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Hu MD, Jia L, Edelblum KL. Policing the intestinal epithelial barrier: Innate immune functions of intraepithelial lymphocytes. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 6:35-46. [PMID: 29755893 PMCID: PMC5943048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will explore the contribution of IELs to mucosal innate immunity and highlight the similarities in IEL functional responses to bacteria, viruses and protozoan parasite invasion. RECENT FINDINGS IELs rapidly respond to microbial invasion by activating host defense responses, including the production of mucus and antimicrobial peptides to prevent microbes from reaching the epithelial surface. During active infection, IELs promote epithelial cytolysis, cytokine and chemokine production to limit pathogen invasion, replication and dissemination. Commensal-induced priming of IEL effector function or continuous surveillance of the epithelium may be important contributing factors to the rapidity of response. SUMMARY Impaired microbial recognition, dysregulated innate immune signaling or microbial dysbiosis may limit the protective function of IELs and increase susceptibility to disease. Further understanding of the mechanisms regulating IEL surveillance and sentinel function may provide insight into the development of more effective targeted therapies designed to reinforce the mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine D Hu
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Luo Jia
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
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Policing the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier: Innate Immune Functions of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-018-0157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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53
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Gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin J Gastroenterol 2017; 11:1-10. [PMID: 29285689 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-017-0813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 763] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorder of the intestine. Although its incidence is increasing globally, the precise etiology remains unclear and a cure for IBD has yet to be discovered. The most accepted hypothesis of IBD pathogenesis is that complex interactions between genetics, environmental factors, and the host immune system lead to aberrant immune responses and chronic intestinal inflammation. The human gut harbors a complex and abundant aggregation of microbes, collectively referred to as the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota has physiological functions associated with nutrition, the immune system, and defense of the host. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing technology have identified alteration of the composition and function of the gut microbiota, which is referred to as dysbiosis, in IBD. Clinical and experimental data suggest dysbiosis may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of IBD. This review is focused on the physiological function of the gut microbiota and the association between the gut microbiota and pathogenesis in IBD. In addition, we review the therapeutic options for manipulating the altered gut microbiota, such as probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation.
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Chen Q, Ren Y, Lu J, Bartlett M, Chen L, Zhang Y, Guo X, Liu C. A Novel Prebiotic Blend Product Prevents Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Mice by Improving Gut Microbiota and Modulating Immune Response. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121341. [PMID: 29232851 PMCID: PMC5748791 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder yet it still lacks effective prevention therapies. The aim of this study is to determine whether a novel prebiotic blend (PB) composed of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), galactooligosaccharide (GOS), inulin and anthocyanins could be effective in preventing the development of IBS. We explored the possible mechanisms both in animal and in cells. Post-infectious IBS models in C57BL/6 mice were established and were pretreated with the PB, PB and probiotic strains 8 weeks in advance of infection. Eight weeks after infection, intestinal tissues were collected for assessing histomorphology, visceral sensitivity, barrier function, pro-inflammatory cytokines expression and proteomics analysis. Fecal samples were also collected for microbiota analysis. The pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in Caco-2 cells were evaluated after co-incubation with PB and Salmonella typhimurium 14028. The results showed that PB significantly decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines both in infected Caco-2 cells and PI-IBS models. The loss of body weight, decreased expression of tight junction protein Occludin (OCLN), and changes of the microbiota composition induced by infections could be greatly improved by PB intervention (p < 0.05). The proteomics analysis revealed that this function was associated with Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Yiping Ren
- Center for Anti-Aging Research, Nu Skin Enterprises, Shanghai 201401, China.
| | - Jihong Lu
- Center for Anti-Aging Research, Nu Skin Enterprises, Shanghai 201401, China.
| | - Mark Bartlett
- Nu Skin Enterprises Anti-Aging Research Center, Provo, UT 84601, USA.
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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55
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Finotti A, Gasparello J, Lampronti I, Cosenza LC, Maconi G, Matarese V, Gentili V, Di Luca D, Gambari R, Caselli M. PCR detection of segmented filamentous bacteria in the terminal ileum of patients with ulcerative colitis. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2017; 4:e000172. [PMID: 29259792 PMCID: PMC5728270 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2017-000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) have been detected in a wide range of different animal. Recently, the presence of SFB-like bacteria was shown in biopsies of the terminal ileum and ileocecal valve of both patients with ulcerative colitis and control subjects. The aim of this study was to verify whether PCR methods could be used for the detection of SFB in biopsy of patients with ulcerative colitis and its relationships with the disease stage. Methods PCR methods were used to identify SFB in biopsies from the terminal ileum of patients with ulcerative colitis, showing that this approach represents a useful tool for the detection of SFB presence and analysis of the bacterial load. Results Our analysis detected SFB in all faecal samples of children at the time of weaning, and also show that putative SFB sequences are present in both patients with ulcerative colitis and control subjects. Results obtained using real-time quantitative PCR analysis confirm the presence of putative SFB sequences in samples from the terminal ileum of patients with ulcerative colitis and in control subjects. Conclusions The presence of putative SFB sequence in both patients with ulcerative colitis and control subject suggests that SFB cannot be considered as being uniquely associated with the disease. The second conclusion is that among the patients with ulcerative colitis, a tendency does exist for active disease samples to show higher SFB load, opening new perspectives about possible identification and pharmacological manipulation of SFB-mediated processes for new therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Finotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jessica Gasparello
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lampronti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucia Carmela Cosenza
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maconi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Gentili
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dario Di Luca
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Caselli
- School of Gastroenterology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Jazayeri O, Daghighi SM, Rezaee F. Lifestyle alters GUT-bacteria function: Linking immune response and host. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 31:625-635. [PMID: 29566905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbiota in human is a "mixture society" of different species (i.e. bacteria, viruses, funguses) populations with a different way of relationship classification to Human. Human GUT serves as the host of the majority of different bacterial populations (GUT flora, more than 500 species), which are with us ("from the beginning") in an innate manner known as the commensal (no harm to each other) and symbiotic (mutual benefit) relationship. A homeostatic balance of host-bacteria relationship is very important and vital for a normal health process. However, this beneficial relationship and delicate homeostatic state can be disrupted by the imbalance of microbiome-composition of gut microbiota, expressing a pathogenic state. A strict homeostatic balance of microbiome-composition strongly depends on several factors; 1- lifestyle, 2- geography, 3- ethnicities, 4- "mom" as prime of the type of bacterial colonization in infant and 5- the disease. With such diversity in individuals combined with huge number of different bacterial species and their interactions, it is wise to perform an in-depth systems biology (e.g. genomics, proteomics, glycomics, and etcetera) analysis of personalized microbiome. Only in this way, we are able to generate a map of complete GUT microbiota and, in turn, to determine its interaction with host and intra-interaction with pathogenic bacteria. A specific microbiome analysis provides us the knowledge to decipher the nature of interactions between the GUT microbiota and the host and its response to the invading bacteria in a pathogenic state. The GUT-bacteria composition is independent of geography and ethnicity but lifestyle well affects GUT-bacteria composition and function. Microbiome knowledge obtained by systems biology also helps us to change the behavior of GUT microbiota in response to the pathogenic microbes as protection. Functional microbiome changes in response to environmental factors will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Jazayeri
