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Abstract
Studies of the human microbiome share both technical and conceptual similarities with genome-wide association studies and genetic epidemiology. However, the microbiome has many features that differ from genomes, such as its temporal and spatial variability, highly distinct genetic architecture and person-to-person variation. Moreover, there are various potential mechanisms by which distinct aspects of the human microbiome can relate to health outcomes. Recent advances, including next-generation sequencing and the proliferation of multi-omic data types, have enabled the exploration of the mechanisms that connect microbial communities to human health. Here, we review the ways in which features of the microbiome at various body sites can influence health outcomes, and we describe emerging opportunities and future directions for advanced microbiome epidemiology.
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Tu K, Zhao LJ, Gu J. Adult focal β-cell nesidioblastosis: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:150-156. [PMID: 36687197 PMCID: PMC9846974 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i1.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nesidioblastosis usually refers to a series of clinical manifestations caused by the proliferation of β-cells in pancreatic islets, and these clinical manifestations are hyperinsulinemia and persistent hypoglycemia. According to the size of the lesion, nesidioblastosis is divided into focal nesidioblastosis, diffuse nesidioblastosis and atypical nesidioblastosis, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Nesidioblastosis is mainly seen in infants and rarely reported in adults, especially focal nesidioblastosis, which is difficult to distinguish from insulinoma.
CASE SUMMARY We report a case of adult focal β-cell nesidioblastosis in which the preoperative diagnosis was insulinoma. The patient was a 48-year-old male who suffered from repeated morning and fasting palpitations, sweating, and severe disturbance of consciousness for 5 years. His blood glucose was found to be as low as 1.79 mmol/L during an attack. However, abdominal computed tomography showed no abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopic ultrasonography demonstrated a nodular mass in the head of the pancreas, combined with hyperinsulinemia and high serum C-peptide. The patient was diagnosed with insulinoma and underwent Beger surgery; however, the postoperative pathological results showed nesidioblastosis.
CONCLUSION Although surgical resection is the preferred option for nesidioblastosis, some cases can be treated non-surgically. In order to increase clinicians' understanding of nesidioblastosis, it is necessary to review the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Tu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Li-Jin Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jin Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
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53
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Liu C, Li N, Peng M, Huang K, Fan D, Zhao Z, Huang X, Liu Y, Chen S, Li Z. Celastrol directly binds with VAMP7 and RAB7 to inhibit autophagy and induce apoptosis in preadipocytes. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1094584. [PMID: 36959859 PMCID: PMC10027750 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1094584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most prevalent chronic metabolic diseases, and induction of apoptosis in preadipocytes and adipocytes is a potential strategy to treat obesity. Celastrol represents one of the most robust anti-obesity phytochemicals so far, yet its direct binding target remains elusive. Here, we determined that celastrol could induce apoptosis in preadipocytes via mitochondrial mediated pathway. Further study clarified that celastrol inhibited the fusion of autophagosome and lysosome to prohibit autophagy, leading to cell apoptosis. By conducting virtual screening and genetic manipulation, we verified that overexpression of VAMP7 and RAB7 could block the effects of celastrol on inhibiting autophagy and inducing apoptosis. The Surface Plasmon Resonance study confirmed the direct binding of celastrol with VAMP7 and RAB7. The functional study illustrated the inhibition of RAB7 GTPase activity after celastrol treatment. Moreover, celastrol induced comparable apoptosis in murine epididymal adipose tissue, human preadipocytes and adipocytes, but not in human hepatocytes. An inhibitory effect on differentiation of human primary visceral preadipocytes was also observed. In conclusion, celastrol exhibited inhibitory effect of autophagy via direct binding with VAMP7 and RAB7, leading to an increase in preadipocytes apoptosis. These results advance our understanding in the potential application of celastrol in treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshu Liu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Li
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meixiu Peng
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kan Huang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongxiao Fan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengde Zhao
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuyi Huang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunchong Liu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sifan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Sifan Chen, ; Zilun Li,
| | - Zilun Li
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Sifan Chen, ; Zilun Li,
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Maestri M, Santopaolo F, Pompili M, Gasbarrini A, Ponziani FR. Gut microbiota modulation in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Effects of current treatments and future strategies. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1110536. [PMID: 36875849 PMCID: PMC9978194 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1110536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is frequently associated with metabolic disorders, being highly prevalent in obese and diabetic patients. Many concomitant factors that promote systemic and liver inflammation are involved in NAFLD pathogenesis, with a growing body of evidence highlighting the key role of the gut microbiota. Indeed, the gut-liver axis has a strong impact in the promotion of NAFLD and in the progression of the wide spectrum of its manifestations, claiming efforts to find effective strategies for gut microbiota modulation. Diet is among the most powerful tools; Western diet negatively affects intestinal permeability and the gut microbiota composition and function, selecting pathobionts, whereas Mediterranean diet fosters health-promoting bacteria, with a favorable impact on lipid and glucose metabolism and liver inflammation. Antibiotics and probiotics have been used to improve NAFLD features, with mixed results. More interestingly, medications used to treat NAFLD-associated comorbidities may also modulate the gut microbiota. Drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), such as metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors, are not only effective in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, but also in the reduction of liver fat content and inflammation, and they are associated with a shift in the gut microbiota composition towards a healthy phenotype. Even bariatric surgery significantly changes the gut microbiota, mostly due to the modification of the gastrointestinal anatomy, with a parallel improvement in histological features of NAFLD. Other options with promising effects in reprogramming the gut-liver axis, such as fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) and next-generation probiotics deserve further investigation for future inclusion in the therapeutic armamentarium of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Maestri
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Santopaolo
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Ponziani
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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55
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Binda C, Gibiino G, Sbrancia M, Coluccio C, Cazzato M, Carloni L, Cucchetti A, Ercolani G, Sambri V, Fabbri C. Microbiota in the Natural History of Pancreatic Cancer: From Predisposition to Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010001. [PMID: 36611999 PMCID: PMC9817971 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early microbiome insights came from gut microbes and their role among intestinal and extraintestinal disease. The latest evidence suggests that the microbiota is a true organ, capable of several interactions throughout the digestive system, attracting specific interest in the biliopancreatic district. Despite advances in diagnostics over the last few decades and improvements in the management of this disease, pancreatic cancer is still a common cause of cancer death. Microbiota can influence the development of precancerous disease predisposing to pancreatic cancer (PC). At the same time, neoplastic tissue shows specific characteristics in terms of diversity and phenotype, determining the short- and long-term prognosis. Considering the above information, a role for microbiota has also been hypothesized in the different phases of the PC approach, providing future revolutionary therapeutic insights. Microbiota-modulating therapies could open new issues in the therapeutic landscape. The aim of this narrative review is to assess the most updated evidence on microbiome in all the steps regarding pancreatic adenocarcinoma, from early development to response to antineoplastic therapy and long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Binda
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forlì-Cesena Hospitals, Ausl Romagna, 47121 Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Giulia Gibiino
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forlì-Cesena Hospitals, Ausl Romagna, 47121 Forlì-Cesena, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3488609557
| | - Monica Sbrancia
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forlì-Cesena Hospitals, Ausl Romagna, 47121 Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Chiara Coluccio
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forlì-Cesena Hospitals, Ausl Romagna, 47121 Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Maria Cazzato
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forlì-Cesena Hospitals, Ausl Romagna, 47121 Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Carloni
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forlì-Cesena Hospitals, Ausl Romagna, 47121 Forlì-Cesena, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences—DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cucchetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences—DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- General and Oncologic Surgery, Morgagni—Pierantoni Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Giorgio Ercolani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences—DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- General and Oncologic Surgery, Morgagni—Pierantoni Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Vittorio Sambri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences—DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Microbiology Unit, Hub Laboratory, AUSL della Romagna, 47121 Cesena, Italy
| | - Carlo Fabbri
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forlì-Cesena Hospitals, Ausl Romagna, 47121 Forlì-Cesena, Italy
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The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Pediatric Obesity and Bariatric Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315421. [PMID: 36499739 PMCID: PMC9740713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity affects 42.4% of adults and 19.3% of children in the United States. Childhood obesity drives many comorbidities including hypertension, fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Prior research suggests that aberrant compositional development of the gut microbiome, with low-grade inflammation, precedes being overweight. Therefore, childhood may provide opportunities for interventions that shape the microbiome to mitigate obesity-related diseases. Children with obesity have gut microbiota compositional and functional differences, including increased proinflammatory bacterial taxa, compared to lean controls. Restoration of the gut microbiota to a healthy state may ameliorate conditions associated with obesity and help maintain a healthy weight. Pediatric bariatric (weight-loss) surgery is an effective treatment for childhood obesity; however, there is limited research into the role of the gut microbiome after weight-loss surgery in children. This review will discuss the magnitude of childhood obesity, the importance of the developing microbiome in establishing metabolic pathways, interventions such as bariatric surgery that may modulate the gut microbiome, and future directions for the potential development of microbiome-based therapeutics to treat obesity.
