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Kamachi K, Yao SM, Chiang CS, Koide K, Otsuka N, Shibayama K. Rapid and simple SNP genotyping for Bordetella pertussis epidemic strain MT27 based on a multiplexed single-base extension assay. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4823. [PMID: 33649512 PMCID: PMC7921669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) is widely used for genotyping of Bordetella pertussis, the causative bacteria for pertussis. However, MLVA genotyping is losing its discriminate power because prevalence of the epidemic MT27 strain (MLVA-27) is increasing worldwide. To address this, we developed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping method for MT27 based on multiplexed single-base extension (SBE) assay. A total of 237 MT27 isolates collected in Japan during 1999–2018 were genotyped and classified into ten SNP genotypes (SG1 to SG10) with a Simpson’s diversity index (DI) of 0.79 (95% CI 0.76–0.82). Temporal trends showed a marked increase in the genotypic diversity in the 2010s: Simpson’s DI was zero in 1999–2004, 0.16 in 2005–2009, 0.83 in 2010–2014, and 0.76 in 2015–2018. This indicates that the SNP genotyping is applicable to the recently circulating MT27 strain. Additionally, almost all outbreak-associated MT27 isolates were classified into the same SNP genotypes for each outbreak. Multiplexed SBE assay allows for rapid and simple genotyping, indicating that the SNP genotyping can potentially be a useful tool for subtyping the B. pertussis MT27 strain in routine surveillance and outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Kamachi
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shu-Man Yao
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Sheue Chiang
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kentaro Koide
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Otsuka
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Shibayama
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Emerging macrolide resistance in Bordetella pertussis in mainland China: Findings and warning from the global pertussis initiative. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-WESTERN PACIFIC 2021; 8:100098. [PMID: 34327426 PMCID: PMC8315362 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Whooping cough, or pertussis, is a highly communicable infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Vaccination once reduced the incidence of the disease, but a global resurgence of the infection happened during the past two decades, likely due to the waning immunity of vaccination. Macrolides such as erythromycin and azithromycin are the drugs of primary choice for treatment. In this personal view, we call for attention to macrolide-resistant B. pertussis (MRBP), which has emerged and prevailed in mainland China for years and are exclusively mediated by mutations in the 23S rRNA gene. Whether the prevalence of MRBP in China results from overuse of azithromycin in clinical medicine remains unknown. The incidence of MRBP is low in other countries, but this could be a technical illusion since China employs culture as the mainstream diagnostic method whereas nucleic-acid amplification test being widely used in other countries fail to test antimicrobial susceptibility. Given the increasingly frequent global travel that facilitates microbial transmission worldwide, there is a pressing need to perform international surveillance on MRBP to prevent the potential circulation of the organism. Finding alternative agents that possess good activity against B. pertussis is also urgently required.
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Nonsynonymous Polymorphism Counts in Bacterial Genomes: a Comparative Examination. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 87:AEM.02002-20. [PMID: 33097502 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02002-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic data reveal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may carry information about the evolutionary history of bacteria. However, it remains unclear what inferences about selection can be made from genomic SNP data. Bacterial species are often sampled during epidemic outbreaks or within hosts during the course of chronic infections. SNPs obtained from genomic analysis of these data are not necessarily fixed. Treating them as fixed during analysis by using measures such as the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous evolutionary changes (dN/dS) may lead to incorrect inferences about the strength and direction of selection. In this study, we consider data from a range of whole-genome sequencing studies of bacterial pathogens and explore patterns of nonsynonymous variation to assess whether evidence of selection can be identified by investigating SNP counts alone across multiple WGS studies. We visualize these SNP data in ways that highlight their relationship to neutral baseline expectations. These neutral expectations are based on a simple model of mutation, from which we simulate SNP accumulation to investigate how SNP counts are distributed under alternative assumptions about positive and negative selection. We compare these patterns with empirical SNP data and illustrate the general difficulty of detecting positive selection from SNP data. Finally, we consider whether SNP counts observed at the between-host population level differ from those observed at the within-host level and find some evidence that suggests that dynamics across these two scales are driven by different underlying processes.IMPORTANCE Identifying selection from SNP data obtained from whole-genome sequencing studies is challenging. Some current measures used to identify and quantify selection acting on genomes rely on fixed differences; thus, these are inappropriate for SNP data where variants are not fixed. With the increase in whole-genome sequencing studies, it is important to consider SNP data in the context of evolutionary processes. How SNPs are counted and analyzed can help in understanding mutation accumulation and trajectories of strains. We developed a tool for identifying possible evidence of selection and for comparative analysis with other SNP data. We propose a model that provides a rule-of-thumb guideline and two new visualization techniques that can be used to interpret and compare SNP data. We quantify the expected proportion of nonsynonymous SNPs in coding regions under neutrality and demonstrate its use in identifying evidence of positive and negative selection from simulations and empirical data.
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54
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Preferential modification of CyaA-hemolysin by CyaC-acyltransferase through the catalytic Ser 30-His 33 dyad in esterolysis of palmitoyl-donor substrate devoid of acyl carrier proteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 694:108615. [PMID: 33011179 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the ~130-kDa CyaA-hemolysin domain (CyaA-Hly) from Bordetella pertussis co-expressed with CyaC-acyltransferase in Escherichia coli was acylated at Lys983 and thus activated its hemolytic activity. Here, attempts were made to provide greater insights into such toxin activation via fatty-acyl modification by CyaC-acyltransferase. Non-acylated CyaA-Hly (NA/CyaA-Hly) and CyaC were separately expressed in E. coli and subsequently purified by FPLC to near homogeneity. When effects of acyl-chain length were comparatively evaluated through CyaC-esterolysis using various p-nitrophenyl (pNP) derivatives, Michaelis-Menten steady-state kinetic parameters (KM and kcat) of CyaC-acyltransferase revealed a marked preference for myristoyl (C14:0) and palmitoyl (C16:0) substrates of which catalytic efficiencies (kcat/KM) were roughly the same (~1.5 × 103 s-1mM-1). However, pNP-palmitate (pNPP) gave the highest hemolytic activity of NA/CyaA-Hly after being acylated in vitro with a range of acyl-donor substrates. LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed such CyaC-mediated palmitoylation of CyaA-Hly occurring at Lys983, denoting no requirement of an acyl carrier protein (ACP). A homology-based CyaC structure inferred a role of a potential catalytic dyad of conserved Ser30 and His33 residues in substrate esterolysis. CyaC-ligand binding analysis via molecular docking corroborated high-affinity binding of palmitate with its carboxyl group oriented toward such a dyad. Ala-substitutions of each residue (S30A or H33A) caused a drastic decrease in kcat/KM of CyaC toward pNPP, and hence its catalytic malfunction through palmitoylation-dependent activation of NA/CyaA-Hly. Altogether, our present data evidently provide such preferential palmitoylation of CyaA-Hly by CyaC-acyltransferase through the enzyme Ser30-His33 nucleophile-activation dyad in esterolysis of palmitoyl-donor substrate, particularly devoid of a natural acyl-ACP donor.
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55
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Yao K, Deng J, Ma X, Dai W, Chen Q, Zhou K, Ye J, Shi W, Wang H, Li D, Wang H, Wang J, Zhang J, Wu D, Xie G, Shen K, Zheng Y, Yang Y. The epidemic of erythromycin-resistant Bordetella pertussis with limited genome variation associated with pertussis resurgence in China. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:1093-1099. [PMID: 33034224 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1831916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The resurgence of Bordetella pertussis infections leading to whooping cough is a concern in many parts of the world. The number of pertussis cases in China has increased significantly since 2013. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, whole-genome sequencing analysis was performed for 388 B. pertussis strains isolated in China from the 1970s to 2018, combining 594 published strains from around the world. RESULTS This study revealed that lineage V diverged about 50 years ago in China, while lineage IV is dominant in the other countries. It also revealed that the erythromycin-resistant sub-lineages Va, Vb, and Vc with limited genomic variation emerged 11 ~ 12 years ago. These three sub-lineages were identified after the co-purified acellular vaccines (cp-ACVs) completely replaced the previous whole cell vaccines (WCVs) after the national immunization program of 2012. It suggests that the cp-ACVs cannot induce immunity that is potent enough to restrict the spread of the lineage V, antibiotic abuse further favors the spread of this lineage in China. CONCLUSIONS These findings demand a reassessment of the immunization strategy and development of new vaccines in China to stop the resurgence and drug resistance of B. pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihu Yao
- Beijing Pediatric Research Institute of Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Jikui Deng
- Department of Infectious Disease and Department of Pulmonology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital , Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Pediatric Department, Jinan Children's Hospital , Jinan, China
| | - Wenkui Dai
- WeHealthGene Institute , Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Pulmonology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital , Nanchang, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nanjing Children's Hospital , Nanjing, China
| | - Jinyan Ye
- Clinical Laboratory, Jiaxing University Affiliated Women and Children Hospital , Jiaxing, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Beijing Pediatric Research Institute of Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Heping Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease and Department of Pulmonology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital , Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease and Department of Pulmonology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital , Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- Beijing Pediatric Research Institute of Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China.,Pediatric Department, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing, China
| | - Jiaosheng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease and Department of Pulmonology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital , Shenzhen, China
| | - Danxia Wu
- Department of Pulmonology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital , Nanchang, China
| | - Gan Xie
- Beijing Pediatric Research Institute of Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China.,Department of Infectious Disease and Department of Pulmonology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital , Shenzhen, China
| | - Kunling Shen
- Beijing Pediatric Research Institute of Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Yuejie Zheng
- Department of Infectious Disease and Department of Pulmonology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital , Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonghong Yang
- Beijing Pediatric Research Institute of Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing, China.,Department of Infectious Disease and Department of Pulmonology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital , Shenzhen, China.,WeHealthGene Institute , Shenzhen, China
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56
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Rivera I, Linz B, Harvill ET. Evolution and Conservation of Bordetella Intracellular Survival in Eukaryotic Host Cells. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:557819. [PMID: 33178148 PMCID: PMC7593398 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.557819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical bordetellae possess several partially characterized virulence mechanisms that are studied in the context of a complete extracellular life cycle in their mammalian hosts. Yet, classical bordetellae have repeatedly been reported within dendritic cells (DCs) and alveolar macrophages in clinical samples, and in vitro experiments convincingly demonstrate that the bacteria can survive intracellularly within mammalian phagocytic cells, an ability that appears to have descended from ancestral progenitor species that lived in the environment and acquired the mechanisms to resist unicellular phagocytic predators. Many pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella enterica, Francisella tularensis, and Legionella pneumophila, are known to parasitize and multiply inside eukaryotic host cells. This strategy provides protection, nutrients, and the ability to disseminate systemically. While some work has been dedicated at characterizing intracellular survival of Bordetella pertussis, there is limited understanding of how this strategy has evolved within the genus Bordetella and the contributions of this ability to bacterial pathogenicity, evasion of host immunity as well as within and between-host dissemination. Here, we explore the mechanisms that control the metabolic changes accompanying intracellular survival and how these have been acquired and conserved throughout the evolutionary history of the Bordetella genus and discuss the possible implications of this strategy in the persistence and reemergence of B. pertussis in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Rivera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Bodo Linz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eric T Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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57
