, yet return to baseline levels after an 18-h VOR-free period. With repeat exposure to VOR in resting CD4 T cells, we found similar and consistent transcriptional changes at 6 h following each serial treatment. In addition, serial exposure in HIV-infected suppressed donor CD4 T cells showed consistent transcriptional changes after each exposure to VOR. We identified five host genes that were strongly and consistently modulated following histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition; three (H1F0, IRGM, and WIPI49) were upregulated, and two (PHF15 and PRDM10) were downregulated. These genes demonstrated consistent modulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from HIV-positive (HIV+) participants who received either single or multiple doses of 400 mg of VOR. Interestingly, the host transcriptional response did not predict induction of cell-associated HIV RNA, suggesting that other cellular factors play key roles in HIV latency reversal in vivo despite robust HDACi pharmacological activity. IMPORTANCE Histone deacetylase inhibitors are widely studied HIV latency-reversing agents (LRAs). VOR, an HDACi, induces histone acetylation and chromatin remodeling and modulates host and HIV gene expression. However, the relationship between these events is poorly defined, and clinical studies suggest diminished HIV reactivation in resting CD4 T cells with daily exposure to VOR. Our study provides evidence that VOR induces a consistent level of host cell gene transcription following intermittent exposure. In addition, in response to VOR exposure a gene signature that was conserved across single and serial exposures both in vitro and in vivo was identified, indicating that VOR can consistently and reproducibly modulate transcriptional host responses. However, as the HIV response to HDACi declines over time, other factors modulate viral reactivation in vivo despite robust HDAC activity. The identified host gene VOR biomarkers can be used for monitoring the pharmacodynamic activity of HDAC inhibitors.
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65
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Mann BT, Sambrano E, Maggirwar SB, Soriano-Sarabia N. Boosting the Immune System for HIV Cure: A γδ T Cell Perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:221. [PMID: 32509594 PMCID: PMC7248175 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major barrier to HIV cure is a population of long-lived cells that harbor latent but replication-competent virus, are not eliminated by antiretroviral therapy (ART), and remain indistinguishable from uninfected cells. However, ART does not cure HIV infection, side effects to treatment still occur, and the steady global rate of new infections makes finding a sustained ART-free HIV remission or cure for HIV-seropositive individuals urgently needed. Approaches aimed to cure HIV are mostly based on the "shock and kill" method that entails the use of a drug compound to reactivate latent virus paired together with strategies to boost or supplement the existing immune system to clear reactivated latently infected cells. Traditionally, these strategies have utilized CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) but have been met with a number of challenges. Enhancing innate immune cell populations, such as γδ T cells, may provide an alternative route to HIV cure. γδ T cells possess anti-viral and cytotoxic capabilities that have been shown to directly inhibit HIV infection and specifically eliminate reactivated, latently infected cells in vitro. Most notably, their access to immune privileged anatomical sites and MHC-independent antigen recognition may circumvent many of the challenges facing CTL-based strategies. In this review, we discuss the role of γδ T cells in normal immunity and HIV infection as well as their current use in strategies to treat cancer. We present this information as means to speculate about the utilization of γδ T cells for HIV cure strategies and highlight some of the fundamental gaps in knowledge that require investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Natalia Soriano-Sarabia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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66
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Shukla A, Ramirez NGP, D’Orso I. HIV-1 Proviral Transcription and Latency in the New Era. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050555. [PMID: 32443452 PMCID: PMC7291205 DOI: 10.3390/v12050555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Three decades of extensive work in the HIV field have revealed key viral and host cell factors controlling proviral transcription. Various models of transcriptional regulation have emerged based on the collective information from in vitro assays and work in both immortalized and primary cell-based models. Here, we provide a recount of the past and current literature, highlight key regulatory aspects, and further describe potential limitations of previous studies. We particularly delve into critical steps of HIV gene expression including the role of the integration site, nucleosome positioning and epigenomics, and the transition from initiation to pausing and pause release. We also discuss open questions in the field concerning the generality of previous regulatory models to the control of HIV transcription in patients under suppressive therapy, including the role of the heterogeneous integration landscape, clonal expansion, and bottlenecks to eradicate viral persistence. Finally, we propose that building upon previous discoveries and improved or yet-to-be discovered technologies will unravel molecular mechanisms of latency establishment and reactivation in a “new era”.
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67
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Zhang Y, Planas D, Raymond Marchand L, Massanella M, Chen H, Wacleche VS, Gosselin A, Goulet JP, Filion M, Routy JP, Chomont N, Ancuta P. Improving HIV Outgrowth by Optimizing Cell-Culture Conditions and Supplementing With all-trans Retinoic Acid. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:902. [PMID: 32499767 PMCID: PMC7243435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of replication-competent HIV reservoirs in people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a barrier to cure. Therefore, their accurate quantification is essential for evaluating the efficacy of new therapeutic interventions and orienting the decision to interrupt ART. Quantitative viral outgrowth assays (QVOAs) represent the "gold standard" for measuring the size of replication-competent HIV reservoirs. However, they require large numbers of cells and are technically challenging. This justifies the need for the development of novel simplified methods adapted for small biological samples. Herein, we sought to simplify the viral outgrowth procedure (VOP) by (i) using memory CD4+ T-cells, documented to be enriched in HIV reservoirs (ii) optimizing cell-culture conditions, and (iii) supplementing with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a positive regulator of HIV replication. Memory CD4+ T-cells were sorted from the peripheral blood of ART-treated (HIV+ART; n = 14) and untreated (HIV+; n = 5) PLWH. The VOP was first performed with one original replicate of 1 × 106 cells/well in 48-well plates. Cells were stimulated via CD3/CD28 for 3 days, washed to remove residual CD3/CD28 Abs, split every 3 days for optimal cell density, and cultured in the presence or the absence of ATRA for 12 days. Soluble and intracellular HIV-p24 levels were quantified by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. Optimal cell-culture density achieved by splitting improved HIV outgrowth detection. ATRA promoted superior/accelerated detection of replication-competent HIV in all HIV+ART individuals tested, including those with low/undetectable viral outgrowth in the absence of ATRA. Finally, this VOP was used to design a simplified ATRA-based QVOA by including 4 and 6 original replicates of 1 × 106 cells/well in 48-well plates and 2 × 105 cells/well in 96-well plates, respectively. Consistently, the number of infectious units per million cells (IUPM) was significantly increased in the presence of ATRA. In conclusion, we demonstrate that memory CD4+ T-cell splitting for optimal density in culture and ATRA supplementation significantly improved the efficacy of HIV outgrowth in a simplified ATRA-based QVOA performed in the absence of feeder/target cells or indicator cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhang
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Delphine Planas
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Marta Massanella
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Huicheng Chen
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vanessa Sue Wacleche
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Gosselin
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Nicolas Chomont
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Holder KA, Grant MD. TIGIT Blockade: A Multipronged Approach to Target the HIV Reservoir. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:175. [PMID: 32432050 PMCID: PMC7214612 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, upregulation of inhibitory molecules contributes to effector cell dysfunction and exhaustion. This, in combination with the ability of HIV-1 to reside dormant in cellular reservoirs and escape immune recognition, makes the pathway to HIV-1 cure particularly challenging. An idealized strategy to achieve HIV-1 cure proposes combined viral and immune activation by "shock"ing HIV-1 out of latency and into an immunologically visible state to be recognized and "kill"ed by immune effector cells. Here we outline the potential for blockade of the inhibitory immune checkpoint T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains (TIGIT) to overcome natural killer (NK) cell and T cell inhibition associated with HIV-1 infection and invigorate antiviral effector cell responses against HIV-1 reactivated from the latent cellular reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla A Holder