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Nagasawa Y, Katagiri S, Nakagawa K, Hirota T, Yoshimi K, Uchida A, Hatasa M, Komatsu K, Shiba T, Ohsugi Y, Uesaka N, Iwata T, Tohara H. Xanthan gum-based fluid thickener decreases postprandial blood glucose associated with increase of Glp1 and Glp1r expression in ileum and alteration of gut microbiome. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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58
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Forde B, Yao L, Shaha R, Murphy S, Lunjani N, O'Mahony L. Immunomodulation by foods and microbes: Unravelling the molecular tango. Allergy 2022; 77:3513-3526. [PMID: 35892227 PMCID: PMC10087875 DOI: 10.1111/all.15455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic health and immune function are intimately connected via diet and the microbiota. Nearly 90% of all immune cells in the body are associated with the gastrointestinal tract and these immune cells are continuously exposed to a wide range of microbes and microbial-derived compounds, with important systemic ramifications. Microbial dysbiosis has consistently been observed in patients with atopic dermatitis, food allergy and asthma and the molecular mechanisms linking changes in microbial populations with disease risk and disease endotypes are being intensively investigated. The discovery of novel bacterial metabolites that impact immune function is at the forefront of host-microbe research. Co-evolution of microbial communities within their hosts has resulted in intertwined metabolic pathways that affect physiological and pathological processes. However, recent dietary and lifestyle changes are thought to negatively influence interactions between microbes and their host. This review provides an overview of some of the critical metabolite-receptor interactions that have been recently described, which may underpin the immunomodulatory effects of the microbiota, and are of relevance for allergy, asthma and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Forde
- APC Microbiome Ireland, UCC, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, UCC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lu Yao
- APC Microbiome Ireland, UCC, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, UCC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rupin Shaha
- APC Microbiome Ireland, UCC, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, UCC, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Nonhlanhla Lunjani
- APC Microbiome Ireland, UCC, Cork, Ireland.,University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- APC Microbiome Ireland, UCC, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, UCC, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, UCC, Cork, Ireland
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59
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Mkrtumyan AM, Yakovenko IY, Botov AA, Samratov TU. The role of bile acids and intestinal microbiota in metabolic transformations after gastric bypass surgery. DIABETES MELLITUS 2022. [DOI: 10.14341/dm12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Today, the positive impact of bariatric surgery on the course of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been studied in detail. At the same time, not only the effect of direct weight loss and the incretin theory, but also other mechanisms for normalizing glycemia are being actively discussed. Thus, special attention is paid to the metabolism of bile acids and their influence on various indicators of homeostasis, including carbohydrate metabolism. After bariatric interventions of the bypass type, the passage of bile through the gastrointestinal tract, as well as its interaction with food masses, changes significantly, which served as the basis for studying this phenomenon. The information accumulated to date indicates enormous changes occurring not only in the anatomy, but also in the biology of the gastrointestinal tract after bariatric bypass surgery. The composition of the intestinal microbiota and the composition of bile masses undergo significant changes. Most of the works available today suggest that these changes are the cause of a number of metabolic rearrangements, and directly affect carbohydrate metabolism. This issue is still under study and accumulation of the necessary information, but today it can be stated with confidence that the role of bile passage, bile acid circulation and restructuring of the intestinal microbiota in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and energy balance after bariatric bypass surgery is of extreme importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. A. Botov
- Central Union Hospital of Russian Federation; Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - T. U. Samratov
- Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
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60
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Plaza-Díaz J, Manzano M, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Giron MD, Salto R, López-Pedrosa JM, Santos-Fandila A, Garcia-Corcoles MT, Rueda R, Gil Á. Intake of slow-digesting carbohydrates is related to changes in the microbiome and its functional pathways in growing rats with obesity induced by diet. Front Nutr 2022; 9:992682. [PMID: 36532542 PMCID: PMC9748084 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.992682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The main cause of insulin resistance in childhood is obesity, which contributes to future comorbidities as in adults. Although high-calorie diets and lack of exercise contribute to metabolic disease development, food quality rather than the quantity of macronutrients is more important than food density. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of changing the quality of carbohydrates from rapidly to slowly digestible carbohydrates on the composition of the gut microbiota and the profiles of the functional pathways in growing rats with obesity due to a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS During the course of 4 weeks, rats growing on an HFD-containing carbohydrates with different digestive rates were fed either HFD-containing carbohydrates with a rapid digestion rate (OBE group) or HFD-containing carbohydrates with a slow digestion rate (OBE-ISR group). A non-obese group (NOB) was included as a reference, and rats were fed on a rodent standard diet (AIN93G). An analysis of gut microbiota was conducted using 16S rRNA-based metagenomics; a linear mixed-effects model (LMM) was used to determine changes in abundance between baseline and 4 weeks of treatment, and functional pathways were identified. Gut microbiota composition at bacterial diversity and relative abundance, at phylum and genus levels, and functional profiles were analyzed by integrating the Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) database. RESULTS The groups showed comparable gut microbiota at baseline. At the end of the treatment, animals from the ISR group exhibited differences at the phylum levels by decreasing the diversity of Fisher's index and Firmicutes (newly named as Bacillota), and increasing the Pielou's evenness and Bacteroidetes (newly named as Bacteroidota); at the genus level by increasing Alistipes, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Butyricimonas, Lachnoclostridium, Flavonifractor, Ruminiclostridium 5, and Faecalibaculum and decreasing Muribaculum, Blautia, and Ruminiclostridium 9. Remarkably, relative abundances of genera Tyzzerella and Angelakisella were higher in the OBE group compared to NOB and OBE-ISR groups. In addition, some microbiota carbohydrate metabolism pathways such as glycolysis, glucuronic acid degradation, pentose phosphate pathway, methanogenesis, and fatty acid biosynthesis exhibited increased activity in the OBE-ISR group after the treatment. Higher levels of acetate and propionate were found in the feces of the ISR group compared with the NOB and OBE groups. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that replacing rapidly digestible carbohydrates with slowly digestible carbohydrates within an HFD improve the composition of the gut microbiota. Consequently, metabolic disturbances associated with obesity may be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plaza-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.Granada), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.Granada), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria D. Giron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Salto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Ángel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.Granada), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Shin JH, Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Shao Y, Lyons-Abbott S, Rupp AC, Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ. The gut peptide Reg3g links the small intestine microbiome to the regulation of energy balance, glucose levels, and gut function. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1765-1778.e6. [PMID: 36240758 PMCID: PMC9633559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Changing composition of the gut microbiome is an important component of the gut adaptation to various environments, which have been implicated in various metabolic diseases including obesity and type 2 diabetes, but the mechanisms by which the microbiota influence host physiology remain contentious. Here we find that both diets high in the fermentable fiber inulin and vertical sleeve gastrectomy increase intestinal expression and circulating levels of the anti-microbial peptide Reg3g. Moreover, a number of beneficial effects of these manipulations on gut function, energy balance, and glucose regulation are absent in Reg3g knockout mice. Peripheral administration of various preparations of Reg3g improves glucose tolerance, and this effect is dependent on the putative receptor Extl3 in the pancreas. These data suggest Reg3g acts both within the lumen and as a gut hormone to link the intestinal microbiome to various aspects of host physiology that may be leveraged for novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Shin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nadejda Bozadjieva-Kramer
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Research Service, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yikai Shao
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Obesity and Metabolic Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Alan C Rupp
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Darleen A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pediatrics Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Penney NC, Yeung DKT, Garcia-Perez I, Posma JM, Kopytek A, Garratt B, Ashrafian H, Frost G, Marchesi JR, Purkayastha S, Hoyles L, Darzi A, Holmes E. Multi-omic phenotyping reveals host-microbe responses to bariatric surgery, glycaemic control and obesity. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:127. [PMID: 36217535 PMCID: PMC9546886 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resolution of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is common following bariatric surgery, particularly Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Methods To address this we compare the integrated serum, urine and faecal metabolic profiles of participants with obesity ± T2D (n = 80, T2D = 42) with participants who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy (pre and 3-months post-surgery; n = 27), taking diet into account. We co-model these data with shotgun metagenomic profiles of the gut microbiota to provide a comprehensive atlas of host-gut microbe responses to bariatric surgery, weight-loss and glycaemic control at the systems level. Results Here we show that bariatric surgery reverses several disrupted pathways characteristic of T2D. The differential metabolite set representative of bariatric surgery overlaps with both diabetes (19.3% commonality) and body mass index (18.6% commonality). However, the percentage overlap between diabetes and body mass index is minimal (4.0% commonality), consistent with weight-independent mechanisms of T2D resolution. The gut microbiota is more strongly correlated to body mass index than T2D, although we identify some pathways such as amino acid metabolism that correlate with changes to the gut microbiota and which influence glycaemic control. Conclusion We identify multi-omic signatures associated with responses to surgery, body mass index, and glycaemic control. Improved understanding of gut microbiota - host co-metabolism may lead to novel therapies for weight-loss or diabetes. However, further experiments are required to provide mechanistic insight into the role of the gut microbiota in host metabolism and establish proof of causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. Penney
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY UK
| | - Derek K. T. Yeung
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY UK
| | - Isabel Garcia-Perez
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Joram M. Posma
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- Health Data Research UK, London, NW1 2BE UK
| | - Aleksandra Kopytek
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Bethany Garratt
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY UK
| | - Hutan Ashrafian
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY UK
| | - Gary Frost
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Julian R. Marchesi
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Sanjay Purkayastha
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY UK
| | - Lesley Hoyles
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Ara Darzi
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY UK
- Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY UK
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- Centre for Computational & Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150 Australia
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Xia Y, Ren M, Yang J, Cai C, Cheng W, Zhou X, Lu D, Ji F. Gut microbiome and microbial metabolites in NAFLD and after bariatric surgery: Correlation and causality. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1003755. [PMID: 36204626 PMCID: PMC9531827 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1003755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently related to a heavy socioeconomic burden and increased incidence. Since obesity is the most prevalent risk factor for NAFLD, weight loss is an effective therapeutic solution. Bariatric surgery (BS), which can achieve long-term weight loss, improves the overall health of patients with NAFLD. The two most common surgeries are the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. The gut-liver axis is the complex network of cross-talking between the gut, its microbiome, and the liver. The gut microbiome, involved in the homeostasis of the gut-liver axis, is believed to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the metabolic improvement after BS. Alterations in the gut microbiome in NAFLD have been confirmed compared to that in healthy individuals. The mechanisms linking the gut microbiome to NAFLD have been proposed, including increased intestinal permeability, higher energy intake, and other pathophysiological alterations. Interestingly, several correlation studies suggested that the gut microbial signatures after BS become more similar to those of lean, healthy controls than that of patients with NAFLD. The resolution of NAFLD after BS is related to changes in the gut microbiome and its metabolites. However, confirming a causal link remains challenging. This review summarizes characteristics of the gut microbiome in patients with NAFLD before and after BS and accumulates existing evidence about the underlying mechanisms of the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinpu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changzhou Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weixin Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Lu
- Department of Endoscopy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Ji,
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Roessler J, Leistner DM, Landmesser U, Haghikia A. Modulatory role of gut microbiota in cholesterol and glucose metabolism: Potential implications for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2022; 359:1-12. [PMID: 36126379 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests an important role of gut microbiota in physiological processes of host metabolism as well as cardiometabolic disease. Recent advances in metagenomic and metabolomic research have led to discoveries of novel pathways in which intestinal microbial metabolism of dietary nutrients is linked to metabolic profiles and cardiovascular disease risk. A number of metaorganismal circuits have been identified by microbiota transplantation studies and experimental models using germ-free rodents. Many of these pathways involve gut microbiota-related bioactive metabolites that impact host metabolism, in particular lipid and glucose homeostasis, partly via specific host receptors. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of how the gut microbiome can impact cardiometabolic phenotypes and provide an overview of recent advances of gut microbiome research. Finally, the potential of modulating intestinal microbiota composition and/or targeting microbiota-related pathways for novel preventive and therapeutic strategies in cardiometabolic and cardiovascular diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Roessler
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David M Leistner
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center of Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center of Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Arash Haghikia
