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Dong W, Zhang H, Huang H, Zhou J, Hu L, Lian A, Zhu L, Ma N, Yang P, Wei K, Zhu R. Chicken IgY Fc Linked to Bordetella avium ompA and Taishan Pinus massoniana Pollen Polysaccharide Adjuvant Enhances Macrophage Function and Specific Immune Responses. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1708. [PMID: 27847501 PMCID: PMC5088198 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fc-fusion technologies, in which immunoglobulin Fc is genetically fused to an antigenic protein, have been developed to confer antibody-like properties to proteins and peptides. Mammalian IgG Fc fusion exhibits improved antigen-induced immune responses by providing aggregates with high avidity for the IgG Fc receptor and salvaging the antigenic portion from endosomal degradation. However, whether the linked chicken IgY Fc fragment shares similar characteristics to mammalian IgG Fc remains unclear. In this study, we linked the chicken IgY Fc gene to the outer membrane protein A (ompA) of Bordetella avium through overlapping PCR. The fusion gene was cloned into the pPIC9 plasmid to construct the recombinant Pichia pastoris transformant expressing the ompA–Fc fusion protein. The effects of the linked Fc on macrophage vitality, activity, efficiency of antigen processing, and immune responses induced by the fused ompA were investigated. Furthermore, the effect of Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide (TPPPS), an immunomodulator, on chicken macrophage activation was evaluated. TPPPS was also used as an adjuvant to investigate its immunomodulatory effect on immunoresponses induced by the fused ompA–Fc in chickens. The pinocytosis, phagocytosis, secretion of nitric oxide and TNF-α, and MHC-II molecular expression of the macrophages treated with the fused ompA–Fc were significantly higher than those of the macrophages treated with ompA alone. The addition of TPPPS to the fused ompA–Fc further enhanced macrophage functions. The fused ompA–Fc elicited higher antigen-specific immune responses and protective efficacy compared with ompA alone. Moreover, the fused ompA–Fc conferred higher serum antibody titers, serum IL-2 and IL-4 concentrations, CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts, lymphocyte transformation rate, and protection rate compared with ompA alone. Notably, the prepared TPPPS adjuvant ompA–Fc vaccines induced high immune responses and protection rate. The linked Fc and TPPPS adjuvant can remarkably enhance macrophage functions and specific immune responses. This study provides new perspectives to improve the immune effects of subunit vaccines for prevention of poultry diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Dong
- Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University Taian, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University Taian, China
| | - He Huang
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, New Hope Group Qingdao, China
| | - Jianbo Zhou
- Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University Taian, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Shandong Province, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau of Shandong Province Jinan, China
| | - Ailing Lian
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Shandong Province, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau of Shandong Province Jinan, China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University Taian, China
| | - Ningning Ma
- Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University Taian, China
| | - Pingping Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University Taian, China
| | - Kai Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University Taian, China
| | - Ruiliang Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University Taian, China
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Neonatal Fc Receptor Regulation of Lung Immunoglobulin and CD103+ Dendritic Cells Confers Transient Susceptibility to Tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2914-21. [PMID: 27481246 PMCID: PMC5038074 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00533-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) extends the systemic half-life of IgG antibodies by chaperoning bound Fc away from lysosomal degradation inside stromal and hematopoietic cells. FcRn also transports IgG across mucosal barriers into the lumen, and yet little is known about how FcRn modulates immunity in the lung during homeostasis or infection. We infected wild-type (WT) and FcRn-deficient (fcgrt−/−) mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Mycobacterium tuberculosis to investigate whether recycling and transport of IgG via FcRn influences innate and adaptive immunity in the lung in response to bacterial infection. We found that FcRn expression maintains homeostatic IgG levels in lung and leads to preferential secretion of low-affinity IgG ligands into the lumen. Fcgrt−/− animals exhibited no evidence of developmental impairment of innate immunity in the lung and were able to efficiently recruit neutrophils in a model of acute bacterial pneumonia. Although local humoral immunity in lung increased independently of the presence of FcRn during tuberculosis, there was nonetheless a strong impact of FcRn deficiency on local adaptive immunity. We show that the quantity and quality of IgG in airways, as well as the abundance of dendritic cells in the lung, are maintained by FcRn. FcRn ablation transiently enhanced local T cell immunity and neutrophil recruitment during tuberculosis, leading to a lower bacterial burden in lung. This novel understanding of tissue-specific modulation of mucosal IgG isotypes in the lung by FcRn sheds light on the role of mucosal IgG in immune responses in the lung during homeostasis and bacterial disease.