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Araújo LO, Nunes AMPB, Ferreira VM, Cardoso CW, Feitosa CA, Reis MG, Campos LC. Clinical and epidemiological features of pertussis in Salvador, Brazil, 2011-2016. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238932. [PMID: 32915869 PMCID: PMC7485779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis, a severe respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, is distributed globally. Vaccination has been crucial to annual reductions in the number of cases. However, disease reemergence has occurred over the last decade in several countries, including Brazil. Here we describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects of suspected pertussis cases in Salvador, Brazil, and evaluate factors associated with case confirmation. This descriptive and retrospective study was conducted in the five hospitals in Salvador that reported the highest number of pertussis cases between 2011-2016. Demographic and clinical data were recorded for each patient. Bivariate analysis was performed to evaluate differences between groups (confirmed vs. unconfirmed cases) using Pearson's Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Results: Of 529 suspected pertussis cases, 29.7% (157/529) were confirmed by clinical, clinical-epidemiological or laboratory criteria, with clinical criteria most frequently applied (63.7%; 100/157). Unvaccinated individuals (43.3%; 68/157) were the most affected, followed by age groups 2-3 months (37.6%; 59/157) and <2 months (31.2%; 49/157). Overall, ≤50% of the confirmed cases presented a complete vaccination schedule. All investigated cases presented cough in association with one or more symptoms, especially paroxysmal cough (66.9%; 105/529) (p = 0.001) or cyanosis (66.2%; 104/529) (p<0.001). Our results indicate that pertussis occurred mainly in infants and unvaccinated individuals in Salvador, Brazil. The predominance of clinical criteria used to confirm suspected cases highlights the need for improvement in the laboratory tools used to perform rapid diagnosis. Fluctuations in infection prevalence demonstrate the importance of vaccination strategies in improving the control and prevention of pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viviane Matos Ferreira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mitermayer Galvão Reis
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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58
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Lesne E, Cavell BE, Freire-Martin I, Persaud R, Alexander F, Taylor S, Matheson M, van Els CACM, Gorringe A. Acellular Pertussis Vaccines Induce Anti-pertactin Bactericidal Antibodies Which Drives the Emergence of Pertactin-Negative Strains. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2108. [PMID: 32983069 PMCID: PMC7481377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite high vaccination coverage, Bordetella pertussis the causative agent of whooping cough is still a health concern worldwide. A resurgence of pertussis cases has been reported, particularly in countries using acellular vaccines with waning immunity and pathogen adaptation thought to be responsible. A better understanding of protective immune responses is needed for the development of improved vaccines. In our study, B. pertussis strain B1917 variants presenting a single gene deletion were generated to analyze the role of vaccine components or candidate vaccine antigens as targets for bactericidal antibodies generated after acellular vaccination or natural infection. Our results show that acellular vaccination generates bactericidal antibodies that are only directed against pertactin. Serum bactericidal assay performed with convalescent samples show that disease induces bactericidal antibodies against Prn but against other antigen(s) as well. Four candidate vaccine antigens (CyaA, Vag8, BrkA, and TcfA) have been studied but were not targets for complement-mediated bactericidal antibodies after natural infection. We confirm that Vag8 and BrkA are involved in complement resistance and would be targeted by blocking antibodies. Our study suggests that the emergence and the widespread circulation of Prn-deficient strains is driven by acellular vaccination and the generation of bactericidal antibodies targeting Prn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Lesne
- Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ruby Persaud
- Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Cécile A. C. M. van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
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59
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Elizagaray ML, Gomes MTR, Guimaraes ES, Rumbo M, Hozbor DF, Oliveira SC, Moreno G. Canonical and Non-canonical Inflammasome Activation by Outer Membrane Vesicles Derived From Bordetella pertussis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1879. [PMID: 32973778 PMCID: PMC7468456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) derived from different Gram-negative bacteria have been proposed as an attractive vaccine platform because of their own immunogenic adjuvant properties. Pertussis or whooping cough is a highly contagious vaccine-preventable respiratory disease that resurged during the last decades in many countries. In response to the epidemiological situation, new boosters have been incorporated into vaccination schedules worldwide and new vaccine candidates have started to be designed. Particularly, our group designed a new pertussis vaccine candidate based on OMVs derived from Bordetella pertussis (BpOMVs). To continue with the characterization of the immune response induced by our OMV based vaccine candidate, this work aimed to investigate the ability of OMVs to activate the inflammasome pathway in macrophages. We observed that NLRP3, caspase-1/11, and gasdermin-D (GSDMD) are involved in inflammasome activation by BpOMVs. Moreover, we demonstrated that BpOMVs as well as transfected B. pertussis lipooligosaccharide (BpLOS) induce caspase-11 (Casp11) and guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) dependent non-canonical inflammasome activation. Our results elucidate the mechanism by which BpOMVs trigger one central pathway of the innate response activation that is expected to skew the adaptive immune response elicited by BpOMVs vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia L Elizagaray
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas UNLP CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marco Túlio R Gomes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erika S Guimaraes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Martín Rumbo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas UNLP CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniela F Hozbor
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), CCT-CONICET La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sergio C Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Griselda Moreno
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas UNLP CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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60
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Wang Z, Luan Y, Du Q, Shu C, Peng X, Wei H, Hou T, Liu Y, Liu X, Li Y. The global prevalence ptxP3 lineage of Bordetella pertussis was rare in young children with the co-purified aPV vaccination: a 5 years retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:615. [PMID: 32814558 PMCID: PMC7437160 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The global prevalent ptxP3 strains varies from about 10% to about 50% of circulating B. pertussis population in different areas of China. Methods To investigate the difference of vaccination status between different genotypes in the circulating B. pertussis after 10 years of acellular pertussis vaccine (aPV) used in China. The nasopharyngeal swabs and isolates of B. pertussis from these patients were used to perform genotyping of antigen genes. We use antibiotic susceptibility test against erythromycin and sequencing methods for site 2047 of 23S rRNA to determine the resistance status. Results The ptxP1 allele with erythromycin resistant (ER) B. pertussis infection (total of 449 subjects) consisted of 84.70 to 96.70% from 2012 to 2016 in this study. Vaccinated with co-purified aPV was found in 133(133/403,33.0%), 1(1/9,11.1%) and 2(2/21,9.5%) in ptxP1/fhaB3-ER, ptxP1/fhaB2-ES and ptxP3/fhaB2-ES B. pertussis infected children each, which showed a significant difference (χ2 = 6.87, P = 0.032). Conclusions The ptxP3-ES B. pertussis was rare while the ptxP1-ER B. pertussis was steadily increased in Xi’an, China from 2012 to 2016, where co-purified aPV was prevalent used. This pose a hypothesis that the co-purified aPV might protect against ptxP3 strains more efficient, which generated a rare chance for ptxP3 strains to be under the antibiotic pressure and further developed to be erythromycin resistance. A further cohort study and the mechanisms of the additional antigen proteins of co-purified aPV protected against B. pertussis should be consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengguo Wang
- Xi'an Children's Hospital, 69 Xijunyuan Road, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Yang Luan
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 599 Xiying Road, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Quanli Du
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 599 Xiying Road, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Chang Shu
- Xi'an Children's Hospital, 69 Xijunyuan Road, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaokang Peng
- Xi'an Children's Hospital, 69 Xijunyuan Road, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Huijing Wei
- Xi'an Children's Hospital, 69 Xijunyuan Road, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tiejun Hou
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 599 Xiying Road, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 599 Xiying Road, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xiaoguai Liu
- Xi'an Children's Hospital, 69 Xijunyuan Road, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Yarong Li
- Xi'an Children's Hospital, 69 Xijunyuan Road, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi Province, China.
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61
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Knuutila A, Dalby T, Barkoff AM, Jørgensen CS, Fuursted K, Mertsola J, Markey K, He Q. Differences in epitope-specific antibodies to pertussis toxin after infection and acellular vaccinations. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1161. [PMID: 32765879 PMCID: PMC7396262 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Pertussis toxin (PT) is a component of all acellular pertussis vaccines. PT must be detoxified to be included in acellular vaccines, which results in conformational changes in the functional epitopes of PTs. Therefore, induced epitope‐specific antibodies to PT may vary after vaccinations or natural infections, and this information could reveal biomarkers implicated for protection and successful immunisation. Methods Pertussis toxin epitope‐specific antibodies in sera from 152 vaccinated children and 72 serologically confirmed patients were tested with a blocking ELISA, based on monoclonal antibodies that target protective PT epitopes. Results All study groups induced considerable antibody titres to subunit 1 (S1). Of interest, S3 7E10‐specific antibodies were present in patients, but not after vaccinations (P < 0.001). The impact of glutaraldehyde treatment of PT was visible on epitope 1D7 (S1), whereas epitopes 1B7 (S1) and 10D (S1) were more preserved. Antibodies to these epitopes were higher after three primary vaccine doses than after a single booster dose. Conclusion The high amount of 7E10‐specific antibodies in patients suggests this epitope might be functionally relevant in protection. The overall characteristics of epitope‐specific antibodies are influenced by infection or vaccination background, by the used detoxification method of PT and by the amount of the toxin used in immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo Knuutila
- Institute of Biomedicine University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Tine Dalby
- Statens Serum Institut Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Jussi Mertsola
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Turku University Hospital Turku Finland
| | - Kevin Markey
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control Potters Bar UK
| | - Qiushui He
- Institute of Biomedicine University of Turku Turku Finland.,Department of Medical Microbiology Capital Medical University Beijing China
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Genotypic and phenotypic adaptation of pathogens: lesson from the genus Bordetella. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2020; 32:223-230. [PMID: 30921085 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To relate genomic changes to phenotypic adaptation and evolution from environmental bacteria to obligate human pathogens, focusing on the examples within Bordetella species. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies showed that animal-pathogenic and human-pathogenic Bordetella species evolved from environmental ancestors in soil. The animal-pathogenic Bordetella bronchiseptica can hijack the life cycle of the soil-living amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, surviving inside single-celled trophozoites, translocating to the fruiting bodies and disseminating along with amoeba spores. The association with amoeba may have been a 'training ground' for bacteria during the evolution to pathogens. Adaptation to an animal-associated life style was characterized by decreasing metabolic versatility and genome size and by acquisition of 'virulence factors' mediating the interaction with the new animal hosts. Subsequent emergence of human-specific pathogens, such as Bordetella pertussis from zoonoses of broader host range progenitors, was accompanied by a dramatic reduction in genome size, marked by the loss of hundreds of genes. SUMMARY The evolution of Bordetella from environmental microbes to animal-adapted and obligate human pathogens was accompanied by significant genome reduction with large-scale gene loss during divergence.