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Michael D Grant
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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69
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Prodrugs of PKC modulators show enhanced HIV latency reversal and an expanded therapeutic window. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10688-10698. [PMID: 32371485 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919408117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS is a pandemic disease caused by HIV that affects 37 million people worldwide. Current antiretroviral therapy slows disease progression but does not eliminate latently infected cells, which resupply active virus, thus necessitating lifelong treatment with associated compliance, cost, and chemoexposure issues. Latency-reversing agents (LRAs) activate these cells, allowing for their potential clearance, thus presenting a strategy to eradicate the infection. Protein kinase C (PKC) modulators-including prostratin, ingenol esters, bryostatin, and their analogs-are potent LRAs in various stages of development for several clinical indications. While LRAs are promising, a major challenge associated with their clinical use is sustaining therapeutically meaningful levels of the active agent while minimizing side effects. Here we describe a strategy to address this problem based on LRA prodrugs, designed for controllable release of the active LRA after a single injection. As intended, these prodrugs exhibit comparable or superior in vitro activity relative to the parent compounds. Selected compounds induced higher in vivo expression of CD69, an activation biomarker, and, by releasing free agent over time, significantly improved tolerability when compared to the parent LRAs. More generally, selected prodrugs of PKC modulators avoid the bolus toxicities of the parent drug and exhibit greater efficacy and expanded tolerability, thereby addressing a longstanding objective for many clinical applications.
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70
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An RNA-Directed Gene Editing Strategy for Attenuating the Infectious Potential of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Cells: A Proof of Concept. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050511. [PMID: 32380756 PMCID: PMC7291242 DOI: 10.3390/v12050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern antiretroviral therapy for immunodeficiency viruses, although remarkably effective in controlling viral transcription, and overt virus-associated morbidity, has failed to absolutely eradicate retroviruses from their infected hosts as a result of proviral integration in long-lived reservoir cells. Immunodeficiency virus-infected patients are therefore consigned to lifelong antiviral therapy as a means to control viremia, viral transmission, and infection-associated morbidity. Unfortunately, lifelong antiviral therapies can be difficult for patients to continuously maintain and may be associated with therapy-specific morbidities. Patient advocates have argued for new methods to achieve retroviral eradication. As a proof-of-concept study, a lentivirus-delivered RNA-directed gene editing strategy was utilized in a series of in vitro experiments in an attempt to attenuate the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) proviral load, viral transcription, and production of infectious virions. We found that a feline T lymphocyte cell line (MCH5-4) treated with an FIV-specific clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) gene editing tool resulted in a reduction of cell-free viral RNA relative to control cells. Decreased infectious potential was demonstrated in a two-step FIV infection study-naïve MCH5-4 cells infected with cell-free FIV harvested from FIV-infected and CRISPR lentivirus-treated cells had less integrated proviral DNA than control cells. This study represents the initial steps towards the development of an effective method of proviral eradication in an immunodeficiency virus-infected host.
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71
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Kaur R, Sharma P, Gupta GK, Ntie-Kang F, Kumar D. Structure-Activity-Relationship and Mechanistic Insights for Anti-HIV Natural Products. Molecules 2020; 25:E2070. [PMID: 32365518 PMCID: PMC7249135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which chiefly originatesfroma retrovirus named Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), has impacted about 70 million people worldwide. Even though several advances have been made in the field of antiretroviral combination therapy, HIV is still responsible for a considerable number of deaths in Africa. The current antiretroviral therapies have achieved success in providing instant HIV suppression but with countless undesirable adverse effects. Presently, the biodiversity of the plant kingdom is being explored by several researchers for the discovery of potent anti-HIV drugs with different mechanisms of action. The primary challenge is to afford a treatment that is free from any sort of risk of drug resistance and serious side effects. Hence, there is a strong demand to evaluate drugs derived from plants as well as their derivatives. Several plants, such as Andrographis paniculata, Dioscorea bulbifera, Aegle marmelos, Wistaria floribunda, Lindera chunii, Xanthoceras sorbifolia and others have displayed significant anti-HIV activity. Here, weattempt to summarize the main results, which focus on the structures of most potent plant-based natural products having anti-HIV activity along with their mechanisms of action and IC50 values, structure-activity-relationships and important key findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Girish K. Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Badhani, Pathankot 145001, India;
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon
- Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
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72
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Jin H, Li D, Lin MH, Li L, Harrich D. Tat-Based Therapies as an Adjuvant for an HIV-1 Functional Cure. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040415. [PMID: 32276443 PMCID: PMC7232260 DOI: 10.3390/v12040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) establishes a chronic infection that can be well controlled, but not cured, by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Interventions have been explored to accomplish a functional cure, meaning that a patient remains infected but HIV is undetectable in the blood, with the aim of allowing patients to live without cART. Tat, the viral transactivator of transcription protein, plays a critical role in controlling HIV transcription, latency, and viral rebound following the interruption of cART treatment. Therefore, a logical approach for controlling HIV would be to block Tat. Tackling Tat with inhibitors has been a difficult task, but some recent discoveries hold promise. Two anti-HIV proteins, Nullbasic (a mutant of Tat) and HT1 (a fusion of HEXIM1 and Tat functional domains) inhibit viral transcription by interfering with the interaction of Tat and cellular factors. Two small molecules, didehydro-cortistatin A (dCA) and triptolide, inhibit Tat by different mechanisms: dCA through direct binding and triptolide through enhanced proteasomal degradation. Finally, two Tat-based vaccines under development elicit Tat-neutralizing antibodies. These vaccines have increased the levels of CD4+ cells and reduced viral loads in HIV-infected people, suggesting that the new vaccines are therapeutic. This review summarizes recent developments of anti-Tat agents and how they could contribute to a functional cure for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Jin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (H.J.); (D.L.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (H.J.); (D.L.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Min-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (H.J.); (D.L.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Li Li
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - David Harrich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (H.J.); (D.L.); (M.-H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +617-3845-3679
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73
