51
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Mooij P, Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh SS, Koopman G, Beenhakker N, van Haaften P, Baak I, Nieuwenhuis IG, Kondova I, Wagner R, Wolf H, Gómez CE, Nájera JL, Jiménez V, Esteban M, Heeney JL. Differential CD4+ versus CD8+ T-cell responses elicited by different poxvirus-based human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine candidates provide comparable efficacies in primates. J Virol 2008; 82:2975-88. [PMID: 18184713 PMCID: PMC2258966 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02216-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxvirus vectors have proven to be highly effective for boosting immune responses in diverse vaccine settings. Recent reports reveal marked differences in the gene expression of human dendritic cells infected with two leading poxvirus-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine candidates, New York vaccinia virus (NYVAC) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). To understand how complex genomic changes in these two vaccine vectors translate into antigen-specific systemic immune responses, we undertook a head-to-head vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy study in the pathogenic HIV type 1 (HIV-1) model of AIDS in Indian rhesus macaques. Differences in the immune responses in outbred animals were not distinguished by enzyme-linked immunospot assays, but differences were distinguished by multiparameter fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis, revealing a difference between the number of animals with both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses to vaccine inserts (MVA) and those that elicit a dominant CD4(+) T-cell response (NYVAC). Remarkably, vector-induced differences in CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cell immune responses persisted for more than a year after challenge and even accompanied antigenic modulation throughout the control of chronic infection. Importantly, strong preexposure HIV-1/simian immunodeficiency virus-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses did not prove deleterious with respect to accelerated disease progression. In contrast, in this setting, animals with strong vaccine-induced polyfunctional CD4(+) T-cell responses showed efficacies similar to those with stronger CD8(+) T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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52
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Schlosser E, Mueller M, Fischer S, Basta S, Busch DH, Gander B, Groettrup M. TLR ligands and antigen need to be coencapsulated into the same biodegradable microsphere for the generation of potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. Vaccine 2008; 26:1626-37. [PMID: 18295941 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells phagocytose pathogens leading to maturation and cross-presentation on MHC class I. We found that the efficiency of cross-priming in mice after vaccination with biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres (MSs) was enhanced when ovalbumin was coencapsulated together with either a CpG oligonucleotide or polyI:C as compared to co-inoculation of ovalbumin-bearing MS with soluble or separately encapsulated adjuvants. A single immunization with MS containing coencaspsulated CpG and ovalbumin yielded 9% SIINFEKL/H-2K(b) tetramer positive CTLs, production of IFN-gamma, efficient cytolysis, and protection from vaccinia virus infection. Taken together, coencapsulation of adjuvant and antigen is an important paradigm for the generation of potent CTL responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schlosser
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, Konstanz, Germany
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53
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Shamim M, Nanjappa SG, Singh A, Plisch EH, LeBlanc SE, Walent J, Svaren J, Seroogy C, Suresh M. Cbl-b regulates antigen-induced TCR down-regulation and IFN-gamma production by effector CD8 T cells without affecting functional avidity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:7233-43. [PMID: 18025165 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b is a negative regulator of TCR signaling that: 1) sets the activation threshold for T cells; 2) is induced in anergic T cells; and 3) protects against autoimmunity. However, the role of Cbl-b in regulating CD8 T cell activation and functions during physiological T cell responses has not been systematically examined. Using the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection model, we show that Cbl-b deficiency did not significantly affect the clonal expansion of virus-specific CD8 T cells. However, Cbl-b deficiency not only increased the steady-state cell surface expression levels of TCR and CD8 but also reduced Ag-induced down-modulation of cell surface TCR expression by effector CD8 T cells. Diminished Ag-stimulated TCR down-modulation and sustained Ag receptor signaling induced by Cbl-b deficiency markedly augmented IFN-gamma production, which is known to require substantial TCR occupancy. By contrast, Cbl-b deficiency minimally affected cell-mediated cytotoxicity, which requires limited engagement of TCRs. Surprisingly, despite elevated expression of CD8 and reduced Ag-induced TCR down-modulation, the functional avidity of Cbl-b-deficient effector CD8 T cells was comparable to that of wild-type effectors. Collectively, these data not only show that Cbl-b-imposed constraint on TCR signaling has differential effects on various facets of CD8 T cell response but also suggest that Cbl-b might mitigate tissue injury induced by the overproduction of IFN-gamma by CD8 T cells. These findings have implications in the development of therapies to bolster CD8 T cell function during viral infections or suppress T cell-mediated immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Shamim
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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54
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Vogels R, Zuijdgeest D, van Meerendonk M, Companjen A, Gillissen G, Sijtsma J, Melis I, Holterman L, Radosevic K, Goudsmit J, Havenga MJE. High-level expression from two independent expression cassettes in replication-incompetent adenovirus type 35 vector. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2915-2924. [PMID: 17947512 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication-incompetent adenovirus type 35 (rAd35) represents a potent vaccine carrier that elicits strong, antigen-specific T- and B-cell responses in diverse preclinical models. Moreover, Ad35 is rare in human populations, resulting in the absence of neutralizing antibodies against this carrier, in contrast to the commonly used rAd5. Therefore, rAd35 is being investigated as a vaccine carrier for a number of diseases for which an effective vaccine is needed, including malaria, AIDS and tuberculosis. However, it can be perceived that effective immunization will require insertion of multiple antigens into adenoviral vectors. We therefore wanted to create rAd35 vectors carrying double expression cassettes, to expand within one vector the number of insertion sites for foreign DNA encoding antigenic proteins. We show that it is possible to generate rAd35 vectors carrying two cytomegalovirus promoter-driven expression cassettes, provided that the polyadenylation signals in each expression cassette are not identical. We demonstrate excellent rAd35 vector stability and show that expression of a transgene is not influenced by the presence of a second expression cassette. Moreover, by using two model vaccine antigens, i.e. the human immunodeficiency virus-derived Env-gp120 protein and the Plasmodium falciparum-derived circumsporozoite protein, we demonstrate that potent T- and B-cell responses are induced to both antigens expressed from a single vector. Such rAd35 vectors thus expand the utility of rAd35 vaccine carriers for the development of vaccines against, for example, malaria, AIDS and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Vogels
- Crucell Holland BV, PO Box 2048, 2301 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Zuijdgeest