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Stapleton NM, Einarsdóttir HK, Stemerding AM, Vidarsson G. The multiple facets of FcRn in immunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 268:253-68. [PMID: 26497526 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, is best known for its role in transporting IgG in various tissues, providing newborns with humoral immunity, and for prolonging the half-life of IgG. Recent findings implicate the involvement of FcRn in a far wider range of biological and immunological processes, as FcRn has been found to bind and extend the half-life of albumin; to be involved in IgG transport and antigen sampling at mucosal surfaces; and to be crucial for efficient IgG-mediated phagocytosis. Herein, the function of FcRn will be reviewed, with emphasis on its recently documented significance for IgG polymorphisms affecting the half-life and biodistribution of IgG3, on its role in phagocyte biology, and the subsequent role for the presentation of antigens to lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel M Stapleton
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga K Einarsdóttir
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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54
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Wang Y, Yang GB. Alteration of Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor and Neonatal Fc Receptor Expression in the Gut Mucosa of Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. Scand J Immunol 2016; 83:235-43. [PMID: 26860548 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric immunoglobulin receptors (pIgR) and neonatal Fc receptors (FcRn) are crucial immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors for the transcytosis of immunoglobulins, that is IgA, IgM and IgG, the levels of which in mucosal secretions were altered in both HIV- and SIV-infected individuals. To gain an insight into the changes of pIgR and FcRn expression after immunodeficiency virus (SHIV/SIV) infection, real-time RT-PCR methods were established and the mRNA levels of pIgR and FcRn in normal and SHIV/SIV-infected rhesus macaques were quantitatively examined. It was found that the levels of pIgR mRNA were within a range of 10(7) copies per million copies of GAPDH mRNA in the gut mucosa of rhesus macaques, which were up to 55 times higher than that in the oral mucosa, the highest among the non-gut tissues examined. Levels of FcRn mRNA were generally lower than that of pIgR, and the levels of FcRn mRNA in the gut mucosa were also lower than that in most non-gut tissues examined. Notably, the levels of pIgR mRNA in the duodenal mucosa were positively correlated with that of IL-17A in normal rhesus macaques. Both pIgR and FcRn mRNA levels were significantly reduced in the duodenal mucosa during acute SHIV infection and in the jejunum and caecum during chronic SHIV/SIV infection. These data expanded our knowledge on the expression of pIgR and FcRn in the gastrointestinal tract of rhesus macaques and demonstrated altered expression of pIgR and FcRn in SHIV/SIV, and by extension HIV infections, which might have contributed to HIV/AIDS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Dalian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dalian, China
| | - G B Yang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Paudel S, Easwaran M, Jang H, Jung HK, Kim JH, Shin HJ. Immunization with avian metapneumovirus harboring chicken Fc induces higher immune responses. Virus Res 2016; 220:129-35. [PMID: 27130629 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the immune responses of avian metapneumovirus harboring chicken Fc molecule. Stable Vero cells expressing chicken Fc chimera on its surface (Vero-cFc) were established, and we confirmed that aMPV grown in Vero-cFc incorporated host derived chimera Fc into the aMPV virions. Immunization of chicken with aMPV-cFc induced higher level of antibodies and inflammatory cytokines; (Interferon (IFN)-γ and Interleukin (IL)-1β) compared to those of aMPV. The increased levels of antibodies and inflammatory cytokines in chicken immunized with aMPV-cFc were statistically significantly (p<0.05) to that of aMPV and control. The aMPV-cFc group also generated the highest neutralizing antibody response. After challenges, chickens immunized with aMPV-cFc showed much less pathological signs in nasal turbinates and trachea so that we could confirm aMPV-cFc induced higher protection than that of aMPV. The greater ability of aMPV harboring chicken Fc to that of aMPV presented it as a possible vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Paudel
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Maheswaran Easwaran
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jang
- Komipharm Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea
| | | | - Joo-Hun Kim
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Komipharm Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Shin
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Soleimanpour S, Hassannia T, Motiee M, Amini AA, Rezaee SAR. Fcγ1 fragment of IgG1 as a powerful affinity tag in recombinant Fc-fusion proteins: immunological, biochemical and therapeutic properties. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:371-392. [PMID: 27049690 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2016.1163323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Affinity tags are vital tools for the production of high-throughput recombinant proteins. Several affinity tags, such as the hexahistidine tag, maltose-binding protein, streptavidin-binding peptide tag, calmodulin-binding peptide, c-Myc tag, glutathione S-transferase and FLAG tag, have been introduced for recombinant protein production. The fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of the IgG1 antibody is one of the useful affinity tags that can facilitate detection, purification and localization of proteins and can improve the immunogenicity, modulatory effects, physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of proteins. Fcγ recombinant forms a group of recombinant proteins called Fc-fusion proteins (FFPs). FFPs are widely used in drug discovery, drug delivery, vaccine design and experimental research on receptor-ligand interactions. These fusion proteins have become successful alternatives to monoclonal antibodies for drug developments. In this review, the physicochemical, biochemical, immunological, pharmaceutical and therapeutic properties of recombinant FFPs were discussed as a new generation of bioengineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Soleimanpour
- a Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tahereh Hassannia
- b Internal medicine Department, Arash Hospital, the College of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Motiee
- c Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Amini
- d Department of Immunology, faculty of medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences , Sanandaj, Iran
| | - S A R Rezaee
- c Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
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Tabaei S, Mashkani B, Esmaili A, Karimi R, Jamehdar SA. Design of cocktail peptide vaccine against Cytomegalovirus infection. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 19:449-54. [PMID: 27279990 PMCID: PMC4887719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) remains a major morbidity and mortality cause in immuno suppressed patients. Therefore, significant effort has been made towards the development of a vaccine. In this study, the expression of the pp65 and gB fusion peptides and Fc domain of mouse IgG2a as a novel delivery system for selective uptake of antigens by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in Pichia pastoris yeast system were studied. MATERIALS AND METHOD In this study, four immune dominant sequences in pp65 protein and 3 immuno dominant sequences in gB protein were selected according to literature review. Peptide linker -GGGGS- was used for construction of fusion peptide. This fusion peptide was cloned in the pPICZαA expression vector and transfected into P. pastoris host cells. RESULTS Dot blot and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) techniques showed that a high level of pp65-gB-Fc fusion peptide was expressed. CONCLUSION This CMV pp65-gB-Fc fusion peptide could be a promising candidate for the development of a novel peptide vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Tabaei
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Baratali Mashkani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arezoo Esmaili
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Reza Karimi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author: Saeid Amel Jamehdar. Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +98-51-3802 2205; Fax: +98-51-3711 2596;
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58