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Boucau J, Das J, Joshi N, Le Gall S. Latency reversal agents modulate HIV antigen processing and presentation to CD8 T cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008442. [PMID: 32196533 PMCID: PMC7112239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Latency reversal agents (LRA) variably induce HIV re-expression in CD4 T cells but reservoirs are not cleared. Whether HIV epitope presentation is similar between latency reversal and initial infection of CD4 T cells is unknown yet crucial to define immune responses able to detect HIV-infected CD4 T cells after latency reversal. HIV peptides displayed by MHC comes from the intracellular degradation of proteins by proteasomes and post-proteasomal peptidases but the impact of LRAs on antigen processing is not known. Here we show that HDAC inhibitors (HDCAi) reduced cytosolic proteolytic activities while PKC agonists (PKCa) increased them to a lesser extent than that induced by TCR activation. During the cytosolic degradation of long HIV peptides in LRA-treated CD4 T cells extracts, HDACi and PKCa modulated degradation patterns of peptides and altered the production of HIV epitopes in often opposite ways. Beyond known HIV epitopes, HDACi narrowed the coverage of HIV antigenic fragments by 8-11aa degradation peptides while PKCa broadened it. LRAs altered HIV infection kinetics and modulated CD8 T cell activation in an epitope- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly the efficiency of endogenous epitope processing and presentation to CD8 T cells was increased by PKCa Ingenol at early time points despite low levels of antigens. LRA-induced modulations of antigen processing should be considered and exploited to enhance and broaden HIV peptide presentation by CD4 T cells and to improve immune recognition after latency reversal. This property of LRAs, if confirmed with other antigens, might be exploited to improve immune detection of diseased cells beyond HIV. Latently HIV-infected CD4 T cells persist and remain invisible to the immune system. Strategies to flush out HIV reservoirs propose to re-express HIV with latency reversal agents (LRAs), leading to CD4 T cell death or clearance by HIV-specific immune responses. LRAs tested so far variably induced HIV re-expression but did not eliminate reservoirs. The activation of HIV-specific immune responses is triggered by HIV peptides displayed by infected cells after HIV intracellular degradation. Whether HIV antigens are similarly degraded and displayed by CD4 T cells after latency reversal or during initial infection is unknown. We showed that LRAs altered the activities of the degradation machinery and changed the degradation patterns of HIV into peptides. LRA-treated HIV-infected CD4 T cells were variably recognized by immune cells in a time- and peptide-dependent manner. Some LRAs increased the efficiency of HIV peptide presentation despite low levels of HIV antigens inside CD4 T cells. The modulation of HIV peptide presentation by current or future LRAs should be accounted for and exploited to improve HIV peptide presentation and enhance immune detection of HIV-infected CD4 T cells after latency reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jishnu Das
- Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Neelambari Joshi
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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74
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Dhummakupt A, Rubens JH, Anderson T, Powell L, Nonyane BA, Siems LV, Collinson-Streng A, Nilles T, Jones RB, Tepper V, Agwu A, Persaud D. Differences in inducibility of the latent HIV reservoir in perinatal and adult infection. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134105. [PMID: 31999647 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV latent reservoir in resting memory CD4+ T cells precludes cure. Therapeutics to reactivate and eliminate this reservoir are in clinical trials in adults, but not yet in pediatric populations. We determined, ex vivo, the inducibility of the latent reservoir in perinatal infection as compared with adult infections using the Tat/rev induced limiting dilution assay (TILDA), in which a single round (12 hours) of CD4+ T cell stimulation with PMA/ionomycin maximally activates T cells and leads to proviral expression with multiply spliced HIV RNA production. Markers of immune activation and exhaustion were measured to assess interactions with inducibility. Although rates of T cell activation with PMA/ionomycin were similar, the latent reservoir in perinatal infection was slower to reactivate and of lower magnitude compared with adult infection, independent of proviral load. An enhanced TILDA with the addition of phytohemagglutin and a duration of 18 hours augmented proviral expression in perinatal but not adult infection. The baseline HLA-DR+CD4+ T cell level was significantly lower in perinatal compared with adult infections, but not correlated with induced reservoir size. These data support the hypothesis that there are differences in kinetics of latency reversal and baseline immune activation in perinatal compared with adult infections, with implications for latency reversal strategies toward reservoir clearance and remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adit Dhummakupt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
| | - Jessica H Rubens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
| | - Thuy Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
| | - Laura Powell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
| | - Bareng As Nonyane
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lilly V Siems
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
| | | | - Tricia Nilles
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vicki Tepper
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Allison Agwu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
| | - Deborah Persaud
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
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75
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Tang D, Chen C, Liao G, Liu J, Liao B, Huang Q, Chen Q, Zhao J, Jiang H, Duan J, Huang J, Wang K, Wang J, Zhou C, Chu W, Li W, Sun B, Li Z, Dai L, Fu X, Cheng W, Xue Y, Qi S. Structural and functional insight into the effect of AFF4 dimerization on activation of HIV-1 proviral transcription. Cell Discov 2020; 6:7. [PMID: 32128251 PMCID: PMC7026398 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Super elongation complex (SEC) is a positive regulator of RNA polymerase II, which is required for HIV-1 proviral transcription. AFF1/4 is the scaffold protein that recruits other components of SEC and forms dimer depending on its THD domain (TPRL with Handle Region Dimerization Domain). Here we report the crystal structure of the human AFF4-THD at the resolution of 2.4 Å. The α4, α5, and α6 of one AFF4-THD mediate the formation of a dimer and pack tightly against the equivalent part of the second molecule in the dimer of AFF-THD. Mutagenesis analysis revealed that single mutations of either Phe1014 or Tyr1096 of AFF4 to alanine impair the formation of the AFF4 dimer. In addition, transactivation assay also indicated that Phe1014 and Tyr1096 of AFF4 are critical to the transactivation activity of AFF4. Interestingly, the corresponding residues Phe1063 and Tyr1145 in AFF1 have an effect on the transactivation of HIV-1 provirus. However, such mutations of AFF1/4 have no effect on the interaction of AFF1/4 with other subunits of the SEC. Together, our data demonstrated that the dimerization of AFF1/4 is essential to transactivation of HIV-1 provirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Chunjing Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102 China
| | - Ga Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Banghua Liao
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
| | - QingQing Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102 China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Jinsong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Kunjie Wang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Cuiyan Zhou
- School of Biomedicine in Tsinghua University, National Protein Science Facility, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Wendan Chu
- School of Biomedicine in Tsinghua University, National Protein Science Facility, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Wenqi Li
- School of Biomedicine in Tsinghua University, National Protein Science Facility, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Bo Sun
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204 China
| | - Zhonghan Li
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Xianghui Fu
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Yuhua Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102 China
| | - Shiqian Qi
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
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Benzodiazepines Drive Alteration of Chromatin at the Integrated HIV-1 LTR. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020191. [PMID: 32050449 PMCID: PMC7077212 DOI: 10.3390/v12020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) lowers human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral load to undetectable levels, but does not eliminate the latent reservoir. One of the factors controlling the latent reservoir is transcriptional silencing of the integrated HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR). The molecular mechanisms that control HIV-1 transcription are not completely understood. We have previously shown that RUNX1, a host transcription factor, may play a role in the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 latency. Prior work has demonstrated that inhibition of RUNX1 by the benzodiazepine (BDZ) Ro5-3335 synergizes with suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA) to activate HIV-1 transcription. In this current work, we examine the effect of RUNX1 inhibition on the chromatin state of the integrated HIV-1 LTR. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we found that Ro5-3335 significantly increased the occupancy of STAT5 at the HIV-1 LTR. We also screened other BDZs for their ability to regulate HIV-1 transcription and demonstrate their ability to increase transcription and alter chromatin at the LTR without negatively affecting Tat activity. These findings shed further light on the mechanism by which RUNX proteins control HIV-1 transcription and suggest that BDZ compounds might be useful in activating HIV-1 transcription through STAT5 recruitment to the HIV-1 LTR.