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Alai S, Ghattargi VC, Gautam M, Patel K, Pawar SP, Dhotre DP, Shaligram U, Gairola S. Comparative genomics of whole-cell pertussis vaccine strains from India. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:345. [PMID: 32381023 PMCID: PMC7204287 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite high vaccination coverage using acellular (ACV) and whole-cell pertussis (WCV) vaccines, the resurgence of pertussis is observed globally. Genetic divergence in circulating strains of Bordetella pertussis has been reported as one of the contributing factors for the resurgence of the disease. Our current knowledge of B. pertussis genetic evolution in circulating strains is mostly based on studies conducted in countries using ACVs targeting only a few antigens used in the production of ACVs. To better understand the adaptation to vaccine-induced selection pressure, it will be essential to study B. pertussis populations in developing countries which are using WCVs. India is a significant user and global supplier of WCVs. We report here comparative genome analyses of vaccine and clinical isolates reported from India. Whole-genome sequences obtained from vaccine strains: WCV (J445, J446, J447 and J448), ACV (BP165) were compared with Tohama-I reference strain and recently reported clinical isolates from India (BPD1, BPD2). Core genome-based phylogenetic analysis was also performed using 166 isolates reported from countries using ACV. RESULTS Whole-genome analysis of vaccine and clinical isolates reported from India revealed high genetic similarity and conserved genome among strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that clinical and vaccine strains share genetic closeness with reference strain Tohama-I. The allelic profile of vaccine strains (J445:ptxP1/ptxA2/prn1/fim2-1/fim3-1; J446: ptxP2/ptxA4/prn7/fim2-2/fim3-1; J447 and J448: ptxP1/ptxA1/ prn1/fim2-1/fim3-1), which matched entirely with clinical isolates (BPD1:ptxP1/ptxA1/prn1/fim2-1 and BPD2: ptxP1/ptxA1/prn1/fim2-1) reported from India. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) demonstrated the presence of dominant sequence types ST2 and primitive ST1 in vaccine strains which will allow better coverage against circulating strains of B. pertussis. CONCLUSIONS The study provides a detailed characterization of vaccine and clinical strains reported from India, which will further facilitate epidemiological studies on genetic shifts in countries which are using WCVs in their immunization programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Alai
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, Maharashtra, 412115, India
| | - Vikas C Ghattargi
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
| | - Manish Gautam
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India
| | - Krunal Patel
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India
| | - Shrikant P Pawar
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
| | - Dhiraj P Dhotre
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
| | - Umesh Shaligram
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India
| | - Sunil Gairola
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India.
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Thiriard A, Raze D, Locht C. Development and Standardization of a High-Throughput Bordetella pertussis Growth-Inhibition Assay. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:777. [PMID: 32425912 PMCID: PMC7212404 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the main causative agent of whooping cough, is a reemerging pathogen, and recent vaccine-resistant strain outbreaks and emergence of macrolides-resistant strains in China raised new concerns for control of the disease. New vaccines and potentially new antibiotics are thus needed. B. pertussis is tedious to culture and requires several days of growth to count isolated colonies on agar-based media, making large-scale screening of new anti-B. pertussis compounds or functional evaluation of large sample sizes of immune sera difficult. Here, we developed a scalable, rapid, high-throughput luminescence-based Bordetella growth inhibition assay (BGIA) to quantify surviving bacteria after treatment with anti-B. pertussis compounds. A strong correlation between luminescence and colony-forming units (r2 = 0.9345, p < 0.0001) was found and the BGIA showed high sensitivity and reproducibility. We demonstrate here that the BGIA can be used to quantify resistance of B. pertussis to antibiotics, sensitivity to complement and to human serum in an easy-to-operate and fast manner. We have optimized the assay and tested the effects of different B. pertussis strains and growth conditions on serum and complement sensitivity. We also uncovered complement-independent antibody-mediated inhibition of B. pertussis growth. The BGIA can thus effectively be implemented for large-scale serum studies to further investigate anti-B. pertussis immune responses at a functional level, as well as for screening of B. pertussis strains for their resistance to antibiotics or complement, and for high-throughput screening of novel anti-B. pertussis compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Thiriard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Raze
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Camille Locht
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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Li L, Deng J, Ma X, Zhou K, Meng Q, Yuan L, Shi W, Wang Q, Li Y, Yao K. High Prevalence of Macrolide-Resistant Bordetella pertussis and ptxP1 Genotype, Mainland China, 2014-2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:2205-2214. [PMID: 31742507 PMCID: PMC6874251 DOI: 10.3201/eid2512.181836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the government of China, reported cases of pertussis have increased remarkably and are still increasing. To determine the genetic relatedness of Bordetella pertussis strains, we compared multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) results for isolates from China with those from Western countries. Among 335 isolates from China, the most common virulence-associated genotype was ptxA1/ptxC1/ptxP1/prn1/fim2–1/fim3A/tcfA2, which was more frequent among isolates from northern than southern China. Isolates of this genotype were highly resistant to erythromycin. We identified 36 ptxP3 strains mainly harboring ptxA1 and prn2 (35/36); ptxP3 strains were sensitive to erythromycin and were less frequently from northern China. For all isolates, the sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim MIC was low, indicating that this drug should be recommended for patients infected with erythromycin-resistant B. pertussis. MLVA of 150 clinical isolates identified 13 MLVA types, including 3 predominant types. Our results show that isolates circulating in China differ from those in Western countries.
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Alimohamadi Y, Zahraei SM, Karami M, Yaseri M, Lotfizad M, Holakouie-Naieni K. Spatio-temporal analysis of Pertussis using geographic information system among Iranian population during 2012-2018. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2020; 34:22. [PMID: 32551311 PMCID: PMC7293812 DOI: 10.34171/mjiri.34.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In spite of existing vaccination programs in many countries, outbreaks of pertussis are still reported. In Iran, the suspected and confirmed cases of pertussis are reported annually. Due to the lack of similar studies, the purpose of the current study was to determine the Spatio-temporal distribution of Pertussis using Geographic Information System (GIS) to identify high-risk areas in Iran during 2012-2018. Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, registered data in the department of vaccine-preventable diseases in the Iranian ministry of health were used. To assess the temporal trend, the Cochran–Armitage test was used. To show the spatial distribution and to identify hotspot areas, Choropleth map and Getis-Ord Gi statistics were used. All analyses performed by Arc.map10.5, Stata 15 and Excel 2010. Results: The incidence of suspect pertussis cases had an increasing trend but did not have a linear trend (p=0.06). Most of the cases happened in under 1 year infants (62.66%). The incidence of reported cases in northern areas was higher than in the Southern areas. The Zanjan had the most reported cases during the understudied period with a median of 7.63 reported cases per 100,000. The clustering of infection and hotspots were identified in northern areas of Iran including Qazvin, Qom, Markazi, and Hamadan. Conclusion: Our results showed that the cumulative incidence of reported cases is increasing. The northern provinces had the highest incidence of Pertussis. Therefore, the causes of this spatio-temporal pattern of pertussis should be determined. Also, supervision on vaccination programs in high-risk areas is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Alimohamadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Zahraei
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Karami
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Lotfizad
- School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kourosh Holakouie-Naieni
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Jiang W, Mao L, Wang K, Wang Y, Hao C, Shao X, Xu J. Prevalence of B. pertussis infection in children with clinically suspected pertussis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2020; 54:693-700. [PMID: 32245724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pertussis is an important cause of hospitalization in children. Limited data on pertussis have been reported from China. The aim of this study was to characterize clinically suspected pertussis attributable to Bordetella pertussis among children and determine factors associated with longer duration of hospital stay in B. pertussis infection. METHODS Two hundred and seventeen consecutive children with clinically suspected pertussis were prospectively enrolled in the study between Jan 2016 through Aug 2017. Variables assessed included demographics, clinical symptoms and laboratory findings. Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to predict variables associated with longer duration of hospital stay. RESULTS Among the 217 patients with clinically suspected pertussis, B. pertussis was found in 106 (48.8%) patients. Of the 106 children with B. pertussis infection, 63 (59.4%) patients had coinfections with majority due to rhinovirus (HRV) (30.2%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (29.2%) and human bocavirus (hBoV) (11.3%). Presence of coinfection [odds ratio (OR): 1.73, CI: 1.17-2.54], age ≤ 3 months (OR: 1.51, CI: 1.09 to 2.27), and WBC count ≥30 × 109/L (OR: 1.66, CI: 1.07 to 2.84) were independently associated with a longer hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS B. pertussis infection had a high coinfection rate with the majority of coinfections due to HRV, M. pneumoniae and hBoV. Presence of coinfection, Age ≤3 months and WBC count ≥30 × 109/L were associated with a longer hospital stay. Children admitted with pertussis need close monitoring when they had evidence of coinfection, Age ≤3 months, WBC count ≥30 × 109/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujun Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China; Department of Internal Medicine, Children's Hospital of Wujiang District, Suzhou, China
| | - Luyi Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, Changshu No.2 People's Hospital, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China.