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - S Mojtaba Daghighi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaee
- Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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57
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Hu MD, Edelblum KL. Sentinels at the frontline: the role of intraepithelial lymphocytes in inflammatory bowel disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:321-334. [PMID: 29242771 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review Intestinal mucosal immunity is tightly regulated to ensure effective host defense against invasive microorganisms while limiting the potential for aberrant damage. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), an imbalance between effector and regulatory T cell populations results in an uncontrolled inflammatory response to commensal bacteria. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) are perfectly positioned within the intestinal epithelium to provide the first line of mucosal defense against luminal microbes or rapidly respond to epithelial injury. This review will highlight how IELs promote protective intestinal immunity and discuss the evidence indicating that altered IEL responses contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD. Recent findings Although the role of IELs in mucosal homeostasis has been largely underappreciated, many of the same factors that contribute to the dysregulation of host defense in IBD also adversely affect IELs. For example, IL-23 and the endoplasmic reticulum stress response can enhance IEL lytic activity toward enterocytes. Microbial dysbiosis or defective microbial recognition results in the loss of regulatory IELs, further amplifying these pro-inflammatory effects. Migration of T cells into or within the intraepithelial compartment has a profound effect on their differentiation or effector function demonstrating that IELs are exquisitely sensitive to changes in the local intestinal microenvironment. Summary Enhanced mechanistic insight into the regulation of IEL survival, differentiation and effector function may provide useful tools to modulate IEL surveillance or enhance IEL regulatory function. Elucidation of these processes may result in the development of novel therapeutics to reduce intestinal inflammation and reinforce the mucosal barrier in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine D Hu
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
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Belkaid Y, Harrison OJ. Homeostatic Immunity and the Microbiota. Immunity 2017; 46:562-576. [PMID: 28423337 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 692] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota plays a fundamental role in the induction, education, and function of the host immune system. In return, the host immune system has evolved multiple means by which to maintain its symbiotic relationship with the microbiota. The maintenance of this dialogue allows the induction of protective responses to pathogens and the utilization of regulatory pathways involved in the sustained tolerance to innocuous antigens. The ability of microbes to set the immunological tone of tissues, both locally and systemically, requires tonic sensing of microbes and complex feedback loops between innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Here we review the dominant cellular mediators of these interactions and discuss emerging themes associated with our current understanding of the homeostatic immunological dialogue between the host and its microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Microbiome Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Oliver J Harrison
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Objective: To systematically review the updated information about the gut microbiota-brain axis. Data Sources: All articles about gut microbiota-brain axis published up to July 18, 2016, were identified through a literature search on PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science, with the keywords of “gut microbiota”, “gut-brain axis”, and “neuroscience”. Study Selection: All relevant articles on gut microbiota and gut-brain axis were included and carefully reviewed, with no limitation of study design. Results: It is well-recognized that gut microbiota affects the brain's physiological, behavioral, and cognitive functions although its precise mechanism has not yet been fully understood. Gut microbiota-brain axis may include gut microbiota and their metabolic products, enteric nervous system, sympathetic and parasympathetic branches within the autonomic nervous system, neural-immune system, neuroendocrine system, and central nervous system. Moreover, there may be five communication routes between gut microbiota and brain, including the gut-brain's neural network, neuroendocrine-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, gut immune system, some neurotransmitters and neural regulators synthesized by gut bacteria, and barrier paths including intestinal mucosal barrier and blood-brain barrier. The microbiome is used to define the composition and functional characteristics of gut microbiota, and metagenomics is an appropriate technique to characterize gut microbiota. Conclusions: Gut microbiota-brain axis refers to a bidirectional information network between the gut microbiota and the brain, which may provide a new way to protect the brain in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053; Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Lin L, Zhang J. Role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites on gut homeostasis and human diseases. BMC Immunol 2017; 18:2. [PMID: 28061847 PMCID: PMC5219689 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A vast diversity of microbes colonizes in the human gastrointestinal tract, referred to intestinal microbiota. Microbiota and products thereof are indispensable for shaping the development and function of host innate immune system, thereby exerting multifaceted impacts in gut health. Methods This paper reviews the effects on immunity of gut microbe-derived nucleic acids, and gut microbial metabolites, as well as the involvement of commensals in the gut homeostasis. We focus on the recent findings with an intention to illuminate the mechanisms by which the microbiota and products thereof are interacting with host immunity, as well as to scrutinize imbalanced gut microbiota (dysbiosis) which lead to autoimmune disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and systemic immune syndromes such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Results In addition to their well-recognized benefits in the gut such as occupation of ecological niches and competition with pathogens, commensal bacteria have been shown to strengthen the gut barrier and to exert immunomodulatory actions within the gut and beyond. It has been realized that impaired intestinal microbiota not only contribute to gut diseases but also are inextricably linked to metabolic disorders and even brain dysfunction. Conclusions A better understanding of the mutual interactions of the microbiota and host immune system, would shed light on our endeavors of disease prevention and broaden the path to our discovery of immune intervention targets for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianqiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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61
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Iwamori M, Tanaka K, Adachi S, Aoki D, Nomura T. Enhanced fucosylation of GA1 in the digestive tracts of X-ray-irradiated mice. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:163-169. [PMID: 27858203 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In mice at 4 days after X-ray-irradiation at 0.5 Gy/min for 16 min, the tissue weights of immune organs, i.e., thymus and spleen, were decreased due to injury to lymphocytes by the X-rays. The resulting immunosuppressive condition allowed the growth of lactobacilli, i.e., L. murinus, which contained LacβTH-DG and possessed the ability to induce transcription of the fucosyltransferase gene for synthesis of FGA1. LacβTH-DG was detected in the jejunal and ileal contents of X-ray-irradiated mice, but not in those of control mice, whereas LacTetH-DG of L. johnsonii was present in the stomach and caecal contents of both mice. The amounts of FGA1 in the duodenal and jejunal tissues of X-ray-irradiated mice increased to 4- and 9-fold of those in controls, respectively. Reflecting the enhanced fucosylation of GA1, the total amounts of FGA1 excreted into the contents of X-ray-irradiated mice were 1.4-times higher than those in controls. Also, when the extent of enhanced fucosylation of GA1 in several regions of the digestive tracts of X-ray-irradiated mice was compared with that in immune deficient nude, scid and pIgR(-/-) mice, the more than 4-fold increases of FGA1 observed in duodenal and jejunal tissues corresponded to those in pIgR(-/-) mice without secretory IgA. Since an increased amount of FGA1 in the small intestine was observed only 4 days after X-ray-irradiation, and diminished synthesis of FGA1 occurred on administration of penicillin and streptomycin, fucosylation of GA1 in the small intestine was revealed to occur quickly in response to a change in the intestinal bacterial population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Iwamori
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shigeki Adachi