- Crucell Holland BV, PO Box 2048, 2301 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arjen Companjen
- Crucell Holland BV, PO Box 2048, 2301 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Gillissen
- Crucell Holland BV, PO Box 2048, 2301 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Sijtsma
- Crucell Holland BV, PO Box 2048, 2301 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Melis
- Crucell Holland BV, PO Box 2048, 2301 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jaap Goudsmit
- Center of Poverty-Related Communicable Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Crucell Holland BV, PO Box 2048, 2301 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
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55
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Schaubert KL, Price DA, Frahm N, Li J, Ng HL, Joseph A, Paul E, Majumder B, Ayyavoo V, Gostick E, Adams S, Marincola FM, Sewell AK, Altfeld M, Brenchley JM, Douek DC, Yang OO, Brander C, Goldstein H, Kan-Mitchell J. Availability of a diversely avid CD8+ T cell repertoire specific for the subdominant HLA-A2-restricted HIV-1 Gag p2419-27 epitope. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7756-66. [PMID: 17548613 PMCID: PMC2365726 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
HLA-A2-restricted CTL responses to immunodominant HIV-1 epitopes do not appear to be very effective in the control of viral replication in vivo. In this study, we studied human CD8+ T cell responses to the subdominant HLA-A2-restricted epitope TV9 (Gag p24(19-27), TLNAWVKVV) to explore the possibility of increasing its immune recognition. We confirmed in a cohort of 313 patients, infected by clade B or clade C viruses, that TV9 is rarely recognized. Of interest, the functional sensitivity of the TV9 response can be relatively high. The potential T cell repertoires for TV9 and the characteristics of constituent clonotypes were assessed by ex vivo priming of circulating CD8+ T cells from healthy seronegative donors. TV9-specific CTLs capable of suppressing viral replication in vitro were readily generated, suggesting that the cognate T cell repertoire is not limiting. However, these cultures contained multiple discrete populations with a range of binding avidities for the TV9 tetramer and correspondingly distinct functional dependencies on the CD8 coreceptor. The lack of dominant clonotypes was not affected by the stage of maturation of the priming dendritic cells. Cultures primed by dendritic cells transduced to present endogenous TV9 were also incapable of clonal maturation. Thus, a diffuse TCR repertoire appeared to be an intrinsic characteristic of TV9-specific responses. These data indicate that subdominance is not a function of poor immunogenicity, cognate TCR repertoire availability, or the potential avidity properties thereof, but rather suggest that useful responses to this epitope are suppressed by competing CD8+ T cell populations during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri L. Schaubert
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968
| | - David A. Price
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charles-town, MA 02192
| | - Jinzhu Li
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Hwee L. Ng
- Department of Medicine and AIDS Institute, Center for Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Aviva Joseph
- Department of Micro-biology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Elyse Paul
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Biswanath Majumder
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Micro-biology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Velpandi Ayyavoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Micro-biology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Emma Gostick
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Adams
- Section of Immunogenetics, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Francesco M. Marincola
- Section of Immunogenetics, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charles-town, MA 02192
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Otto O. Yang
- Department of Medicine and AIDS Institute, Center for Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Christian Brander
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charles-town, MA 02192
| | - Harris Goldstein
- Department of Micro-biology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - June Kan-Mitchell
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. June Kan-Mitchell, Biological Sciences Building, University of Texas, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968. E-mail address:
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56
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Thomas PG, Brown SA, Keating R, Yue W, Morris MY, So J, Webby RJ, Doherty PC. Hidden epitopes emerge in secondary influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3091-8. [PMID: 17312156 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.3091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses in H2(b) mice are characterized by reproducible hierarchies. Compensation by the D(b)PB1-F2(62) epitope is apparent following infection with a variant H3N2 virus engineered to disrupt the prominent D(b)NP(366) and D(b)PA(224) epitopes (a double knockout or DKO). Analysis with a "triple" knockout (TKO) virus, which also compromises D(b)PB1-F2(62), did not reveal further compensation to the known residual, minor, and predicted epitopes. However, infection with this deletion mutant apparently switched protective immunity to an alternative Ab-mediated pathway. As expected, TKO virus clearance was significantly delayed in Ab-deficient MHC class II(-/-) and Ig(-/-) mice, which were much more susceptible following primary, intranasal infection with the TKO, but not DKO, virus. CD8+ T cell compensation was detected in DKO, but not TKO, infection of Ig-deficient mice, suggestive of cooperation among CD8+ T cell responses. However, after priming with a TKO H1N1 mutant, MHC II(-/-) mice survived secondary intranasal exposure to the comparable H3N2 TKO virus. Such prime/challenge experiments with the DKO and TKO viruses allowed the emergence of two previously unknown epitopes. The contrast between the absence of compensatory effect following primary exposure and the substantial clonal expansion after secondary challenge suggests that the key factor limiting the visibility of these "hidden" epitopes may be very low naive T cell precursor frequencies. Overall, these findings suggest that vaccine approaches using virus vectors to deliver an Ag may be optimized by disrupting key peptides in the normal CD8+ T cell response associated with common HLA types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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57
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Fuller DH, Shipley T, Allen TM, Fuller JT, Wu MS, Horton H, Wilson N, Widera G, Watkins DI. Immunogenicity of hybrid DNA vaccines expressing hepatitis B core particles carrying human and simian immunodeficiency virus epitopes in mice and rhesus macaques. Virology 2007; 364:245-55. [PMID: 17428516 PMCID: PMC6286304 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An effective HIV vaccine will likely need to induce broad and potent CTL responses. Epitope-based vaccines offer significant potential for inducing multi-specific CTL, but often require conjugation to T helper epitopes or carrier moieties to induce significant responses. We tested hybrid DNA vaccines encoding one or more HIV or SIV CTL epitopes fused to a hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) carrier gene as a means to improve the immunogenicity of epitope-based DNA vaccines. Immunization of mice with a HBcAg-HIV epitope DNA vaccine induced CD8(+) T cell responses that significantly exceeded levels induced with DNA encoding either the whole HIV antigen or the epitope alone. In rhesus macaques, a multi-epitope hybrid HBcAg-SIV DNA vaccine induced CTL responses to 13 different epitopes, including 3 epitopes that were previously not detected in SIV-infected macaques. These data demonstrate that immunization with hybrid HBcAg-epitope DNA vaccines is an effective strategy to increase the magnitude and breadth of HIV-specific CTL responses.
