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Zha D, Wu X. Nutrient sensing, signaling transduction, and autophagy in podocyte injury: implications for kidney disease. J Nephrol 2023; 36:17-29. [PMID: 35704261 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-022-01365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes are terminally differentiated epithelial cells of the renal glomerular tuft and these highly specialized cells are essential for the integrity of the slit diaphragm. The biological function of podocytes is primarily based on a complex ramified structure that requires sufficient nutrients and a large supply of energy in support of their unique structure and function in the glomeruli. Of note, the dysregulation of nutrient signaling and energy metabolic pathways in podocytes has been associated with a range of kidney diseases i.e., diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, nutrient-related and energy metabolic signaling pathways are critical to maintaining podocyte homeostasis and the pathogenesis of podocyte injury. Recently, a growing body of evidence has indicated that nutrient starvation induces autophagy, which suggests crosstalk between nutritional signaling with the modulation of autophagy for podocytes to adapt to nutrient deprivation. In this review, the current knowledge and advancement in the understanding of nutrient sensing, signaling, and autophagy in the podocyte biology, injury, and pathogenesis of kidney diseases is summarized. Based on the existing findings, the implications and perspective to target these signaling pathways and autophagy in podocytes during the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies in patients with podocyte injury-associated kidney diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Zha
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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Parikh KS, Josyula A, Inoue T, Fukunishi T, Zhang H, Omiadze R, Shi R, Yazdi Y, Hanes J, Ensign LM, Hibino N. Nanofiber-coated, tacrolimus-eluting sutures inhibit post-operative neointimal hyperplasia in rats. J Control Release 2023; 353:96-104. [PMID: 36375620 PMCID: PMC9892275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Post-operative complications of vascular anastomosis procedures remain a significant clinical challenge and health burden globally. Each year, millions of anastomosis procedures connect arteries and/or veins in vascular bypass, vascular access, organ transplant, and reconstructive surgeries, generally via suturing. Dysfunction of these anastomoses, primarily due to neointimal hyperplasia and the resulting narrowing of the vessel lumen, results in failure rates of up to 50% and billions of dollars in costs to the healthcare system. Non-absorbable sutures are the gold standard for vessel anastomosis; however, damage from the surgical procedure and closure itself causes an inflammatory cascade that leads to neointimal hyperplasia at the anastomosis site. Here, we demonstrate the development of a novel, scalable manufacturing system for fabrication of high strength sutures with nanofiber-based coatings composed of generally regarded as safe (GRAS) polymers and either sirolimus, tacrolimus, everolimus, or pimecrolimus. These sutures provided sufficient tensile strength for maintenance of the vascular anastomosis and sustained drug delivery at the site of the anastomosis. Tacrolimus-eluting sutures provided a significant reduction in neointimal hyperplasia in rats over a period of 14 days with similar vessel endothelialization in comparison to conventional nylon sutures. In contrast, systemically delivered tacrolimus caused significant weight loss and mortality due to toxicity. Thus, drug-eluting sutures provide a promising platform to improve the outcomes of vascular interventions without modifying the clinical workflow and without the risks associated with systemic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal S Parikh
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Center for Bioengineering Innovation & Design, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Aditya Josyula
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Takahiro Inoue
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Takuma Fukunishi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Huaitao Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Revaz Omiadze
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Richard Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Youseph Yazdi
- Center for Bioengineering Innovation & Design, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Justin Hanes
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Laura M Ensign
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Narutoshi Hibino
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Chicago/Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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53