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center of Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
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65
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Rehman AU, Khan AI, Xin Y, Liang W. Morchella esculenta polysaccharide attenuate obesity, inflammation and modulate gut microbiota. AMB Express 2022; 12:114. [PMID: 36056976 PMCID: PMC9440975 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible mushrooms have now been suggested as promising sources of biological functional ingredients and are the subject of the most recent nutrition research and novel functional foods. Polysaccharides from mushrooms exhibit impressive biological effects, notably against obesity. Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by chronic inflammation, gut dysbiosis, and hyperpermeability of the colon. Here, we prove that mushrooms Morchella esculenta polysaccharide (MEP) effects on HFD-induced obesity, colonic inflammation, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Our findings demonstrate MEP supplementation attenuates obesity parameters and reduces inflammation in the colon via regulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inactivation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Furthermore, MEP administration restores gut microbiota dysregulation by ameliorating Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes proportion as well as enhancing beneficial bacteria, like Lactobacillus, and inhibiting pathogenic bacteria like Enterococcus. MEP improves gut integrity by increasing tight junction proteins (TJs) and reducing endotoxin levels by controlling Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in HFD-induced obese mice. These results demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of MEP in attenuating HFD-induced obesity via regulating inflammatory cascades, ameliorating the gut microbiome, and modulating gut integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Ur Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Asif Iqbal Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Yi Xin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Wang Liang
- Clinical Stem cell Research Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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Qu Z, Tian P, Yang B, Zhao J, Wang G, Chen W. Fecal microbiota transplantation for diseases: Therapeutic potential, methodology, risk management in clinical practice. Life Sci 2022; 304:120719. [PMID: 35716734 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 95 % of human diseases may be related to the disturbance of gut microbes. As a treatment method that extensively regulates the gut microbes, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has proven to be an effective therapy for some diseases, becoming a topic of interest among clinicians, patients and scientists. AIM To review the latest clinical research results of FMT in the treatment of various diseases and the methodology and risk management in clinical application. METHODS Search PubMed and Web of Science for reliable research results of clinical treatment of FMT within 5-10 years, as well as application guidelines and risk management policies in different regions. RESULTS As a measure of allogeneic/autologous microbiota transplantation, FMT has been used to treat a variety of diseases. By reviewing the clinical studies of FMT in gastrointestinal diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological diseases and malignant tumors, the various mechanisms in the treatment of diseases are summarized. Such as regulation of receptor microbiota composition, specific metabolites, phage function and immune response. In addition, potential risk factors, donor stool screening indicators, recipient self-specificity and possible prognostic marker molecules in the course of FMT treatment were generalized. CONCLUSIONS The potential regulatory mechanisms, risk factors and targets of FMT in gastrointestinal diseases, metabolic diseases, malignancies and neurological diseases were reviewed and proposed. It provides a theoretical basis for the establishment of a standardized treatment system for FMT and a breakthrough in treatment technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Peijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Bohm MS, Sipe LM, Pye ME, Davis MJ, Pierre JF, Makowski L. The role of obesity and bariatric surgery-induced weight loss in breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:673-695. [PMID: 35870055 PMCID: PMC9470652 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex metabolic condition considered a worldwide public health crisis, and a deeper mechanistic understanding of obesity-associated diseases is urgently needed. Obesity comorbidities include many associated cancers and are estimated to account for 20% of female cancer deaths in the USA. Breast cancer, in particular, is associated with obesity and is the focus of this review. The exact causal links between obesity and breast cancer remain unclear. Still, interactions have emerged between body mass index, tumor molecular subtype, genetic background, and environmental factors that strongly suggest obesity influences the risk and progression of certain breast cancers. Supportive preclinical research uses various diet-induced obesity models to demonstrate that weight loss, via dietary interventions or changes in energy expenditure, reduces the onset or progression of breast cancers. Ongoing and future studies are now aimed at elucidating the underpinning mechanisms behind weight-loss-driven observations to improve therapy and outcomes in patients with breast cancer and reduce risk. This review aims to summarize the rapidly emerging literature on obesity and weight loss strategies with a focused discussion of bariatric surgery in both clinical and preclinical studies detailing the complex interactions between metabolism, immune response, and immunotherapy in the setting of obesity and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Bohm
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Laura M Sipe
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Madeline E Pye
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Matthew J Davis
- Division of Bariatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Joseph F Pierre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Liza Makowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
- College of Medicine, UTHSC Center for Cancer Research, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Cancer Research Building Room 322, 19 S Manassas Street, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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Cai J, Rimal B, Jiang C, Chiang JYL, Patterson AD. Bile acid metabolism and signaling, the microbiota, and metabolic disease. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108238. [PMID: 35792223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The diversity, composition, and function of the bacterial community inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract contributes to host health through its role in producing energy or signaling molecules that regulate metabolic and immunologic functions. Bile acids are potent metabolic and immune signaling molecules synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and then transported to the intestine where they can undergo metabolism by gut bacteria. The combination of host- and microbiota-derived enzymatic activities contribute to the composition of the bile acid pool and thus there can be great diversity in bile acid composition that depends in part on the differences in the gut bacteria species. Bile acids can profoundly impact host metabolic and immunological functions by activating different bile acid receptors to regulate signaling pathways that control a broad range of complex symbiotic metabolic networks, including glucose, lipid, steroid and xenobiotic metabolism, and modulation of energy homeostasis. Disruption of bile acid signaling due to perturbation of the gut microbiota or dysregulation of the gut microbiota-host interaction is associated with the pathogenesis and progression of metabolic disorders. The metabolic and immunological roles of bile acids in human health have led to novel therapeutic approaches to manipulate the bile acid pool size, composition, and function by targeting one or multiple components of the microbiota-bile acid-bile acid receptor axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Cai
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Bipin Rimal
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China
| | - John Y L Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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López-Montoya P, Cerqueda-García D, Rodríguez-Flores M, López-Contreras B, Villamil-Ramírez H, Morán-Ramos S, Molina-Cruz S, Rivera-Paredez B, Antuna-Puente B, Velázquez-Cruz R, Villarreal-Molina T, Canizales-Quinteros S. Association of Gut Microbiota with Atherogenic Dyslipidemia, and Its Impact on Serum Lipid Levels after Bariatric Surgery. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173545. [PMID: 36079803 PMCID: PMC9460232 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has been suggested to modulate circulating lipids. However, the relationship between the gut microbiota and atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD), defined as the presence of both low HDL-C and hypertriglyceridemia, is not fully understood. Moreover, because obesity is among the main causes of secondary AD, it is important to analyze the effect of gut microbiota composition on lipid profiles after a weight loss intervention. We compared the microbial diversity and taxonomic composition in patients with AD (n = 41) and controls (n = 38) and sought correlations of genera abundance with serum lipid levels in 20 patients after weight loss induced by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Gut microbiota composition was profiled using next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA. Gut microbiota diversity was significantly lower in atherogenic dyslipidemia. Moreover, relative abundance of two genera with LDA score >3.5 (Megasphaera and LPS-producing Escherichia-Shigella), was significantly higher in AD subjects, while the abundance of four short chain fatty acids (SCFA) producing-genera (Christensenellaceae R-7, Ruminococcaceae UCG-014; Akkermansia and [Eubacterium] eligens group) was significantly higher in controls. Notably, [Eubacterium] eligens group abundance was also significantly associated with higher HDL-C levels in RYGB patients one year after surgery. Although dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid (PUFA/SFA) ratio and PUFA intake were higher in controls than in AD subjects, of the four genera differentiated in cases and controls, only Akkermansia abundance showed a positive and significant correlation with PUFA/SFA ratio. Our results suggest that SCFA-producing bacteria promote a healthy lipid homeostasis, while the presence of LPS-producing bacteria such Escherichia-Shigella may contribute to the development of atherogenic dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla López-Montoya
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cerqueda-García
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Marcela Rodríguez-Flores
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Blanca López-Contreras
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Hugo Villamil-Ramírez
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Sofía Morán-Ramos
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Selene Molina-Cruz
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Berenice Rivera-Paredez
- Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud (CIPPS), Facultad de Medicina-UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Bárbara Antuna-Puente
- Infection Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada
| | | | | | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Wang X, Dong J, Liang W, Fang Y, Liang M, Xu L, Sun W, Li X. Porphyran From Porphyra haitanensis Alleviates Obesity by Reducing Lipid Accumulation and Modulating gut Microbiota Homeostasis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:942143. [PMID: 35959436 PMCID: PMC9358004 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.942143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyran possesses various activities, while the effects of the porphyran from Porphyra haitanensis (PPH) on obesity are rarely reported. In this study, C57BL/6J male mice were fed with HFD combined with PPH gavage (50 mg/kg/d) for 16 weeks, and body weight was measured once a week. After that, serum, adipose, and liver tissues were collected for physiological and biochemical analyses. Our research indicated that PPH treatment alleviated obesity in HFD-fed mice. PPH alleviated fat accumulation in serum, liver, and adipose tissues. In addition, PPH activated the AMPK-HSL/ACC pathway in epididymal adipose tissue to reduce lipid accumulation. Moreover, PPH turned white adipose into brown and activated the PGC 1α-UCP 1-mitochondrial pathway in scapular adipose tissue to generate more heat. Interestingly, PPH regulated colonic microbiota homeostasis in obese mice, including significant elevation of Roseburia and Eubacterium and marked reduction of Helicobacter. Moreover, Spearman’s correlation analysis demonstrated that regulation of gut microbiota can decrease lipid accumulation. In summary, our study illustrated that PPH possesses the potential to be developed as an anti-obesity agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juqin Dong
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meinong Liang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wuyang Sun
- School of Petrochemical Engineering and Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
- *Correspondence: Wuyang Sun, ; Xiaoxing Li,
| | - Xiaoxing Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wuyang Sun, ; Xiaoxing Li,
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Shi Y, Cui H, Wang F, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Liu D, Wang K, Hou S. Role of gut microbiota in postoperative complications and prognosis of gastrointestinal surgery: A narrative review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29826. [PMID: 35866808 PMCID: PMC9302249 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal surgery is often challenging because of unexpected postoperative complications such as pouchitis, malabsorption, anastomotic leak, diarrhea, inflammatory responses, and life-threatening infections. Moreover, the gut microbiota has been shown to be associated with the complications described above. Major intestinal reconstruction, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis surgery, could result in altered gut microbiota, which might lead to some of the benefits of these procedures but could also contribute to the development of postsurgical complications. Moreover, postsurgical reestablishment of the gut microbiota population is still poorly understood. Here, we review evidence outlining the role of gut microbiota in complications of gastrointestinal surgery, especially malabsorption, anastomotic leak, pouchitis, and infections. In addition, this review will evaluate the risks and benefits of live biotherapeutics in the complications of gastrointestinal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Xuchang Central Hospital, Xuchang City, Henan Province, China
| | - Huxiao Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Xuchang Central Hospital, Xuchang City, Henan Province, China
| | - Fangjie Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuchang Central Hospital, Xuchang City, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuchang Central Hospital, Xuchang City, Henan Province, China
| | - Qingbin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Xuchang Central Hospital, Xuchang City, Henan Province, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xuchang Central Hospital, Xuchang City, Henan Province, China
| | - Kunhui Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuchang Central Hospital, Xuchang City, Henan Province, China
| | - Sen Hou
- Department of General Surgery, Xuchang Central Hospital, Xuchang City, Henan Province, China
- *Correspondence: Sen Hou, Department of General Surgery, Xuchang Central Hospital, No. 30, Huatuo Road, Weidu District, Xuchang City, Henan Province, China (e-mail: )
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72
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Utilizing the Gastrointestinal Microbiota to Modulate Cattle Health through the Microbiome-Gut-Organ Axes. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071391. [PMID: 35889109 PMCID: PMC9324549 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of ruminants have a mutualistic relationship with the host that influences the efficiency and health of the ruminants. The GIT microbiota interacts with the host immune system to influence not only the GIT, but other organs in the body as well. The objective of this review is to highlight the importance of the role the gastrointestinal microbiota plays in modulating the health of a host through communication with different organs in the body through the microbiome-gut-organ axes. Among other things, the GIT microbiota produces metabolites for the host and prevents the colonization of pathogens. In order to prevent dysbiosis of the GIT microbiota, gut microbial therapies can be utilized to re-introduce beneficial bacteria and regain homeostasis within the rumen environment and promote gastrointestinal health. Additionally, controlling GIT dysbiosis can aid the immune system in preventing disfunction in other organ systems in the body through the microbiome-gut-brain axis, the microbiome-gut-lung axis, the microbiome-gut-mammary axis, and the microbiome-gut-reproductive axis.