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58
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Baron C, Meunier MC, Caron E, Côté C, Cameron MJ, Kelvin DJ, LeBlanc R, Rineau V, Perreault C. Asynchronous differentiation of CD8 T cells that recognize dominant and cryptic antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:8466-75. [PMID: 17142744 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Restriction of T cell responses to a few epitopes (immunodominance) is a central feature of immune responses. We analyzed the entire transcriptome of effector CD8 T cells specific for a dominant (H7(a)) and a cryptic (HY) mouse Ag and performed a longitudinal analysis of selected T cell differentiation markers. We found that Ag specificity had a relatively modest influence on the repertoire of genes that are transcriptionally modulated by the CD8 T cell differentiation program. Although the differentiation programs of anti-H7(a) and anti-HY T cells were similar, they did not progress simultaneously. The expansion peak of anti-H7(a) T cells was reached on day 10 while that of anti-HY T cells was attained on days 15-20. Between days 10 and 20, anti-H7(a) T cells were in the contraction phase and anti-HY T cells in the expansion phase. Furthermore, expansion and development of effector function were well-synchronized in anti-H7(a) T cells but were disconnected in anti-HY T cells. We propose that, by leading to selective expansion of the fittest CD8 T cells, immunodominance may be beneficial to the host. Inhibition of the T cell response to cryptic Ag would ensure that host resources (APC, cytokines) for which T cells compete are devoted to T cells with the best effector potential. One implication is that favoring expansion of the fittest effector T cells in general may be more important than increasing the diversity of the T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Baron
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, 6123 Succursale, Centreville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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59
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Lee S, Miller SA, Wright DW, Rock MT, Crowe JE. Tissue-specific regulation of CD8+ T-lymphocyte immunodominance in respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Virol 2006; 81:2349-58. [PMID: 17182672 PMCID: PMC1865932 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01910-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are critical for control of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in humans and mice. To investigate cellular immune responses to infection, it is important to identify major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted CTL epitopes. In this study, we identified a new RSV-specific, H-2K(d)-restricted subdominant epitope in the M2 protein, M2(127-135) (amino acids 127 to 135). This finding allowed us to study the frequency of T lymphocytes responding to two H-2K(d)-presented epitopes in the same protein following RSV infection by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and intracellular cytokine assays for both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. For the subdominant epitope, we identified an optimal nine-amino-acid peptide, VYNTVISYI, which contained an H-2K(d) consensus sequence with Y at position 2 and I at position 9. In addition, an MHC class I stabilization assay using TAP-2-deficient RMA-S cells transfected with K(d) or L(d) indicated that the epitope was presented by K(d). The ratios of T lymphocytes during the peak CTL response to RSV infection that were specific for M2(82-90) (dominant) to T lymphocytes specific for M2(127-135) (subdominant) were approximately 3:1 in the spleen and 10:1 in the lung. These ratios were observed consistently in primary or secondary infection by the ELISPOT assay and in secondary infection by MHC/peptide tetramer staining. The number of antigen-specific T lymphocytes dropped in the 6 weeks after infection; however, the proportions of T lymphocytes specific for the immunodominant and subdominant epitopes were maintained to a remarkable degree in a tissue-specific manner. These studies will facilitate investigation of the regulation of immunodominance of RSV-specific CTL epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, T-2220 Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-2905, USA
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60
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Gómez CE, Nájera JL, Jiménez V, Bieler K, Wild J, Kostic L, Heidari S, Chen M, Frachette MJ, Pantaleo G, Wolf H, Liljeström P, Wagner R, Esteban M. Generation and immunogenicity of novel HIV/AIDS vaccine candidates targeting HIV-1 Env/Gag-Pol-Nef antigens of clade C. Vaccine 2006; 25:1969-92. [PMID: 17224219 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recombinants based on the attenuated vaccinia virus strains MVA and NYVAC are considered candidate vectors against different human diseases. In this study we have generated and characterized in BALB/c and in transgenic HHD mice the immunogenicity of two attenuated poxvirus vectors expressing in a single locus (TK) the codon optimized HIV-1 genes encoding gp120 and Gag-Pol-Nef (GPN) polyprotein of clade C (referred as MVA-C and NYVAC-C). In HHD mice primed with either MVA-C or NYVAC-C, or primed with DNA-C and boosted with the poxvirus vectors, the splenic T cell responses against clade C peptides spanning gp120/GPN was broad and mainly directed against Gag-1, Env-1 and Env-2 peptide pools. In BALB/c mice immunized with the homologous or the heterologous combination of poxvirus vectors or with Semliki forest virus (SFV) vectors expressing gp120/GPN, the immune response was also broad but the most immunogenic peptides were Env-1, GPN-1 and GPN-2. Differences in the magnitude of the cellular immune responses were observed between the poxvirus vectors depending on the protocol used. The specific cellular immune response triggered by the poxvirus vectors was Th1 type. The cellular response against the vectors was higher for NYVAC than for MVA in both HHD and BALB/c mice, but differences in viral antigen recognition between the vectors was observed in sera from the poxvirus-immunized animals. These results demonstrate the immunogenic potential of MVA-C and NYVAC-C as novel vaccine candidates against clade C of HIV-1.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Codon/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Gene Products, nef/genetics
- Gene Products, nef/immunology
- Gene Products, pol/genetics
- Gene Products, pol/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- HIV Antigens/genetics
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Secondary
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Animal
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Semliki forest virus
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccinia virus
- Viral Vaccines
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Ciudad Universitaria Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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61
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Yewdell JW. Confronting complexity: real-world immunodominance in antiviral CD8+ T cell responses. Immunity 2006; 25:533-43. [PMID: 17046682 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral CD8(+) T cells respond to only a minute fraction of the potential peptide determinants encoded by viral genomes. Immunogenic determinants can be ordered into highly reproducible hierarchies based on the magnitude of cognate CD8(+) T cell responses. Until recently, this phenomenon, termed immunodominance, was largely defined and characterized in model systems utilizing a few strains of inbred mice infected with a handful of viruses with limited coding capacity. Here, I review work that has extended immunodominance studies to viruses of greater complexity and to the real world of human antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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62
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Leslie A, Price DA, Mkhize P, Bishop K, Rathod A, Day C, Crawford H, Honeyborne I, Asher TE, Luzzi G, Edwards A, Rousseau CM, Rosseau CM, Mullins JI, Tudor-Williams G, Novelli V, Brander C, Douek DC, Kiepiela P, Walker BD, Goulder PJR. Differential selection pressure exerted on HIV by CTL targeting identical epitopes but restricted by distinct HLA alleles from the same HLA supertype. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4699-708. [PMID: 16982909 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HLA diversity is seen as a major challenge to CTL vaccines against HIV. One current approach focuses on "promiscuous" epitopes, presented by multiple HLA alleles from within the same HLA supertype. However, the effectiveness of such supertype vaccines depends upon the functional equivalence of CTL targeting a particular epitope, irrespective of the restricting HLA. In this study, we describe the promiscuous HIV-specific CTL epitopes presented by alleles within the B7 supertype. Substantial differences were observed in the ability of CTL to select for escape mutation when targeting the same epitope but restricted by different HLA. This observation was common to all six promiscuous B7 epitopes identified. Moreover, with one exception, there were no significant differences in the frequency, magnitude, or immunodominance of the CTL responses restricted by different HLA alleles to explain these discrepancies. This suggests that the unique peptide/MHC complexes generated by even closely related HLA induce CTL responses that are qualitatively different. This hypothesis is supported by additional differences observed between CTL targeting identical epitopes but restricted by different HLA: first, the occurrence of distinct, HLA-specific escape mutation; second, the recruitment of distinct TCR repertoires by particular peptide/MHC complexes; and, third, significant differences in the functional avidity of CTL. Taken together, these data indicate that significant functional differences exist between CTL targeting identical epitopes but restricted by different, albeit closely related HLA. These findings are of relevance to vaccine approaches that seek to exploit HLA supertypes to overcome the problem of HLA diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair Leslie
- Department of Paediatrics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom.