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Kang JJ, Ko A, Kil SH, Mallen-St Clair J, Shin DS, Wang MB, Srivatsan ES. EGFR pathway targeting drugs in head and neck cancer in the era of immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188827. [PMID: 36309124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are cell surface receptors that bind growth factor ligands and initiate cellular signaling. Of the 20 classes of RTKs, 7 classes, I-V, VIII, and X, are linked to head and neck cancers (HNCs). We focus on the first class of RTK, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), as it is the most thoroughly studied class. EGFR overexpression is observed in 20% of tumors, and expression of EGFR variant III is seen in 15% of aggressive chemoradiotherapy resistant HNCs. Currently, the EGFR monoclonal antibody (mAb) cetuximab is the only FDA approved RTK-targeting drug for the treatment of HNCs. Clinical trials have also included EGFR mAbs, with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and small molecule inhibitors targeting the EGFR, MAPK, and mTOR pathways. Additionally, Immunotherapy has been found to be effective in 15 to 20% of patients with recurrent or metastatic HNC as a monotherapy. Thus, attempts are underway for the combinatorial treatment of immunotherapy and EGFR mAbs to determine if the recruitment of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment can overcome EGFR resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Kang
- Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Albert Ko
- Department of Surgery, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System/UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sang Hoon Kil
- Department of Surgery, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System/UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jon Mallen-St Clair
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Sanghoon Shin
- Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System/UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marilene B Wang
- Department of Surgery, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System/UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eri S Srivatsan
- Department of Surgery, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System/UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway as a Radiosensitization in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415749. [PMID: 36555391 PMCID: PMC9778923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, there are over half a million new patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) every year. The current therapeutic approaches to HNSCC are surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. These approaches carry a high incidence of metastasis or recurrence from HNSCC cells' radioresistance. Recent studies have revealed that a combination with radiosensitizers can be used to improve the radioresistance in HNSCC; however, few agents are approved as radiosensitizers. The constitutive activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a vitally oncogenic type of signaling that promotes tumorigenesis, metastasis, and radiotherapy resistance in HNSCC. Pharmacological targeting of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is considered a promising strategy of radiosensitization in HNSCC. In this review, we summarize the oncogenic significance of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in HNSCC with radiotherapy resistance and highlight the therapeutic potential of small molecule inhibitors against PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling for the radiosensitization in HNSCC treatment. It provides a mechanistic framework for the development of new drugs for radiosensitization in HNSCC radiotherapy via targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Gandin V, English BP, Freeman M, Leroux LP, Preibisch S, Walpita D, Jaramillo M, Singer RH. Cap-dependent translation initiation monitored in living cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6558. [PMID: 36323665 PMCID: PMC9630388 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA translation is tightly regulated to preserve cellular homeostasis. Despite extensive biochemical, genetic, and structural studies, a detailed understanding of mRNA translation regulation is lacking. Imaging methodologies able to resolve the binding dynamics of translation factors at single-cell and single-mRNA resolution were necessary to fully elucidate regulation of this paramount process. Here live-cell spectroscopy and single-particle tracking were combined to interrogate the binding dynamics of endogenous initiation factors to the 5'cap. The diffusion of initiation factors (IFs) changed markedly upon their association with mRNA. Quantifying their diffusion characteristics revealed the sequence of IFs assembly and disassembly in cell lines and the clustering of translation in neurons. This approach revealed translation regulation at high spatial and temporal resolution that can be applied to the formation of any endogenous complex that results in a measurable shift in diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gandin
- grid.443970.dJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA USA
| | - Brian P. English
- grid.443970.dJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA USA
| | - Melanie Freeman
- grid.443970.dJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA USA
| | - Louis-Philippe Leroux
- grid.418084.10000 0000 9582 2314Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie (CAFSB), Laval, QC Canada
| | - Stephan Preibisch
- grid.443970.dJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA USA
| | - Deepika Walpita
- grid.443970.dJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA USA
| | - Maritza Jaramillo
- grid.418084.10000 0000 9582 2314Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie (CAFSB), Laval, QC Canada
| | - Robert H. Singer
- grid.443970.dJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA USA