- Animal Models of Human Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Asagi-Saito, Osaka, Ibaraki, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Taisei Nomura
- Animal Models of Human Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Asagi-Saito, Osaka, Ibaraki, 567-0085, Japan
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Morikawa M, Tsujibe S, Kiyoshima-Shibata J, Watanabe Y, Kato-Nagaoka N, Shida K, Matsumoto S. Microbiota of the Small Intestine Is Selectively Engulfed by Phagocytes of the Lamina Propria and Peyer's Patches. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163607. [PMID: 27701454 PMCID: PMC5049916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes such as dendritic cells and macrophages, which are distributed in the small intestinal mucosa, play a crucial role in maintaining mucosal homeostasis by sampling the luminal gut microbiota. However, there is limited information regarding microbial uptake in a steady state. We investigated the composition of murine gut microbiota that is engulfed by phagocytes of specific subsets in the small intestinal lamina propria (SILP) and Peyer's patches (PP). Analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences revealed that: 1) all the phagocyte subsets in the SILP primarily engulfed Lactobacillus (the most abundant microbe in the small intestine), whereas CD11bhi and CD11bhiCD11chi cell subsets in PP mostly engulfed segmented filamentous bacteria (indigenous bacteria in rodents that are reported to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells); and 2) among the Lactobacillus species engulfed by the SILP cell subsets, L. murinus was engulfed more frequently than L. taiwanensis, although both these Lactobacillus species were abundant in the small intestine under physiological conditions. These results suggest that small intestinal microbiota is selectively engulfed by phagocytes that localize in the adjacent intestinal mucosa in a steady state. These observations may provide insight into the crucial role of phagocytes in immune surveillance of the small intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kan Shida
- Yakult Central Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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63
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Honda K, Littman DR. The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease. Nature 2016; 535:75-84. [PMID: 27383982 DOI: 10.1038/nature18848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1074] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the mucosa, the immune system's T cells and B cells have position-specific phenotypes and functions that are influenced by the microbiota. These cells play pivotal parts in the maintenance of immune homeostasis by suppressing responses to harmless antigens and by enforcing the integrity of the barrier functions of the gut mucosa. Imbalances in the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, can trigger several immune disorders through the activity of T cells that are both near to and distant from the site of their induction. Elucidation of the mechanisms that distinguish between homeostatic and pathogenic microbiota-host interactions could identify therapeutic targets for preventing or modulating inflammatory diseases and for boosting the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Honda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Dan R Littman
- The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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64
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Ross CL, Spinler JK, Savidge TC. Structural and functional changes within the gut microbiota and susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection. Anaerobe 2016; 41:37-43. [PMID: 27180006 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alteration of the gut microbial community structure and function through antibiotic use increases susceptibility to colonization by Clostridium difficile and other enteric pathogens. However, the mechanisms that mediate colonization resistance remain elusive. As the leading definable cause of infectious diarrhea, toxigenic C. difficile represents a burden for patients and health care systems, underscoring the need for better diagnostics and treatment strategies. Next-generation sequence data has increased our understanding of how the gut microbiota is influenced by many factors including diet, disease, aging and drugs. However, a microbial-based biomarker differentiating C. difficile infection from antibiotic-associated diarrhea has not been identified. Metabolomics profiling, which is highly responsive to changes in physiological conditions, have shown promise in differentiating subtle disease phenotypes that exhibit a nearly identical microbiome community structure, suggesting metabolite-based biomarkers may be an ideal diagnostic for identifying patients with CDI. This review focuses on the current understanding of structural and functional changes to the gut microbiota during C. difficile infection obtained from studies assessing the microbiome and metabolome of samples from patients and murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caná L Ross
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Ave., Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer K Spinler
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Ave., Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tor C Savidge
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Ave., Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA.
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Crisol-Martínez E, Moreno-Moyano LT, Wilkinson N, Prasai T, Brown PH, Moore RJ, Stanley D. A low dose of an organophosphate insecticide causes dysbiosis and sex-dependent responses in the intestinal microbiota of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). PeerJ 2016; 4:e2002. [PMID: 27168998 PMCID: PMC4860294 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate insecticides have been directly or indirectly implicated in avian populations declining worldwide. Birds in agricultural environments are commonly exposed to these insecticides, mainly through ingestion of invertebrates after insecticide application. Despite insecticide exposure in birds occurring mostly by ingestion, the impact of organophosphates on the avian digestive system has been poorly researched. In this work we used the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) as an avian model to study short-term microbial community responses to a single dose of trichlorfon at low concentration in three sample origins of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT): caecum, large intestine and faeces. Using next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons as bacterial markers, the study showed that ingestion of insecticide caused significant changes in the GIT microbiome. Specifically, microbiota composition and diversity differed between treated and untreated quail. Insecticide-associated responses in the caecum showed differences between sexes which did not occur with the other sample types. In caecal microbiota, only treated females showed significant shifts in a number of genera within the Lachnospiraceae and the Enterobacteriaceae families. The major responses in the large intestine were a significant reduction in the genus Lactobacillus and increases in abundance of a number of Proteobacteria genera. All microbial shifts in faeces occurred in phylotypes that were represented at low relative abundances. In general, changes in microbiota possibly resulted from contrasting responses towards the insecticide, either positive (e.g., biodegrading bacteria) or negative (e.g., insecticide-susceptible bacteria). This study demonstrates the significant impact that organophosphate insecticides have on the avian gut microbiota; showing that a single small dose of trichlorfon caused dysbiosis in the GIT of the Japanese quail. Further research is necessary to understand the implications on birds’ health, especially in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Crisol-Martínez
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia; Current affiliation: Central Queensland University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ngare Wilkinson
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia; Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tanka Prasai
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Philip H Brown
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert J Moore
- Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia; School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dragana Stanley
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia; Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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66
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Fine-tuning of the mucosal barrier and metabolic systems using the diet-microbial metabolite axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 37:79-86. [PMID: 27133028 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The human intestinal microbiota has profound effects on human physiology, including the development and maintenance of the host immune and metabolic systems. Under physiological conditions, the intestinal microbiota maintains a symbiotic relationship with the host. Abnormalities in the host-microbe relationship, however, have been implicated in multiple disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), metabolic syndrome, and autoimmune diseases. There is a close correlation between dietary factors and the microbial composition in the gut. Long-term dietary habits influence the composition of the gut microbial community and consequently alter microbial metabolic activity. The diet-microbiota axis plays a vital role in the regulation of the host immune system, at least partly through altering microbial metabolism. In this review, we will describe the current findings regarding how dietary factors and microbial metabolites regulate the host immune system.