| | - Chuangli Hao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Xuejun Shao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China
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Forde TL, Kollanandi Ratheesh N, Harvey WT, Thomson JR, Williamson S, Biek R, Opriessnig T. Genomic and Immunogenic Protein Diversity of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Isolated From Pigs in Great Britain: Implications for Vaccine Protection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:418. [PMID: 32231655 PMCID: PMC7083082 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelas, caused by the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, is re-emerging in swine and poultry production systems worldwide. While the global genomic diversity of this species has been characterized, how much of this genomic and functional diversity is maintained at smaller scales is unclear. Specifically, while several key immunogenic surface proteins have been identified for E. rhusiopathiae, little is known about their presence among field strains and their divergence from vaccines, which could result in vaccine failure. Here, a comparative genomics approach was taken to determine the diversity of E. rhusiopathiae strains in pigs in Great Britain over nearly three decades, as well as to assess the field strains’ divergence from the vaccine strain most commonly used in British pigs. In addition, the presence/absence and variability of 13 previously described immunogenic surface proteins was determined, including SpaA which is considered a key immunogen. We found a high diversity of E. rhusiopathiae strains in British pigs, similar to the situation described in European poultry but in contrast to swine production systems in Asia. Of the four clades of E. rhusiopathiae found globally, three were represented among British pig isolates, with Clade 2 being the most common. All British pig isolates had one amino acid difference in the immunoprotective domain of the SpaA protein compared to the vaccine strain. However, we were able to confirm using in silico structural protein analyses that this difference is unlikely to compromise vaccine protection. Of 12 other known immunogenic surface proteins of E. rhusiopathiae examined, 11 were found to be present in all British pig isolates and the vaccine strain, but with highly variable degrees of conservation at the amino acid sequence level, ranging from 0.3 to 27% variant positions. Moreover, the phylogenetic incongruence of these proteins suggests that horizontal transfer of genes encoding for antigens is commonplace for this bacterium. We hypothesize that the sequence variants in these proteins could be responsible for differences in the efficacy of the immune response. Our results provide the necessary basis for testing this hypothesis through in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taya L Forde
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nichith Kollanandi Ratheesh
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William T Harvey
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jill R Thomson
- Disease Surveillance Centre, SAC Veterinary Services, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Williamson
- Surveillance Intelligence Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bury St Edmunds, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Biek
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Safarchi A, Octavia S, Nikbin VS, Lotfi MN, Zahraei SM, Tay CY, Lamichhane B, Shahcheraghi F, Lan R. Genomic epidemiology of Iranian Bordetella pertussis: 50 years after the implementation of whole cell vaccine. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1416-1427. [PMID: 31543006 PMCID: PMC6764348 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1665479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pertussis caused by Bordetella pertussis, remains a public health problem worldwide, despite high vaccine coverage in infants and children in many countries. Iran has been using whole cell vaccine for the last 50 years with more than 95% vaccination rate since 1988 and has experienced pertussis resurgence in recent years. Here, we sequenced 55 B. pertussis isolates mostly collected from three provinces with the highest number of pertussis cases in Iran, including Tehran, Mazandaran, and Eastern-Azarbayjan from the period of 2008-2016. Most isolates carried ptxP3/prn2 alleles (42/55, 76%), the same genotype as isolates circulating in acellular vaccine-administrating countries. The second most frequent genotype was ptxP3/prn9 (8/55, 14%). Only three isolates (5%) were ptxP1. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Iranian ptxP3 isolates can be divided into eight clades (Clades 1-8) with no temporal association. Most of the isolates from Tehran grouped together as one distinctive clade (Clade 8) with six unique single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In addition, the prn9 isolates were grouped together as Clade 5 with 12 clade-supporting SNPs. No pertactin deficient isolates were found among the 55 Iranian isolates. Our findings suggest that there is an ongoing adaptation and evolution of B. pertussis regardless of the types of vaccine used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Safarchi
- Pertussis Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Islamic Republic of Iran.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Sophie Octavia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Vajihe Sadat Nikbin
- Pertussis Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Masoumeh Nakhost Lotfi
- Pertussis Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Zahraei
- Centre for Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran , Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Chin Yen Tay
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Binit Lamichhane
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Fereshteh Shahcheraghi
- Pertussis Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
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Saedi S, Safarchi A, Noofeli M, Tadayon K, Tay ACY, Lamichhane B, Rahimi H, Shahcheraghi F. Genome diversity and evolutionary characteristics of clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis circulating in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 12:1-10. [PMID: 32322373 PMCID: PMC7163038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The re-emergence of pertussis still is being reported all over the world. Pathogen adaptation and antigenic divergence of circulating isolates from vaccine strains are the main reasons of infection resurgence. Waning immunity is also an important factor contributing to resurgence of pertussis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The genetic diversity and evolutionary characteristics of circulating Iranian isolates of Bordetella pertussis during February 2015 to October 2018 was investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and subsequently ptxA, ptxP and fim3 alleles were characterized. The next generation genome sequencing was then used to compare the genomics of ptxP1 and ptxP3 of selected isolates from PFGE dendrogram. RESULTS PFGE differentiated 62 clinical isolates and vaccine and reference strains into 19 PFGE profiles, indicating the higher level of heterogeneity in the population during 2015-2018. The predominant B. pertussis genotype harbored pertussis toxin promoter allele, ptxP3 and the expansion of ptxA1 isolates, were also observed in our population. CONCLUSION No changes in allelic profile of predominant clone in recent years was observed but antigenic divergence between recently circulating isolates and the vaccine strain has been progressed and significantly was higher than previous studies. The comparative genomic analysis of the ptxP3 and ptxP1 isolates indicate that changes in ptxP3 genome structure including 32 unique SNPs and three unique indels may have contributed to the expansion of the ptxP3 clone. We compared ptxP3 and ptxP1 isolates in pathogenicity-associated genes and found five of them were specific for the ptxP3 isolates. The polymorphisms in pathogenicity-associated genes suggest structural adaptations for these virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Saedi
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Safarchi
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Noofeli
- Department of Human Bacterial Vaccine, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Keyvan Tadayon
- Department of Aerobic Bacterial Research and Vaccine Production, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Alfred Chin Yen Tay
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia,Shenzhen Dapeng New District Kuichong People Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Binit Lamichhane
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hamzeh Rahimi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Shahcheraghi
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Fereshteh Shahcheraghi, PhD, Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-21-66405535,
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Wong A, Opinel A, Combes SJB, Toubiana J, Brisse S. Determining Factors for Pertussis Vaccination Policy: A Study in Five EU Countries. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010046. [PMID: 31991855 PMCID: PMC7158661 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pertussis vaccination policy varies across Europe, not only in the type of vaccine-whole cell (wP) vs. acellular (aP1/2/3/5)-but also in the schedule and recommendation for parents. This study aims to investigate the determining factors for the type of vaccine, immunization schedule and maternal immunization recommendation. From March to May 2019, experts in national health agencies and major academic or research institutions from Denmark, France, Poland, Sweden and the UK were invited to a semi-structured interview. Thematic analysis was performed on the transcripts using a codebook formulated by three coders. Inter-coder agreement was assessed. Fifteen expert interviews were conducted. The identified driving factors for pertussis vaccine policy were classified into three domains: scientific factors, sociological factors, and pragmatic factors. The determining factors for the type of vaccine were prescriber's preference, concern of adverse events following immunization (AEFI), effectiveness, and consideration of other vaccine components in combined vaccines. The determining factors for infant schedule were immunity response and the potential to improve coverage and timeliness. The determining factors for maternal immunization were infant mortality and public acceptability. To conclude, socio-political and pragmatic factors were, besides scientific factors, important in determining the pertussis vaccine type, schedule of childhood immunization and recommendations for parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabelle Wong
- Institut Pasteur/INSERM/University of Versailles Saint Quentin, UMR 1181 Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases, 25 rue du Dr Roux, CEDEX 15, F-75724 Paris, France;
- EHESP French School of Public Health, F-35000 Rennes, France
- ScHARR, The University of Sheffield, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Annick Opinel
- Institut Pasteur/INSERM/University of Versailles Saint Quentin, UMR 1181 Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases, 25 rue du Dr Roux, CEDEX 15, F-75724 Paris, France;
| | - Simon Jean-Baptiste Combes
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, CNRS, ARENES—UMR 6051, F-35000 Rennes, France;
- French Collaborative Institute on Migration, 93322 Aubervilliers, France
| | - Julie Toubiana
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, 25 rue du Dr Roux, CEDEX 15, F-75724 Paris, France; (J.T.); (S.B.)
- National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and OtherBordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, CEDEX 15, F-75724 Paris, France
- Department of General Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Necker-Enfants malades University Hospital, Université de Paris, AP-HP, 135 rue de Sevres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Brisse
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, 25 rue du Dr Roux, CEDEX 15, F-75724 Paris, France; (J.T.); (S.B.)
- National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and OtherBordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, CEDEX 15, F-75724 Paris, France
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Weigand MR, Williams MM, Peng Y, Kania D, Pawloski LC, Tondella ML. Genomic Survey of Bordetella pertussis Diversity, United States, 2000-2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:780-783. [PMID: 30882317 PMCID: PMC6433035 DOI: 10.3201/eid2504.180812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized 170 complete genome assemblies from clinical Bordetella pertussis isolates representing geographic and temporal diversity in the United States. These data capture genotypic shifts, including increased pertactin deficiency, occurring amid the current pertussis disease resurgence and provide a foundation for needed research to direct future public health control strategies.
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73
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Xu Z, Octavia S, Luu LDW, Payne M, Timms V, Tay CY, Keil AD, Sintchenko V, Guiso N, Lan R. Pertactin-Negative and Filamentous Hemagglutinin-Negative Bordetella pertussis, Australia, 2013-2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1196-1199. [PMID: 31107218 PMCID: PMC6537726 DOI: 10.3201/eid2506.180240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 2008–2012 pertussis epidemic in Australia, pertactin (Prn)–negative Bordetella pertussis emerged. We analyzed 78 isolates from the 2013–2017 epidemic and documented continued expansion of Prn-negative ptxP3 B. pertussis strains. We also detected a filamentous hemagglutinin-negative and Prn-negative B. pertussis isolate.