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Hernandez-Lara MA, Yadav SK, Shah SD, Okumura M, Yokoyama Y, Penn RB, Kambayashi T, Deshpande DA. Regulation of Airway Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Diacylglycerol Kinase: Relevance to Airway Remodeling in Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11868. [PMID: 36233170 PMCID: PMC9569455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway remodeling in asthma involves the hyperproliferation of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. However, the molecular signals that regulate ASM growth are not completely understood. Gq-coupled G protein-coupled receptor and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling regulate ASM cell proliferation via activation of phospholipase C, generation of inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) converts DAG into phosphatidic acid (PA) and terminates DAG signaling while promoting PA-mediated signaling and function. Herein, we hypothesized that PA is a pro-mitogenic second messenger in ASM, and DGK inhibition reduces the conversion of DAG into PA resulting in inhibition of ASM cell proliferation. We assessed the effect of pharmacological inhibition of DGK on pro-mitogenic signaling and proliferation in primary human ASM cells. Pretreatment with DGK inhibitor I (DGKI) significantly inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated ASM cell proliferation. Anti-mitogenic effect of DGKI was associated with decreased mTOR signaling and expression of cyclin D1. Exogenous PA promoted pro-mitogenic signaling and rescued DGKI-induced attenuation of ASM cell proliferation. Finally, house dust mite (HDM) challenge in wild type mice promoted airway remodeling features, which were attenuated in DGKζ-/- mice. We propose that DGK serves as a potential drug target for mitigating airway remodeling in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Hernandez-Lara
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Santosh K Yadav
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Sushrut D Shah
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Mariko Okumura
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuichi Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raymond B Penn
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Deepak A Deshpande
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Semlali A, Papadakos S, Contant C, Zouaoui I, Rouabhia M. Rapamycin inhibits oral cancer cell growth by promoting oxidative stress and suppressing ERK1/2, NF-κB and beta-catenin pathways. Front Oncol 2022; 12:873447. [PMID: 36185289 PMCID: PMC9520465 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.873447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of oral cancer is based exclusively on surgery combined with or without chemotherapy. However, it has several side effects. Targeting a new, more effective therapy has become an urgent matter. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-tumor activity of rapamycin in oral cancer and its mechanism of action. Human gingival carcinoma cells were stimulated with different concentrations of rapamycin to assess proliferation, colony formation, cell migration, as well as apoptosis, and autophagy. The expression of proteins involved in the cell cycle (cyclin D1, p15, p21, p27) and autophagy, as well as that of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, were determined by quantitative PCR. The signaling pathways were evaluated by Western blotting. Our results show that rapamycin has a selective effect at a low dose on cancer cell growth/survival. This was confirmed by low colony formation and the inhibition of cell migration, while increasing cell apoptosis by activating caspase-9 and -3. Rapamycin promoted cell autophagy and increased mitochondrial oxidative stress by being involved in DNA damage in the exposed cells. Finally, rapamycin exhibits potent anti-oral cancer properties through inhibition of several cancer-promoting pathways (MAPK, NF-κB, and Wnt/beta-catenin). These results indicate that rapamycin could be a potential agent for the treatment of oral cancer and for a prevention strategy.
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58
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Understanding the Polyamine and mTOR Pathway Interaction in Breast Cancer Cell Growth. MEDICAL SCIENCES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:medsci10030051. [PMID: 36135836 PMCID: PMC9504347 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are nutrient-like polycationic molecules involved in metabolic processes and signaling pathways linked to cell growth and cancer. One important pathway is the PI3K/Akt pathway where studies have shown that polyamines mediate downstream growth effects. Downstream of PI3K/Akt is the mTOR signaling pathway, a nutrient-sensing pathway that regulate translation initiation through 4EBP1 and p70S6K phosphorylation and, along with the PI3K/Akt, is frequently dysregulated in breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the effect of intracellular polyamine modulation on mTORC1 downstream protein and general translation state in two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The effect of mTORC1 pathway inhibition on the growth and intracellular polyamines was also measured. Results showed that polyamine modulation alters 4EBP1 and p70S6K phosphorylation and translation initiation in the breast cancer cells. mTOR siRNA gene knockdown also inhibited cell growth and decreased putrescine and spermidine content. Co-treatment of inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis and mTORC1 pathway induced greater cytotoxicity and translation inhibition in the breast cancer cells. Taken together, these data suggest that polyamines promote cell growth in part through interaction with mTOR pathway. Similarly intracellular polyamine content appears to be linked to mTOR pathway regulation. Finally, dual inhibition of polyamine and mTOR pathways may provide therapeutic benefits in some breast cancers.