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67
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Furumoto H, Nanthirudjanar T, Kume T, Izumi Y, Park SB, Kitamura N, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Hirata T, Sugawara T. 10-Oxo-trans-11-octadecenoic acid generated from linoleic acid by a gut lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum is cytoprotective against oxidative stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 296:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sommer F, Bäckhed F. Know your neighbor: Microbiota and host epithelial cells interact locally to control intestinal function and physiology. Bioessays 2016; 38:455-64. [PMID: 26990415 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the host and its associated microbiota differ spatially and the local cross talk determines organ function and physiology. Animals and their organs are not uniform but contain several functional and cellular compartments and gradients. In the intestinal tract, different parts of the gut carry out different functions, tissue structure varies accordingly, epithelial cells are differentially distributed and gradients exist for several physicochemical parameters such as nutrients, pH, or oxygen. Consequently, the microbiota composition also differs along the length of the gut, but also between lumen and mucosa of the same intestinal segment, and even along the crypt-villus axis in the epithelium. Thus, host-microbiota interactions are highly site-specific and the local cross talk determines intestinal function and physiology. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of site-specific host-microbiota interactions and discuss their functional relevance for host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Sommer
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Center of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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69
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Turna J, Grosman Kaplan K, Anglin R, Van Ameringen M. "WHAT'S BUGGING THE GUT IN OCD?" A REVIEW OF THE GUT MICROBIOME IN OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER. Depress Anxiety 2016; 33:171-8. [PMID: 26629974 DOI: 10.1002/da.22454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has become a topic of major interest as of late, with a new focus specifically on psychiatric disorders. Recent studies have revealed that variations in the composition of the gut microbiota may influence anxiety and mood and vice versa. Keeping the concept of this bidirectional "microbiota-gut-brain" axis in mind, this review aims to shed light on how these findings may also be implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); potentially outlining a novel etiological pathway of interest for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Turna
- MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,MiNDS Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keren Grosman Kaplan
- MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca Anglin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Van Ameringen
- MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) reflect the cooperative influence of numerous host and environmental factors, including those of elements of the intestinal immune system, the gut microbiota, and dietary habits. This review focuses on features of the gut microbiota and mucosal immune system that are important in the development and control of IBDs. RECENT FINDINGS Gut innate-type immune cells, including dendritic cells, innate lymphoid cells, and mast cells, educate acquired-type immune cells and intestinal epithelial cells to achieve a symbiotic relationship with commensal bacteria. However, perturbation of the number or type of commensal microorganisms and endogenous genetic polymorphisms that affect immune responses and epithelial barrier system can ultimately lead to IBDs. Providing beneficial bacteria or fecal microbiota transplants helps to reestablish the intestinal environment, maintain its homeostasis, and ameliorate IBDs. SUMMARY The gut immune system participates in a symbiotic milieu that includes cohabiting commensal bacteria. However, dysbiotic conditions and aberrations in the epithelial barrier and gut immune system can disrupt the mutualistic relationship between the host and gut microbiota, leading to IBDs. Progress in our molecular and cellular understanding of this relationship has yielded numerous insights regarding clinical applications for the treatment of IBDs.
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OKUMURA R, TAKEDA K. Maintenance of gut homeostasis by the mucosal immune system. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2016; 92:423-435. [PMID: 27840390 PMCID: PMC5328791 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.92.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are represented by ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), both of which involve chronic intestinal inflammation. Recent evidence has indicated that gut immunological homeostasis is maintained by the interaction between host immunity and intestinal microbiota. A variety of innate immune cells promote or suppress T cell differentiation and activation in response to intestinal bacteria or their metabolites. Some commensal bacteria species or bacterial metabolites enhance or repress host immunity by inducing T helper (Th) 17 cells or regulatory T cells. Intestinal epithelial cells between host immune cells and intestinal microbiota contribute to the separation of these populations and modulate host immune responses to intestinal microbiota. Therefore, the imbalance between host immunity and intestinal microbiota caused by host genetic predisposition or abnormal environmental factors promote susceptibility to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu OKUMURA
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi TAKEDA
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: K. Takeda, Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (e-mail: )
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72
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Immunometabolism of obesity and diabetes: microbiota link compartmentalized immunity in the gut to metabolic tissue inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:1083-96. [PMID: 26464517 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bacteria that inhabit us have emerged as factors linking immunity and metabolism. Changes in our microbiota can modify obesity and the immune underpinnings of metabolic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes. Obesity coincides with a low-level systemic inflammation, which also manifests within metabolic tissues such as adipose tissue and liver. This metabolic inflammation can promote insulin resistance and dysglycaemia. However, the obesity and metabolic disease-related immune responses that are compartmentalized in the intestinal environment do not necessarily parallel the inflammatory status of metabolic tissues that control blood glucose. In fact, a permissive immune environment in the gut can exacerbate metabolic tissue inflammation. Unravelling these discordant immune responses in different parts of the body and establishing a connection between nutrients, immunity and the microbiota in the gut is a complex challenge. Recent evidence positions the relationship between host gut barrier function, intestinal T cell responses and specific microbes at the crossroads of obesity and inflammation in metabolic disease. A key problem to be addressed is understanding how metabolite, immune or bacterial signals from the gut are relayed and transferred into systemic or metabolic tissue inflammation that can impair insulin action preceding Type 2 diabetes.