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Münzker J, Haase N, Till A, Sucher R, Haange SB, Nemetschke L, Gnad T, Jäger E, Chen J, Riede SJ, Chakaroun R, Massier L, Kovacs P, Ost M, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Jehmlich N, Weiner J, Heiker JT, Klöting N, Seeger G, Morawski M, Keitel V, Pfeifer A, von Bergen M, Heeren J, Krügel U, Fenske WK. Functional changes of the gastric bypass microbiota reactivate thermogenic adipose tissue and systemic glucose control via intestinal FXR-TGR5 crosstalk in diet-induced obesity. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:96. [PMID: 35739571 PMCID: PMC9229785 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bariatric surgery remains the most effective therapy for adiposity reduction and remission of type 2 diabetes. Although different bariatric procedures associate with pronounced shifts in the gut microbiota, their functional role in the regulation of energetic and metabolic benefits achieved with the surgery are not clear. METHODS To evaluate the causal as well as the inherent therapeutic character of the surgery-altered gut microbiome in improved energy and metabolic control in diet-induced obesity, an antibiotic cocktail was used to eliminate the gut microbiota in diet-induced obese rats after gastric bypass surgery, and gastric bypass-shaped gut microbiota was transplanted into obese littermates. Thorough metabolic profiling was combined with omics technologies on samples collected from cecum and plasma to identify adaptions in gut microbiota-host signaling, which control improved energy balance and metabolic profile after surgery. RESULTS In this study, we first demonstrate that depletion of the gut microbiota largely reversed the beneficial effects of gastric bypass surgery on negative energy balance and improved glucolipid metabolism. Further, we show that the gastric bypass-shaped gut microbiota reduces adiposity in diet-induced obese recipients by re-activating energy expenditure from metabolic active brown adipose tissue. These beneficial effects were linked to improved glucose homeostasis, lipid control, and improved fatty liver disease. Mechanistically, these effects were triggered by modulation of taurine metabolism by the gastric bypass gut microbiota, fostering an increased abundance of intestinal and circulating taurine-conjugated bile acid species. In turn, these bile acids activated gut-restricted FXR and systemic TGR5 signaling to stimulate adaptive thermogenesis. CONCLUSION Our results establish the role of the gut microbiome in the weight loss and metabolic success of gastric bypass surgery. We here identify a signaling cascade that entails altered bile acid receptor signaling resulting from a collective, hitherto undescribed change in the metabolic activity of a cluster of bacteria, thereby readjusting energy imbalance and metabolic disease in the obese host. These findings strengthen the rationale for microbiota-targeted strategies to improve and refine current therapies of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Video Abstract Bariatric Surgery (i.e. RYGB) or the repeated fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) from RYGB donors into DIO (diet-induced obesity) animals induces shifts in the intestinal microbiome, an effect that can be impaired by oral application of antibiotics (ABx). Our current study shows that RYGB-dependent alterations in the intestinal microbiome result in an increase in the luminal and systemic pool of Taurine-conjugated Bile acids (TCBAs) by various cellular mechanisms acting in the intestine and the liver. TCBAs induce signaling via two different receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR, specifically in the intestines) and the G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 (systemically), finally resulting in metabolic improvement and advanced weight management. BSH, bile salt hydrolase; BAT brown adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Münzker
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadine Haase
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Till
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Medical Center Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Sucher
- Department of Visceral-, Transplant-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven-Bastiaan Haange
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Linda Nemetschke
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Gnad
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Jäger
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department for Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jiesi Chen
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sjaak J Riede
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rima Chakaroun
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lucas Massier
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mario Ost
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Ulrike Rolle-Kampczyk
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juliane Weiner
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John T Heiker
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gudrun Seeger
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ute Krügel
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wiebke K Fenske
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Medical Center Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Thomas MS, Blesso CN, Calle MC, Chun OK, Puglisi M, Fernandez ML. Dietary Influences on Gut Microbiota with a Focus on Metabolic Syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2022; 20:429-439. [PMID: 35704900 DOI: 10.1089/met.2021.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a clear correlation between gut microbiota, diet, and metabolic outcomes. A diet high in fiber has been shown to decrease inflammation, increase insulin sensitivity, and reduce dyslipidemias whereas a diet high in fat and sugar leads to dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and low-grade inflammation. There is recent evidence suggesting that the human gut microbiota has a significant role in the development or the resolution of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and associated conditions. Leading a stressful, sedentary lifestyle with limited or no physical activity and consuming an unhealthy diet high in saturated fat, simple carbohydrates, and sodium and low in dietary fiber and in high-quality protein are some of the contributing factors. Unhealthy diets have been shown to induce alterations in the gut microbiota and contribute to the pathogenesis of MetS by altering microbiota composition and disrupting the intestinal barrier, which leads to low-grade systemic inflammation. In contrast, healthy diets can lead to changes in microbiota that increase gut barrier function and increase the production of anti-inflammatory biomarkers. This review aims at providing a more in-depth discussion of diet-induced dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and its effect on MetS. Here, we discuss the possible mechanisms involved in the development of the metabolic biomarkers that define MetS, with an emphasis on the role of sugar and dietary fiber in microbiome-mediated changes in low-grade systemic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minu S Thomas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher N Blesso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mariana C Calle
- Health Sciences Department ST 110-M, Worcester University, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ock K Chun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael Puglisi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maria Luz Fernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Abstract
Innate and adaptive immunity are essential for neurodevelopment and central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis; however, the fragile equilibrium between immune and brain cells can be disturbed by any immune dysregulation and cause detrimental effects. Accumulating evidence indicates that, despite the blood-brain barrier (BBB), overactivation of the immune system leads to brain vulnerability that increases the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly upon subsequent exposure later in life. Disruption of microglial function in later life can be triggered by various environmental and psychological factors, including obesity-driven chronic low-grade inflammation and gut dysbiosis. Increased visceral adiposity has been recognized as an important risk factor for multiple neuropsychiatric conditions. The review aims to present our current understanding of the topic.