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74
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Weigand MR, Peng Y, Batra D, Burroughs M, Davis JK, Knipe K, Loparev VN, Johnson T, Juieng P, Rowe LA, Sheth M, Tang K, Unoarumhi Y, Williams MM, Tondella ML. Conserved Patterns of Symmetric Inversion in the Genome Evolution of Bordetella Respiratory Pathogens. mSystems 2019; 4:e00702-19. [PMID: 31744907 PMCID: PMC6867878 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00702-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Whooping cough (pertussis), primarily caused by Bordetella pertussis, has resurged in the United States, and circulating strains exhibit considerable chromosome structural fluidity in the form of rearrangement and deletion. The genus Bordetella includes additional pathogenic species infecting various animals, some even causing pertussis-like respiratory disease in humans; however, investigation of their genome evolution has been limited. We studied chromosome structure in complete genome sequences from 167 Bordetella species isolates, as well as 469 B. pertussis isolates, to gain a generalized understanding of rearrangement patterns among these related pathogens. Observed changes in gene order primarily resulted from large inversions and were only detected in species with genomes harboring multicopy insertion sequence (IS) elements, most notably B. holmesii and B. parapertussis While genomes of B. pertussis contain >240 copies of IS481, IS elements appear less numerous in other species and yield less chromosome structural diversity through rearrangement. These data were further used to predict all possible rearrangements between IS element copies present in Bordetella genomes, revealing that only a subset is observed among circulating strains. Therefore, while it appears that rearrangement occurs less frequently in other species than in B. pertussis, these clinically relevant respiratory pathogens likely experience similar mutation of gene order. The resulting chromosome structural fluidity presents both challenges and opportunity for the study of Bordetella respiratory pathogens.IMPORTANCE Bordetella pertussis is the primary agent of whooping cough (pertussis). The Bordetella genus includes additional pathogens of animals and humans, including some that cause pertussis-like respiratory illness. The chromosome of B. pertussis has previously been shown to exhibit considerable structural rearrangement, but insufficient data have prevented comparable investigation in related species. In this study, we analyze chromosome structure variation in several Bordetella species to gain a generalized understanding of rearrangement patterns in this genus. Just as in B. pertussis, we observed inversions in other species that likely result from common mutational processes. We used these data to further predict additional, unobserved inversions, suggesting that specific genome structures may be preferred in each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Weigand
- Division of Bacterial Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yanhui Peng
- Division of Bacterial Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dhwani Batra
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark Burroughs
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jamie K Davis
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kristen Knipe
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vladimir N Loparev
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Taccara Johnson
- Division of Bacterial Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Phalasy Juieng
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lori A Rowe
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mili Sheth
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kevin Tang
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yvette Unoarumhi
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Margaret M Williams
- Division of Bacterial Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - M Lucia Tondella
- Division of Bacterial Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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75
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Luu LDW, Octavia S, Aitken C, Zhong L, Raftery MJ, Sintchenko V, Lan R. Surfaceome analysis of Australian epidemic Bordetella pertussis reveals potential vaccine antigens. Vaccine 2019; 38:539-548. [PMID: 31703933 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since acellular vaccines (ACV) were introduced in Australia, epidemic Bordetella pertussis strains changed from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) cluster II to SNP cluster I. Our previous proteomic analysis identified potential proteomic adaptations in the whole cell and secretome of SNP cluster I. Additionally, current ACVs were shown to be less efficacious against cluster I in mice models and there is a pressing need to discover new antigens to improve the ACV. One important source of novel antigens is the surfaceome. Therefore, in this study we established surface shaving in B. pertussis to compare the surfaceome of SNP cluster I (L1423) and II (L1191), and identify novel surface antigens for vaccine development. Surface shaving using 1 μg of trypsin for 5 min identified 126 proteins with the most abundant being virulence-associated and known outer membrane proteins. Cell viability counts showed minimal lysis from shaving. The proportion of immunogenic proteins was higher in the surfaceome than in the whole cell and secretome. Key differences in the surfaceome were identified between SNP cluster I and II, consistent with those identified in the whole cell proteome and secretome. These differences include unique transport proteins and decreased immunogenic proteins in L1423, and provides further evidence of proteomic adaptation in SNP cluster I. Finally, a comparison of proteins in each sub-proteome identified 22 common proteins. These included 11 virulence proteins (Prn, PtxA, FhaB, CyaA, TcfA, SphB1, Vag8, BrkA, BopD, Bsp22 and BipA) and 11 housekeeping proteins (TuF, CtpA, TsF, OmpH, GltA, SucC, SucD, FusA, GroEL, BP3330 and BP3561) which were immunogenic, essential and consistently expressed thus demonstrating their potential as future targets. This study established surface shaving in B. pertussis, confirmed key expression differences and identified unknown surface proteins which may be potential vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Don Wai Luu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophie Octavia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chelsea Aitken
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ling Zhong
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark J Raftery
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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76
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Almaw L, Bizuneh H. Pertussis outbreak investigation in Janamora district, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia: a case-control study. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 34:65. [PMID: 31762929 PMCID: PMC6859057 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.34.65.19612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction On April 17/2017 Janamora district, Amhara regional state health officials reported an increasing number of people with a cough. The objectives of this study was to investigate the outbreak, describe risk factors and implement control measures. Methods We conducted a community based unmatched 1:1 case-control study April 22-May 10, 2017. We used a probable case definition (≥2 weeks cough with vomiting, apnea, or inspiratory whoop) to identify suspected pertussis cases. Neighbors of cases were considered as controls. We conducted a door-to-door active case search and reviewed medical records, assessed vaccination status by parental interview or vaccination card. We implemented multivariable logistic regression to identify independent factors associated with the outbreak. Results We investigated 60 cases and 60 controls. Most (68.3%) of the cases were under the age of 15. The majority (86.6%) of pertussis suspected cases, and 83.4% controls had not received any pertussis vaccine. The overall attack rate was 0.13% and the case fatality rate was 3.3%. The age-specific attack rate for under-five children was 0.33%. Females were more likely to have pertussis (AOR: 2.91; 95% CI: 1.17-7.22), contact with pertussis suspected person (AOR: 6.29; 95% CI: 2.53-15.62) and living in a relatively poorly ventilated house (AOR: 3.01; 95% CI: 1.17-7.70) were also significant risk factors of pertussis. Conclusion Weak supplementary immunization activities might have contributed to the outbreak. Treating household contacts and integration of diagnostic laboratory test of pertussis into the local health system is of paramount importance to detect outbreaks early on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lezhialem Almaw
- Public Health Emergency Management Core Process, Gambella Regional Health Bureau, Gambella, Ethiopia
| | - Hailemichael Bizuneh
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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77
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van Beek LF, de Gouw D, Eleveld MJ, Bootsma HJ, de Jonge MI, Mooi FR, Zomer A, Diavatopoulos DA. Adaptation of Bordetella pertussis to the Respiratory Tract. J Infect Dis 2019. [PMID: 29528444 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of insight into the basic mechanisms by which Bordetella pertussis adapts to the local host environment during infection. We analyzed B. pertussis gene expression in the upper and lower airways of mice and compared this to SO4-induced in vitro Bvg-regulated gene transcription. Approximately 30% of all genes were differentially expressed between in vitro and in vivo conditions. This included several novel potential vaccine antigens that were exclusively expressed in vivo. Significant differences in expression profile and metabolic pathways were identified between the upper versus the lower airways, suggesting distinct antigenic profiles. We found high-level expression of several Bvg-repressed genes during infection, and mouse vaccination experiments using purified protein fractions from both Bvg- and Bvg+ cultures demonstrated protection against intranasal B. pertussis challenge. This study provides novel insights into the in vivo adaptation of B. pertussis and may facilitate the improvement of pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille F van Beek
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daan de Gouw
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J Eleveld
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hester J Bootsma
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frits R Mooi
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | - Aldert Zomer
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitri A Diavatopoulos
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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78
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Xu Z, Wang Z, Luan Y, Li Y, Liu X, Peng X, Octavia S, Payne M, Lan R. Genomic epidemiology of erythromycin-resistant Bordetella pertussis in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:461-470. [PMID: 30898080 PMCID: PMC6455148 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1587315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Macrolides such as erythromycin are the empirical treatment of Bordetella pertussis infections. China has experienced an increase in erythromycin-resistant B. pertussis isolates since they were first reported in 2013. Here, we undertook a genomic study on Chinese B. pertussis isolates from 2012 to 2015 to elucidate the origins and phylogenetic relationships of erythromycin-resistant B. pertussis isolates in China. A total of 167 Chinese B. pertussis isolates were used for antibiotic sensitivity testing and multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA). All except four isolates were erythromycin-resistant and of the four erythromycin-sensitive isolates, three were non-ptxP1. MLVA types (MT), MT55, MT104 and MT195 were the predominant types. Fifty of those isolates were used for whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed three independent erythromycin-resistant lineages and all resistant isolates carried a mutation in the 23S rRNA gene. A novel fhaB3 allele was found uniquely in Chinese ptxP1 isolates and these Chinese ptxP1-ptxA1-fhaB3 had a 5-fold higher mutation rate than the global ptxP1-ptxA1 B. pertussis population. Our results suggest that the evolution of Chinese B. pertussis is likely to be driven by selection pressure from both vaccination and antibiotics. The emergence of the new non-vaccine fhaB3 allele in Chinese B. pertussis population may be a result of selection from vaccination, whereas the expansion of ptxP1-fhaB3 lineages was most likely to be the result of selection pressure from antibiotics. Further monitoring of B. pertussis in China is required to better understand the evolution of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- a School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Zengguo Wang
- b Xi'an Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Xi'an , People's Republic of China.,c Department of Infectious Diseases , Xi'an Children's Hospital , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Luan
- b Xi'an Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Yarong Li
- c Department of Infectious Diseases , Xi'an Children's Hospital , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguai Liu
- c Department of Infectious Diseases , Xi'an Children's Hospital , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokang Peng
- c Department of Infectious Diseases , Xi'an Children's Hospital , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Sophie Octavia
- a School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Michael Payne
- a School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Ruiting Lan
- a School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
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79
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Ben Fraj I, Bouchez V, Smaoui H, Kechrid A, Brisse S. Genome characteristics of Bordetella pertussis isolates from Tunisia. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1320-1323. [PMID: 31329091 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent increase in pertussis cases observed in some countries may have several causes, including the evolution of Bordetella pertussis populations towards escape of vaccine-induced immunity. Most genomic studies of B. pertussis isolates performed so far are from countries that use acellular vaccines. The objective was to analyse genomic sequences of isolates collected during the 2014 whooping cough epidemic in Tunisia, a country where whole-cell vaccines are used. Ten Tunisian isolates and four vaccine strains were sequenced and compared to 169 isolates from countries where acellular vaccines are used. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Tunisian isolates are diverse, demonstrating a multi-strain 2014 epidemic peak, and are intermixed with those circulating in other world regions, showing inter-country transmission. Consistently, Tunisian isolates have antigen variant composition observed in other world regions. No pertactin-deficient strain was observed. The Tunisian B. pertussis population appears to be largely connected with populations from other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Ben Fraj
- University of Tunis El Manar, Children's Hospital of Tunis, Laboratory of Microbiology, UR12ES01, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Valérie Bouchez
- National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and other Bordetella infections, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France
| | - Hanen Smaoui
- University of Tunis El Manar, Children's Hospital of Tunis, Laboratory of Microbiology, UR12ES01, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Kechrid
- University of Tunis El Manar, Children's Hospital of Tunis, Laboratory of Microbiology, UR12ES01, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sylvain Brisse
- Institut Pasteur, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and other Bordetella infections, Paris, France
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80
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Hozbor D, Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Marino C, Wirsing von König CH, Tan T, Forsyth K. Pertussis in Latin America: Recent epidemiological data presented at the 2017 Global Pertussis Initiative meeting. Vaccine 2019; 37:5414-5421. [PMID: 31331774 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Global Pertussis Initiative (GPI) is an expert scientific forum that publishes consensus recommendations for pertussis monitoring, prevention, and treatment across many regions of the world. Here, we report on the regional 2017 GPI meeting on the Americas, focusing on Latin America. Information on current pertussis epidemiology, surveillance, vaccine strategies, diagnostic capabilities, disease awareness, and major local obstacles was presented by researchers from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Pertussis outbreaks have occurred during the last decade in the majority of participant countries and have been followed by improvements in surveillance. In the countries that introduced maternal immunization during pregnancy, a reduction in the infant case fatality rate has been detected. All countries need to maintain and improve pertussis surveillance to reach primary vaccination coverage >90%. Moreover, countries without maternal immunization programs should strongly consider them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hozbor
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina.