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73
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IL-10-producing CD4(+) T cells negatively regulate fucosylation of epithelial cells in the gut. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15918. [PMID: 26522513 PMCID: PMC4629126 DOI: 10.1038/srep15918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucosylated glycans on the surface of epithelial cells (ECs) regulate intestinal homeostasis by serving as attachment receptors and a nutrient source for some species of bacteria. We show here that epithelial fucosylation in the ileum is negatively regulated by IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells. The number of fucosylated ECs was increased in the ileum of mice lacking T cells, especially those expressing αβ T cell receptor (TCR), CD4, and IL-10. No such effect was observed in mice lacking B cells. Adoptive transfer of αβTCR+ CD4+ T cells from normal mice, but not IL-10-deficient mice, normalized fucosylation of ECs. These findings suggest that IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells contribute to the maintenance of the function of ECs by regulating their fucosylation.
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74
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Martínez-García Á, Soler JJ, Rodríguez-Ruano SM, Martínez-Bueno M, Martín-Platero AM, Juárez-García N, Martín-Vivaldi M. Preening as a Vehicle for Key Bacteria in Hoopoes. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 70:1024-1033. [PMID: 26078039 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oily secretions produced in the uropygial gland of incubating female hoopoes contain antimicrobial-producing bacteria that prevent feathers from degradation and eggs from pathogenic infection. Using the beak, females collect the uropygial gland secretion and smear it directly on the eggshells and brood patch. Thus, some bacterial strains detected in the secretion should also be present on the eggshell, beak, and brood patch. To characterize these bacterial communities, we used Automatic Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA), which distinguishes between taxonomically different bacterial strains (i.e. different operational taxonomic units [OTUs]) by the size of the sequence amplified. We identified a total of 146 different OTUs with sizes between 139 and 999 bp. Of these OTUs, 124 were detected in the uropygial oil, 106 on the beak surface, 97 on the brood patch, and 98 on the eggshell. The highest richness of OTUs appeared in the uropygial oil samples. Moreover, the detection of some OTUs on the beak, brood patch, and eggshells of particular nests depended on these OTUs being present in the uropygial oil of the female. These results agree with the hypothesis that symbiotic bacteria are transmitted from the uropygial gland to beak, brood patch, and eggshell surfaces, opening the possibility that the bacterial community of the secretion plays a central role in determining the communities of special hoopoe eggshell structures (i.e., crypts) that, soon after hatching, are filled with uropygial oil, thereby protecting embryos from pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan J Soler
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (CSIC), E-04120, Almería, Spain
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75
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Th17 Cell Induction by Adhesion of Microbes to Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Cell 2015; 163:367-80. [PMID: 26411289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 736] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal Th17 cells are induced and accumulate in response to colonization with a subgroup of intestinal microbes such as segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) and certain extracellular pathogens. Here, we show that adhesion of microbes to intestinal epithelial cells (ECs) is a critical cue for Th17 induction. Upon monocolonization of germ-free mice or rats with SFB indigenous to mice (M-SFB) or rats (R-SFB), M-SFB and R-SFB showed host-specific adhesion to small intestinal ECs, accompanied by host-specific induction of Th17 cells. Citrobacter rodentium and Escherichia coli O157 triggered similar Th17 responses, whereas adhesion-defective mutants of these microbes failed to do so. Moreover, a mixture of 20 bacterial strains, which were selected and isolated from fecal samples of a patient with ulcerative colitis on the basis of their ability to cause a robust induction of Th17 cells in the mouse colon, also exhibited EC-adhesive characteristics.
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76
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Fransen F, Zagato E, Mazzini E, Fosso B, Manzari C, El Aidy S, Chiavelli A, D'Erchia AM, Sethi MK, Pabst O, Marzano M, Moretti S, Romani L, Penna G, Pesole G, Rescigno M. BALB/c and C57BL/6 Mice Differ in Polyreactive IgA Abundance, which Impacts the Generation of Antigen-Specific IgA and Microbiota Diversity. Immunity 2015; 43:527-40. [PMID: 26362264 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The interrelationship between IgAs and microbiota diversity is still unclear. Here we show that BALB/c mice had higher abundance and diversity of IgAs than C57BL/6 mice and that this correlated with increased microbiota diversity. We show that polyreactive IgAs mediated the entrance of non-invasive bacteria to Peyer's patches, independently of CX3CR1(+) phagocytes. This allowed the induction of bacteria-specific IgA and the establishment of a positive feedback loop of IgA production. Cohousing of mice or fecal transplantation had little or no influence on IgA production and had only partial impact on microbiota composition. Germ-free BALB/c, but not C57BL/6, mice already had polyreactive IgAs that influenced microbiota diversity and selection after colonization. Together, these data suggest that genetic predisposition to produce polyreactive IgAs has a strong impact on the generation of antigen-specific IgAs and the selection and maintenance of microbiota diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Fransen
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Immunotherapy Programme, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Zagato
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Immunotherapy Programme, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Mazzini
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Immunotherapy Programme, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Fosso
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Manzari
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Immunotherapy Programme, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Nijenborgh 7, 9700 CC Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Chiavelli
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Immunotherapy Programme, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Erchia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maya K Sethi
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Stra. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marinella Marzano
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Moretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Penna
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Immunotherapy Programme, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Immunotherapy Programme, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della salute, Universita' di Milano, via Rudini 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.
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77
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Murai A, Kitahara K, Okumura S, Kobayashi M, Horio F. Oral antibiotics enhance antibody responses to keyhole limpet hemocyanin in orally but not muscularly immunized chickens. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:257-65. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Murai
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Kazuki Kitahara
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Shouta Okumura
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Misato Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Fumihiko Horio
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya University Nagoya Japan
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Pérez-Cobas AE, Moya A, Gosalbes MJ, Latorre A. Colonization Resistance of the Gut Microbiota against Clostridium difficile. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015; 4:337-57. [PMID: 27025628 PMCID: PMC4790290 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics4030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics strongly disrupt the human gut microbiota, which in consequence loses its colonization resistance capacity, allowing infection by opportunistic pathogens such as Clostridium difficile. This bacterium is the main cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and a current problem in developed countries, since its incidence and severity have increased during the last years. Furthermore, the emergence of antibiotic resistance strains has reduced the efficiency of the standard treatment with antibiotics, leading to a higher rate of relapses. Here, we review recent efforts focused on the impact of antibiotics in the gut microbiome and their relationship with C. difficile colonization, as well as, in the identification of bacteria and mechanisms involved in the protection against C. difficile infection. Since a healthy gut microbiota is able to avoid pathogen colonization, restoration of the gut microbiota seems to be the most promising approach to face C. difficile infection, especially for recurrent cases. Therefore, it would be possible to design probiotics for patients undergoing antimicrobial therapies in order to prevent or fight the expansion of the pathogen in the gut ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elena Pérez-Cobas
- Joint Research Unit of Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencian Region (FISABIO) and the Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (ICBiBE) of the University of Valencia, Valencia 46020, Spain.