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76
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Song C, Wen H, Liu G, Ma X, Lv G, Wu N, Chen J, Xue M, Li H, Xu P. Gut Microbes Reveal Pseudomonas Medicates Ingestion Preference via Protein Utilization and Cellular Homeostasis Under Feed Domestication in Freshwater Drum, Aplodinotus grunniens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:861705. [PMID: 35722333 PMCID: PMC9204248 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.861705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With strong demand for aquatic products, as well as a rapid decrease in global fishery resources and capture fisheries, domesticating animals to provide more high-quality proteins is meaningful for humans. Freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) is widely distributed in the wild habitats of North America. However, the research on A. grunniens and the feed domestication with diets composed of artificial compounds remains unclear. In this study, a 4-month feeding domestication experiment was conducted with A. grunniens larvae to evaluate the underlying mechanism and molecular targets responsible for alternations in the ingestion performance. The results indicated that a significant increase in the final body weight was exhibited by the feed domesticated group (DOM, 114.8 g) when compared to the group that did not ingest the feed (WT, 5.3 g) as the latest version we raised From the result, the final body weight exhibited significant increase between unfavorable with the feed (WT, 5.3 g) and feed domesticated group (DOM, 114.8 g). In addition, the enzyme activity of digestive enzymes like amylase, lipase, and trypsin was increased in DOM. Genes related to appetite and perception, such as NPY4R, PYY, and LEPR, were activated in DOM. 16s rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that Pseudomonas sp. increased from 58.74% to 89.77% in DOM, which accounts for the dominant upregulated microbial community at the genus level, followed by Plesiomonas. Analogously, Mycobacterium, Methylocystis, and Romboutsia also accounted for the down-regulated microbes in the diversity. Transcriptome and RT-PCR analysis revealed that feed domestication significantly improved protein digestion and absorption, inhibited apoptosis by AGE-RAGE signaling, and activated extracellular matrix remodeling by relaxin signaling. Integrated analysis of the microbiome and host transcriptome revealed that Pseudomonas-mediated ingestion capacity, protein utilization, and cellular homeostasis might be the underlying mechanism under feed domestication. These results indicate Pseudomonas and its key genes relating to food ingestion and digestion could serve as the molecular targets for feed domestication and sustainable development in A. grunniens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Song
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Haibo Wen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guangxiang Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xueyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Guohua Lv
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Ningyuan Wu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianxiang Chen
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Miaomiao Xue
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
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77
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Georgiou K, Belev NA, Koutouratsas T, Katifelis H, Gazouli M. Gut microbiome: Linking together obesity, bariatric surgery and associated clinical outcomes under a single focus. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2022; 13:59-72. [PMID: 35720165 PMCID: PMC9157685 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v13.i3.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasingly prevalent in the post-industrial era, with increased mortality rates. The gut microbiota has a central role in immunological, nutritional and metabolism mediated functions, and due to its multiplexity, it is considered an independent organ. Modern high-throughput sequencing techniques have allowed phylogenetic exploration and quantitative analyses of gut microbiome and improved our current understanding of the gut microbiota in health and disease. Its role in obesity and its changes following bariatric surgery have been highlighted in several studies. According to current literature, obesity is linked to a particular microbiota profile that grants the host an augmented potential for calorie release, while limited diversity of gut microbiome has also been observed. Moreover, bariatric surgery procedures represent effective interventions for sustained weight loss and restore a healthier microbiota, contributing to the observed fat mass reduction and lean mass increase. However, newer evidence has shown that gut microbiota is only partially recovered following bariatric surgery. Moreover, several targets including FGF15/19 (a gut-derived peptide), could be responsible for the favorable metabolic changes of bariatric surgery. More randomized controlled trials and larger prospective studies that include well-defined cohorts are required to better identify associations between gut microbiota, obesity, and bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Georgiou
- The First Propaedeutic Surgical Unit, Hippocrateion Athens General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Nikolay A Belev
- Medical Simulation Training Center, Research Institute of Medical University of Plovdiv, and UMPHAT “Eurohospital”, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Tilemachos Koutouratsas
- Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Hector Katifelis
- Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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78
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Tiwari SK. Bacteriocin-Producing Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria in Controlling Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:851140. [PMID: 35651753 PMCID: PMC9149203 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.851140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several strains of lactic acid bacteria are potent probiotics and can cure a variety of diseases using different modes of actions. These bacteria produce antimicrobial peptides, bacteriocins, which inhibit or kill generally closely related bacterial strains and other pathogenic bacteria such as Listeria, Clostridium, and Salmonella. Bacteriocins are cationic peptides that kill the target cells by pore formation and the dissipation of cytosolic contents, leading to cell death. Bacteriocins are also known to modulate native microbiota and host immunity, affecting several health-promoting functions of the host. In this review, we have discussed the ability of bacteriocin-producing probiotic lactic acid bacteria in the modulation of gut microbiota correcting dysbiosis and treatment/maintenance of a few important human disorders such as chronic infections, inflammatory bowel diseases, obesity, and cancer.
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79
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Implications of microbe-mediated crosstalk in the gut: Impact on metabolic diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159180. [PMID: 35568374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases continue to afflict most of the U.S. population. Advancements in gut microbiota research have led to the discovery of various functional roles of microorganisms that influence the development of obesity and co-morbidities including type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Many mechanisms behind these host-microbe interactions stem from processes involving the intestinal epithelium including lipid metabolism. Thus, the purpose of this review is to discuss gut microbe-mediated changes in intestinal physiology and lipid metabolism that contribute to obesity, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Within each disease state, the causal role of bacteria in both driving disease development and protecting against metabolic disease will be discussed.
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80
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The Obesogenic and Glycemic Effect of Bariatric Surgery in a Family with a Melanocortin 4 Receptor Loss-of-Function Mutation. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050430. [PMID: 35629934 PMCID: PMC9143288 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the long-term response to bariatric surgery in a singular family of four adolescents with severe obesity (41–82 kg/m2), homozygous for the C271R loss-of-function mutation in the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), and three adults heterozygous for the same mutation. All patients had similar sociodemographic backgrounds and were followed for an average of 7 years. Three of the four homozygous patients regained their full weight (42–77 kg/m2), while the fourth lost weight but remained obese with a body mass index of 60 kg/m2. Weight regain was associated with relapse of most comorbidities, yet hyperglycemia did not relapse or was delayed. A1c levels were reduced in homozygous and heterozygous patients. The long-term follow-up data on this very unique genetic setting show that weight loss and amelioration of obesity following bariatric surgery require active MC4R signaling, while the improvement in glycemia is in part independent of weight loss. The study validates animal models and demonstrates the importance of biological signaling in the regulation of weight, even after bariatric surgery.
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81
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Gasmi A, Bjørklund G, Mujawdiya PK, Semenova Y, Dosa A, Piscopo S, Pen JJ, Gasmi Benahmed A, Costea DO. Gut microbiota in bariatric surgery. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9299-9314. [PMID: 35531940 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2067116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbes share a symbiotic relationship with humans and perform several metabolic and physiological functions essential for human survival. It has been established in several scientific studies that obesity and other metabolic complications are always associated with disturbed gut microbiota profile, also called gut dysbiosis. In recent years, bariatric surgery has become a treatment of choice for weight loss, and it forms an important part of obesity management strategies across the globe. Interestingly, bariatric surgery has been shown to alter gut microbiota profile and synthesize short-chain fatty acids by gut microbes. In other words, gut microbes play a crucial role in better clinical outcomes associated with bariatric surgery. In addition, gut microbes are important in reducing weight and lowering the adverse events post-bariatric surgery. Therefore, several prebiotics, probiotics and postbiotics are recommended for patients who underwent bariatric surgery procedures for better clinical outcomes. The present review aims to understand the possible association between gut microbes and bariatric surgery and present scientific evidence showing the beneficial role of gut microbes in improving therapeutic outcomes of bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Gasmi
- Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée, Villeurbanne, France
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Claude Bernard, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway
| | | | - Yuliya Semenova
- Department of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and ENT, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan
- CONEM Kazakhstan Environmental Health and Safety Research Group, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Salva Piscopo
- Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée, Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Nutritional Research and Development, Nutri-Logics SA, Weiswampach, Luxembourg
| | - Joeri J Pen
- Diabetes Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Nutrition, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Asma Gasmi Benahmed
- Académie Internationale de Médecine Dentaire Intégrative, Paris, France
- Université Claude Bernard -Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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Fries CM, Haange SB, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Till A, Lammert M, Grasser L, Medawar E, Dietrich A, Horstmann A, von Bergen M, Fenske WK. Metabolic Profile and Metabolite Analyses in Extreme Weight Responders to Gastric Bypass Surgery. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050417. [PMID: 35629921 PMCID: PMC9147451 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery belongs to the most frequently performed surgical therapeutic strategies against adiposity and its comorbidities. However, outcome is limited in a substantial cohort of patients with inadequate primary weight loss or considerable weight regain. In this study, gut microbiota composition and systemically released metabolites were analyzed in a cohort of extreme weight responders after RYGB. Methods: Patients (n = 23) were categorized based on excess weight loss (EWL) at a minimum of two years after RYGB in a good responder (EWL 93 ± 4.3%) or a bad responder group (EWL 19.5 ± 13.3%) for evaluation of differences in metabolic outcome, eating behavior and gut microbiota taxonomy and metabolic activity. Results: Mean BMI was 47.2 ± 6.4 kg/m2 in the bad vs. 26.6 ± 1.2 kg/m2 in the good responder group (p = 0.0001). We found no difference in hunger and satiety sensation, in fasting or postprandial gut hormone release, or in gut microbiota composition between both groups. Differences in weight loss did not reflect in metabolic outcome after RYGB. While fecal and circulating metabolite analyses showed higher levels of propionate (p = 0.0001) in good and valerate (p = 0.04) in bad responders, respectively, conjugated primary and secondary bile acids were higher in good responders in the fasted (p = 0.03) and postprandial state (GCA, p = 0.02; GCDCA, p = 0.02; TCA, p = 0.01; TCDCA, p = 0.02; GDCA, p = 0.05; GUDCA, p = 0.04; TLCA, p = 0.04). Conclusions: Heterogenous weight loss response to RYGB surgery separates from patients’ metabolic outcome, and is linked to unique serum metabolite signatures post intervention. These findings suggest that the level of adiposity reduction alone is insufficient to assess the metabolic success of RYGB surgery, and that longitudinal metabolite profiling may eventually help us to identify markers that could predict individual adiposity response to surgery and guide patient selection and counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M. Fries
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.T.); (W.K.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sven-Bastiaan Haange
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (S.-B.H.); (U.R.-K.); (M.v.B.)
| | - Ulrike Rolle-Kampczyk
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (S.-B.H.); (U.R.-K.); (M.v.B.)
| | - Andreas Till
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.T.); (W.K.F.)
| | - Mathis Lammert
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.L.); (L.G.); (E.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Linda Grasser
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.L.); (L.G.); (E.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Evelyn Medawar
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.L.); (L.G.); (E.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Arne Dietrich
- Department of Visceral and Metabolic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Annette Horstmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.L.); (L.G.); (E.M.); (A.H.)
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (S.-B.H.); (U.R.-K.); (M.v.B.)
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wiebke K. Fenske
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.T.); (W.K.F.)