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Mosavat A, Soleimanpour S, Farsiani H, Sadeghian H, Ghazvini K, Sankian M, Jamehdar SA, Rezaee SA. Fused Mycobacterium tuberculosis multi-stage immunogens with an Fc-delivery system as a promising approach for the development of a tuberculosis vaccine. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:163-172. [PMID: 26835592 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem worldwide. Currently, the Bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only available licensed TB vaccine, which has low efficacy in protection against adult pulmonary TB. Therefore, the development of a safe and effective vaccine against TB needs global attention. In the present study, a novel multi-stage subunit vaccine candidate from culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10) and heat shock protein X (HspX) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis fused to the Fc domain of mouse IgG2a as a selective delivery system for antigen-presenting cells (APCs) was produced and its immunogenicity assessed. The optimized gene constructs were introduced into pPICZαA expression vectors, and the resultant plasmids (pPICZαA-CFP-10:Hspx:Fcγ2a and pPICZαA-CFP-10:Hspx:His) were transferred into Pichia pastoris by electroporation. The identification of both purified recombinant fusion proteins was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. Then the immunogenicity of the recombinant proteins with and without BCG was evaluated in BALB/c mice by assessing the level of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4, IL-17 and TGF-β cytokines. Both multi-stage vaccines (CFP-10:HspX:Fcγ2a and CFP-10:HspX:His) induced Th1-type cellular responses by producing high level of IFN-γ (272 pg/mL, p<0.001) and IL-12 (191 pg/mL, p<0.001). However, the Fc-tagged recombinant protein induced more effective Th1-type cellular responses with a low level of IL-4 (10 pg/mL) compared to the CFP-10:HspX:His group. The production of IFN-γ to CFP-10:HspX:Fcγ2a was markedly consistent and showed an increasing trend for IL-12 compared with the BCG or CFP-10:HspX:His primed and boosted groups. Findings revealed that CFP-10:Hspx:Fcγ2a fusion protein can elicit strong Th1 antigen-specific immune responses in favor of protective immunity in mice and could provide new insight for introducing an effective multi-stage subunit vaccine against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Mosavat
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Farsiani
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Sadeghian
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunobiochemistry Lab, Immunology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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59
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Soleimanpour S, Mohammadi A, Ghazvini K, Jamehdar SA, Sadeghian H, Taghiabadi M, Rezaee SAR. Construction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 fused to human Fcγ of IgG1: To target FcγR as a delivery system for enhancement of immunogenicity. Gene 2016; 580:111-117. [PMID: 26778208 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to prevent spreading of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), it is necessary to discover effective vaccines, fast and reliable diagnosis, and appropriate treatment schemes. In the present study, an Fc-tagged recombinant Mtb-ESAT-6 was produced to make a selective delivery system for promoting cellular immunity. To determine 3D structure of the recombinant protein, model building was performed in MODELLER9v13 program. After preparation of Mtb-DNA and Fcγ1 cDNA, they were amplified by specific primers to make ESAT-6 and Fcγ1 products to fuse them in frame using splicing by overlap extension (SOEing)-PCR. After TA cloning, the construct was sequenced to confirm no errors have been introduced. The recombinant DNA was then subcloned into PDR2EF1α eukaryotic expression vector. The plasmid sequenced over the sites at which two DNA fragments were cloned to ensure that the ligation had generated an in-frame fusion of the genes. The CHO cells were then stably transected by PDR2EF1α-ESAT-6:Fcγ1 vector using lipofectamin and the expression and its binding to the Fcγ receptor (FcγRI) on APCs were confirmed by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The IFA results demonstrated that ESAT6:Fcγ1 was expressed in engineered CHO cells. Semi-scale protein production and purification using HiTrap-PA column showed a high secretion of the recombinant protein by Western blotting method. The molecular weight of the monomer in the SDS-PAGE was equal to a protein of 50kDa, which dimerizes by disulfide bond of Fcγ fragments. Since, ESAT6:Fcγ1 protein dimerizes and bind to FcγRs, therefore, Fc-tagged protein could target APCs for inducing appropriate immune response or using in interferon-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Soleimanpour
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Sadeghian
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Taghiabadi
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - S A R Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Ramanathan R, Woodrow K. Engineering immunity in the mucosal niche against sexually transmitted infections. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:107-22. [PMID: 26153141 PMCID: PMC6467227 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of the genital tract are the site of entry to over 30 different bacterial, parasitic, and viral pathogens that are the cause of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV. Women and adolescent girls are more severely impacted by STIs than men due in part to a greater biological susceptibility for acquiring infections and differences in disease sequelae. While it is widely accepted that preventative vaccines against the most commonly transmitted STIs would have a major impact on decreasing the global health burden of STIs for women worldwide, several challenges preclude their development. The female genital tract is a complex niche of microflora, hormonal influences, and immune tissues and cells that result in a mucosal immune system that is distinct from other mucosal sites and from our systemic immune system. An appreciation of these differences and their effect on shaping mucosal immunity to sexually transmitted pathogens is an important determinant for the design of effective STI vaccines. Here we describe the anatomy and mucosal immune system of the female reproductive tract, and discuss bioengineering strategies to design mucosal vaccines that overcome delivery challenges and coordinate the presentation kinetics and compartmentalization of antigens and adjuvants to relevant mucosal immune cell subsets. In particular, we describe recent progress in understanding the role of specific mucosal dendritic cell subsets in facilitating immune responses to pathogenic microbes in the genital mucosa. We also discuss the development of pathogen-mimicking materials that may be useful for engineering protective immunity in this mucosal niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Ramanathan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kim Woodrow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Foss S, Grevys A, Sand KMK, Bern M, Blundell P, Michaelsen TE, Pleass RJ, Sandlie I, Andersen JT. Enhanced FcRn-dependent transepithelial delivery of IgG by Fc-engineering and polymerization. J Control Release 2015; 223:42-52. [PMID: 26718855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal IgG antibodies (Abs) are used extensively in the clinic to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases. In addition, therapeutic proteins are genetically fused to the constant Fc part of IgG. In both cases, the Fc secures a long serum half-life and favourable pharmacokinetics due to its pH-dependent interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). FcRn also mediates transport of intact IgG across polarized epithelial barriers, a pathway that is attractive for delivery of Fc-containing therapeutics. So far, no study has thoroughly compared side-by-side how IgG and different Fc-fusion formats are transported across human polarizing epithelial cells. Here, we used an in vitro cellular transport assay based on the human polarizing epithelial cell line (T84) in which both IgG1 and Fc-fusions were transported in an FcRn-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that the efficacy of transport was dependent on the format. We demonstrate that transepithelial delivery could be enhanced by Fc-engineering for improved FcRn binding as well as by Fc-polymerization. In both cases, transport was driven by pH-dependent binding kinetics and the pH at the luminal side. Hence, efficient transcellular delivery of IgG-based drugs across human epithelial cells requires optimal pH-dependent FcRn binding that can be manipulated by avidity and Fc-engineering, factors that should inspire the design of future therapeutics targeted for transmucosal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Foss
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Algirdas Grevys
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kine Marita Knudsen Sand
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malin Bern
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pat Blundell
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Terje E Michaelsen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard J Pleass
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway.