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63
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Gómez CE, Nájera JL, Jiménez EP, Jiménez V, Wagner R, Graf M, Frachette MJ, Liljeström P, Pantaleo G, Esteban M. Head-to-head comparison on the immunogenicity of two HIV/AIDS vaccine candidates based on the attenuated poxvirus strains MVA and NYVAC co-expressing in a single locus the HIV-1BX08 gp120 and HIV-1(IIIB) Gag-Pol-Nef proteins of clade B. Vaccine 2006; 25:2863-85. [PMID: 17113200 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation we have generated and defined the immunogenicity of two novel HIV/AIDS vaccine candidates based on the highly attenuated vaccinia virus strains, MVA and NYVAC, efficiently expressing in the same locus (TK) and under the same viral promoter the codon optimized HIV-1 genes encoding gp120 and Gag-Pol-Nef antigens of clade B (referred as MVA-B and NYVAC-B). In infected human HeLa cells, gp120 is released from cells and GPN is produced as a polyprotein; NYVAC-B induces severe apoptosis but not MVA-B. The two poxvirus vectors showed genetic stability of the inserts. In BALB/c and in transgenic HHD mice for human HLA-A2 class I, both vectors are efficient immunogens and induced broad cellular immune responses against peptides represented in the four HIV-1 antigens. Some differences were observed in the magnitude and breadth of the immune response in the mouse models. In DNA prime/poxvirus boost protocols, the strongest immune response, as measured by fresh IFN-gamma and IL-2 ELISPOT, was obtained in BALB/c mice boosted with NYVAC-B, while in HHD mice there were no differences between the poxvirus vectors. When the prime/boost was performed with homologous or with combination of poxvirus vectors, the protocols MVA-B/MVA-B and NYVAC-B/NYVAC-B, or the combination NYVAC-B/MVA-B gave the most consistent broader immune response in both mouse models, although the magnitude of the overall response was higher for the DNA-B/poxvirus-B regime. All of the immunization protocols induced some humoral response against the gp160 protein from HIV-1 clone LAV. Our findings indicate that MVA-B and NYVAC-B meet the criteria to be potentially useful vaccine candidates against HIV/AIDS.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Chick Embryo
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/biosynthesis
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/immunology
- Gene Products, nef/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, nef/genetics
- Gene Products, nef/immunology
- Genomic Instability
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/biosynthesis
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Poxviridae/genetics
- Poxviridae/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Ciudad Universitaria Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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64
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Ranasinghe C, Medveczky JC, Woltring D, Gao K, Thomson S, Coupar BEH, Boyle DB, Ramsay AJ, Ramshaw IA. Evaluation of fowlpox–vaccinia virus prime-boost vaccine strategies for high-level mucosal and systemic immunity against HIV-1. Vaccine 2006; 24:5881-95. [PMID: 16759767 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have tested the efficacy of recombinant fowl pox (rFPV) and recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) encoding antigens of AE clade HIV-1 in a prime-boost strategy, using both systemic and mucosal delivery routes. Of the various vaccine routes tested, intranasal/intramuscular (i.n./i.m.) AE FPV/AE VV prime-boosting generated the highest mucosal and systemic T cell responses. Peak mucosal T cell responses occurred as early as 3 days post-boost vaccination. In contrast only low systemic responses were observed at this time with the peak response occurring at day 7. Current data also revealed that, due to better uptake of the rFPV, intranasal viral priming was much more effective than intranasal rDNA priming tested previously. The i.m./i.m. prime-boost delivery also generated strong systemic but poor mucosal responses to Gag peptides. Interestingly, the oral administration of AE FPV followed by i.m. AE VV delivery elicited strong systemic responses to sub-dominant Pol 1 peptides that were absent in mice that received vaccine by other routes. Moreover, priming with AE FPV co-expressing cytokine IL-12 significantly enhanced the T cell responses to target antigens, whilst co-expression of IFNgamma decreased these responses. The results also indicated that the route of inoculation and the vaccine vector combination could radically influence not only the magnitude but also the antigen specificity of the immune response generated. Further, in contrast to the generally protracted HIV rDNA/rFPV multiple delivery prime-boosting, this single rFPV prime and rVV boost approach was more flexible and generated excellent mucosal and systemic immune responses to HIV vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charani Ranasinghe
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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65
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York IA, Brehm MA, Zendzian S, Towne CF, Rock KL. Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) trims MHC class I-presented peptides in vivo and plays an important role in immunodominance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:9202-7. [PMID: 16754858 PMCID: PMC1482590 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603095103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells respond to short peptides bound to MHC class I molecules. Although most antigenic proteins contain many sequences that could bind to MHC class I, few of these peptides actually stimulate CD8(+) T cell responses. Moreover, the T cell responses that are generated often follow a very reproducible hierarchy to different peptides for reasons that are poorly understood. We find that the loss of a single enzyme, endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1), in the antigen-processing pathway results in a marked shift in the hierarchy of immunodominance in viral infections, even when the responding T cells have the same T cell receptor repertoire. In mice, ERAP1 is the major enzyme that trims precursor peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum and, in this process, can generate or destroy antigenic peptides. Consequently, when ERAP1 is lost, the immune response to some viral peptides is reduced, to others increased, and to yet others unchanged. Therefore, many epitopes must be initially generated as precursors that are normally trimmed by ERAP1 before binding to MHC class I, whereas others are normally degraded by ERAP1 to lengths that are too short to bind to MHC class I. Moreover, peptide trimming and the resulting abundance of peptide-MHC complexes are dominant factors in establishing immunodominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A York
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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66
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Bihl F, Frahm N, Di Giammarino L, Sidney J, John M, Yusim K, Woodberry T, Sango K, Hewitt HS, Henry L, Linde CH, Chisholm JV, Zaman TM, Pae E, Mallal S, Walker BD, Sette A, Korber BT, Heckerman D, Brander C. Impact of HLA-B Alleles, Epitope Binding Affinity, Functional Avidity, and Viral Coinfection on the Immunodominance of Virus-Specific CTL Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:4094-101. [PMID: 16547245 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.4094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunodominance is variably used to describe either the most frequently detectable response among tested individuals or the strongest response within a single individual, yet factors determining either inter- or intraindividual immunodominance are still poorly understood. More than 90 individuals were tested against 184 HIV- and 92 EBV-derived, previously defined CTL epitopes. The data show that HLA-B-restricted epitopes were significantly more frequently recognized than HLA-A- or HLA-C-restricted epitopes. HLA-B-restricted epitopes also induced responses of higher magnitude than did either HLA-A- or HLA-C-restricted epitopes, although this comparison only reached statistical significance for EBV epitopes. For both viruses, the magnitude and frequency of recognition were correlated with each other, but not with the epitope binding affinity to the restricting HLA allele. The presence or absence of HIV coinfection did not impact EBV epitope immunodominance patterns significantly. Peptide titration studies showed that the magnitude of responses was associated with high functional avidity, requiring low concentration of cognate peptide to respond in in vitro assays. The data support the important role of HLA-B alleles in antiviral immunity and afford a better understanding of the factors contributing to inter- and intraindividual immunodominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bihl
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, 02129, USA
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67