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83
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Domestic Environment and Gut Microbiota: Lessons from Pet Dogs. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050949. [PMID: 35630391 PMCID: PMC9143008 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data show the involvement of intestinal microbiota in the development and maintenance of numerous diseases. Many environmental factors influence the composition and function of the gut microbiota. An animal model subjected to the same environmental constraints that will allow better characterization of the microbiota–host dialogue is awaited. The domestic dog has physiological, dietary and pathological characteristics similar to those of humans and shares the domestic environment and lifestyle of its owner. This review exposes how the domestication of dogs has brought them closer to humans based on their intrinsic and extrinsic similarities which were discerned through examining and comparing the current knowledge and data on the intestinal microbiota of humans and canines in the context of several spontaneous pathologies, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity and diabetes mellitus.
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84
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Debédat J, Le Roy T, Voland L, Belda E, Alili R, Adriouch S, Bel Lassen P, Kasahara K, Hutchison E, Genser L, Torres L, Gamblin C, Rouault C, Zucker JD, Kapel N, Poitou C, Marcelin G, Rey FE, Aron-Wisnewsky J, Clément K. The human gut microbiota contributes to type-2 diabetes non-resolution 5-years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2050635. [PMID: 35435140 PMCID: PMC9037437 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2050635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is efficient at inducing drastic albeit variable weight loss and type-2 diabetes (T2D) improvements in patients with severe obesity and T2D. We hypothesized a causal implication of the gut microbiota (GM) in these metabolic benefits, as RYGB is known to deeply impact its composition. In a cohort of 100 patients with baseline T2D who underwent RYGB and were followed for 5-years, we used a hierarchical clustering approach to stratify subjects based on the severity of their T2D (Severe vs Mild) throughout the follow-up. We identified via nanopore-based GM sequencing that the more severe cases of unresolved T2D were associated with a major increase of the class Bacteroidia, including 12 species comprising Phocaeicola dorei, Bacteroides fragilis, and Bacteroides caecimuris. A key observation is that patients who underwent major metabolic improvements do not harbor this enrichment in Bacteroidia, as those who presented mild cases of T2D at all times. In a separate group of 36 patients with similar baseline clinical characteristics and preoperative GM sequencing, we showed that this increase in Bacteroidia was already present at baseline in the most severe cases of T2D. To explore the causal relationship linking this enrichment in Bacteroidia and metabolic alterations, we selected 13 patients across T2D severity clusters at 5-years and performed fecal matter transplants in mice. Our results show that 14 weeks after the transplantations, mice colonized with the GM of Severe donors have impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity as compared to Mild-recipients, all in the absence of any difference in body weight and composition. GM sequencing of the recipient animals revealed that the hallmark T2D-severity associated bacterial features were transferred and were associated with the animals' metabolic alterations. Therefore, our results further establish the GM as a key contributor to long-term glucose metabolism improvements (or lack thereof) after RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Debédat
- Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, ParisFrance
| | - Tiphaine Le Roy
- Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, ParisFrance
| | - Lise Voland
- Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, ParisFrance
| | | | - Rohia Alili
- Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, ParisFrance
| | - Solia Adriouch
- Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, ParisFrance
| | - Pierre Bel Lassen
- Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, ParisFrance,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Nutrition Department, France
| | - Kazuyuki Kasahara
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Evan Hutchison
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Laurent Genser
- Visceral Surgery Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, France
| | - Licia Torres
- Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, ParisFrance
| | - Camille Gamblin
- Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, ParisFrance
| | - Christine Rouault
- Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, ParisFrance
| | - Jean-Daniel Zucker
- Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, ParisFrance,Unité de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes, UMMISCO, Sorbonne Universités, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), France
| | - Nathalie Kapel
- Functional Coprology Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, France
| | - Christine Poitou
- Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, ParisFrance,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Nutrition Department, France
| | - Geneviève Marcelin
- Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, ParisFrance
| | - Federico E. Rey
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Judith Aron-Wisnewsky
- Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, ParisFrance,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Nutrition Department, France,CONTACT Judith Aron-Wisnewsky Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics)75013, Paris, France
| | - Karine Clément
- Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, ParisFrance,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Nutrition Department, France,Karine Clément Nutrition and obesities; systemic approaches (NutriOmics) Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, ParisFranceNutrition Department
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85
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Guo Y, Liu C, Zhao X, Zhang X, Wu Q, Wang Z, Lu J. Changes in gut microbiota, metabolite SCFAs, and GPR43 expression in obese diabetic mice after sleeve gastrectomy. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:555-568. [PMID: 35437874 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate changes in short-chain fatty acid levels and G protein-coupled receptor 43 expression and distribution in gut microbiota and explore their relationships in obese diabetic mice after sleeve gastrectomy. METHODS AND RESULTS Diet-induced obese mice and obese diabetic ob/ob mice were established. Changes in glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, gut microbiota, metabolite short-chain fatty acids, and G protein-coupled receptor 43 expression were assessed in both models 10 weeks postoperatively. Mice that underwent sleeve gastrectomy exhibited sustained weight loss and reduced glucose, insulin, leptin, and cholesterol levels. Metagenomic sequencing revealed significant characteristic alterations in gut microbiota after sleeve gastrectomy, which were correlated with changes in fecal short-chain fatty acid levels. Postoperatively, G protein-coupled receptor 43 expression in the colon tissue was upregulated in both models, whereas its expression in the adipose tissue was downregulated in the diet-induced obese mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic improvement in obese and diabetic mice after sleeve gastrectomy is associated with alterations in gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acid levels, and G protein-coupled receptor 43 expression. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Our findings reveal a possible mechanism through which sleeve gastrectomy improves obesity and diabetes via changes in bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids and G protein-coupled receptor 43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoqian Liu
- Department of General surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of General surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianfang Zhang
- Department of General surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingzhi Wu
- Department of General surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Department of General surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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86
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Wise J, Plescia T, Cummings BP, Lyo V. Exploring the Relationship Between Bariatric Surgery and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review. CROHN'S & COLITIS 360 2022; 4:otac013. [PMID: 36777046 PMCID: PMC9802289 DOI: 10.1093/crocol/otac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity affects over 40% of Americans. Bariatric surgery is an increasingly popular and well-studied method to achieve weight loss, improve metabolic homeostasis, and resolve obesity-related comorbid conditions. While the impact of bariatric surgery on weight loss and metabolic health has been extensively studied, there is an increasing body of literature characterizing the impact of bariatric surgery on gastrointestinal health and inflammation. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) leads to inflammation in both the small and large intestine, and leads to significant patient morbidity. Similar to obesity, the incidence of IBD is also rising. Patients with IBD and obesity may seek bariatric surgery. The impact of bariatric surgery on IBD is not well understood, but critical to understand for optimal patient care. Herein, we review the currently available literature on the impact of bariatric surgery on IBD including common trends, discrepancies in findings, and remaining knowledge gaps in need of further study. Methods A systematic review of the PubMed/MEDLINE database using PRISMA guidelines was performed. Results We identified 12 manuscripts discussing de novo IBD after bariatric surgery and 16 studying bariatric surgery in patients with pre-existing IBD. Overall, bariatric surgery appears to be safe in patients with pre-existing IBD but may increase the risk of developing de novo IBD. Conclusions Further research into optimal surgical approaches, patient selection, and mechanisms on how bariatric surgery impacts IBD is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Journey Wise
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Trevor Plescia
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | | | - Victoria Lyo
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA,Address correspondence to: Victoria Lyo, MD, MTM, UC Davis Medical Center, 2335 Stockton Blvd., NAOB 6113, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA ()
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87
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Time to Consider the “Exposome Hypothesis” in the Development of the Obesity Pandemic. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081597. [PMID: 35458158 PMCID: PMC9032727 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic shows no signs of abatement. Genetics and overnutrition together with a dramatic decline in physical activity are the alleged main causes for this pandemic. While they undoubtedly represent the main contributors to the obesity problem, they are not able to fully explain all cases and current trends. In this context, a body of knowledge related to exposure to as yet underappreciated obesogenic factors, which can be referred to as the “exposome”, merits detailed analysis. Contrarily to the genome, the “exposome” is subject to a great dynamism and variability, which unfolds throughout the individual’s lifetime. The development of precise ways of capturing the full exposure spectrum of a person is extraordinarily demanding. Data derived from epidemiological studies linking excess weight with elevated ambient temperatures, in utero, and intergenerational effects as well as epigenetics, microorganisms, microbiota, sleep curtailment, and endocrine disruptors, among others, suggests the possibility that they may work alone or synergistically as several alternative putative contributors to this global epidemic. This narrative review reports the available evidence on as yet underappreciated drivers of the obesity epidemic. Broadly based interventions are needed to better identify these drivers at the same time as stimulating reflection on the potential relevance of the “exposome” in the development and perpetuation of the obesity epidemic.
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88
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Neurohormonal Changes in the Gut–Brain Axis and Underlying Neuroendocrine Mechanisms following Bariatric Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063339. [PMID: 35328759 PMCID: PMC8954280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease that is a major public health issue worldwide. Currently approved anti-obesity medications and lifestyle interventions lack the efficacy and durability needed to combat obesity, especially in individuals with more severe forms or coexisting metabolic disorders, such as poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Bariatric surgery is considered an effective therapeutic modality with sustained weight loss and metabolic benefits. Numerous genetic and environmental factors have been associated with the pathogenesis of obesity, while cumulative evidence has highlighted the gut–brain axis as a complex bidirectional communication axis that plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis. This has led to increased research on the roles of neuroendocrine signaling pathways and various gastrointestinal peptides as key mediators of the beneficial effects following weight-loss surgery. The accumulate evidence suggests that the development of gut-peptide-based agents can mimic the effects of bariatric surgery and thus is a highly promising treatment strategy that could be explored in future research. This article aims to elucidate the potential underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms of the gut–brain axis and comprehensively review the observed changes of gut hormones associated with bariatric surgery. Moreover, the emerging role of post-bariatric gut microbiota modulation is briefly discussed.