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Rochereau N, Pavot V, Verrier B, Jospin F, Ensinas A, Genin C, Corthésy B, Paul S. Delivery of antigen to nasal-associated lymphoid tissue microfold cells through secretory IgA targeting local dendritic cells confers protective immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:214-222.e2. [PMID: 26414879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmission of mucosal pathogens relies on their ability to bind to the surfaces of epithelial cells, to cross this thin barrier, and to gain access to target cells and tissues, leading to systemic infection. This implies that pathogen-specific immunity at mucosal sites is critical for the control of infectious agents using these routes to enter the body. Although mucosal delivery would ensure the best onset of protective immunity, most of the candidate vaccines are administered through the parenteral route. OBJECTIVE The present study evaluates the feasibility of delivering the chemically bound p24gag (referred to as p24 in the text) HIV antigen through secretory IgA (SIgA) in nasal mucosae in mice. RESULTS We show that SIgA interacts specifically with mucosal microfold cells present in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. p24-SIgA complexes are quickly taken up in the nasal cavity and selectively engulfed by mucosal dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin-positive dendritic cells. Nasal immunization with p24-SIgA elicits both a strong humoral and cellular immune response against p24 at the systemic and mucosal levels. This ensures effective protection against intranasal challenge with recombinant vaccinia virus encoding p24. CONCLUSION This study represents the first example that underscores the remarkable potential of SIgA to serve as a carrier for a protein antigen in a mucosal vaccine approach targeting the nasal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rochereau
- GIMAP/EA3064, Université de Lyon, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Vincent Pavot
- Institut de Biologie & Chimie des Protéines - LBTI, UMR 5305 - CNRS/University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Institut de Biologie & Chimie des Protéines - LBTI, UMR 5305 - CNRS/University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Jospin
- GIMAP/EA3064, Université de Lyon, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Agathe Ensinas
- GIMAP/EA3064, Université de Lyon, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Christian Genin
- GIMAP/EA3064, Université de Lyon, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory of the Division of Immunology and Allergy, CHUV, Centre des Laboratoires d'Epalinges, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Paul
- GIMAP/EA3064, Université de Lyon, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France.
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Soleimanpour S, Farsiani H, Mosavat A, Ghazvini K, Eydgahi MRA, Sankian M, Sadeghian H, Meshkat Z, Rezaee SA. APC targeting enhances immunogenicity of a novel multistage Fc-fusion tuberculosis vaccine in mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:10467-80. [PMID: 26373723 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that targeting immunogens to FcγR on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) can selectively uptake and increase cellular immunity in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate immunogenicity of a novel multistage tuberculosis vaccine, a combination of an early and a dormant immunogenic protein, ESAT6 and HspX, fused to Fcγ2a fragment of mouse IgG2a to target all forms of tuberculosis. Codon-optimized genes consisting of ESAT6, a linker, and HspX fused either to mouse Fcγ2a (ESAT6:HspX:mFcγ2a) or 6× His-tag (ESAT6:HspX:His) were synthesized. The resulting proteins were then produced in Pichia pastoris. The fusion proteins were separately emulsified in dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide(DDA)-trehalose-6,6-dibehenate(TDB) adjuvant, and their immunogenicity with and without bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was assessed in C57BL/6 mice. Th1, Th2, Th17, and T-reg cytokine patterns were evaluated using the ELISA method. Both multistage vaccines induced very strong IL-12 and IFN-γ secretion from splenic cells; the Fc-tagged subunit vaccine induced a more effective Th1 immune response (IFN-γ, 910 pg/mL, and IL-12, 854 pg/mL) with a very low increase in IL-17 (∼0.1 pg/mL) and IL-4 (37 pg/mL) and a mild increase in TGF-β (543 pg/mL) compared to the BCG or ESAT6:HspX:His primed and boosted groups. The production of IFN-γ to ESAT6:HspX:Fcγ2a was very consistent and showed an increasing trend for IL-12 compared to the BCG or ESAT6:HspX:His primed and boosted groups. Fcγ2a used as a delivery vehicle supported the idea of selective uptake, inducing cross-presentation and forming a proper anti-tuberculosis response in context of Th1/Th2 and Th17/T-reg balances, which is important for protection and prevention of damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Soleimanpour
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Farsiani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Arman Mosavat
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunobiochemistry Lab, Immunology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Sadeghian
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Meshkat
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Lactobacillus plantarum vaccine vector expressing hemagglutinin provides protection against H9N2 challenge infection. Virus Res 2015; 211:46-57. [PMID: 26363195 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) has been demonstrated as an effective candidate vaccine antigen against AIVs. Dendritic cell-targeting peptide (DCpep) can enhance the robustness of immune responses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether DCpep could enhance the immune response against H9N2 AIV when utilizing Lactobacillus plantarum NC8 (NC8) to present HA-DCpep in mouse and chicken models. To accomplish this, a mucosal vaccine of a recombinant NC8 strain expressing HA and DCpep that was constructed in a previous study was employed. Orally administered NC8-pSIP409-HA-DCpep elicited high serum titers of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies in mice and also induced robust T cell immune responses in both mouse and chicken models. Orally administered NC8-pSIP409-HA-DCpep elicited high serum titers of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies in mice and also induced robust T cell immune responses in both mouse and chicken models. These results revealed that recombinant L. plantarum NC8-pSIP409-HA-DCpep is an effective vaccine candidate against H9N2 AIVs.
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The neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, as a target for drug delivery and therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 91:109-24. [PMID: 25703189 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based drugs are arguably the most successful class of protein therapeutics due in part to their remarkably long blood circulation. This arises from IgG interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn. FcRn is the central regulator of IgG and albumin homeostasis throughout life and is increasingly being recognized as an important player in autoimmune disease, mucosal immunity, and tumor immune surveillance. Various engineering approaches that hijack or disrupt the FcRn-mediated transport pathway have been devised to develop long-lasting and non-invasive protein therapeutics, protein subunit vaccines, and therapeutics for treatment of autoimmune and infectious disease. In this review, we highlight the diverse biological functions of FcRn, emerging therapeutic opportunities, as well as the associated challenges of targeting FcRn for drug delivery and disease therapy.