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La Gruta NL, Kedzierska K, Pang K, Webby R, Davenport M, Chen W, Turner SJ, Doherty PC. A virus-specific CD8+ T cell immunodominance hierarchy determined by antigen dose and precursor frequencies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:994-9. [PMID: 16418289 PMCID: PMC1348014 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510429103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodominance hierarchies are a substantial, but poorly understood, characteristic of CD8(+) T cell-mediated immunity. Factors influencing the differential responses to the influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP(366-374)) and acid polymerase (PA(224-233)) peptides presented by H2D(b) have been analyzed by disabling (N5--> Q substitution) these peptides in their native configuration, then expressing them in the viral neuraminidase protein. This strategy of shifting epitopes within the same viral context resulted in an apparent equalization of D(b)NP(366) [epitope consisting of viral nucleoprotein (NP) amino acid residues 366-374 complexed with the H2D(b) MHC class I glycoprotein] and D(b)PA(224) (H2D(b)+PA(224-233)) epitope abundance after direct infection in vitro and induced reproducible changes in the magnitude of the D(b)NP(366)- and D(b)PA(224)-specific T cell subsets generated after infection of mice. Comparison of D(b)NP(366)- and D(b) PA(224)-specific CD8(+) T cell responses induced from the native configuration and from the viral neuraminidase stalk demonstrated that the size of both primary and secondary responses is influenced by relative epitope levels and that, at least after secondary challenge, the magnitude of responses is also determined by CD8(+) T cell precursor frequency. Thus, this immunodominance hierarchy is a direct function of antigen dose and T cell numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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68
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Tebo AE, Fuller MJ, Gaddis DE, Kojima K, Rehani K, Zajac AJ. Rapid recruitment of virus-specific CD8 T cells restructures immunodominance during protective secondary responses. J Virol 2005; 79:12703-13. [PMID: 16188973 PMCID: PMC1235833 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.20.12703-12713.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigate the attributes of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells which most effectively control secondary infections. By rechallenging mice that had cleared primary lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections, we revealed that the secondary response is remarkably swift. Within 6 h following secondary infection, the production of gamma interferon becomes detectable directly ex vivo. During this protective phase of the secondary response, a very early elaboration of effector activities is preferentially exhibited by T cells specific for the viral NP396 epitope. This wave of activation contains the infection primarily before the initiation of the proliferative phase of the secondary response. Marked expansion is observed, but its magnitude differs depending on the epitope specificity of the responding cells; between 42 and 48 h following infection, approximately 70% of NP396-specific memory cells are in the S phase of the cell cycle, as assessed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation studies. Epitope-dependent differences during the proliferative phase of the secondary response were confirmed by adoptive transfer studies with CFSE-labeled T cells. Although NP396-specific T cells typically dominate secondary responses, the broader multiepitope-specific population of antiviral T cells is beneficial for controlling a variant virus with an escape mutation in this epitope. These findings indicate that the induction and maintenance of a focused response contribute to the clearance of secondary infections; however, a more diverse pool of antiviral T cells facilitates long-term immunity to mutable pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Tebo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-2170, USA
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69
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Otahal P, Hutchinson SC, Mylin LM, Tevethia MJ, Tevethia SS, Schell TD. Inefficient cross-presentation limits the CD8+ T cell response to a subdominant tumor antigen epitope. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:700-12. [PMID: 16002665 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T lymphocytes (T(CD8)) responding to subdominant epitopes provide alternate targets for the immunotherapy of cancer, particularly when self-tolerance limits the response to immunodominant epitopes. However, the mechanisms that promote T(CD8) subdominance to tumor Ags remain obscure. We investigated the basis for the lack of priming against a subdominant tumor epitope following immunization of C57BL/6 (B6) mice with SV40 large tumor Ag (T Ag)-transformed cells. Immunization of B6 mice with wild-type T Ag-transformed cells primes T(CD8) specific for three immunodominant T Ag epitopes (epitopes I, II/III, and IV) but fails to induce T(CD8) specific for the subdominant T Ag epitope V. Using adoptively transferred T(CD8) from epitope V-specific TCR transgenic mice and immunization with T Ag-transformed cells, we demonstrate that the subdominant epitope V is weakly cross-presented relative to immunodominant epitopes derived from the same protein Ag. Priming of naive epitope V-specific TCR transgenic T(CD8) in B6 mice required cross-presentation by host APC. However, robust expansion of these T(CD8) required additional direct presentation of the subdominant epitope by T Ag-transformed cells and was only significant following immunization with T Ag-expressing cells lacking the immunodominant epitopes. These results indicate that limited cross-presentation coupled with competition by immunodominant epitope-specific T(CD8) contributes to the subdominant nature of a tumor-specific epitope. This finding has implications for vaccination strategies targeting T(CD8) responses to cancer.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/immunology
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Proliferation
- Clone Cells
- Cross-Priming/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunodominant Epitopes/administration & dosage
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/genetics
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/immunology
- Simian virus 40/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Otahal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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70
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Nussbaum AK, Rodriguez-Carreno MP, Benning N, Botten J, Whitton JL. Immunoproteasome-deficient mice mount largely normal CD8+ T cell responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection and DNA vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1153-60. [PMID: 16002717 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During viral infection, constitutive proteasomes are largely replaced by immunoproteasomes, which display distinct cleavage specificities, resulting in different populations of potential CD8(+) T cell epitope peptides. Immunoproteasomes are believed to be important for the generation of many viral CD8(+) T cell epitopes and have been implicated in shaping the immunodominance hierarchies of CD8(+) T cell responses to influenza virus infection. However, it remains unclear whether these conclusions are generally applicable. In this study we investigated the CD8(+) T cell responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection and DNA immunization in wild-type mice and in mice lacking the immunoproteasome subunits LMP2 or LMP7. Although the total number of virus-specific cells was lower in LMP2 knockout mice, consistent with their having lower numbers of naive cells before infection, the kinetics of virus clearance were similar in all three mouse strains, and LMP-deficient mice mounted strong primary and secondary lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific CD8(+) T cell responses. Furthermore, the immunodominance hierarchy of the four investigated epitopes (nuclear protein 396 (NP(396)) > gp33 > gp276 > NP(205)) was well maintained. We observed a slight reduction in the NP(205)-specific response in LMP2-deficient mice, but this had no demonstrable biological consequence. DNA vaccination of LMP2- and LMP7-deficient mice induced CD8(+) T cell responses that were slightly lower than, although not significantly different from, those induced in wild-type mice. Taken together, our results challenge the notion that immunoproteasomes are generally needed for effective antiviral CD8(+) T cell responses and for the shaping of immunodominance hierarchies. We conclude that the immunoproteasome may affect T cell responses to only a limited number of viral epitopes, and we propose that its main biological function may lie elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Nussbaum
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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71