| | | | - Cristina Marino
- Medico Infectólogo, Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Tina Tan
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kevin Forsyth
- Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, Australia
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81
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Esposito S, Stefanelli P, Fry NK, Fedele G, He Q, Paterson P, Tan T, Knuf M, Rodrigo C, Weil Olivier C, Flanagan KL, Hung I, Lutsar I, Edwards K, O'Ryan M, Principi N. Pertussis Prevention: Reasons for Resurgence, and Differences in the Current Acellular Pertussis Vaccines. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1344. [PMID: 31333640 PMCID: PMC6616129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is an acute respiratory disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. Due to its frequency and severity, prevention of pertussis has been considered an important public health issue for many years. The development of the whole-cell pertussis vaccine (wPV) and its introduction into the pediatric immunization schedule was associated with a marked reduction in pertussis cases in the vaccinated cohort. However, due to the frequency of local and systemic adverse events after immunization with wPV, work on a less reactive vaccine was undertaken based on isolated B. pertussis components that induced protective immune responses with fewer local and systemic reactions. These component vaccines were termed acellular vaccines and contained one or more pertussis antigens, including pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin (PRN), and fimbrial proteins 2 (FIM2) and 3 (FIM3). Preparations containing up to five components were developed, and several efficacy trials clearly demonstrated that the aPVs were able to confer comparable short-term protection than the most effective wPVs with fewer local and systemic reactions. There has been a resurgence of pertussis observed in recent years. This paper reports the results of a Consensus Conference organized by the World Association for Infectious Disease and Immunological Disorders (WAidid) on June 22, 2018, in Perugia, Italy, with the goal of evaluating the most important reasons for the pertussis resurgence and the role of different aPVs in this resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Paediatric Clinic, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Norman K. Fry
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England–National Infection Service, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Fedele
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Qiushui He
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pauline Paterson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, The Vaccine Confidence Project TM, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Tan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Markus Knuf
- Children's Hospital, Helios HSk, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carlos Rodrigo
- Department of Pediatrics, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine-Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospita, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Katie L. Flanagan
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ivan Hung
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Iria Lutsar
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kathryn Edwards
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Miguel O'Ryan
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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82
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Davies MR, McIntyre L, Mutreja A, Lacey JA, Lees JA, Towers RJ, Duchêne S, Smeesters PR, Frost HR, Price DJ, Holden MTG, David S, Giffard PM, Worthing KA, Seale AC, Berkley JA, Harris SR, Rivera-Hernandez T, Berking O, Cork AJ, Torres RSLA, Lithgow T, Strugnell RA, Bergmann R, Nitsche-Schmitz P, Chhatwal GS, Bentley SD, Fraser JD, Moreland NJ, Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Parkhill J, Saul A, Williamson DA, Currie BJ, Tong SYC, Dougan G, Walker MJ. Atlas of group A streptococcal vaccine candidates compiled using large-scale comparative genomics. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1035-1043. [PMID: 31133745 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) is a bacterial pathogen for which a commercial vaccine for humans is not available. Employing the advantages of high-throughput DNA sequencing technology to vaccine design, we have analyzed 2,083 globally sampled GAS genomes. The global GAS population structure reveals extensive genomic heterogeneity driven by homologous recombination and overlaid with high levels of accessory gene plasticity. We identified the existence of more than 290 clinically associated genomic phylogroups across 22 countries, highlighting challenges in designing vaccines of global utility. To determine vaccine candidate coverage, we investigated all of the previously described GAS candidate antigens for gene carriage and gene sequence heterogeneity. Only 15 of 28 vaccine antigen candidates were found to have both low naturally occurring sequence variation and high (>99%) coverage across this diverse GAS population. This technological platform for vaccine coverage determination is equally applicable to prospective GAS vaccine antigens identified in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. .,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. .,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Liam McIntyre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ankur Mutreja
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Italy
| | - Jake A Lacey
- Doherty Department, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John A Lees
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca J Towers
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Sebastián Duchêne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pierre R Smeesters
- Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Queen Fabiola Childrens University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hannah R Frost
- Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Queen Fabiola Childrens University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Price
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory Epidemiology Unit, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew T G Holden
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Sophia David
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Philip M Giffard
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Kate A Worthing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - James A Berkley
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olga Berking
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda J Cork
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rosângela S L A Torres
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Epidemiology Laboratory and Disease Control Division, Laboratório Central do Estado do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Trevor Lithgow
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard A Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rene Bergmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - John D Fraser
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole J Moreland
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan R Carapetis
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia and Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Allan Saul
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Italy
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bart J Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Steven Y C Tong
- Doherty Department, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Victorian Infectious Disease Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gordon Dougan
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark J Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. .,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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83
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Masignani V, Pizza M, Moxon ER. The Development of a Vaccine Against Meningococcus B Using Reverse Vaccinology. Front Immunol 2019; 10:751. [PMID: 31040844 PMCID: PMC6477034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of vaccine antigens through whole genome sequencing (WGS) contrasts with the classical hypothesis-driven laboratory-based analysis of microbes to identify components to elicit protective immunity. This radical change in scientific direction and action in vaccine research is captured in the term reverse vaccinology. The complete genome sequence of an isolate of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) was systematically analyzed to identify proteins predicted to be secreted or exported to the outer membrane. This identified hundreds of genes coding for potential surface-exposed antigens. These were amplified, cloned in expression vectors and used to immunize mice. Antisera against 350 recombinant antigens were obtained and analyzed in a panel of immunological assays from which 28 were selected as potentially protective based on the -antibody dependent, complement mediated- serum bactericidal activity assay. Testing of these candidate vaccine antigens, using a large globally representative strain collection of Neisseria species isolated from cases of disease and carriage, indicated that no single component would be sufficient to induce broad coverage and that a “universal” vaccine should contain multiple antigens. The final choice of antigens to be included was based on cross-protective ability, assayed by serum bactericidal activity and maximum coverage of the extensive antigenic variability of MenB strains. The resulting multivalent vaccine formulation selected consisted of three recombinant antigens (Neisserial Heparin Binding Antigen or NHBA, Factor H binding protein or fHbp and Neisseria Adhesin A or NadA). To improve immunogenicity and potential strain coverage, an outer membrane vesicle component obtained from the epidemic New Zealand strain (OMVNz) was added to the formulation to create a four component vaccine, called 4CMenB. A series of phase 2 and 3 clinical trials were conducted to evaluate safety and tolerability and to estimate the vaccine effectiveness of human immune responses at different ages and how these were affected by various factors including concomitant vaccine use and lot-to-lot consistency. 4CMenB was approved in Europe in 2013 and introduced in the National Immunization Program in the UK starting from September 2015 when the vaccine was offered to all newborns using a 2, 4, and 12 months schedule., The effectiveness against invasive MenB disease measured at 11 months after the study start and 5 months after the second vaccination was 83% and there have been no safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E Richard Moxon
- Department of Pediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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84
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Role of Evolutionary Selection Acting on Vaccine Antigens in the Re-Emergence of Bordetella Pertussis. Diseases 2019; 7:diseases7020035. [PMID: 30995764 PMCID: PMC6630436 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis (“whooping cough”) is a re-emerging disease with increasing incidence among fully vaccinated individuals. We explored the genetic diversity of five Bordetella pertussis proteins used to generate the subunit vaccine across ancestral and newly emergent strains using immunoinformatics and evolutionary selection measurements. The five subunits of pertussis toxin (Ptx1–Ptx5) were highly conserved with regard to sequence, predicted structure, predicted antigenicity, and were under purifying selection. In contrast, the adhesin proteins pertactin (Prn) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) were under statistically significant (p < 0.01) diversifying selection. Most heavily diversified sites of each protein fell within antigenic epitopes, and the functional adhesin motifs were conserved. Protein secondary structure was conserved despite sequence diversity for FHA but was changeable in Prn. These findings suggest that subunit vaccine-derived immunity does not impact Ptx1–Ptx5 but may apply evolutionary pressure to Prn and FHA to undergo diversifying selection. These findings offer further insight into the emergence of vaccine-resistant strains of B. pertussis.
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85
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Bouchez V, Guglielmini J, Dazas M, Landier A, Toubiana J, Guillot S, Criscuolo A, Brisse S. Genomic Sequencing of Bordetella pertussis for Epidemiology and Global Surveillance of Whooping Cough. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:988-994. [PMID: 29774847 PMCID: PMC6004856 DOI: 10.3201/eid2406.171464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough, a highly contagious respiratory disease that is reemerging in many world regions. The spread of antigen-deficient strains may threaten acellular vaccine efficacy. Dynamics of strain transmission are poorly defined because of shortcomings in current strain genotyping methods. Our objective was to develop a whole-genome genotyping strategy with sufficient resolution for local epidemiologic questions and sufficient reproducibility to enable international comparisons of clinical isolates. We defined a core genome multilocus sequence typing scheme comprising 2,038 loci and demonstrated its congruence with whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism variation. Most cases of intrafamilial groups of isolates or of multiple isolates recovered from the same patient were distinguished from temporally and geographically cocirculating isolates. However, epidemiologically unrelated isolates were sometimes nearly undistinguishable. We set up a publicly accessible core genome multilocus sequence typing database to enable global comparisons of B. pertussis isolates, opening the way for internationally coordinated surveillance.
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86
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How Genomics Is Changing What We Know About the Evolution and Genome of Bordetella pertussis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1183:1-17. [PMID: 31321755 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of Bordetella pertussis from a common ancestor similar to Bordetella bronchiseptica has occurred through large-scale gene loss, inactivation and rearrangements, largely driven by the spread of insertion sequence element repeats throughout the genome. B. pertussis is widely considered to be monomorphic, and recent evolution of the B. pertussis genome appears to, at least in part, be driven by vaccine-based selection. Given the recent global resurgence of whooping cough despite the wide-spread use of vaccination, a more thorough understanding of B. pertussis genomics could be highly informative. In this chapter we discuss the evolution of B. pertussis, including how vaccination is changing the circulating B. pertussis population at the gene-level, and how new sequencing technologies are revealing previously unknown levels of inter- and intra-strain variation at the genome-level.