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Rubio-Infante N, Govea-Alonso DO, Romero-Maldonado A, García-Hernández AL, Ilhuicatzi-Alvarado D, Salazar-González JA, Korban SS, Rosales-Mendoza S, Moreno-Fierros L. A Plant-Derived Multi-HIV Antigen Induces Broad Immune Responses in Orally Immunized Mice. Mol Biotechnol 2015; 57:662-74. [PMID: 25779638 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9856-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multi-HIV, a multiepitopic protein derived from both gp120 and gp41 envelope proteins of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has been proposed as a vaccine prototype capable of inducing broad immune responses, as it carries various B and T cell epitopes from several HIV strains. In this study, the immunogenic properties of a Multi-HIV expressed in tobacco chloroplasts are evaluated in test mice. BALB/c mice orally immunized with tobacco-derived Multi-HIV have elicited antibody responses, including both the V3 loop of gp120 and the ELDKWA epitope of gp41. Based on splenocyte proliferation assays, stimulation with epitopes of the C4, V3 domain of gp120, and the ELDKWA domain of gp41 elicits positive cellular responses. Furthermore, specific interferon gamma production is observed in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells stimulated with HIV peptides. These results demonstrate that plant-derived Multi-HIV induces T helper-specific responses. Altogether, these findings illustrate the immunogenic potential of plant-derived Multi-HIV in an oral immunization scheme. The potential of this low-cost immunization approach and its implications on HIV/AIDS vaccine development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Rubio-Infante
- Inmunidad en Mucosas, UBIMED, FES-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
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The role of albumin receptors in regulation of albumin homeostasis: Implications for drug delivery. J Control Release 2015; 211:144-62. [PMID: 26055641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood and acts as a molecular taxi for a plethora of small insoluble substances such as nutrients, hormones, metals and toxins. In addition, it binds a range of medical drugs. It has an unusually long serum half-life of almost 3weeks, and although the structure and function of albumin has been studied for decades, a biological explanation for the long half-life has been lacking. Now, recent research has unravelled that albumin-binding cellular receptors play key roles in the homeostatic regulation of albumin. Here, we review our current understanding of albumin homeostasis with a particular focus on the impact of the cellular receptors, namely the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and the cubilin-megalin complex, and we discuss their importance on uses of albumin in drug delivery.
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68
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Rath T, Baker K, Dumont JA, Peters RT, Jiang H, Qiao SW, Lencer WI, Pierce GF, Blumberg RS. Fc-fusion proteins and FcRn: structural insights for longer-lasting and more effective therapeutics. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 35:235-54. [PMID: 24156398 PMCID: PMC4876602 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.834293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 350 IgG-based therapeutics are approved for clinical use or are under development for many diseases lacking adequate treatment options. These include molecularly engineered biologicals comprising the IgG Fc-domain fused to various effector molecules (so-called Fc-fusion proteins) that confer the advantages of IgG, including binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) to facilitate in vivo stability, and the therapeutic benefit of the specific effector functions. Advances in IgG structure-function relationships and an understanding of FcRn biology have provided therapeutic opportunities for previously unapproachable diseases. This article discusses approved Fc-fusion therapeutics, novel Fc-fusion proteins and FcRn-dependent delivery approaches in development, and how engineering of the FcRn-Fc interaction can generate longer-lasting and more effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristi Baker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Shuo-Wang Qiao
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wayne I. Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Richard S. Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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69
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Sand KMK, Bern M, Nilsen J, Noordzij HT, Sandlie I, Andersen JT. Unraveling the Interaction between FcRn and Albumin: Opportunities for Design of Albumin-Based Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2015; 5:682. [PMID: 25674083 PMCID: PMC4306297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) was first found to be responsible for transporting antibodies of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class from the mother to the fetus or neonate as well as for protecting IgG from intracellular catabolism. However, it has now become apparent that the same receptor also binds albumin and plays a fundamental role in homeostatic regulation of both IgG and albumin, as FcRn is expressed in many different cell types and organs at diverse body sites. Thus, to gain a complete understanding of the biological function of each ligand, and also their distribution in the body, an in-depth characterization of how FcRn binds and regulates the transport of both ligands is necessary. Importantly, such knowledge is also relevant when developing new drugs, as IgG and albumin are increasingly utilized in therapy. This review discusses our current structural and biological understanding of the relationship between FcRn and its ligands, with a particular focus on albumin and design of albumin-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kine Marita Knudsen Sand
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Malin Bern
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Jeannette Nilsen
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway ; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Hanna Theodora Noordzij
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
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Rath T, Baker K, Pyzik M, Blumberg RS. Regulation of immune responses by the neonatal fc receptor and its therapeutic implications. Front Immunol 2015; 5:664. [PMID: 25601863 PMCID: PMC4283642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a single receptor, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is critically involved in regulating albumin and IgG serum concentrations by protecting these two ligands from degradation. In addition to these essential homeostatic functions, FcRn possesses important functions in regulating immune responses that are equally as critical and are increasingly coming to attention. During the first stages of life, FcRn mediates the passive transfer of IgG across the maternal placenta or neonatal intestinal walls of mammals, thereby conferring passive immunity to the offspring before and after birth. In fact, FcRn is one of the very few molecules that are known to move from luminal to serosal membranes of polarized cells that form epithelial barriers of the lung and intestines. Together with FcRn's recently explored critical role in eliciting MHC II presentation and MHC class I cross-presentation of IgG-complexed antigen, this renders FcRn capable of exerting broad and potent functions in regulating immune responses and immunosurveillance at mucosal sites. Further, it is now clear that FcRn dependent mucosal absorption of therapeutic molecules is a clinically feasible and potent novel route of non-invasive drug delivery, and the interaction between FcRn and IgG has also been utilized for the acquisition of humoral immunity at mucosal sites. In this review, we begin by briefly summarizing the basic knowledge on FcRn expression and IgG binding, then describe more recent discoveries pertaining to the mechanisms by which FcRn orchestrates IgG related mucosal immune responses and immunosurveillance at host-environment interfaces within the adult organism. Finally, we outline how the knowledge of actions of FcRn at mucosal boundaries can be capitalized for the development and engineering of powerful mucosal vaccination strategies and novel routes for the non-invasive delivery of Fc-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nueremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Kristi Baker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Michal Pyzik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center , Boston, MA , USA
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72
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Gursel M, Klinman DM. Use of CpG Oligonucleotides as Mucosal Adjuvants. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, the roles of Fc-gamma receptor polymorphisms are discussed in regards to HIV-1 vaccine efficacy, HIV acquisition, and disease progression. In addition, the significance of the neonatal immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptor and potential effects of the aggregated immunoglobulin A Fc receptor (FcalphaR) are addressed. RECENT FINDINGS Fc receptors undoubtedly play an important role in antibody-mediated action in HIV infection and vaccines. Several studies have determined an association between polymorphic variants of Fc-gamma-RIIA and Fc-gamma-RIIIA in the acquisition and progression of HIV-1 infection, and in responses to vaccination regimens. A rather complex relationship exists between the relative affinity of these molecules and their impact on HIV disease acquisition and progression and HIV vaccine efficacy. SUMMARY The discrepancies between different investigations of the role of Fc receptor polymorphisms appear to derive from the complex nature of the Fc receptor functions, including factors such as epistatic interactions and the race, sex, age, and relative risk behavior of the investigated individuals. Furthermore, Fc receptors in nonhuman primates (NHPs), the key model to study an AIDS-like disease in an animal model, appear to be even more diverse than in humans, and the function of these proteins has not been extensively explored. Given the critical role of Fc receptors in antibody-mediated function in humans and NHP, more investigations are needed to fully understand and exploit these functions for vaccine design.