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77
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Collings CK, Little DW, Schafer SJ, Anderson JN. HIV chromatin is a preferred target for drugs that bind in the DNA minor groove. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216515. [PMID: 31887110 PMCID: PMC6936835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV genome is rich in A but not G or U and deficient in C. This nucleotide bias controls HIV phenotype by determining the highly unusual composition of all major HIV proteins. The bias is also responsible for the high frequency of narrow DNA minor groove sites in the double-stranded HIV genome as compared to cellular protein coding sequences and the bulk of the human genome. Since drugs that bind in the DNA minor groove disrupt nucleosomes on sequences that contain closely spaced oligo-A tracts which are prevalent in HIV DNA because of its bias, it was of interest to determine if these drugs exert this selective inhibitory effect on HIV chromatin. To test this possibility, nucleosomes were reconstituted onto five double-stranded DNA fragments from the HIV-1 pol gene in the presence and in the absence of several minor groove binding drugs (MGBDs). The results demonstrated that the MGBDs inhibited the assembly of nucleosomes onto all of the HIV-1 segments in a manner that was proportional to the A-bias, but had no detectable effect on the formation of nucleosomes on control cloned fragments or genomic DNA from chicken and human. Nucleosomes preassembled onto HIV DNA were also preferentially destabilized by the drugs as evidenced by enhanced nuclease accessibility in physiological ionic strength and by the preferential loss of the histone octamer in hyper-physiological salt solutions. The drugs also selectively disrupted HIV-containing nucleosomes in yeast as revealed by enhanced nuclease accessibility of the in vivo assembled HIV chromatin and reductions in superhelical densities of plasmid chromatin containing HIV sequences. A comparison of these results to the density of A-tracts in the HIV genome indicates that a large fraction of the nucleosomes that make up HIV chromatin should be preferred in vitro targets for the MGBDs. These results show that the MGBDs preferentially disrupt HIV-1 chromatin in vitro and in vivo and raise the possibility that non-toxic derivatives of certain MGBDs might serve as a novel class of anti-HIV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton K Collings
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Donald W Little
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Samuel J Schafer
- Department of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John N Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
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78
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Falcinelli SD, Ceriani C, Margolis DM, Archin NM. New Frontiers in Measuring and Characterizing the HIV Reservoir. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2878. [PMID: 31921056 PMCID: PMC6930150 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A cure for HIV infection remains elusive due to the persistence of replication-competent HIV proviral DNA during suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). With the exception of rare elite or post-treatment controllers of viremia, withdrawal of ART invariably results in the rebound of viremia and progression of HIV disease. A thorough understanding of the reservoir is necessary to develop new strategies in order to reduce or eliminate the reservoir. However, there is significant heterogeneity in the sequence composition, genomic location, stability, and expression of the HIV reservoir both within and across individuals, and a majority of proviral sequences are replication-defective. These factors, and the low frequency of persistently infected cells in individuals on suppressive ART, make understanding the reservoir and its response to experimental reservoir reduction interventions challenging. Here, we review the characteristics of the HIV reservoir, state-of-the-art assays to measure and characterize the reservoir, and how these assays can be applied to accurately detect reductions in reservoir during efforts to develop a cure for HIV infection. In particular, we highlight recent advances in the development of direct measures of provirus, including intact proviral DNA assays and full-length HIV DNA sequencing with integration site analysis. We also focus on novel techniques to quantitate persistent and inducible HIV, including RNA sequencing and RNA/gag protein staining techniques, as well as modified viral outgrowth methods that seek to improve upon throughput, sensitivity and dynamic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane D Falcinelli
- UNC HIV Cure Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Cristina Ceriani
- UNC HIV Cure Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - David M Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nancie M Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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79
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Abstract
: Given the challenges of life-long adherence to suppressive HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) and possibilities of comorbidities, such as HIV association neurocognitive disorder, HIV remission and eradication are desirable goals for people living with HIV. In some individuals, there is evidence that HIV persists and replicates in the CNS, impacting the success of HIV remission interventions. This article addresses the role of HIV CNS latency on HIV eradication, examines the effects of early ART, latency-modifying agents, antibody-based and T-cell enhancing therapies on the CNS as well as ART interruption in remission studies. We propose the integration of CNS monitoring into such studies in order to clarify the short-term and long-term neurological safety of experimental agents and treatment interruption, and to better characterize their effects on HIV CNS persistence.
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80
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Panaampon J, Kudo E, Kariya R, Okada S. Ephedrine enhances HIV-1 reactivation from latency through elevating tumor necrosis factor receptor II (TNFRII) expression. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02490. [PMID: 31687583 PMCID: PMC6819846 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 persists during antiretroviral therapy (ART) due to long-lived and proliferating latently-infected host cells, with the outcome being an incomplete cure. The latently-infected cells, or reservoir cells, are transcriptionally absent and invisible to the immune response. Elimination of latency is one strategy in activating virus production, making it visible to immune clearance. We previously showed that Ephedrae herba reactivated HIV-1 from latency. In this study, we used ephedrine, a major component of Ephedra herba, to reactivate HIV-1 from latency. The results showed that ephedrine enhances HIV-1 reactivation in the presence of TNFα. Combination treatment demonstrates a synergistic effect of HIV-1 reactivation compared to TNFα alone. Ephedrine treatment shows a higher TNFRII expression level, which is related to increased HIV-1 reactivation. However, the mechanism of ephedrine in HIV-1 reactivation is still unclear, and may be related to TNFRII receptor expression. Our results indicate that ephedrine enhances HIV-1 reactivation from latency in combination with TNFα treatment. This new reagent could be a promising latency reversal agent (LRA).