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87
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Pertussis in Low and Medium Income Countries: A Pragmatic Approach. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1183:137-149. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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88
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Functional Programming of Innate Immune Cells in Response to Bordetella pertussis Infection and Vaccination. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1183:53-80. [PMID: 31432398 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread vaccination, B. pertussis remains one of the least controlled vaccine-preventable diseases. Although it is well known that acellular and whole cell pertussis vaccines induce distinct immune functionalities in memory cells, much less is known about the role of innate immunity in this process. In this review, we provide an overview of the known differences and similarities in innate receptors, innate immune cells and inflammatory signalling pathways induced by the pertussis vaccines either licensed or in development and compare this to primary infection with B. pertussis. Despite the crucial role of innate immunity in driving memory responses to B. pertussis, it is clear that a significant knowledge gap remains in our understanding of the early innate immune response to vaccination and infection. Such knowledge is essential to develop the next generation of pertussis vaccines with improved host defense against B. pertussis.
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89
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Pertactin-deficient Bordetella pertussis isolates in Poland-a country with whole-cell pertussis primary vaccination. Microbes Infect 2018; 21:170-175. [PMID: 30580013 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of pertussis vaccination in the 1950s resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of disease. However, since the 1990s many highly vaccinated countries have observed the re-emergence of the disease. One of the causes of this phenomenon might be related to the adaptation of Bordetella pertussis to vaccination. The purpose of the presented study was an investigation of the emergence and spread of vaccine antigen-deficient B. pertussis isolates in Poland and genomic characterization of the currently circulating pathogen population using PFGE, MLVA and MAST. The results revealed that all tested isolates expressed Ptx, FHA and ACT antigens but 15.4% (4/26) of isolates from 2010 to 2016 were Prn-deficient. Moreover, one TcfA-deficient isolate was collected in 2015. The genotyping showed a genetic distinction between the isolates circulating in 2010-2016 and isolates from previous periods. The majority of currently circulating isolates belonged to PFGE group IV (96.2%), type MT27 (73.1%), and carried ptxA1-ptxC2-ptxP3-prn2-tcfA2-fim2-1-fim3-1 alleles (61.5%). The unique genetic structure of the B. pertussis population in Poland has changed since 2010 and became similar to that observed in countries with aP vaccination. This could be a result of increasing use of aP vaccines (60% of primary vaccination in 2013) over wP vaccines, which have been broadly used for primary vaccination in Poland for decades.
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90
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Kennedy DA, Read AF. Why the evolution of vaccine resistance is less of a concern than the evolution of drug resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12878-12886. [PMID: 30559199 PMCID: PMC6304978 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717159115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines and antimicrobial drugs both impose strong selection for resistance. Yet only drug resistance is a major challenge for 21st century medicine. Why is drug resistance ubiquitous and not vaccine resistance? Part of the answer is that vaccine resistance is far less likely to evolve than drug resistance. But what happens when vaccine resistance does evolve? We review six putative cases. We find that in contrast to drug resistance, vaccine resistance is harder to detect and harder to confirm and that the mechanistic basis is less well understood. Nevertheless, in the cases we examined, the pronounced health benefits associated with vaccination have largely been sustained. Thus, we contend that vaccine resistance is less of a concern than drug resistance because it is less likely to evolve and when it does, it is less harmful to human and animal health and well-being. Studies of pathogen strains that evolve the capacity to replicate and transmit from vaccinated hosts will enhance our ability to develop next-generation vaccines that minimize the risk of harmful pathogen evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kennedy
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Departments of Biology and Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Andrew F Read
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Departments of Biology and Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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91
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Ben Fraj I, Kechrid A, Guillot S, Bouchez V, Brisse S, Guiso N, Smaoui H. Pertussis epidemiology in Tunisian infants and children and characterization of Bordetella pertussis isolates: results of a 9-year surveillance study, 2007 to 2016. J Med Microbiol 2018; 68:241-247. [PMID: 30526740 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pertussis remains a public health concern in most countries. Our study aimed to prospectively explore the epidemiology of pertussis in the Tunis area of Tunisia between 2007 and 2016, and to characterize the virulence-associated genes of the collected Bordetella pertussis isolates. METHODOLOGY Infants and children hospitalized at the Children's Hospital of Tunis, Tunisia, between 2007 and 2016 for suspicion of pertussis were enrolled in the study. Culture and real-time PCR (qPCR) assays targeting IS481, IS1001, recA, H-IS1001 and ptxP were used to confirm the pertussis diagnosis. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of recovered isolates was performed.Results/Key findings. A total of 1844 children were included in the study. Overall, 306 children (16.6 %) with Bordetella infection were confirmed by qPCR. Among them, 265 (86.6 %) were confirmed as having B. pertussis (IS481+, ptxP+, H-IS1001-), 18 (5.9 %) as having Bordetella parapertussis (IS481-, IS1001+) and 11 (3.6 %) as having Bordetella spp. (IS481+, ptxP-, H-IS1001-). No Bordetella holmesii (IS481+, IS1001-, H-IS1001+) was identified. The estimated pertussis incidence in the Tunis area was 134/100 000 in children aged less than 5 years. Two epidemic peaks were observed in 2009 and 2014. Ten B. pertussis isolates were cultured and characterized. Deficiency in pertactin expression was not observed, and genotyping of the isolates revealed a predominant allelic profile: ptxP3-ptxA1-prn2-fim2-1-fim3-2. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that pertussis is still present as a cyclical disease in Tunisia, despite high primo-vaccination coverage with a pertussis whole-cell vaccine. The predominant genotype of Tunisian B. pertussis isolates is similar to isolates circulating in countries using the acellular vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Ben Fraj
- 1University of Tunis El Manar, Children's Hospital of Tunis, Laboratory of Microbiology, UR12ES01, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Kechrid
- 1University of Tunis El Manar, Children's Hospital of Tunis, Laboratory of Microbiology, UR12ES01, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sophie Guillot
- 2Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- 3National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Bouchez
- 2Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- 3National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Brisse
- 2Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- 3National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Guiso
- 3National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hanen Smaoui
- 1University of Tunis El Manar, Children's Hospital of Tunis, Laboratory of Microbiology, UR12ES01, Tunis, Tunisia
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92
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PERISCOPE: road towards effective control of pertussis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 19:e179-e186. [PMID: 30503084 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30646-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The resurgence and changing epidemiology of pertussis in high-income countries, the high infant mortality caused by pertussis in low-income countries, and the increasing morbidity in all age groups worldwide call for a concerted effort to both improve the current vaccines and develop new vaccines and vaccination strategies against pertussis. In this Personal View, we identify several key obstacles on the path to developing a durable solution for global control of pertussis. To systematically address these obstacles, the PERtussIS Correlates Of Protection Europe (PERISCOPE) Consortium was established in March, 2016. The objectives of this consortium are to increase scientific understanding of immunity to pertussis in humans induced by vaccines and infections, to identify biomarkers of protective immunity, and to generate technologies and infrastructure for the future development of improved pertussis vaccines. By working towards the accelerated licensure and implementation of novel, well tolerated, and effective pertussis vaccines, we hope to strengthen and stimulate further collaboration and transparency between the key stakeholders, including the public, the scientific community, public health institutes, regulatory authorities, and vaccine manufacturers.
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93
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Luu LDW, Octavia S, Zhong L, Raftery MJ, Sintchenko V, Lan R. Comparison of the Whole Cell Proteome and Secretome of Epidemic Bordetella pertussis Strains From the 2008-2012 Australian Epidemic Under Sulfate-Modulating Conditions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2851. [PMID: 30538686 PMCID: PMC6277516 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfate is an important modulator for virulence factor expression in Bordetella pertussis, the causative organism for whooping cough. During infection, sulfate is released when respiratory epithelial cells are damaged which can affect gene expression. The current predominant strains in Australia are found in single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) cluster I (ptxP3/prn2). It has been reported that ptxP3 strains have higher mRNA expression of virulence genes than ptxP1 strains under intermediate sulfate-modulating conditions (5 mM MgSO4). Our previous proteomic study compared L1423 (cluster I, ptxP3) and L1191 (cluster II, ptxP1) in Thalen-IJssel (THIJS) media without sulfate modulation and identified an upregulation of transport proteins and a downregulation of immunogenic proteins. To determine whether proteomic differences exist between cluster I and cluster II strains in intermediate modulating conditions, this study compared the whole cell proteome and secretome between L1423 and L1191 grown in THIJS media with 5 mM MgSO4 using iTRAQ and high-resolution multiple reaction monitoring (MRM-hr). Two proteins (BP0200 and BP1175) in the whole cell were upregulated in L1423 [fold change (FC) >1.2, false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05]. In the secretome, four proteins from the type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors were downregulated (FC < 0.8, FDR < 0.05) while six proteins, including two adhesins, pertactin (Prn) and tracheal colonization factor A (TcfA), were upregulated which were consistent with our previous proteomic study. The upregulation of Prn and TcfA in SNP cluster I may result in improved adhesion while the downregulation of the T3SS and other immunogenic proteins may reduce immune recognition, which may contribute to the increased fitness of cluster I B. pertussis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Don Wai Luu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sophie Octavia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ling Zhong
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark J Raftery
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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94
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Ring N, Abrahams JS, Jain M, Olsen H, Preston A, Bagby S. Resolving the complex Bordetella pertussis genome using barcoded nanopore sequencing. Microb Genom 2018; 4:e000234. [PMID: 30461375 PMCID: PMC6321869 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of Bordetella pertussis is complex, with high G+C content and many repeats, each longer than 1000 bp. Long-read sequencing offers the opportunity to produce single-contig B. pertussis assemblies using sequencing reads which are longer than the repetitive sections, with the potential to reveal genomic features which were previously unobservable in multi-contig assemblies produced by short-read sequencing alone. We used an R9.4 MinION flow cell and barcoding to sequence five B. pertussis strains in a single sequencing run. We then trialled combinations of the many nanopore user community-built long-read analysis tools to establish the current optimal assembly pipeline for B. pertussis genome sequences. This pipeline produced closed genome sequences for four strains, allowing visualization of inter-strain genomic rearrangement. Read mapping to the Tohama I reference genome suggests that the remaining strain contains an ultra-long duplicated region (almost 200 kbp), which was not resolved by our pipeline; further investigation also revealed that a second strain that was seemingly resolved by our pipeline may contain an even longer duplication, albeit in a small subset of cells. We have therefore demonstrated the ability to resolve the structure of several B. pertussis strains per single barcoded nanopore flow cell, but the genomes with highest complexity (e.g. very large duplicated regions) remain only partially resolved using the standard library preparation and will require an alternative library preparation method. For full strain characterization, we recommend hybrid assembly of long and short reads together; for comparison of genome arrangement, assembly using long reads alone is sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Ring
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and the Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Jonathan S. Abrahams
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and the Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Miten Jain
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Hugh Olsen
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Andrew Preston
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and the Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Stefan Bagby
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and the Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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95