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Pavlenko M, Leder C, Roos AK, Levitsky V, Pisa P. Identification of an immunodominant H-2D(b)-restricted CTL epitope of human PSA. Prostate 2005; 64:50-9. [PMID: 15651071 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human prostate specific antigen (PSA) is expressed selectively in prostate epithelium and is a potential target for the immunotherapy against prostate cancer. Various PSA-based vaccines have been reported to induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in animal models. Here, we present the identification and validation of an immunodominant CTL epitope of PSA in C57Bl/6 mice (H-2(b)). METHODS PSA-specific CTLs were induced by immunization with a plasmid expressing PSA. Epitope specificity of the CTLs was determined by their reactivity against a panel of C-terminus truncated or mutated PSA proteins and use of bioinformatical prediction with the SYFPEITHI algorithm. RESULTS The majority of PSA-specific CTLs were directed against a single H-2D(b) restricted epitope corresponding to the amino acid residues 65-74 (HCIRNKSVIL) of the protein. The CTLs had similar functional avidity against two putative H-2D(b) binding peptides: a 9-aa-long psa65-73 (HCIRNKSVI) and a 10-aa-long psa65-74 (HCIRNKSVIL). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that the psa65-73 peptide can be used for reactivation of PSA-specific CTLs in vitro and ex vivo, and H-2D(b) pentamers assembled with this peptide are an efficient tool for monitoring of PSA-specific CTL responses after DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Pavlenko
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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72
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Whitmire JK, Tan JT, Whitton JL. Interferon-gamma acts directly on CD8+ T cells to increase their abundance during virus infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:1053-9. [PMID: 15809350 PMCID: PMC2213135 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFNγ) is important in regulating the adaptive immune response, and most current evidence suggests that it exerts a negative (proapoptotic) effect on CD8+ T cell responses. We have developed a novel technique of dual adoptive transfer, which allowed us to precisely compare, in normal mice, the in vivo antiviral responses of two T cell populations that differ only in their expression of the IFNγ receptor. We use this technique to show that, contrary to expectations, IFNγ strongly stimulates the development of CD8+ T cell responses during an acute viral infection. The stimulatory effect is abrogated in T cells lacking the IFNγ receptor, indicating that the cytokine acts directly upon CD8+ T cells to increase their abundance during acute viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Whitmire
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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73
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Roy-Proulx G, Baron C, Perreault C. CD8 T-cell ability to exert immunodomination correlates with T-cell receptor: Epitope association rate. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2005; 11:260-71. [PMID: 15812391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2004.12.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
When presented alone, H7 a and HY antigens elicit CD8 T-cell responses of similar amplitude, but H7 a totally abrogates the response to HY when both antigens are presented on the same antigen-presenting cell. We found that H7a- and HY-specific T-cell precursors had similar frequencies in nonimmune mice and expressed similar levels of CD5. The H7a -specific CD8 T-cell repertoire harvested at the time of primary response showed highly restricted T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity. Furthermore, T cells specific for H7a and HY expressed equivalent levels of CD8 and TCR and displayed similar tetramer decay rates. The key difference was that anti-H7a T cells exhibited a much more rapid TCR:epitope on-rate than anti-HY T cells. Coupled with evidence that primed CD8 T cells limit the duration of antigen presentation by killing or inactivating antigen-presenting cells, our data support a novel and simple model for immunodomination: the main feature of T cells that exert immunodomination is that, compared with other T cells, they are functionally primed after a shorter duration of antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Roy-Proulx
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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74
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75
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Bartholdy C, Stryhn A, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. Single-epitope DNA vaccination prevents exhaustion and facilitates a broad antiviral CD8+ T cell response during chronic viral infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:6284-93. [PMID: 15528367 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.6284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Induction of a monospecific antiviral CD8+ T cell response may pose a risk to the host due to the narrow T cell response induced. At the individual level, this may result in selection of CD8+ T cell escape variants, particularly during chronic viral infection. Second, prior immunization toward a single dominant epitope may suppress the response to other viral epitopes, and this may lead to increased susceptibility to reinfection with escape variants circulating in the host population. To address these issues, we induced a memory response consisting solely of monospecific, CD8+ T cells by use of DNA vaccines encoding immunodominant epitopes of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). We analyzed the spectrum of the CD8+ T cell response and the susceptibility to infection in H-2(b) and H-2(d) mice. Priming for a monospecific, CD8+ T cell response did not render mice susceptible to viral variants. Thus, vaccinated mice were protected against chronic infection with LCMV, and no evidence indicating biologically relevant viral escape was obtained. In parallel, a broad and sustained CD8+ T cell response was generated upon infection, and in H-2(d) mice epitope spreading was observed. Even after acute LCMV infection, DNA vaccination did not significantly impair naturally induced immunity. Thus, the response to the other immunogenic epitopes was not dramatically suppressed in DNA-immunized mice undergoing normal immunizing infection, and the majority of mice were protected against rechallenge with escape variants. These findings underscore that a monospecific vaccine may induce efficient protective immunity given the right set of circumstances.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Antiviral Agents/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chronic Disease
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disease Susceptibility/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Variation/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Immunologic Memory
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/prevention & control
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/genetics
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Secondary Prevention
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bartholdy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 3C Blegdamsvej, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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76
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Oh S, Perera LP, Burke DS, Waldmann TA, Berzofsky JA. IL-15/IL-15Ralpha-mediated avidity maturation of memory CD8+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:15154-9. [PMID: 15477598 PMCID: PMC524066 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406649101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell avidity is critical to viral clearance, but mechanisms of CD8(+) T cell avidity maturation are poorly understood. Here, we find that IL-15 mediates two mechanisms of avidity maturation. (i) By selection at the population level, IL-15 promotes greater survival of high- compared with low-avidity cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). High-avidity CTLs express higher levels of IL-15Ralpha and persist longer by homeostatic proliferation. (ii) At the individual cell level, IL-15 induces higher levels of surface coreceptor CD8alphabeta, increasing functional avidity. IL-15 during priming selects or induces higher-avidity CTLs. Conversely, high-avidity CTLs are diminished in IL-15Ralpha knockout mice. These results provide an explanation of CD8+ T cell avidity maturation and may contribute to the design of novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- SangKon Oh
- Vaccine Branch and Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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77