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81
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De Scheerder MA, Vrancken B, Dellicour S, Schlub T, Lee E, Shao W, Rutsaert S, Verhofstede C, Kerre T, Malfait T, Hemelsoet D, Coppens M, Dhondt A, De Looze D, Vermassen F, Lemey P, Palmer S, Vandekerckhove L. HIV Rebound Is Predominantly Fueled by Genetically Identical Viral Expansions from Diverse Reservoirs. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:347-358.e7. [PMID: 31471273 PMCID: PMC11021134 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Viral rebound upon stopping combined antiretroviral therapy poses a major barrier toward an HIV cure. Cellular and anatomical sources responsible for reinitiating viral replication remain a subject of ardent debate, despite extensive research efforts. To unravel the source of rebounding viruses, we conducted a large-scale HIV-STAR (HIV-1 sequencing before analytical treatment interruption to identify the anatomically relevant HIV reservoir) clinical trial. We collected samples from 11 participants and compared the genetic composition of (pro)viruses collected under treatment from different cellular and anatomical compartments with that of plasma viruses sampled during analytical treatment interruption. We found a remarkably heterogeneous source of viral rebound. In addition, irrespective of the compartment or cell subset, genetically identical viral expansions played a significant role in viral rebound. Our study suggests that although there does not seem to be a primary source for rebound HIV, cellular proliferation is an important driver of HIV persistence and should therefore be considered in future curative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Angélique De Scheerder
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of General Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Bram Vrancken
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Evolutionary and Computational Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000 Belgium
| | - Simon Dellicour
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Evolutionary and Computational Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000 Belgium; Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP160/12 50, av. FD Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Timothy Schlub
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney 2000, NSW, Australia
| | - Eunok Lee
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Wei Shao
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sofie Rutsaert
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of General Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Chris Verhofstede
- Aids Reference Laboratory, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Department of Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Thomas Malfait
- Department of Pulmonology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Dimitri Hemelsoet
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Marc Coppens
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Dhondt
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Danny De Looze
- Department of Gastro-Enterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Frank Vermassen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lemey
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Evolutionary and Computational Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000 Belgium
| | - Sarah Palmer
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of General Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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82
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Boucau J, Le Gall S. Antigen processing and presentation in HIV infection. Mol Immunol 2019; 113:67-74. [PMID: 29636181 PMCID: PMC6174111 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The presentation of virus-derived peptides by MHC molecules constitutes the earliest signals for immune recognition by T cells. In HIV infection, immune responses elicited during infection do not enable to clear infection and correlates of immune protection are not well defined. Here we review features of antigen processing and presentation specific to HIV, analyze how HIV has adapted to the antigen processing machinery and discuss how advances in biochemical and computational protein degradation analyses and in immunopeptidome definition may help identify targets for efficient immune clearance and vaccine immunogen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States.
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83
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Olson A, Basukala B, Wong WW, Henderson AJ. Targeting HIV-1 proviral transcription. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 38:89-96. [PMID: 31473372 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapies, there is no cure for HIV-1 infection due to the establishment of a long-lived latent reservoir that fuels viral rebound upon treatment interruption. 'Shock-and-kill' strategies to diminish the latent reservoir have had modest impact on the reservoir leading to considerations of alternative approaches to target HIV-1 proviruses. This review explores approaches to target HIV-1 transcription as a way to block the provirus expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Olson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Binita Basukala
- Cell & Molecular Biology, Biology, Boston University, United States
| | - Wilson W Wong
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, United States
| | - Andrew J Henderson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, United States.
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84
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Denton PW, Søgaard OS, Tolstrup M. Impacts of HIV Cure Interventions on Viral Reservoirs in Tissues. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1956. [PMID: 31497010 PMCID: PMC6712158 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV reservoirs persist in infected individuals despite combination antiretroviral therapy and can be identified in secondary lymphoid tissues, in intestinal tissues, in the central nervous system as well as in blood. Clinical trials have begun to explore effects of small molecule interventions to perturb the latent viral infection, but only limited information is available regarding the impacts of HIV cure-related clinical interventions on viral reservoirs found in tissues. Of the 14 HIV cure-related clinical trials since 2012 that have evaluated the effects of small molecule interventions in vivo, four trials have examined the impacts of the interventions in peripheral blood as well as other tissues that harbor persistent HIV. The additional tissues examined include cerebral spinal fluid, intestines and lymph nodes. We provide a comparison contrast analyses of the data across anatomical compartments tested in these studies to reveal where peripheral blood analyses reflect outcomes in other tissues as well as where the data reveal differences between tissue outcomes. We also summarize the current knowledge on these topics and highlight key open questions that need to be addressed experimentally to move the HIV cure research field closer to the development of an intervention strategy capable of eliciting long-term antiretroviral free remission of HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Denton
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ole S Søgaard
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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85
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Identification of Immunodominant HIV-1 Epitopes Presented by HLA-C*12:02, a Protective Allele, Using an Immunopeptidomics Approach. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00634-19. [PMID: 31217245 PMCID: PMC6694829 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00634-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that the cell surface expression level of HLA-C on both uninfected and HIV-infected cells is lower than those of HLA-A and -B, increasing evidence suggests an important role for HLA-C and HLA-C-restricted CD8+ T cell responses in determining the efficiency of viral control in HIV-1-infected individuals. Nonetheless, HLA-C-restricted T cell responses are much less well studied than HLA-A/B-restricted ones, and relatively few optimal HIV-1 CD8+ T cell epitopes restricted by HLA-C alleles have been defined. Recent improvements in the sensitivity of mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches for profiling the immunopeptidome present an opportunity for epitope discovery on a large scale. Here, we employed an MS-based immunopeptidomic strategy to characterize HIV-1 peptides presented by a protective allele, HLA-C*12:02. We identified a total of 10,799 unique 8- to 12-mer peptides, including 15 HIV-1 peptides. The latter included 2 previously reported immunodominant HIV-1 epitopes, and analysis of T cell responses to the other HIV-1 peptides detected revealed an additional immunodominant epitope. These findings illustrate the utility of MS-based approaches for epitope definition and emphasize the capacity of HLA-C to present immunodominant T cell epitopes in HIV-infected individuals, indicating the importance of further evaluation of HLA-C-restricted responses to identify novel targets for HIV-1 prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.IMPORTANCE Mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches are increasingly being employed for large-scale identification of HLA-bound peptides derived from pathogens, but only very limited profiling of the HIV-1 immunopeptidome has been conducted to date. Notably, a growing body of evidence has recently begun to indicate a protective role for HLA-C in HIV-1 infection, which may suggest that despite the fact that levels of HLA-C expression on both uninfected and HIV-1-infected cells are lower than those of HLA-A/B, HLA-C still presents epitopes to CD8+ T cells effectively. To explore this, we analyzed HLA-C*12:02-restricted HIV-1 peptides presented on HIV-1-infected cells expressing only HLA-C*12:02 (a protective allele) using liquid chromatography-tandem MS (LC-MS/MS). We identified a number of novel HLA-C*12:02-bound HIV-1 peptides and showed that although the majority of them did not elicit T cell responses during natural infection in a Japanese cohort, they included three immunodominant epitopes, emphasizing the contribution of HLA-C to epitope presentation on HIV-infected cells.