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Andrés Moya
- Joint Research Unit of Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencian Region (FISABIO) and the Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (ICBiBE) of the University of Valencia, Valencia 46020, Spain.
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - María José Gosalbes
- Joint Research Unit of Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencian Region (FISABIO) and the Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (ICBiBE) of the University of Valencia, Valencia 46020, Spain.
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Joint Research Unit of Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencian Region (FISABIO) and the Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (ICBiBE) of the University of Valencia, Valencia 46020, Spain.
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain.
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79
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Dowds CM, Blumberg RS, Zeissig S. Control of intestinal homeostasis through crosstalk between natural killer T cells and the intestinal microbiota. Clin Immunol 2015; 159:128-33. [PMID: 25988859 PMCID: PMC4817350 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human host and the intestinal microbiota co-exist in a mutually beneficial relationship, which contributes to host and microbial metabolism as well as maturation of the host's immune system, among many other pathways (Tremaroli and Backhed, 2012; Hooper et al., 2012). At mucosal surfaces, and particularly in the intestine, the commensal microbiota provides 'colonization resistance' to invading pathogens and maintains homeostasis through microbial regulation of mucosal innate and adaptive immunity (Renz et al., 2012). Recent evidence suggests that natural killer T cells (NKT cells), a subgroup of lipid-reactive T cells, play central roles in bidirectional interactions between the host and the commensal microbiota, which govern intestinal homeostasis and prevent inflammation. Here, we provide a brief overview of recently identified pathways of commensal microbial regulation of NKT cells, discuss feedback mechanisms of NKT cell-dependent control of microbial colonization and composition, and highlight the critical role of host-microbial cross-talk for prevention of NKT cell-dependent mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marie Dowds
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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80
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Iwamori M, Tanaka K, Adachi S, Aoki D, Nomura T. Absence of lactobacilli containing glycolipids with the α-galactose epitope and the enhanced fucosylation of a receptor glycolipid GA1 in the digestive tracts of immune-deficient scid mice. J Biochem 2015; 158:73-82. [PMID: 25759397 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lactobacillus species in the digestive tracts of immune-deficient scid mice was distinct from that in control mice, i.e. Lactobacillus murinus in scid and L. johnsonii in control mice, according to their 16S-rRNA, indicating that a symbiotic relationship between lactobacilli and a host is established under pressure from the immune system. The caecal and colonal contents rich in L. murinus of scid mice were loose with a strong sour smell, resulting in diarrhoea, and those with L. johnsonii in control mice included abundant solid materials. Lactobacillus glycolipids were revealed to be recognized by the immune system, and by TLC-immunostaining, LacTetH-DG (Galα1-6Galα1-6Galα1-2Glcα1-3'DG) of L. johnsonii was detected in the stomach, caecum and colon of control mice, but not in those of scid ones, in which fucosylation of a receptor GA1 for L. johnsonii was enhanced more than 4-fold compared with in the control mice. Thus, structural modification of receptor glycolipids was revealed to occur in the process of establishment of a symbiotic relationship between lactobacilli and a host. LacTetH-DG was also immunogenic to human, because of the presence of natural antibodies against it, and the antibody binding to it was comparable to that of blood group- and species-related glycosphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Iwamori
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; and Animal Models of Human Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; and Animal Models of Human Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Shigeki Adachi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; and Animal Models of Human Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; and Animal Models of Human Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Taisei Nomura
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; and Animal Models of Human Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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81
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Oshima S, Watanabe M. [Gut Microbiota and Internal Diseases: Update Information. Topics: V. Gut Microbiota: Topics in Various Medical Fields; 4. Interactions between the host immune system and microbes]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 104:81-5. [PMID: 26571779 DOI: 10.2169/naika.104.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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82
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Caballero S, Pamer EG. Microbiota-mediated inflammation and antimicrobial defense in the intestine. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:227-56. [PMID: 25581310 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The diverse microbial populations constituting the intestinal microbiota promote immune development and differentiation, but because of their complex metabolic requirements and the consequent difficulty culturing them, they remained, until recently, largely uncharacterized and mysterious. In the last decade, deep nucleic acid sequencing platforms, new computational and bioinformatics tools, and full-genome characterization of several hundred commensal bacterial species facilitated studies of the microbiota and revealed that differences in microbiota composition can be associated with inflammatory, metabolic, and infectious diseases, that each human is colonized by a distinct bacterial flora, and that the microbiota can be manipulated to reduce and even cure some diseases. Different bacterial species induce distinct immune cell populations that can play pro- and anti-inflammatory roles, and thus the composition of the microbiota determines, in part, the level of resistance to infection and susceptibility to inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes recent work characterizing commensal microbes that contribute to the antimicrobial defense/inflammation axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caballero
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Infectious Diseases Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065;
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83
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Cicerone C, Nenna R, Pontone S. Th17, intestinal microbiota and the abnormal immune response in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2015; 8:117-22. [PMID: 25926936 PMCID: PMC4404588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy induced by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals who carry the HLA-DQ2 or -DQ8 alleles. The immune response is abnormal in celiac disease with small intestinal epithelial damage via CD8+CD4- intraepithelial lymphocytes. The etiology is multifactorial involving genetic and environmental factors, an abnormal immune response, and intestinal dysbiosis. The innate and acquired T-cell mediated immunity play important roles in the pathogenesis of this disease, particularly CD4+ Th17 cells, which have been shown to have critical functions in host defense against bacterial pathogens and in the inflammatory responses to deamidated gluten peptides. We review what is known about the interaction between immune system and intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clelia Cicerone
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Nenna
- Department of Pediatrics, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Pontone
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy
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84
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Kayama H, Takeda K. Regulation of intestinal inflammation through interaction of intestinal environmental factors and innate immune cells. Inflamm Regen 2015. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.35.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Kayama
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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85
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The mucosal immune system for vaccine development. Vaccine 2014; 32:6711-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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86