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Boehm DT, Hall JM, Wong TY, DiVenere AM, Sen-Kilic E, Bevere JR, Bradford SD, Blackwood CB, Elkins CM, DeRoos KA, Gray MC, Cooper CG, Varney ME, Maynard JA, Hewlett EL, Barbier M, Damron FH. Evaluation of Adenylate Cyclase Toxoid Antigen in Acellular Pertussis Vaccines by Using a Bordetella pertussis Challenge Model in Mice. Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00857-17. [PMID: 30012638 PMCID: PMC6204743 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00857-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is the primary causative agent of pertussis (whooping cough), which is a respiratory infection that leads to a violent cough and can be fatal in infants. There is a need to develop more effective vaccines because of the resurgence of cases of pertussis in the United States since the switch from the whole-cell pertussis vaccines (wP) to the acellular pertussis vaccines (aP; diphtheria-tetanus-acellular-pertussis vaccine/tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis vaccine). Adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is a major virulence factor of B. pertussis that is (i) required for establishment of infection, (ii) an effective immunogen, and (iii) a protective antigen. The C-terminal repeats-in-toxin domain (RTX) of ACT is sufficient to induce production of toxin-neutralizing antibodies. In this study, we characterized the effectiveness of vaccines containing the RTX antigen against experimental murine infection with B. pertussis RTX was not protective as a single-antigen vaccine against B. pertussis challenge, and adding RTX to 1/5 human dose of aP did not enhance protection. Since the doses of aP used in murine studies are not proportionate to mouse/human body masses, we titrated the aP from 1/20 to 1/160 of the human dose. Mice receiving 1/80 human aP dose had bacterial burden comparable to those of naive controls. Adding RTX antigen to the 1/80 aP base resulted in enhanced bacterial clearance. Inclusion of RTX induced production of antibodies recognizing RTX, enhanced production of anti-pertussis toxin, decreased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6, and decreased recruitment of total macrophages in the lung. This study shows that adding RTX antigen to an appropriate dose of aP can enhance protection against B. pertussis challenge in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T Boehm
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jesse M Hall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ting Y Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Andrea M DiVenere
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Emel Sen-Kilic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Justin R Bevere
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Shelby D Bradford
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Catherine B Blackwood
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Cody M Elkins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Katherine A DeRoos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Mary C Gray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - C Garret Cooper
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Melinda E Varney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Erik L Hewlett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - F Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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96
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Dienstbier A, Pouchnik D, Wildung M, Amman F, Hofacker IL, Parkhill J, Holubova J, Sebo P, Vecerek B. Comparative genomics of Czech vaccine strains of Bordetella pertussis. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5089975. [PMID: 30184175 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is a strictly human pathogen causing the respiratory infectious disease called whooping cough or pertussis. B. pertussis adaptation to acellular pertussis vaccine pressure has been repeatedly highlighted, but recent data indicate that adaptation of circulating strains started already in the era of the whole cell pertussis vaccine (wP) use. We sequenced the genomes of five B. pertussis wP vaccine strains isolated in the former Czechoslovakia in the pre-wP (1954-1957) and early wP (1958-1965) eras, when only limited population travel into and out of the country was possible. Four isolates exhibit a similar genome organization and form a distinct phylogenetic cluster with a geographic signature. The fifth strain is rather distinct, both in genome organization and SNP-based phylogeny. Surprisingly, despite isolation of this strain before 1966, its closest sequenced relative appears to be a recent isolate from the US. On the genome content level, the five vaccine strains contained both new and already described regions of difference. One of the new regions contains duplicated genes potentially associated with transport across the membrane. The prevalence of this region in recent isolates indicates that its spread might be associated with selective advantage leading to increased strain fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dienstbier
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Laboratory of post-transcriptional control of gene expression, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Derek Pouchnik
- Laboratory for Biotechnology and Bioanalysis, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7520
| | - Mark Wildung
- Laboratory for Biotechnology and Bioanalysis, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7520
| | - Fabian Amman
- University of Vienna, Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivo L Hofacker
- University of Vienna, Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,University of Vienna, Research group BCB, Faculty of Computer Science, Währinger Straße 24, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA Cambridge, UK
| | - Jana Holubova
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i, Laboratory of molecular biology of bacterial pathogens, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i, Laboratory of molecular biology of bacterial pathogens, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Branislav Vecerek
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Laboratory of post-transcriptional control of gene expression, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
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97
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Abstract
Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. However, after the introduction of the whole-cell pertussis vaccine (wP), the annual incidence rates of the disease progressively declined. Despite this result, the inclusion of wP in the national immunization schedule of infants and young children was debated regarding its safety. Several efforts to produce vaccines based on B. pertussis components capable of evoking protective immunity with no or limited adverse events were made. Of these others, five pertussis antigens were considered possible components of acellular vaccines (aPs): pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin (PRN) and fimbria proteins 2 and 3. However, the introduction of aPs was followed by a slight but progressive increase in the incidence of pertussis. This paper discusses the potential reasons for reduced aPs efficacy. Moreover, it attempts to evaluate the real effectiveness of aPs and the potential differences between available preparations. Data analysis showed that several boosters are needed to maintain protection against pertussis and additional studies are needed to confirm the antigens that should be included in aPs to improve the prevention of pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- a Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences , Università degli Studi di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Nicola Principi
- b Università degli Studi di Milano, on behalf of the World Association for Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders (WAidid)
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98
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Bednarek A, Bodajko-Grochowska A, Hasiec B, Klepacz R, Szczekala K, Zarzycka D, Emeryk A. In Search of Factors Negatively Affecting Vaccine Immunity to Pertussis in Preschool Children Before the Administration of the First Booster. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1432. [PMID: 29986481 PMCID: PMC6068489 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The top priority for active immunoprophylaxis of pertussis is the immunisation of infants as they can sometimes develop severe multiple-organ complications. OBJECTIVES The aim of the work is the identification of factors negatively affecting vaccine immunity to pertussis in preschool children prior to the administration of the first booster. PATIENTS AND METHODS The research was conducted on 352 children from 4.5 to 5.9 years of age who were hospitalised in the University Children's Hospital in Lublin (Poland) from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2015. The children taking part in the study had been administered all the mandatory vaccines from their birth to the age of 2 or 2.5 years old according to the Polish Immunisation Program 2008⁻2009. The immunoenzymatic method ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was applied to assess vaccine immunity to tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), poliomyelitis (IPV), mumps, rubella and measles. The level of vaccine antibodies to hepatitis type B was determined chemilumiscently. RESULTS The protective antibody titre was not found in 41 (11.65%) children before the administration of the booster. To verify the collective impact of parameters analysed on antibody titre to pertussis, the Generalized Linear Model (GLZ) was used. Gender, type of vaccine, asthma, Hib and mumps antibody titres have been shown to be predictors of vaccine immunity to pertussis. CONCLUSIONS Immunomodulation considered on the example of titre of IgG antibody to pertussis can serve as a useful model of the assessment of development of acquired immunity after mandatory vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bednarek
- Department of Pediatric Nursing; Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-059, Poland.
| | - Anna Bodajko-Grochowska
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Children Rheumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-059, Poland.
| | - Barbara Hasiec
- Department of Infectious Diseases of Children, Independent Public Provincial Hospital of Jan of God, Lublin 20-400, Poland.
| | - Robert Klepacz
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-059, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Szczekala
- Department of Foreign Languages, I Faculty of Medicine with Dentistry Division, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-059, Poland.
| | - Danuta Zarzycka
- Department of Pediatric Nursing; Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-059, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Emeryk
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Children Rheumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-059, Poland.
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99
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Zomer A, Otsuka N, Hiramatsu Y, Kamachi K, Nishimura N, Ozaki T, Poolman J, Geurtsen J. Bordetella pertussis population dynamics and phylogeny in Japan after adoption of acellular pertussis vaccines. Microb Genom 2018; 4. [PMID: 29771235 PMCID: PMC5994715 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, has experienced a resurgence in the past 15 years, despite the existence of both whole-cell and acellular vaccines. Here, we performed whole genome sequencing analysis of 149 clinical strains, provided by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Japan, isolated in 1982–2014, after Japan became the first country to adopt acellular vaccines against B. pertussis. Additionally, we sequenced 39 strains provided by the Konan Kosei Hospital in Aichi prefecture, Japan, isolated in 2008–2013. The genome sequences afforded insight into B. pertussis genome variability and population dynamics in Japan, and revealed that the B. pertussis population in Japan was characterized by two major clades that divided more than 40 years ago. The pertactin gene was disrupted in about 20 % of the 149 NIID isolates, by either a deletion within the signal sequence (ΔSS) or the insertion of IS element IS481 (prn :: IS481). Phylogeny suggests that the parent clones for these isolates originated in Japan. Divergence dating traced the first generation of the pertactin-deficient mutants in Japan to around 1990, and indicated that strains containing the alternative pertactin allele prn2 may have appeared in Japan around 1974. Molecular clock data suggested that observed fluctuations in B. pertussis population size may have coincided with changes in vaccine usage in the country. The continuing failure to eradicate the disease warrants an exploration of novel vaccine compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Zomer
- 1Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nao Otsuka
- 2Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Hiramatsu
- 2Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan.,†Present address: Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunari Kamachi
- 2Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Nishimura
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Konan Kosei Hospital, Takaya-cho, Konan, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Ozaki
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Konan Kosei Hospital, Takaya-cho, Konan, Aichi, Japan
| | - Jan Poolman
- 4Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Geurtsen
- 4Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
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100
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Brookes C, Freire-Martin I, Cavell B, Alexander F, Taylor S, Persaud R, Fry N, Preston A, Diavatopoulos D, Gorringe A. Bordetella pertussis isolates vary in their interactions with human complement components. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:81. [PMID: 29739922 PMCID: PMC5940884 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Whooping cough is a re-emerging respiratory tract infection. It has become clear that there is a need for better understanding of protective immune responses and variation between Bordetella pertussis strains to aid the development of improved vaccines. In order to survive in the host, B. pertussis has evolved mechanisms to evade complement-mediated killing, including the ability to bind complement-regulatory proteins. Here we evaluate the variation in interactions with the complement system among recently isolated strains. Isolates whose genomes appear highly similar and cluster together on a SNP-based dendrogram were found to vary significantly in resistance to complement-mediated killing and in the deposition of C3b/iC3b, C5b-9 and C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH). The key role of Vag8 as a receptor for C1-INH was confirmed and its expression was shown to vary in a panel of isolates. A Vag8 knockout mutant showed increased sensitivity to complement-mediated killing. Antibodies in convalescent sera blocked C1-INH binding to B. pertussis and may play an important role in natural immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruby Persaud
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Norman Fry
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Andrew Preston
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Dimitri Diavatopoulos
- Laboratory of Medical immunology, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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