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Li Q, Zeng M, Duan L, Voss JE, Smith AJ, Pambuccian S, Shang L, Wietgrefe S, Southern PJ, Reilly CS, Skinner PJ, Zupancic ML, Carlis JV, Piatak M, Waterman D, Reeves RK, Masek-Hammerman K, Derdeyn CA, Alpert MD, Evans DT, Kohler H, Müller S, Robinson J, Lifson JD, Burton DR, Johnson RP, Haase AT. Live simian immunodeficiency virus vaccine correlate of protection: local antibody production and concentration on the path of virus entry. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:3113-25. [PMID: 25135832 PMCID: PMC4157131 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We sought design principles for a vaccine to prevent HIV transmission to women by identifying correlates of protection conferred by a highly effective live attenuated SIV vaccine in the rhesus macaque animal model. We show that SIVmac239Δnef vaccination recruits plasma cells and induces ectopic lymphoid follicle formation beneath the mucosal epithelium in the rhesus macaque female reproductive tract. The plasma cells and ectopic follicles produce IgG Abs reactive with viral envelope glycoprotein gp41 trimers, and these Abs are concentrated on the path of virus entry by the neonatal FcR in cervical reserve epithelium and in vaginal epithelium. This local Ab production and delivery system correlated spatially and temporally with the maturation of local protection against high-dose pathogenic SIV vaginal challenge. Thus, designing vaccines to elicit production and concentration of Abs at mucosal frontlines could aid in the development of an effective vaccine to protect women against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Li
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Lijie Duan
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - James E Voss
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Design, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Anthony J Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Stefan Pambuccian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Liang Shang
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Stephen Wietgrefe
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Peter J Southern
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Cavan S Reilly
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Pamela J Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Mary L Zupancic
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - John V Carlis
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | | | - R Keith Reeves
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772; Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Katherine Masek-Hammerman
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772; Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Cynthia A Derdeyn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Yerkes, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Michael D Alpert
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David T Evans
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Heinz Kohler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | | | - James Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Infectious Diseases, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Design, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - R Paul Johnson
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Charlestown, MA 02129; New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772
| | - Ashley T Haase
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455;
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Shi SH, Yang WT, Yang GL, Cong YL, Huang HB, Wang Q, Cai RP, Ye LP, Hu JT, Zhou JY, Wang CF, Li Y. Immunoprotection against influenza virus H9N2 by the oral administration of recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum NC8 expressing hemagglutinin in BALB/c mice. Virology 2014; 464-465:166-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Baker K, Rath T, Pyzik M, Blumberg RS. The Role of FcRn in Antigen Presentation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:408. [PMID: 25221553 PMCID: PMC4145246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins are unique molecules capable of simultaneously recognizing a diverse array of antigens and themselves being recognized by a broad array of receptors. The abundance specifically of the IgG subclass and the variety of signaling receptors to which it binds render this an important immunomodulatory molecule. In addition to the classical Fcγ receptors that bind IgG at the cell surface, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is a lifelong resident of the endolysosomal system of most hematopoietic cells where it determines the intracellular fate of both IgG and IgG-containing immune complexes (IgG IC). Cross-linking of FcRn by multivalent IgG IC within antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells initiates specific mechanisms that result in trafficking of the antigen-bearing IgG IC into compartments from which the antigen can successfully be processed into peptide epitopes compatible with loading onto both major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules. In turn, this enables the synchronous activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses against the cognate antigen, thereby bridging the gap between the humoral and cellular branches of the adaptive immune response. Critically, FcRn-driven T cell priming is efficient at very low doses of antigen due to the exquisite sensitivity of the IgG-mediated antigen delivery system through which it operates. FcRn-mediated antigen presentation has important consequences in tissue compartments replete with IgG and serves not only to determine homeostatic immune activation at a variety of sites but also to induce inflammatory responses upon exposure to antigens perceived as foreign. Therapeutically targeting the pathway by which FcRn enables T cell activation in response to IgG IC is thus a highly attractive prospect not only for the treatment of diseases that are driven by immune complexes but also for manipulating local immune responses against defined antigens such as those present during infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Baker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Timo Rath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nueremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Michal Pyzik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center , Boston, MA , USA
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77
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key modulators that shape the immune system. In mucosal tissues, DCs act as surveillance systems to sense infection and also function as professional antigen-presenting cells that stimulate the differentiation of naive T and B cells. On the basis of their molecular expression, DCs can be divided into several subsets with unique functions. In this review, we focus on intestinal DC subsets and their function in bridging the innate signaling and adaptive immune systems to maintain the homeostasis of the intestinal immune environment. We also review the current strategies for manipulating mucosal DCs for the development of efficient mucosal vaccines to protect against infectious diseases.