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Kurata S, Nakashima T, Osaki T, Uematsu N, Shibamori M, Sakurai K, Kamiya S. Rebamipide protects small intestinal mucosal injuries caused by indomethacin by modulating intestinal microbiota and the gene expression in intestinal mucosa in a rat model. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2014; 56:20-7. [PMID: 25834302 PMCID: PMC4306663 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.14-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of rebamipide, a mucosal protective drug, on small intestinal mucosal injury caused by indomethacin was examined using a rat model. Indomethacin administration (10 mg/kg, p.o.) induced intestinal mucosal injury was accompanied by an increase in the numbers of intestinal bacteria particularly Enterobacteriaceae in the jejunum and ileum. Rebamipide (30 and 100 mg/kg, p.o., given 5 times) was shown to inhibit the indomethacin-induced small intestinal mucosal injury and decreased the number of Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae in the jejunal mucosa to normal levels. It was also shown that the detection rate of segmented filamentous bacteria was increased by rebamipide. PCR array analysis of genes related to inflammation, oxidative stress and wound healing showed that indomethacin induced upregulation and downregulation of 14 and 3 genes, respectively in the rat jejunal mucosa by more than 5-fold compared to that of normal rats. Rebamipide suppressed the upregulated gene expression of TNFα and Duox2 in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our study confirmed that disturbance of intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in indomethacin-induced small intestinal mucosal injury, and suggests that rebamipide could be used as prophylaxis against non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -induced gastrointestinal mucosal injury, by modulating microbiota and suppressing mucosal inflammation in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kurata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Takako Nakashima
- Third Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10, Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Takako Osaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Naoya Uematsu
- Third Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10, Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shibamori
- Third Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10, Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Kazushi Sakurai
- Third Institute of New Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10, Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kamiya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
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87
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Goto Y, Obata T, Kunisawa J, Sato S, Ivanov II, Lamichhane A, Takeyama N, Kamioka M, Sakamoto M, Matsuki T, Setoyama H, Imaoka A, Uematsu S, Akira S, Domino SE, Kulig P, Becher B, Renauld JC, Sasakawa C, Umesaki Y, Benno Y, Kiyono H. Innate lymphoid cells regulate intestinal epithelial cell glycosylation. Science 2014; 345:1254009. [PMID: 25214634 PMCID: PMC4774895 DOI: 10.1126/science.1254009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fucosylation of intestinal epithelial cells, catalyzed by fucosyltransferase 2 (Fut2), is a major glycosylation mechanism of host-microbiota symbiosis. Commensal bacteria induce epithelial fucosylation, and epithelial fucose is used as a dietary carbohydrate by many of these bacteria. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate the induction of epithelial fucosylation are unknown. Here, we show that type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) induced intestinal epithelial Fut2 expression and fucosylation in mice. This induction required the cytokines interleukin-22 and lymphotoxin in a commensal bacteria-dependent and -independent manner, respectively. Disruption of intestinal fucosylation led to increased susceptibility to infection by Salmonella typhimurium. Our data reveal a role for ILC3 in shaping the gut microenvironment through the regulation of epithelial glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Goto
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan. Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | - Takashi Obata
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 567-0085, Japan. Division of Mucosal Immunology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ivaylo I Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Aayam Lamichhane
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Natsumi Takeyama
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Mariko Kamioka
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Sakamoto
- Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Department of Mucosal Immunology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Steven E Domino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5617, USA
| | - Paulina Kulig
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan. Division of Bacterial Infection, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | | | - Yoshimi Benno
- Benno Laboratory, Innovation Center, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan. Division of Mucosal Immunology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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88
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Exploring the influence of the gut microbiota and probiotics on health: a symposium report. Br J Nutr 2014; 112 Suppl 1:S1-18. [PMID: 24953670 PMCID: PMC4077244 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present report describes the presentations delivered at the 7th International Yakult Symposium, ‘The Intestinal Microbiota and Probiotics: Exploiting Their Influence on Health’, in London on 22–23 April 2013. The following two themes associated with health risks were covered: (1) the impact of age and diet on the gut microbiota and (2) the gut microbiota's interaction with the host. The strong influence of the maternal gut microbiota on neonatal colonisation was reported, as well as rapid changes in the gut microbiome of older people who move from community living to residential care. The effects of dietary changes on gut metabolism were described and the potential influence of inter-individual microbiota differences was noted, in particular the presence/absence of keystone species involved in butyrate metabolism. Several speakers highlighted the association between certain metabolic disorders and imbalanced or less diverse microbiota. Data from metagenomic analyses and novel techniques (including an ex vivo human mucosa model) provided new insights into the microbiota's influence on coeliac, obesity-related and inflammatory diseases, as well as the potential of probiotics. Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were suggested as targets for intervention. Host–microbiota interactions were explored in the context of gut barrier function, pathogenic bacteria recognition, and the ability of the immune system to induce either tolerogenic or inflammatory responses. There was speculation that the gut microbiota should be considered a separate organ, and whether analysis of an individual's microbiota could be useful in identifying their disease risk and/or therapy; however, more research is needed into specific diseases, different population groups and microbial interventions including probiotics.
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Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 induces TGF-β expression in dendritic cells and activates TLR2 signal to produce IgA in the small intestine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105370. [PMID: 25144744 PMCID: PMC4140756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria provide benefits in enhancing host immune responses and protecting against infection. Induction of IgA production by oral administration of probiotic bacteria in the intestine has been considered to be one reason for this beneficial effect, but the mechanisms of the effect are poorly understood. Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 (LG2055) is a probiotic bacterium with properties such as bile tolerance, ability to improve the intestinal environment, and it has preventive effects related to abdominal adiposity. In this study, we have found that oral administration of LG2055 induced IgA production and increased the rate of IgA(+) cell population in Peyer's patch and in the lamina propria of the mouse small intestine. The LG2055 markedly increased the amount of IgA in a co-culture of B cells and bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC), and TLR2 signal is critical for it. In addition, it is demonstrated that LG2055 stimulates BMDC to promote the production of TGF-β, BAFF, IL-6, and IL-10, all critical for IgA production from B cells. Combined stimulation of B cells with BAFF and LG2055 enhanced the induction of IgA production. Further, TGF-β signal was shown to be critical for LG2055-induced IgA production in the B cell and BMDC co-culture system, but TGF-β did not induce IgA production in a culture of only B cells stimulated with LG2055. Furthermore, TGF-β was critical for the production of BAFF, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β itself from LG2055-stimulated BMDC. These results demonstrate that TGF-β was produced by BMDC stimulated with LG2055 and it has an autocrine/paracrine function essential for BMDC to induce the production of BAFF, IL-6, and IL-10.