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Basler M, Youhnovski N, Van Den Broek M, Przybylski M, Groettrup M. Immunoproteasomes Down-Regulate Presentation of a Subdominant T Cell Epitope from Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3925-34. [PMID: 15356141 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic T cell response to pathogens is usually directed against a few immunodominant epitopes, while other potential epitopes are either subdominant or not used at all. In C57BL/6 mice, the acute cytotoxic T cell response against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is directed against immunodominant epitopes derived from the glycoprotein (gp33-41) and the nucleoprotein (NP396-404), while the gp276-286 epitope remains subdominant. Despite extensive investigations, the reason for this hierarchy between epitopes is not clear. In this study, we show that the treatment of cells with IFN-gamma enhanced the presentation of gp33-41, whereas presentation of the gp276-286 epitope from the same glycoprotein was markedly reduced. Because proteasomes are crucially involved in epitope generation and because IFN-gamma treatment in vitro and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in vivo lead to a gradual replacement of constitutive proteasomes by immunoproteasomes, we investigated the role of proteasome composition on epitope hierarchy. Overexpression of the active site subunits of immunoproteasomes LMP2, LMP7, and MECL-1 as well as overexpression of LMP2 alone suppressed the presentation of the gp276-286 epitope. The ability to generate gp276-286-specific CTLs was enhanced in LMP2- and LMP7-deficient mice, and macrophages from these mice showed an elevated presentation of this epitope. In vitro digests demonstrated that fragmentation by immunoproteasomes, but not constitutive proteasomes led to a preferential destruction of the gp276 epitope. Taken together, we show that LMP2 and LMP7 can at least in part determine subdominance and shape the epitope hierarchy of CTL responses in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Autoantigens
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/deficiency
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/physiology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Hydrolysis
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/enzymology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/genetics
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multienzyme Complexes/deficiency
- Multienzyme Complexes/genetics
- Multienzyme Complexes/physiology
- Muscle Proteins/physiology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
- Protein Subunits/deficiency
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/physiology
- Proteins/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Basler
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Constance, Konstanz, Germany
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78
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Liu F, Whitton JL, Slifka MK. The rapidity with which virus-specific CD8+ T cells initiate IFN-gamma synthesis increases markedly over the course of infection and correlates with immunodominance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:456-62. [PMID: 15210805 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary CD8+ T cell responses play a major role in controlling infection by many viruses, and CD8+ memory T cells can confer immunity to virus challenge. In this study we report that for many epitope-specific CD8+ T cell populations, the regulation of an important effector molecule, IFN-gamma, changes dramatically over the course of infection. During the acute phase of infection, many CD8+ T cells exhibit a significant lag before producing IFN-gamma in response to Ag contact; in contrast, the onset of IFN-gamma production by memory cells of the same epitope specificity is markedly accelerated. The biological consequences of this improved responsiveness are manifold. Moreover, during the acute phase of the CD8+ T cell response when immunodominance is being established, there is a strong correlation (p = 0.0002) between the abundance of each epitope-specific T cell population and the rapidity with which it initiates IFN-gamma synthesis. Previous studies have indicated that IFN-gamma plays a critical role in determining the immunodominance hierarchy of an on-going T cell response, and in this report we present evidence for an underlying mechanism: we propose that the CD8+ T cells that most rapidly initiate IFN-gamma production may be at a selective advantage, permitting them to dominate the developing T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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79
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J R Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, UK.
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80
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Wilson CC, McKinney D, Anders M, MaWhinney S, Forster J, Crimi C, Southwood S, Sette A, Chesnut R, Newman MJ, Livingston BD. Development of a DNA vaccine designed to induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to multiple conserved epitopes in HIV-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:5611-23. [PMID: 14607970 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epitope-based vaccines designed to induce CTL responses specific for HIV-1 are being developed as a means for addressing vaccine potency and viral heterogeneity. We identified a set of 21 HLA-A2, HLA-A3, and HLA-B7 restricted supertype epitopes from conserved regions of HIV-1 to develop such a vaccine. Based on peptide-binding studies and phenotypic frequencies of HLA-A2, HLA-A3, and HLA-B7 allelic variants, these epitopes are predicted to be immunogenic in greater than 85% of individuals. Immunological recognition of all but one of the vaccine candidate epitopes was demonstrated by IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays in PBMC from HIV-1-infected subjects. The HLA supertypes of the subjects was a very strong predictor of epitope-specific responses, but some subjects responded to epitopes outside of the predicted HLA type. A DNA plasmid vaccine, EP HIV-1090, was designed to express the 21 CTL epitopes as a single Ag and tested for immunogenicity using HLA transgenic mice. Immunization of HLA transgenic mice with this vaccine was sufficient to induce CTL responses to multiple HIV-1 epitopes, comparable in magnitude to those induced by immunization with peptides. The CTL induced by the vaccine recognized target cells pulsed with peptide or cells transfected with HIV-1 env or gag genes. There was no indication of immunodominance, as the vaccine induced CTL responses specific for multiple epitopes in individual mice. These data indicate that the EP HIV-1090 DNA vaccine may be suitable for inducing relevant HIV-1-specific CTL responses in humans.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/chemical synthesis
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Adult
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Animals
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Conserved Sequence/immunology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/isolation & purification
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV-1/immunology
- HIV-1/isolation & purification
- HLA-A2 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- HLA-A3 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-A3 Antigen/immunology
- HLA-B7 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-B7 Antigen/immunology
- Histocompatibility Testing
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Superantigens/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/chemical synthesis
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara C Wilson
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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81
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Tewari K, Sacha J, Gao X, Suresh M. Effect of chronic viral infection on epitope selection, cytokine production, and surface phenotype of CD8 T cells and the role of IFN-gamma receptor in immune regulation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2004; 172:1491-500. [PMID: 14734726 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of CD8 T cell responses in chronic viral infections is not well understood. In this study, we have compared the CD8 T cell responses to immunodominant and subdominant epitopes during an acute and a chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice. The epitope hierarchy of the primary CD8 T cell response was similar in acute and chronic LCMV infections. However, strikingly, the epitope hierarchy of the primary CD8 T cell response was conserved in the T cell memory only in an acute but not in a chronic LCMV infection. Interestingly, in an acute infection, increasing the viral dose caused significant changes in the epitope hierarchy of the LCMV-specific memory CD8 T cell pool, with no effect on the primary CD8 T cell response. Functional and phenotypic analyses revealed that exposure of CD8 T cells to extended periods of antigenic stimulation could lead to long-term defects in cytokine production and alteration in expression of cell surface L-selectin (CD62L). Whereas expression of CD44 was minimally altered, a greater proportion of LCMV-specific memory CD8 T cells were CD62L(low) in mice that have recovered from a chronic LCMV infection, compared with acutely infected mice. Mechanistic studies showed that IFN-gammaR deficiency altered the epitope hierarchy of the pool of LCMV-specific memory CD8 T cells without significantly affecting the immunodominance of the primary CD8 T cell response in an acute infection. Taken together, these findings should further our understanding about the regulation of T cell responses in human chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Tewari