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78
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Whaley KJ, Zeitlin L. Antibody-based concepts for multipurpose prevention technologies. Antiviral Res 2013; 100 Suppl:S48-53. [PMID: 24188703 PMCID: PMC3933545 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Because of the versatility and specificity of monoclonal antibodies, they are candidates for multipurpose prevention technologies when formulated as topical (gels, films, rings) or injectable drugs and as vaccines. This review focuses on antibody-based proof of concept studies for the human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex virus and sperm. Opportunities and challenges in antibody evasion/resistance, manufacturing, regulatory, and pharmacoeconomics are discussed. This article is based on a presentation at the "Product Development Workshop 2013: HIV and Multipurpose Prevention Technologies," held in Arlington, Virginia on February 21-22, 2013. It forms part of a special supplement to Antiviral Research.
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79
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Gupta S, Gach JS, Becerra JC, Phan TB, Pudney J, Moldoveanu Z, Joseph SB, Landucci G, Supnet MJ, Ping LH, Corti D, Moldt B, Hel Z, Lanzavecchia A, Ruprecht RM, Burton DR, Mestecky J, Anderson DJ, Forthal DN. The Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) enhances human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transcytosis across epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003776. [PMID: 24278022 PMCID: PMC3836734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) crosses mucosal surfaces to establish infection are unknown. Acidic genital secretions of HIV-1-infected women contain HIV-1 likely coated by antibody. We found that the combination of acidic pH and Env-specific IgG, including that from cervicovaginal and seminal fluids of HIV-1-infected individuals, augmented transcytosis across epithelial cells as much as 20-fold compared with Env-specific IgG at neutral pH or non-specific IgG at either pH. Enhanced transcytosis was observed with clinical HIV-1 isolates, including transmitted/founder strains, and was eliminated in Fc neonatal receptor (FcRn)-knockdown epithelial cells. Non-neutralizing antibodies allowed similar or less transcytosis than neutralizing antibodies. However, the ratio of total:infectious virus was higher for neutralizing antibodies, indicating that they allowed transcytosis while blocking infectivity of transcytosed virus. Immunocytochemistry revealed abundant FcRn expression in columnar epithelia lining the human endocervix and penile urethra. Acidity and Env-specific IgG enhance transcytosis of virus across epithelial cells via FcRn and could facilitate translocation of virus to susceptible target cells following sexual exposure. HIV-1 causes a sexually transmitted disease. However, the mechanisms employed by the virus to cross genital tract tissue and establish infection are uncertain. Since cervicovaginal fluid is acidic and HIV-1 in cervicovaginal fluid is likely coated with antibodies, we explored the effect of low pH and HIV-1-specific antibodies on transcytosis, the movement of HIV-1 across tight-junctioned epithelial cells. We found that the combination of HIV-1-specific antibodies and low pH enhanced transcytosis as much as 20-fold. Virus that underwent transcytosis under these conditions was infectious, and infectivity was highly influenced by whether or not the antibody neutralized the virus. We observed enhanced transcytosis using antibody from cervicovaginal and seminal fluids and using transmitted/founder strains of HIV-1. We also found that the enhanced transcytosis was due to the Fc neonatal receptor (FcRn), which binds immune complexes at acidic pH and releases them at neutral pH. Finally, staining of human tissue revealed abundant FcRn expression on columnar epithelial cells of penile urethra and endocervix. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism wherein HIV-1 may facilitate its own transmission by usurping the antibody response directed against itself. These results have important implications for HIV vaccine development and for understanding the earliest events in HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Johannes S. Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Becerra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Tran B. Phan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Pudney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Sarah B. Joseph
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gary Landucci
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Medalyn Jude Supnet
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Li-Hua Ping
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Davide Corti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Humabs BioMed SA, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Brian Moldt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Zdenek Hel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Deborah J. Anderson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donald N. Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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80
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Horton RE, Vidarsson G. Antibodies and their receptors: different potential roles in mucosal defense. Front Immunol 2013; 4:200. [PMID: 23882268 PMCID: PMC3712224 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over recent years it has become increasingly apparent that mucosal antibodies are not only restricted to the IgM and IgA isotypes, but that also other isotypes and particularly IgG can be found in significant quantities at some mucosal surfaces, such as in the genital tract. Their role is more complex than traditionally believed with, among other things, the discovery of novel function of mucosal immunoglobulin receptors. A thorough knowledge in the source and function and mucosal immunoglobulins is particularly important in development of vaccines providing mucosal immunity, and also in the current climate of microbicide development, to combat major world health issues such as HIV. We present here a comprehensive review of human antibody mediated mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Horton
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University , Gold Coast, QLD , Australia
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81
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Iglesias BV, Bitsaktsis C, Pham G, Drake JR, Hazlett KRO, Porter K, Gosselin EJ. Multiple mechanisms mediate enhanced immunity generated by mAb-inactivated F. tularensis immunogen. Immunol Cell Biol 2012; 91:139-48. [PMID: 23247654 PMCID: PMC3570671 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that immunization with inactivated Francisella tularensis, a Category A intracellular mucosal pathogen, combined with IgG2a anti-F. tularensis monoclonal antibody, enhances protection against subsequent F. tularensis challenge. To understand the mechanism(s) involved, we examined the binding, internalization, presentation, and in vivo trafficking of inactivated F. tularensis in the presence and absence of opsonizing monoclonal antibody. We found that when inactivated F. tularensis is combined with anti-F. tularensis monoclonal antibody, presentation to F. tularensis-specific T cells is enhanced, this enhancement is Fc receptor-dependent, and requires a physical linkage between the monoclonal antibody and the inactivated F. tularensis immunogen. This enhanced presentation is due, in part, to enhanced binding and internalization of inactivated F. tularensis by antigen presenting cells, and involves interactions with multiple Fc receptor types. Furthermore, targeting inactivated F. tularensis to Fc receptors enhances dendritic cell maturation and extends the time period over which antigen presenting cells stimulate T cells. In vivo trafficking studies reveal enhanced transport of inactivated F. tularensis immunogen to the Nasal Associated Lymphoid Tissue in the presence of monoclonal antibody, which is FcRn-dependent. In summary, these are the first comprehensive studies using a single vaccine protection model/immunogen to establish the array of mechanisms involved in enhanced immunity/protection mediated by an Fc receptor-targeted mucosal immunogen. These results demonstrate that multiple cellular/immune mechanisms contribute to Fc receptor-enhanced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana V Iglesias