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90
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Zeissig S, Blumberg RS. Commensal microbial regulation of natural killer T cells at the frontiers of the mucosal immune system. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4188-94. [PMID: 24983499 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The commensal microbiota co-exists in a mutualistic relationship with its human host. Commensal microbes play critical roles in the regulation of host metabolism and immunity, while microbial colonization, conversely, is under control of host immunity and metabolic pathways. These interactions are of central importance to the maintenance of homeostasis at mucosal surfaces and their perturbation can provide the basis for atopic and chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent evidence has revealed that natural killer T (NKT) cells, a subgroup of T cells which recognizes self and microbial lipid antigens presented by CD1d, are key mediators of host-microbial interactions. Mucosal and systemic NKT cell development is under control of the commensal microbiota, while CD1d regulates microbial colonization and influences the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Here, we outline the mechanisms of bidirectional cross-talk between the microbiota and CD1d-restricted NKT cells and discuss how a perturbation of these processes can contribute to the pathogenesis of immune-mediated disorders at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zeissig
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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91
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Bibbò S, Lopetuso LR, Ianiro G, Di Rienzo T, Gasbarrini A, Cammarota G. Role of microbiota and innate immunity in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:462740. [PMID: 24995345 PMCID: PMC4068057 DOI: 10.1155/2014/462740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection represents a burdensome clinical issue whose epidemiology is increasing worldwide. The pathogenesis is not yet completely known. Recent observations suggest that the alteration of the intestinal microbiota and impaired innate immunity may play a leading role in the development of recurrent infection. Various factors can cause dysbiosis. The causes most involved in the process are antibiotics, NSAIDs, acid suppressing therapies, and age. Gut microbiota impairment can favor Clostridium difficile infection through several mechanisms, such as the alteration of fermentative metabolism (especially SCFAs), the alteration of bile acid metabolism, and the imbalance of antimicrobial substances production. These factors alter the intestinal homeostasis promoting the development of an ecological niche for Clostridium difficile and of the modulation of immune response. Moreover, the intestinal dysbiosis can promote a proinflammatory environment, whereas Clostridium difficile itself modulates the innate immunity through both toxin-dependent and toxin-independent mechanisms. In this narrative review, we discuss how the intestinal microbiota modifications and the modulation of innate immune response can lead to and exacerbate Clostridium difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bibbò
- A. Gemelli Hospital, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Loris Riccardo Lopetuso
- A. Gemelli Hospital, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ianiro
- A. Gemelli Hospital, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Di Rienzo
- A. Gemelli Hospital, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- A. Gemelli Hospital, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- A. Gemelli Hospital, Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
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92
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Belkaid Y, Hand TW. Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell 2014; 157:121-41. [PMID: 24679531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2909] [Impact Index Per Article: 290.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota plays a fundamental role on the induction, training, and function of the host immune system. In return, the immune system has largely evolved as a means to maintain the symbiotic relationship of the host with these highly diverse and evolving microbes. When operating optimally, this immune system-microbiota alliance allows the induction of protective responses to pathogens and the maintenance of regulatory pathways involved in the maintenance of tolerance to innocuous antigens. However, in high-income countries, overuse of antibiotics, changes in diet, and elimination of constitutive partners, such as nematodes, may have selected for a microbiota that lack the resilience and diversity required to establish balanced immune responses. This phenomenon is proposed to account for some of the dramatic rise in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders in parts of the world where our symbiotic relationship with the microbiota has been the most affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Belkaid
- Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Timothy W Hand
- Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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93
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Possible Link of a Compositional Change in Intestinal Microbiota with the Anti-Allergic Effect of Fructo-Oligosaccharides in NC/jic Mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 74:1947-50. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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94
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Dietary Melibiose Regulates Th Cell Response and Enhances the Induction of Oral Tolerance. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:2774-80. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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95
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BacteroidesInduce Higher IgA Production ThanLactobacillusby Increasing Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Expression in B Cells in Murine Peyer’s Patches. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 73:372-7. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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96
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Kamada N, Núñez G. Regulation of the immune system by the resident intestinal bacteria. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1477-88. [PMID: 24503128 PMCID: PMC3995843 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota is an important factor in the development of the immune response. The interaction between the gastrointestinal tract and resident microbiota is well balanced in healthy individuals, but its breakdown can lead to intestinal and extraintestinal disease. We review current knowledge about the mechanisms that regulate the interaction between the immune system and the microbiota, focusing on the role of resident intestinal bacteria in the development of immune responses. We also discuss mechanisms that prevent immune responses against resident bacteria, and how the indigenous bacteria stimulate the immune system to protect against commensal pathobionts and exogenous pathogens. Unraveling the complex interactions between resident intestinal bacteria and the immune system could improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and lead to new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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97
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98
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Ericsson AC, Hagan CE, Davis DJ, Franklin CL. Segmented filamentous bacteria: commensal microbes with potential effects on research. Comp Med 2014; 64:90-98. [PMID: 24674582 PMCID: PMC3997285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are commensal bacteria that were first identified in the ilea of mice and rats. Morphologically similar bacteria occur in a broad range of host species, but all strains have been refractory to in vitro culture thus far. Although SFB were once considered innocuous members of the intestinal microbiota of laboratory rodents, they are now known to affect the development of the immune system in rodents and, subsequently, the phenotype of models of both enteric and extraintestinal disease. Therefore, SFB represent long-recognized commensal bacteria serving as an intercurrent variable in studies using rodent models of disease. Here we describe the basic biology of SFB and discuss the immunologic and physiologic effects of colonization with SFB, with particular attention to their effects on rodent models of disease. In addition, we propose that SFB represent only the 'tip of the iceberg' in our understanding of the influence of the microbiota on model phenotypes. As next-generation sequencing techniques are increasingly used to investigate organisms that are refractory to culture, we are likely to identify other commensal microbes that alter the models we use. This review underscores the need to characterize such host-microbe interactions, given that animal research represents a critical tool that is particularly vulnerable to scrutiny in an era of decreasing financial resources and increasing accountability for the use of animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Ericsson
- Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Center (MMRRC), Rat Resource and Research Center (RRRC), Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
| | - Catherine E Hagan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel J Davis
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Craig L Franklin
- Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Center (MMRRC), Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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99
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Shuttling of information between the mucosal and luminal environment drives intestinal homeostasis. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4148-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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100
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Abstract
Every surface of the human body is colonized by a diverse microbial community called the microbiota, yet the impact of microbiota on viruses is unclear. Recent research has advanced our understanding of how microbiota influence viral infection. Microbiota inhibit infection of some viruses and promote infection of other viruses. These effects can occur through direct and/or indirect effects on the host and/or virus. This review examines the known effects and mechanisms by which the microbiota influence mammalian virus infections. Furthermore, we suggest strategies for future research on how microbiota impact viruses. Overall, microbiota may influence a wide array of viruses through diverse mechanisms, making the study of virus-microbiota interactions a fertile area for future investigation.
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