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
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82
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van der Most RG, Murali-Krishna K, Lanier JG, Wherry EJ, Puglielli MT, Blattman JN, Sette A, Ahmed R. Changing immunodominance patterns in antiviral CD8 T-cell responses after loss of epitope presentation or chronic antigenic stimulation. Virology 2003; 315:93-102. [PMID: 14592762 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The H-2(b)-restricted CD8 T-cell response against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is directed against at least 10 dominant and subdominant epitopes, including two newly identified epitopes in the nucleoprotein. We have used this set of epitopes to characterize the plasticity of the hierarchy under different experimental circumstances, i.e., loss of MHC class I molecules, loss of specific epitopes (CTL escape), and prolonged antigenic stimulation (chronic infection). We found that loss of epitope-specific responses was almost inevitably associated with compensatory responses against other, subdominant, epitopes. Multiple epitope loss was required to change the hierarchy. Persistent viral infection was associated with a loss of not only the dominant response against the NP396 epitope, but also a loss of subdominant responses against nucleoprotein epitopes. In contrast, responses against glycoprotein epitopes, dominant and subdominant, survived under chronic infection conditions, and even dominated the response (GP118). Our results suggest that the fate of each specific T-cell response during chronic infection is in part determined by the origin of the cognate epitopes, i.e, the proteins from which they are processed, or, more specifically, nucleoprotein versus glycoprotein. A model in which recruitment time plays a role in the longevity of antiviral T-cell responses during persistent infection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbert G van der Most
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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83
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Sette A, Fikes J. Epitope-based vaccines: an update on epitope identification, vaccine design and delivery. Curr Opin Immunol 2003; 15:461-70. [PMID: 12900280 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(03)00083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The basic premise of the epitope-based approach to vaccine development is that, in certain cases, the responses induced by the natural immunogen are not optimal, and can be improved upon by isolation or optimization of specific components of the response. For example, immunodominance is a key factor limiting the type and breadth of adaptive immunity. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of immunodominance thus represent an opportunity to further develop the epitope-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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84
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N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:810-814. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i6.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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85
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Qin S, Tang H, Zhao LS, He F, Lin Y, Liu L, He XM. Cloning of HBsAg-encoded genes in different vectors and their expression in eukaryotic cells. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:1111-3. [PMID: 12717868 PMCID: PMC4611384 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i5.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To compare the efficiency of different plasmids as DNA vectors by cloning three HBsAg-encoded genes into two eukaryotic expression vectors, pRc/CMV and pSG5UTPL/Flag, and to express HBsAg S, MS, and LS proteins in SP2/0 cells, and to establish monoclone SP2/0 cell strains that are capable of expressing S or S2S proteins stably.
METHODS: Segments of S, preS2-S, preS1-preS2-S genes of Hepatitis B virus were amplified by routine PCR and preS1-S fragment was amplified by Over-Lap Extension PCR. The amplified segments were cleaved with restricted endonuclease Hind III/Not I followed by ligation with pRc/CMV, or BamH I/EcoR I followed by ligation with pSG5UTPL/Flag. After the plasmid vectors were cleaved with the correspond enzymes, the amplified segments were inserted into pRc/CMV or pSG5UTPL/Flag plasmid vectors with T4 DNA ligase. KOZAK sequence was added before the initial ATG code of each fragment using specific primer. The inserted segments in the recombinant plasmids were sequenced after subcloning. BALB/c mice myeloma cells (SP2/0 cell line) were transfected with the recombinant plasmids. The expressions of the different recombinants were Compared by Western-blot, using a monoclonal anti-HBs antibody as the primary antibody and peroxidase-labeled multi-linker as the secondary. Stable SP2/0-pRc/CMV-S or SP2/0-pRc/CMV-MS clones were established through clone screening with G418.
RESULTS: Fragments with anticipated size were harvested after PCR. After recombination and screening, the sequences of the inserted segments in the recombinants were confirmed to be S, preS2S, preS1-preS2S and preS1S encoding genes, determined by sequencing. The results of Western-blot hybridization were positive for the anticipated proteins. Among them, pRc/CMV-S or pRc/CMV-MS demonstrated the highest expressing their respective antigen.
CONCLUSION: Eight recombinant plasmids expressing S, M, L or preS1S proteins are obtained. For hepatitis surface antigen expression in eukaryotic cells, the vector pRc/CMV is superior to pSG5UTPL/Flag, and pRc/CMV-S and pRc/CMV-MS are the most efficient in the pRc/CMV clones. SP2/0 cells stably expressing HBsAg are established, and may be used as target cells for evaluating the CTL activity of a DNA vaccine in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Qin
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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86
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Kedl RM, Kappler JW, Marrack P. Epitope dominance, competition and T cell affinity maturation. Curr Opin Immunol 2003; 15:120-7. [PMID: 12495743 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(02)00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross M Kedl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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87
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Slifka MK, Blattman JN, Sourdive DJD, Liu F, Huffman DL, Wolfe T, Hughes A, Oldstone MBA, Ahmed R, Von Herrath MG. Preferential escape of subdominant CD8+ T cells during negative selection results in an altered antiviral T cell hierarchy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:1231-9. [PMID: 12538681 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.3.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Negative selection is designed to purge the immune system of high-avidity, self-reactive T cells and thereby protect the host from overt autoimmunity. In this in vivo viral infection model, we show that there is a previously unappreciated dichotomy involved in negative selection in which high-avidity CD8(+) T cells specific for a dominant epitope are eliminated, whereas T cells specific for a subdominant epitope on the same protein preferentially escape deletion. Although this resulted in significant skewing of immunodominance and a substantial depletion of the most promiscuous T cells, thymic and/or peripheral deletion of high-avidity CD8(+) T cells was not accompanied by any major change in the TCR V beta gene family usage or an absolute deletion of a single preferred complementarity-determining region 3 length polymorphism. This suggests that negative selection allows high-avidity CD8(+) T cells specific for subdominant or cryptic epitopes to persist while effectively deleting high-avidity T cells specific for dominant epitopes. By allowing the escape of subdominant T cells, this process still preserves a relatively broad peripheral TCR repertoire that can actively participate in antiviral and/or autoreactive immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Clonal Deletion/genetics
- Clonal Deletion/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multigene Family/immunology
- Nucleoproteins/biosynthesis
- Nucleoproteins/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- Viral Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Slifka
- Oregon Health and Science University Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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