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86
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Balcom EF, Roda WC, Cohen EA, Li MY, Power C. HIV-1 persistence in the central nervous system: viral and host determinants during antiretroviral therapy. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 38:54-62. [PMID: 31390580 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite remarkable therapeutic advances in the past two decades, the elimination of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from latent reservoirs constitutes a major barrier to eradication and preventing neurological disease associated with HIV/AIDS. Invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by HIV-1 occurs early in infection, leading to viral infection and productive persistence in brain macrophage-like cells (BMCs) including resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages. HIV-1 persistence in the brain and chronic neuroinflammation occur despite effective treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART). This review examines the evidence from clinical studies, in vivo and in vitro models for HIV-1 CNS persistence, as well as therapeutic considerations in targeting latent CNS reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Balcom
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - W C Roda
- Department of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - E A Cohen
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Y Li
- Department of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - C Power
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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87
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Cohen MS, Council OD, Chen JS. Sexually transmitted infections and HIV in the era of antiretroviral treatment and prevention: the biologic basis for epidemiologic synergy. J Int AIDS Soc 2019; 22 Suppl 6:e25355. [PMID: 31468737 PMCID: PMC6715951 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV is a unique sexually transmitted infection (STI) that is greatly affected by other concomitant "classical" bacterial and viral STIs that cause genital ulcers and/or mucosal inflammation. STIs also serve as a marker for risky sexual behaviours. STIs increase infectiousness of people living with HIV by increasing the viral concentration in the genital tract, and by increasing the potential for HIV acquisition in people at risk for HIV. In addition, some STIs can increase blood HIV concentration and promote progression of disease. This review is designed to investigate the complex relationship between HIV and classical STIs. DISCUSSION Treatment of STIs with appropriate antibiotics reduces HIV in blood, semen and female genital secretions. However, community-based trials could not reliably reduce the spread of HIV by mass treatment of STIs. Introduction of antiretroviral agents for the treatment and prevention of HIV has led to renewed interest in the complex relationship between STIs and HIV. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) reduces the infectiousness of HIV and virtually eliminates the transmission of HIV in spite of concomitant or acquired STIs. However, while ART interrupts HIV transmission, it does not stop intermittent shedding of HIV in genital secretions. Such shedding of HIV is increased by STIs, although the viral copies are not likely replication competent or infectious. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of HIV with the combination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) prevents HIV acquisition in spite of concomitant STIs. CONCLUSIONS STIs remain pandemic, and the availability of ART may have led to an increase in STIs, as fear of HIV has diminished. Classical STIs present a huge worldwide health burden that cannot be separated from HIV, and they deserve far more attention than they currently receive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron S Cohen
- UNC School of MedicineInstitute for Global Health & Infectious DiseasesChapel HillNCUSA
| | | | - Jane S Chen
- Department of EpidemiologyGillings School of Global Public HealthUNCChapel HillNCUSA
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88
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Wong VC, Bass VL, Bullock ME, Chavali AK, Lee REC, Mothes W, Gaudet S, Miller-Jensen K. NF-κB-Chromatin Interactions Drive Diverse Phenotypes by Modulating Transcriptional Noise. Cell Rep 2019; 22:585-599. [PMID: 29346759 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Noisy gene expression generates diverse phenotypes, but little is known about mechanisms that modulate noise. Combining experiments and modeling, we studied how tumor necrosis factor (TNF) initiates noisy expression of latent HIV via the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and how the HIV genomic integration site modulates noise to generate divergent (low-versus-high) phenotypes of viral activation. We show that TNF-induced transcriptional noise varies more than mean transcript number and that amplification of this noise explains low-versus-high viral activation. For a given integration site, live-cell imaging shows that NF-κB activation correlates with viral activation, but across integration sites, NF-κB activation cannot account for differences in transcriptional noise and phenotypes. Instead, differences in transcriptional noise are associated with differences in chromatin state and RNA polymerase II regulation. We conclude that, whereas NF-κB regulates transcript abundance in each cell, the chromatin environment modulates noise in the population to support diverse HIV activation in response to TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor C Wong
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Victor L Bass
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - M Elise Bullock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Arvind K Chavali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Robin E C Lee
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Suzanne Gaudet
- Department of Cancer Biology and Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Kathryn Miller-Jensen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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89
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Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) lectins mediate the recognition, uptake, and processing of antigens, but they can also be coopted by pathogens for infection. These distinct activities depend upon the routing of antigens within the cell. Antigens directed to endosomal compartments are degraded, and the peptides are presented on major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, thereby promoting immunity. Alternatively, HIV-1 can avoid degradation, as virus engagement with C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), such as DC-SIGN (DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin) results in trafficking to surface-accessible invaginated pockets. This process appears to enable infection of T cells in trans We sought to explore whether antigen fate upon CLR-mediated internalization was affected by antigen physical properties. To this end, we employed the ring-opening metathesis polymerization to generate glycopolymers that each display multiple copies of mannoside ligand for DC-SIGN, yet differ in length and size. The rate and extent of glycopolymer internalization depended upon polymer structure-longer polymers were internalized more rapidly and more efficiently than were shorter polymers. The trafficking, however, did not differ, and both short and longer polymers colocalized with transferrin-labeled early endosomes. To explore how DC-SIGN directs larger particles, such as pathogens, we induced aggregation of the polymers to access particulate antigens. Strikingly, these particulate antigens were diverted to the invaginated pockets that harbor HIV-1. Thus, antigen structure has a dramatic effect on DC-SIGN-mediated uptake and trafficking. These findings have consequences for the design of synthetic vaccines. Additionally, the results suggest strategies for targeting DC reservoirs that harbor viral pathogens.