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Rezaei R, Wu G. Branched-chain amino acids regulate intracellular protein turnover in porcine mammary epithelial cells. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1491-1504. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Yuskaitis CJ, Modasia JB, Schrötter S, Rossitto LA, Groff KJ, Morici C, Mithal DS, Chakrabarty RP, Chandel NS, Manning BD, Sahin M. DEPDC5-dependent mTORC1 signaling mechanisms are critical for the anti-seizure effects of acute fasting. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111278. [PMID: 36044864 PMCID: PMC9508617 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction and acute fasting are known to reduce seizures but through unclear mechanisms. mTOR signaling has been suggested as a potential mechanism for seizure protection from fasting. We demonstrate that brain mTORC1 signaling is reduced after acute fasting of mice and that neuronal mTORC1 integrates GATOR1 complex-mediated amino acid and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)-mediated growth factor signaling. Neuronal mTORC1 is most sensitive to withdrawal of leucine, arginine, and glutamine, which are dependent on DEPDC5, a component of the GATOR1 complex. Metabolomic analysis reveals that Depdc5 neuronal-specific knockout mice are resistant to sensing significant fluctuations in brain amino acid levels after fasting. Depdc5 neuronal-specific knockout mice are resistant to the protective effects of fasting on seizures or seizure-induced death. These results establish that acute fasting reduces seizure susceptibility in a DEPDC5-dependent manner. Modulation of nutrients upstream of GATOR1 and mTORC1 could offer a rational therapeutic strategy for epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Yuskaitis
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology and Epilepsy Genetics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinita B Modasia
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra Schrötter
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leigh-Ana Rossitto
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karenna J Groff
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Morici
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Divakar S Mithal
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Section of Neurology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ram P Chakrabarty
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brendan D Manning
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Wang W, Liu T, Ren J, Chen S, Lu T, Tie Y, Yuan X, Mo F, Yang J, Wei Y, Wei X. Ammonia promotes the proliferation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells by regulating the Akt/mTOR/S6k pathway. Bone Res 2022; 10:57. [PMID: 36028500 PMCID: PMC9418171 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonia plays an important role in cellular metabolism. However, ammonia is considered a toxic product. In bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, multipotent stem cells with high expression of glutamine synthetase (GS) in bone marrow, ammonia and glutamate can be converted to glutamine via glutamine synthetase activity to support the proliferation of MSCs. As a major nutritional amino acid for biosynthesis, glutamine can activate the Akt/mTOR/S6k pathway to stimulate cell proliferation. The activation of mTOR can promote cell entry into S phase, thereby enhancing DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Our studies demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells can convert the toxic waste product ammonia into nutritional glutamine via GS activity. Then, the Akt/mTOR/S6k pathway is activated to promote bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell proliferation. These results suggest a new therapeutic strategy and potential target for the treatment of diseases involving hyperammonemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Xiangxian Zhang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University (WCSUH-SCU), Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University (WCSUH-SCU), Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Tianqi Lu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Yan Tie
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Xia Yuan
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Fei Mo
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China.