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89
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Camastra S, Palumbo M, Santini F. Nutrients handling after bariatric surgery, the role of gastrointestinal adaptation. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:449-461. [PMID: 33895917 PMCID: PMC8933374 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery determines a rearrangement of the gastrointestinal tract that influences nutrient handling and plays a role in the metabolic changes observed after surgery. Most of the changes depend on the accelerated gastric emptying observed in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and, to a lesser extent, in sleeve gastrectomy (SG). The rapid delivery of meal into the jejunum, particularly after RYGB, contributes to the prompt appearance of glucose in peripheral circulation. Glucose increase is the principal determinant of GLP-1 increase with the consequent stimulation of insulin secretion, the latter balanced by a paradoxical glucagon increase that stimulates EGP to prevent hypoglycaemia. Protein digestion and amino acid absorption appear accelerated after RYGB but not after SG. After RYGB, the adaptation of the gut to the new condition participates to the metabolic change. The intestinal transit is delayed, the gut microbioma is changed, the epithelium becomes hypertrophic and increases the expression of glucose transporter and of the number of cell secreting hormones. These changes are not observed after SG. After RYGB-less after SG-bile acids (BA) increase, influencing glucose metabolism probably modulating FXR and TGR5 with an effect on insulin sensitivity. Muscle, hepatic and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity improve, and the gut reinforces the recovery of IS by enhancing glucose uptake and through the effect of the BA. The intestinal changes observed after RYGB result in a light malabsorption of lipid but not of carbohydrate and protein. In conclusion, functional and morphological adaptations of the gut after RYGB and SG activate inter-organs cross-talk that modulates the metabolic changes observed after surgery.Level of evidence Level V, narrative literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Camastra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy. .,Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Maria Palumbo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Santini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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90
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Shao Y, Evers SS, Shin JH, Ramakrishnan SK, Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Yao Q, Shah YM, Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy increases duodenal Lactobacillus spp. richness associated with the activation of intestinal HIF2α signaling and metabolic benefits. Mol Metab 2022; 57:101432. [PMID: 34998940 PMCID: PMC8790500 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (VSG) is one of the most efficacious treatments for obesity and its comorbidities. Although a range of evidence suggests that alterations of the microbiota in the distal gut following VSG are pivotal to these metabolic improvements, the effect of surgery to alter the microbiota of the proximal intestine and its effect on host physiology remain largely unknown. As the main bacteria in the upper small intestine, Lactobacillus subspecies have been appreciated as important regulators of gut function. These bacteria also regulate intestinal Hypoxia- Inducible Factor 2α (HIF2α) signaling that plays an integral role in gut physiology and iron absorption. In the present study, we sought to determine the impact of VSG on Lactobacillus spp. in the small intestine and potential downstream impacts of Lactobacillus spp. on HIF2α, specifically in the duodenum. METHODS To determine the effects of VSG on the microbiota and HIF2α signaling in the duodenum, VSG surgeries were performed on diet-induced obese mice. To further probe the relationship between Lactobacillus spp. and HIF2α signaling in the duodenum, we applied a customized high-fat but iron-deficient diet on mice to increase duodenal HIF2α signaling and determined alterations of gut bacteria. To explore the causal role of Lactobacillus spp. in duodenal HIF2α signaling activation, we chronically administered probiotics containing Lactobacillus spp. to high-fat-fed obese mice. Lastly, we studied the effect of lactate, the major metabolite of Lactobacilli, on HIF2α in ex vivo duodenal organoids. RESULTS There were pronounced increases in the abundance of Lactobacillus spp. in samples isolated from duodenal epithelium in VSG-operated mice as compared to sham-operated mice. This was accompanied by an increase in the expression of genes that are targets of HIF2α in the duodenum of VSG-treated mice. Activating HIF2α signaling with a high-fat but iron-deficient diet resulted in weight loss, improvements in glucose regulation, and increased Lactobacillus spp. richness in the duodenum as compared to mice on an iron-replete diet. Chronic administration of probiotics containing Lactobacillus spp. not only increased HIF2α signaling in the duodenum such as occurs after VSG but also resulted in reduced weight gain and improved glucose tolerance in high-fat-fed mice. Furthermore, lactate was able to activate HIF2α in ex vivo duodenal organoids. CONCLUSIONS These results support a model whereby VSG increases duodenal Lactobacillus richness and potentially stimulates intestinal HIF2α signaling via increased lactate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Shao
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Obesity and Metabolic Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Simon S Evers
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jae Hoon Shin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Qiyuan Yao
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Darleen A Sandoval
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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91
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Itoh H, Tanaka M. “Greedy Organs Hypothesis” for sugar and salt in the pathophysiology of non-communicable diseases in relation to sodium-glucose co-transporters in the intestines and the kidney. Metabol Open 2022; 13:100169. [PMID: 35198947 PMCID: PMC8844901 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2022.100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Deposition of visceral fat and insulin resistance play central role in the development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including obesity, hypertension and type 2 diabetes. However, we shed more light upon the intestines and the kidney as a strong driver of NCDs. Based upon unexpected outcomes of clinical trials using sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitors to demonstrate their actions for not only body weight reduction and blood glucose fall but also remarkable cardiorenal protection, we speculate that hyperfunction of the intestines and the kidney is one of critical contributing factors for initiation of NCDs. By detecting high amount of glucose and sodium chloride around them by sweet/salt taste sensors, the intestines and the kidney are designed to (re)absorb these nutrients by up-regulating SGLT1 or SGLT2. We designate these hyperfunctioning organs for nutrient uptake as “greedy organs”. The greedy organs can induce NCDs (“greedy organ hypothesis”). SGLTs are regulated by glucose and sodium chloride, and SGLTs or other genes can be “greedy genes.” Regulating factors for greedy organs are renin-angiotensin system, renal sympathetic nervous activity, gut inflammation/microbiota or oxidative stress. Mitigation of organ greediness by SGLT2 inhibitors, ketone bodies, bariatric surgery, and regular lifestyle to keep rhythmicity of biological clock are promising. We propose the concept of “Greedy Organs” hypothesis as a possible cause of NCDs. Clinical implication of greedy kidney is supported by the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors. The significance of greedy intestines is suggested by the effect of bariatric surgery. The intestines and kidney become hyperactive through upregulation of SGLT1 or 2. To mitigate “greedy organs” should be a promising strategy against NCDs.
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Martínez-Montoro JI, Kuchay MS, Balaguer-Román A, Martínez-Sánchez MA, Frutos MD, Fernández-García JC, Ramos-Molina B. Gut microbiota and related metabolites in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and its resolution after bariatric surgery. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13367. [PMID: 34729904 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing in parallel with the rising prevalence of obesity, leading to major health and socioeconomic consequences. To date, the most effective therapeutic approach for NAFLD is weight loss. Accordingly, bariatric surgery (BS), which produces marked reductions in body weight, is associated with significant histopathological improvements in advanced stages of NAFLD, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis. BS is also associated with substantial taxonomical and functional alterations in gut microbiota, which are believed to play a significant role in metabolic improvement after BS. Interestingly, gut microbiota and related metabolites may be implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD through diverse mechanisms, including specific microbiome signatures, short chain fatty acid production or the modulation of one-carbon metabolism. Moreover, emerging evidence highlights the potential association between gut microbiota changes after BS and NASH resolution. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the relationship between NAFLD severity and gut microbiota, as well as the role of the gut microbiome and related metabolites in NAFLD improvement after BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Martínez-Montoro
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Mohammad Shafi Kuchay
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medanta - The Medicity Hospital, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Andrés Balaguer-Román
- Department of General and Digestive System Surgery, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain.,Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - María Dolores Frutos
- Department of General and Digestive System Surgery, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Carlos Fernández-García
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
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93
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Mukorako P, Lemoine N, Biertho L, Lebel S, Roy MC, Plamondon J, Tchernof A, Varin TV, Anhê FF, St-Pierre DH, Marette A, Richard D. Consistent gut bacterial and short-chain fatty acid signatures in hypoabsorptive bariatric surgeries correlate with metabolic benefits in rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:297-306. [PMID: 34686781 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed at comparing how changes in the gut microbiota are associated to the beneficial effects of the most clinically efficient hypoabsorptive bariatric procedures, namely Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) and single anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S). METHODS Diet-induced obese (DIO) male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups. In addition to the groups subjected to RYGB, BPD-DS and SADI-S, the following four control groups were included: SHAM-operated rats fed a high-fat diet (SHAM HF), SHAM fed a low-fat diet (SHAM LF), SHAM HF-pair-weighed to BPD-DS (SHAM HF-PW) and sleeve-gastrectomy (SG) rats. Body weight, food intake, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity/resistance, and L-cell secretion were assessed. The gut microbiota (16 S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing) as well as the fecal and cæcal contents of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were also analyzed prior to, and after the surgeries. RESULTS The present study demonstrates the beneficial effect of RYGB, BPD-DS and SADI-S on fat mass gain and glucose metabolism in DIO rats. These benefits were proportional to the effect of the surgeries on food digestibility (BPD-DS > SADI-S > RYGB). Notably, hypoabsorptive surgeries led to consonant microbial signatures characterized by decreased abundance of the Ruminococcaceae (Oscillospira and Ruminococcus), Oscillospiraceae (Oscillibacter) and Christensenellaceae, and increased abundance of the Clostridiaceae (Clostridium), Sutterellaceae (Sutterella) and Enterobacteriaceae. The gut bacteria following hypoabsorptive surgeries were associated with higher fecal levels of propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate and isovalerate. Increases in the fecal SCFAs were in turn positively and strongly correlated with the levels of peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) and with the beneficial effects of the surgery. CONCLUSION The present study emphasizes the consistency with which the three major hypoabsorptive bariatric procedures RYGB, BPD-DS and SADI-S create a gut microbial environment capable of producing a SCFA profile favorable to the secretion of PYY and to beneficial metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulette Mukorako
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Natacha Lemoine
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Biertho
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Stéfane Lebel
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Roy
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Plamondon
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Fernando F Anhê
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute and Center for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David H St-Pierre
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Exercise Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada. .,Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada.
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94
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Abstract
Currently, there are no approved medications to treat patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with fibrosis or cirrhosis. Although the management goal in these patients is weight reduction by 7-10% with lifestyle modifications, only less than 10% of patients achieve this target at 1-year, and fewer maintain the weight loss at 5 years. Bariatric surgery is an option that may be considered in those who fail to lose weight by lifestyle changes. Bariatric surgery has been shown to improve liver histology including fibrosis secondary to NASH, in addition to other benefits including an improvement or resolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, and a reduction of cardiovascular morbidity or mortality. There are no guidelines of bariatric surgery indications for the management of NASH. The purpose of this review is to critically appraise the current knowledge of the role of bariatric surgery and the potential mechanisms for its perceived benefits in the management of patients with NASH-related liver disease.