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90
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Jimenez Jimenez AM, Moulick A, Bhowmick S, Strmiska V, Gagic M, Horakova Z, Kostrica R, Masarik M, Heger Z, Adam V. One-step detection of human papilloma viral infection using quantum dot-nucleotide interaction specificity. Talanta 2019; 205:120111. [PMID: 31450441 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to the close relationship between carcinogenesis and human papillomavirus (HPV), and since they are transmitted via huge number of asymptomatic carriers, the detection of HPV is really needed to reduce the risk of developing cancer. According to the best of our knowledge, our study provides the very first method for one-step detection of viral infection and if it has initiated the subsequent cancer proliferation. The proposed novel nanosystem consists of magnetic glass particles (MGPs), which were attached with DNA probe on their surface to hybridize with target DNAs. The MGP-probe-DNA hybrid was finally conjugated with CdTe/ZnSe core/shell quantum dots (QDs). The proposed detection system is based on a novel mechanism in which the MGPs separate out the target DNAs from different biological samples using external magnetic field for better and clear detection and the QDs give different fluorescent maxima for different target DNAs due to their ability to interact differently with different nucleotides. Firstly, the method was optimized using HPV genes cloned into synthetic plasmids. Then it was applied directly on the samples from normal and cancerous cells. After that, the real hospital samples of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) with or without the infection of HPV were also analyzed. Our novel nano-system is proved successful in detecting and distinguishing between the patients suffering by HPV infection with or without subsequent cancer having detection limit estimated as 1.0 x 109 (GEq/mL). The proposed methodology is faster and cost-effective, which can be applied at the clinical level to help the doctors to decide the strategy of medication that may save the life of the patients with an early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Jimenez Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Amitava Moulick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sukanya Bhowmick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Strmiska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milica Gagic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Horakova
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital, CZ-65691, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rom Kostrica
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital, CZ-65691, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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91
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HIV Silencing and Inducibility Are Heterogeneous and Are Affected by Factors Intrinsic to the Virus. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00188-19. [PMID: 31239371 PMCID: PMC6593397 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00188-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptionally silent HIV proviruses form the major obstacle to eradicating HIV. Many studies of HIV latency have focused on the cellular mechanisms that maintain silencing of proviral DNA. Here we show that viral sequence variation affecting replicative ability leads to variable rates of silencing and ability to reactivate. We studied naturally occurring and engineered polymorphisms in a recently identified exonic splice enhancer (ESEtat) that regulates tat mRNA splicing and constructed viruses with increased (strain M1), reduced (strain M2), or completely absent (strain ERK) binding of splicing factors essential for optimal production of tat mRNA resulting in a corresponding change in Tat activity. The mutations affected viral replication, with M1 having wild-type (WT) kinetics, M2 exhibiting reduced kinetics, and ERK showing completely abrogated replication. Using single-round infection with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing viruses to study proviral gene expression, we observed progressively greater rates of silencing relating to the degree of ESEtat disruption, with the WT strain at 53%, strain M2 at 69%, and strain ERK at 94%. By stimulating infected cells with a latency reversal agent (phorbol myristate acetate [PMA], panobinostat, or JQ1), we observed that the dose required to achieve 50% of the maximum signal was lowest in the WT, intermediate in M2, and highest in ERK, indicating progressively higher thresholds for reactivation. These results suggest that the ability of silent proviruses to reactivate from latency is variable and that minor differences in the viral sequence can alter the proportion of silenced viruses as well as the threshold required to induce silenced viruses to reactivate and express.IMPORTANCE A reservoir of infected cells in which the HIV genome is transcriptionally silent is acknowledged to be the principal barrier to eradicating the virus from an infected person. A number of cellular processes are implicated in this silencing; however, the viral factors that may contribute remain underexplored. Here we examined mutations altering the correct splicing of HIV gene products as a model to study whether differences in viral sequence can affect either the proportion of viruses that are active or silent or their ability to reactivate. We found that some naturally occurring variations result in viruses that are silenced at a higher rate and require a proportionally increased stimulus for reactivation from latency. These data suggest that the silencing and reactivation behavior of HIV exists in a spectrum, influenced by factors intrinsic to the virus.
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92
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Elsheikh MM, Tang Y, Li D, Jiang G. Deep latency: A new insight into a functional HIV cure. EBioMedicine 2019; 45:624-629. [PMID: 31227439 PMCID: PMC6642357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent HIV reservoir is the main obstacle that prevents a cure for HIV-1 (HIV). While antiretroviral therapy is effective in controlling viral replication, it cannot eliminate latent HIV reservoirs in patients. Several strategies have been proposed to combat HIV latency, including bone marrow transplantation to replace blood cells with CCR5-mutated stem cells, gene editing to disrupt the HIV genome, and “Shock and Kill” to reactivate latent HIV followed by an immune clearance. However, high risks and limitations to scale-up in clinics, off-target effects in human genomes or failure to reduce reservoir sizes in patients hampered our current efforts to achieve an HIV cure. This necessitates alternative strategies to control the latent HIV reservoirs. This review will discuss an emerging strategy aimed to deeply silence HIV reservoirs, the development of this concept, its potential and caveats for HIV remission/cure, and prospective directions for silencing the latent HIV, thereby preventing viruses from rebound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher M Elsheikh
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Yuyang Tang
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health & Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dajiang Li
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health & Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Guochun Jiang
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health & Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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93
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Eradication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (HIV-1)-Infected Cells. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11060255. [PMID: 31159417 PMCID: PMC6631149 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11060255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Predictions made soon after the introduction of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors about potentially eradicating the cellular reservoirs of HIV-1 in infected individuals were too optimistic. The ability of the HIV-1 genome to remain in the chromosomes of resting CD4+ T cells and macrophages without being expressed (HIV-1 latency) has prompted studies to activate the cells in the hopes that the immune system can recognize and clear these cells. The absence of natural clearance of latently infected cells has led to the recognition that additional interventions are necessary. Here, we review the potential of utilizing suicide gene therapy to kill infected cells, excising the chromosome-integrated HIV-1 DNA, and targeting cytotoxic liposomes to latency-reversed HIV-1-infected cells.
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94
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The long-lived HIV reservoir remains a major obstacle for an HIV cure. Current techniques to analyze this reservoir are generally population-based. We highlight recent developments in methods visualizing HIV, which offer a different, complementary view, and provide indispensable information for cure strategy development. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques enabled key developments in reservoir visualization. Flow cytometric detection of HIV mRNAs, concurrently with proteins, provides a high-throughput approach to study the reservoir on a single-cell level. On a tissue level, key spatial information can be obtained detecting viral RNA and DNA in situ by fluorescence microscopy. At total-body level, advancements in non-invasive immuno-positron emission tomography (PET) detection of HIV proteins may allow an encompassing view of HIV reservoir sites. HIV imaging approaches provide important, complementary information regarding the size, phenotype, and localization of the HIV reservoir. Visualizing the reservoir may contribute to the design, assessment, and monitoring of HIV cure strategies in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Niessl
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900, St-Denis Street, Room 09-456, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amy E Baxter
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900, St-Denis Street, Room 09-456, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900, St-Denis Street, Room 09-456, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), La Jolla, CA, USA.