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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82
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Czajkowsky DM, Hu J, Shao Z, Pleass RJ. Fc-fusion proteins: new developments and future perspectives. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:1015-28. [PMID: 22837174 PMCID: PMC3491832 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first description in 1989 of CD4-Fc-fusion antagonists that inhibit human immune deficiency virus entry into T cells, Fc-fusion proteins have been intensely investigated for their effectiveness to curb a range of pathologies, with several notable recent successes coming to market. These promising outcomes have stimulated the development of novel approaches to improve their efficacy and safety, while also broadening their clinical remit to other uses such as vaccines and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. This increased attention has also led to non-clinical applications of Fc-fusions, such as affinity reagents in microarray devices. Here we discuss recent results and more generally applicable strategies to improve Fc-fusion proteins for each application, with particular attention to the newer, less charted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Czajkowsky
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) & State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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83
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Kumamoto Y, Iwasaki A. Unique features of antiviral immune system of the vaginal mucosa. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:411-6. [PMID: 22673876 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A vast majority of human vaccines rely on neutralizing antibodies for protection. With the exception of vaccines against human papillomavirus, despite a great amount of dedicated effort by the scientific community, development of vaccines against sexually transmitted viruses has generally been unsuccessful. Understanding the immunobiology of the genital tract is key to designing vaccines that prevent spreading of these viruses. Recent studies demonstrate that adaptive immunity in the vaginal mucosa is uniquely regulated compared to other mucosal organs. In particular, development of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is critically important for antiviral defense in vagina. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of a wide spectrum of immune responses in vagina--from innate viral sensing to memory development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kumamoto
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
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84
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Christianson GJ, Sun VZ, Akilesh S, Pesavento E, Proetzel G, Roopenian DC. Monoclonal antibodies directed against human FcRn and their applications. MAbs 2012; 4:208-16. [PMID: 22453095 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.4.2.19397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The MHC class I-like Fc receptor (FcRn) is an intracellular trafficking Fc receptor that is uniquely responsible for the extended serum half-life of antibodies of the IgG subclass and their ability to transport across cellular barriers. By performing these functions, FcRn affects numerous facets of antibody biology and pathobiology. Its critical role in controlling IgG pharmacokinetics has been leveraged for the design of therapeutic antibodies and related biologics. FcRn also traffics serum albumin and is responsible for the enhanced pharmacokinetic properties of albumin-conjugated therapeutics. The understanding of FcRn and its therapeutic applications has been limited by a paucity of reliable serological reagents against human FcRn. Here, we describe the properties of a new panel of highly specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against human FcRn with diverse epitope specificities. We show that this antibody panel can be used to study the tissue expression pattern of human FcRn, to selectively block IgG and serum albumin binding to human FcRn in vitro and to inhibit FcRn function in vivo. This mAb panel provides a powerful resource for probing the biology of human FcRn and for the evaluation of therapeutic FcRn blockade strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shreeram Akilesh
- The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, ME USA; Current address: Barnes-Jewish Hospital; St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Emanuele Pesavento
- The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, ME USA; Current address: VIB Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions; Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Vrije Universiteit; Brussels, Belgium
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85
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Baschieri S. Virus Glycoproteins Tagged with the Human Fc Domain as Second Generation Vaccine Candidates. INNOVATION IN VACCINOLOGY 2012. [PMCID: PMC7122206 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4543-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Traditional vaccines such as inactivated or live attenuated vaccines, are gradually giving way to more biochemically defined vaccines that are most often based on a recombinant antigen known to possess neutralizing epitopes. Such vaccines can offer improvements in speed, safety and manufacturing process but an inevitable consequence of their high degree of purification is that immunogenicity is reduced through the lack of the innate triggering molecules present in more complex preparations. Targeting recombinant vaccines to antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells however can improve immunogenicity by ensuring that antigen processing is as efficient as possible. Immune complexes, one of a number of routes of APC targeting, are mimicked by a recombinant approach, crystallizable fragment (Fc) fusion proteins, in which the target immunogen is linked directly to an antibody effector domain capable of interaction with receptors, FcR, on the APC cell surface. A number of virus Fc fusion proteins have been expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system and shown to be efficiently produced and purified. Their use for immunization next to non-Fc tagged equivalents shows that they are powerfully immunogenic in the absence of added adjuvant and that immune stimulation is the result of the Fc-FcR interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Baschieri
- Italian National Agency for New Technolo, Energy and Sustainable Economic Developm, ENEA, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome, 00123 Italy
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86
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Zaharatos GJ, Yu J, Pace C, Song Y, Vasan S, Ho DD, Huang Y. HIV-1 and influenza antigens synthetically linked to IgG2a Fc elicit superior humoral responses compared to unmodified antigens in mice. Vaccine 2011; 30:42-50. [PMID: 22064264 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Using murine IgG subclass molecules (IgG1 or IgG2a) synthetically fused to HIV-1 or influenza test antigens, we explored the potential for IgG Fc scaffolds to augment immunogenicity. Each antigen (Ag) was grafted onto a hinge-Fc scaffold containing all critical residues necessary for interaction with effector cells, thus retaining effector functions of the native IgG subclass. We hypothesized that the differential affinity of FcγRs for specific IgG subclasses would influence the magnitude of immune responses elicited by immunization with an Ag-IgG Fc fusion vaccine. We demonstrate here that the antigen-specific humoral response elicited by Ag-IgG2a fusion vaccines is at least tenfold greater than that elicited by native antigen, that this response is superior to that elicited by Ag-IgG1, and that the augmented antigen-specific humoral response elicited is Fcγ receptor-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos J Zaharatos
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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