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95
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Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) Surgery during High Liquid Sucrose Diet Leads to Gut Microbiota-Related Systematic Alterations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031126. [PMID: 35163046 PMCID: PMC8835548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery has been proven successful in weight loss and improvement of co-morbidities associated with obesity. Chronic complications such as malabsorption of micronutrients in up to 50% of patients underline the need for additional therapeutic approaches. We investigated systemic RYGB surgery effects in a liquid sucrose diet-induced rat obesity model. After consuming a diet supplemented with high liquid sucrose for eight weeks, rats underwent RYGB or control sham surgery. RYGB, sham pair-fed, and sham ad libitum-fed groups further continued on the diet after recovery. Notable alterations were revealed in microbiota composition, inflammatory markers, feces, liver, and plasma metabolites, as well as in brain neuronal activity post-surgery. Higher fecal 4-aminobutyrate (GABA) correlated with higher Bacteroidota and Enterococcus abundances in RYGB animals, pointing towards the altered enteric nervous system (ENS) and gut signaling. Favorable C-reactive protein (CRP), serine, glycine, and 3-hydroxybutyrate plasma profiles in RYGB rats were suggestive of reverted obesity risk. The impact of liquid sucrose diet and caloric restriction mainly manifested in fatty acid changes in the liver. Our multi-modal approach reveals complex systemic changes after RYGB surgery and points towards potential therapeutic targets in the gut-brain system to mimic the surgery mode of action.
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96
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Seyfried F, Phetcharaburanin J, Glymenaki M, Nordbeck A, Hankir M, Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Marchesi JR, Li JV. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in Zucker rats induces bacterial and systemic metabolic changes independent of caloric restriction-induced weight loss. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-20. [PMID: 33535876 PMCID: PMC7872092 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1875108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate weight loss-independent bacterial and metabolic changes, as well as the absorption of bacterial metabolites and bile acids through the hepatic portal system following RYGB surgery. Three groups of obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats were included: RYGB (n = 11), sham surgery and body weight matched with RYGB (Sham-BWM, n = 5), and sham surgery fed ad libitum (Sham-obese, n = 5). Urine and feces were collected at multiple time points, with portal vein and peripheral blood obtained at the end of the study. Metabolic phenotyping approaches and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used to determine the biochemical and bacterial composition of the samples, respectively. RYGB surgery-induced distinct metabolic and bacterial disturbances, which were independent of weight loss through caloric restriction. RYGB resulted in lower absorption of phenylalanine and choline, and higher urinary concentrations of host-bacterial co-metabolites (e.g., phenylacetylglycine, indoxyl sulfate), together with higher fecal trimethylamine, suggesting enhanced bacterial aromatic amino acid and choline metabolism. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were lower in feces and portal vein blood from RYGB group compared to Sham-BWM, accompanied with lower abundances of Lactobacillaceae, and Ruminococcaceae known to contain SCFA producers, indicating reduced bacterial fiber fermentation. Fecal γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) was found in higher concentrations in RYGB than that in Sham groups and could play a role in the metabolic benefits associated with RYGB surgery. While no significant difference in urinary BA excretion, RYGB lowered both portal vein and circulating BA compared to Sham groups. These findings provide a valuable resource for how dynamic, multi-systems changes impact on overall metabolic health, and may provide potential therapeutic targets for developing downstream non-surgical treatment for metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Seyfried
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jutarop Phetcharaburanin
- Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Maria Glymenaki
- Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Arno Nordbeck
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Hankir
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Division of Organisms and Environment, School of Biosciences, Institute of Health Futures, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK,Division of Organisms and Environment, School of Biosciences, Institute of Health Futures, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Julian R. Marchesi
- Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jia V. Li
- Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK,CONTACT Jia V. Li Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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97
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Akalestou E, Miras AD, Rutter GA, le Roux CW. Mechanisms of Weight Loss After Obesity Surgery. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:19-34. [PMID: 34363458 PMCID: PMC8755990 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity surgery remains the most effective treatment for obesity and its complications. Weight loss was initially attributed to decreased energy absorption from the gut but has since been linked to reduced appetitive behavior and potentially increased energy expenditure. Implicated mechanisms associating rearrangement of the gastrointestinal tract with these metabolic outcomes include central appetite control, release of gut peptides, change in microbiota, and bile acids. However, the exact combination and timing of signals remain largely unknown. In this review, we survey recent research investigating these mechanisms, and seek to provide insights on unanswered questions over how weight loss is achieved following bariatric surgery which may eventually lead to safer, nonsurgical weight-loss interventions or combinations of medications with surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Akalestou
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander D Miras
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Lee Kong Chian Imperial Medical School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Ireland.,Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Science, Ulster University, Belfast, UK
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98
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Glenny EM, Fouladi F, Thomas SA, Bulik-Sullivan EC, Tang Q, Djukic Z, Trillo-Ordonez YS, Fodor AA, Tarantino LM, M. Bulik C, Carroll IM. Gut microbial communities from patients with anorexia nervosa do not influence body weight in recipient germ-free mice. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-15. [PMID: 33769200 PMCID: PMC8007138 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1897216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disorder that presents with profound weight dysregulation, metabolic disturbances, and an abnormal composition of gut microbial communities. As the intestinal microbiota can influence host metabolism, the impact of enteric microbial communities from patients with AN on host weight and adiposity was investigated. Germ-free (GF) mice were colonized with fecal microbiotas from either patients with AN (n = 4) prior to inpatient treatment (AN T1, n = 50 recipient mice), the same 4 patients following clinical renourishment (AN T2, n = 53 recipient mice), or age- and sex-matched non-AN controls (n = 4 human donors; non-AN, n = 50 recipient mice). Biological and fecal microbiota data were analyzed with linear mixed-effects models. Body weight did not differ significantly between AN recipient mice (T1 and T2) and non-AN recipient mice following 4 weeks of colonization. Enteric microbiotas from recipient mice colonized with AN T1 and AN T2 fecal microbiotas were more similar to each other compared with enteric microbiotas from non-AN recipient mice. Specific bacterial families in the Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes phyla were significantly associated with body weight, fat mass, and cecum weight irrespective of the donor group. These data suggest that body weight, fat mass, and cecum weight of colonized GF mice are associated with human fecal microbes and independent of donor AN status, although additional analyses with larger cohorts are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M. Glenny
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,CONTACT Ian M. Carroll Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Farnaz Fouladi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Thomas
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily C. Bulik-Sullivan
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Quyen Tang
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Graduate School of Professional Psychology, Morrison Family College of Health, University of St. Thomas, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zorka Djukic
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yesel S. Trillo-Ordonez
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anthony A. Fodor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Lisa M. Tarantino
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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99
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Tu J, Wang Y, Jin L, Huang W. Bile acids, gut microbiota and metabolic surgery. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:929530. [PMID: 36072923 PMCID: PMC9441571 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.929530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic surgery, or bariatric surgery, is currently the most effective approach for treating obesity and its complications. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are the top two types of commonly performed metabolic surgery now. The precise mechanisms of how the surgeries work are still unclear, therefore much research has been conducted in this area. Gut hormones such as GLP-1 and PYY have been studied extensively in the context of metabolic surgery because they both participate in satiety and glucose homeostasis. Bile acids, whose functions cover intestinal lipid absorption and various aspects of metabolic regulation via the action of FXR, TGR5, and other bile acid receptors, have also been actively investigated as potential mediators of metabolic surgery. Additionally, gut microbiota and their metabolites have also been studied because they can affect metabolic health. The current review summarizes and compares the recent scientific progress made on identifying the mechanisms of RYGB and VSG. One of the long-term goals of metabolic/bariatric surgery research is to develop new pharmacotherapeutic options for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. Because obesity is a growing health concern worldwide, there is a dire need in developing novel non-invasive treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui Tu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biomedical Science, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Yangmeng Wang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Lihua Jin
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biomedical Science, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wendong Huang,
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100
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Lo T, Lee Y, Tseng CY, Hu Y, Connelly MA, Mantzoros CS, Karp JM, Tavakkoli A. Daily transient coating of the intestine leads to weight loss and improved glucose tolerance. Metabolism 2022; 126:154917. [PMID: 34687727 PMCID: PMC8666968 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) has been shown to be the gold standard treatment for obesity associated type-2-diabetes (T2D), however many T2D patients do not qualify or are reluctant to proceed with surgery due to its potential risks and permanent changes to GI anatomy. We have previously described a novel oral formulation, LuCI, that provides a transient coating of the proximal bowel and mimics the effects of RYGB. Herein, we aim to investigate the outcome of chronic LuCI administration on weight and glucose homeostasis. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats on a high fat diet achieving diet-induced obesity (DIO) received 5 weeks of daily LuCI or normal saline as control (n = 8/group). Daily weights and glucose tolerance were monitored throughout the experiment. At 5 weeks, systemic blood was sampled through a surgically placed jugular vein catheter, before and during an intestinal glucose bolus, to investigate changes in key hormones involved in glucose metabolism. To elucidate the effects of LuCI on nutrient absorption, fecal output and food intake were measured simultaneously with the analysis of homogenized stool samples performed using bomb calorimetry. RESULTS At 5 weeks, LuCI animals weighted 8.3% less and had lower fasting glucose levels than Controls (77.6 ± 3.8 mg/dl vs. 99.1 ± 2.7 mg/dl, P < 0.001). LuCI-treated animals had lower baseline insulin and HOMA-IR. Post-prandially, LuCI group had increased GLP-1 and GIP secretion following a glucose challenge. Serum lipid analysis revealed lowered LDL levels highlighting the potential to not only improve glucose control but also modify cardiovascular risk. We then investigated whether LuCI's effect on proximal bowel exclusion may play a role in energy balance. Bomb calorimetry analysis suggested that LuCI reduced calorie absorption with no difference in caloric consumption. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that LuCI recapitulates the physical and hormonal changes seen after RYGB and can ameliorate weight gain and improve insulin sensitivity in a DIO rat model. Since LuCI's effect is transient and without systemic absorption, LuCI has the potential to be a novel therapy for overweight or obese T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Lo
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuhan Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chung-Yi Tseng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yangshuo Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margery A Connelly
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (Labcorp), Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Karp
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ali Tavakkoli
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of General and GI Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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