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95
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Cao S, Woodrow KA. Nanotechnology approaches to eradicating HIV reservoirs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 138:48-63. [PMID: 29879528 PMCID: PMC6279622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has transformed HIV-1 infection into a controllable chronic disease, but these therapies are incapable of eradicating the virus to bring about an HIV cure. Multiple strategies have been proposed and investigated to eradicate latent viral reservoirs from various biological sanctuaries. However, due to the complexity of HIV infection and latency maintenance, a single drug is unlikely to eliminate all HIV reservoirs and novel strategies may be needed to achieve better efficacy while limiting systemic toxicity. In this review, we describe HIV latency in cellular and anatomical reservoirs, and present an overview of current strategies for HIV cure with a focus on their challenges for clinical translation. Then we provide a summary of nanotechnology solutions that have been used to address challenges in HIV cure by delivering physicochemically diverse agents for combination therapy or targeting HIV reservoir sites. We also review nanocarrier-based gene delivery and immunotherapy used in cancer treatment but may have potential applications in HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kim A Woodrow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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96
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Aguilera LU, Rodríguez-González J. Modeling the effect of tat inhibitors on HIV latency. J Theor Biol 2019; 473:20-27. [PMID: 31004612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Even in the presence of a successful combination therapy stalling the progress of AIDS, developing a cure for this disease is still an open question. One of the major steps towards a cure would be to be able to eradicate latent HIV reservoirs present in patients. During the last decade, multiple findings point to the dominant role of the viral protein Tat in the establishment of latency. Here we present a mathematical study to understand the potential role of Tat inhibitors as virus-suppressing agents. For this aim, we implemented a computational model that reproduces intracellular dynamics. Simulating an HIV-infected cell and its intracellular feedback we observed that removing Tat protein from the system via inhibitors resulted in a temporary and reversible viral suppression. In contrast, we observed that compounds that interact with Tat protein and disrupt the integrated viral genome produced a more permanent viral suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis U Aguilera
- Department of Modeling of Biological Processes, COS Heidelberg / Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Colorado State University
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-González
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Monterrey, Via del Conocimiento 201, Parque PIIT, Apodaca CP 66600 NL, México.
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97
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Jeknić S, Kudo T, Covert MW. Techniques for Studying Decoding of Single Cell Dynamics. Front Immunol 2019; 10:755. [PMID: 31031756 PMCID: PMC6470274 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells must be able to interpret signals they encounter and reliably generate an appropriate response. It has long been known that the dynamics of transcription factor and kinase activation can play a crucial role in selecting an individual cell's response. The study of cellular dynamics has expanded dramatically in the last few years, with dynamics being discovered in novel pathways, new insights being revealed about the importance of dynamics, and technological improvements increasing the throughput and capabilities of single cell measurements. In this review, we highlight the important developments in this field, with a focus on the methods used to make new discoveries. We also include a discussion on improvements in methods for engineering and measuring single cell dynamics and responses. Finally, we will briefly highlight some of the many challenges and avenues of research that are still open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan Jeknić
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Allen Discovery Center for Systems Modeling of Infection, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Takamasa Kudo
- Allen Discovery Center for Systems Modeling of Infection, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Markus W Covert
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Allen Discovery Center for Systems Modeling of Infection, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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98
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Boucau J, Madouasse J, Kourjian G, Carlin CS, Wambua D, Berberich MJ, Le Gall S. The Activation State of CD4 T Cells Alters Cellular Peptidase Activities, HIV Antigen Processing, and MHC Class I Presentation in a Sequence-Dependent Manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2856-2872. [PMID: 30936293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T cell activation is critical to the initiation of adaptive immunity. CD4 T cells are also the main targets of HIV infection, and their activation status contributes to the maintenance and outcome of infection. Although the role of activation in the differentiation and proliferation of CD4 T cells is well studied, its impact on the processing and MHC class I (MHC-I) presentation of epitopes and immune recognition by CD8 T cells are not investigated. In this study, we show that the expression and hydrolytic activities of cellular peptidases are increased upon TCR-dependent and MHC-peptide activation of primary CD4 T cells from healthy or HIV-infected persons. Changes in peptidase activities altered the degradation patterns of HIV Ags analyzed by mass spectrometry, modifying the amount of MHC-I epitopes produced, the antigenicity of the degradation products, and the coverage of Ags by degradation peptides presentable by MHC-I. The computational analysis of 2237 degradation peptides generated during the degradation of various HIV-antigenic fragments in CD4 T cells identified cleavage sites that were predictably enhanced, reduced, or unchanged upon cellular activation. Epitope processing and presentation by CD4 T cells may be modulated by the activation state of cells in a sequence-dependent manner. Accordingly, cellular activation modified endogenous Ag processing and presentation and killing of HIV-infected CD4 T cells by CD8 T cells in a way that mirrored differences in in vitro epitope processing. The clearance of HIV-infected cells may rely on different immune responses according to activation state during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Wambua
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
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99
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Pedro KD, Henderson AJ, Agosto LM. Mechanisms of HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission and the establishment of the latent reservoir. Virus Res 2019; 265:115-121. [PMID: 30905686 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 spreads through both the release of cell-free particles and by cell-to-cell transmission. Mounting evidence indicates that cell-to-cell transmission is more efficient than cell-free transmission of particles and likely influences the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. This mode of viral transmission also influences the generation and maintenance of the latent reservoir, which represents the main obstacle for curing the infection. In this review we will discuss general cell contact-dependent mechanisms that HIV-1 utilizes for its spread and the evidence pointing to cell-to-cell transmission as a mechanism for the establishment and maintenance of latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Pedro
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew J Henderson
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luis M Agosto
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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100
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Giuliani E, Desimio MG, Doria M. Hexamethylene bisacetamide impairs NK cell-mediated clearance of acute T lymphoblastic leukemia cells and HIV-1-infected T cells that exit viral latency. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4373. [PMID: 30867508 PMCID: PMC6416400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) anticancer drug was dismissed due to limited efficacy in leukemic patients but it may re-enter into the clinics in HIV-1 eradication strategies because of its recently disclosed capacity to reactivate latent virus. Here, we investigated the impact of HMBA on the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells against acute T lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells or HIV-1-infected T cells that exit from latency. We show that in T-ALL cells HMBA upmodulated MICB and ULBP2 ligands for the NKG2D activating receptor. In a primary CD4+ T cell-based latency model, HMBA did not reactivate HIV-1, yet enhanced ULBP2 expression on cells harboring virus reactivated by prostratin (PRO). However, HMBA reduced the expression of NKG2D and its DAP10 adaptor in NK cells, hence impairing NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity and DAP10-dependent response to IL-15 stimulation. Alongside, HMBA dampened killing of T-ALL targets by IL-15-activated NK cells and impaired NK cell-mediated clearance of PRO-reactivated HIV-1+ cells. Overall, our results demonstrate a dominant detrimental effect of HMBA on the NKG2D pathway that crucially controls NK cell-mediated killing of tumors and virus-infected cells, providing one possible explanation for poor clinical outcome in HMBA-treated cancer patients and raising concerns for future therapeutic application of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Giuliani
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Desimio
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.
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