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O'Shea AE, Valdera FA, Ensley D, Smolinsky TR, Cindass JL, Kemp Bohan PM, Hickerson AT, Carpenter EL, McCarthy PM, Adams AM, Vreeland TJ, Clifton GT, Peoples GE. Immunologic and dose dependent effects of rapamycin and its evolving role in chemoprevention. Clin Immunol 2022; 245:109095. [PMID: 35973640 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin inhibits the mechanistic (formally mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR), an evolutionarily conserved intracellular kinase that influences activation of growth signaling pathways and immune responses to malignancy. Rapamycin has been found to have both immunosuppressant and immunostimulatory effects throughout the innate and adaptive responses based on the inhibition of mTOR signaling. While the immunosuppressant properties of rapamycin and mTOR inhibition explain rapamycin's success in the prevention of transplant rejection, the immunostimulatory characteristics are likely partially responsible for rapamycin's anti-neoplastic effects. The immunologic response to rapamycin is at least partially dependent on the dose and administration schedule, with lower doses inducing immunostimulation and intermittent dosing promoting immune function while limiting metabolic and immunosuppressant toxicities. In addition to its FDA-approved application in advanced malignancies, rapamycin may be effective as a chemopreventive agent, suspending progression of low-grade cancers, preventing invasive conversion of in situ malignancy, or delaying malignant transformation of established pre-malignant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E O'Shea
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Franklin A Valdera
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Daniel Ensley
- Department of Urology, Brooke Army Medical Center, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Todd R Smolinsky
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica L Cindass
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Patrick M McCarthy
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra M Adams
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy J Vreeland
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA; Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guy T Clifton
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA; Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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63
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Li HL, Deng NH, He XS, Li YH. Small biomarkers with massive impacts: PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling and microRNA crosstalk regulate nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Biomark Res 2022; 10:52. [PMID: 35883139 PMCID: PMC9327212 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common malignant tumours of the head and neck in Southeast Asia and southern China. The Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway is involved in processes related to tumour initiation/progression, such as proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and drug resistance, and is closely related to the clinicopathological features of NPC. In addition, key genes involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway undergo many changes in NPC. More interestingly, a growing body of evidence suggests an interaction between this signalling pathway and microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small noncoding RNAs. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the interactions between key components of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway and various miRNAs and their importance in NPC pathology and explore potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute of Medical College, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Nian-Hua Deng
- Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, International Joint Laboratory for Arteriosclerotic Disease Research of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Sheng He
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute of Medical College, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China.
| | - Yue-Hua Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, P.R. China.
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64
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The mTOR Signaling Pathway in Multiple Sclerosis; from Animal Models to Human Data. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158077. [PMID: 35897651 PMCID: PMC9332053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article recapitulates the evidence on the role of mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) complex pathways in multiple sclerosis (MS). Key biological processes that intersect with mTOR signaling cascades include autophagy, inflammasome activation, innate (e.g., microglial) and adaptive (B and T cell) immune responses, and axonal and neuronal toxicity/degeneration. There is robust evidence that mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin, ameliorate the clinical course of the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). New, evolving data unravel mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect on EAE, which include balance among T-effector and T-regulatory cells, and mTOR effects on myeloid cell function, polarization, and antigen presentation, with relevance to MS pathogenesis. Radiologic and preliminary clinical data from a phase 2 randomized, controlled trial of temsirolimus (a rapamycin analogue) in MS show moderate efficacy, with significant adverse effects. Large clinical trials of indirect mTOR inhibitors (metformin) in MS are lacking; however, a smaller prospective, non-randomized study shows some potentially promising radiological results in combination with ex vivo beneficial effects on immune cells that might warrant further investigation. Importantly, the study of mTOR pathway contributions to autoimmune inflammatory demyelination and multiple sclerosis illustrates the difficulties in the clinical application of animal model results. Nevertheless, it is not inconceivable that targeting metabolism in the future with cell-selective mTOR inhibitors (compared to the broad inhibitors tried to date) could be developed to improve efficacy and reduce side effects.
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65
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eIF4A1 Inhibitor Suppresses Hyperactive mTOR-Associated Tumors by Inducing Necroptosis and G2/M Arrest. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136932. [PMID: 35805935 PMCID: PMC9266907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrantly activated mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway stimulates translation initiation/protein synthesis and eventually causes tumors. Targeting these processes thus holds potential for treating mTOR-associated diseases. We tested the potential of eFT226, a sequence-selective inhibitor of eIF4A-mediated translation, in the treatment of mTOR hyperactive cells caused by the deletion of tuberous sclerosis complex 1/2 (TSC1/2) or phosphatase and TENsin homology (PTEN). eFT226 preferentially inhibited the proliferation of Tsc2- and Pten-deficient cells by inducing necroptosis and G2/M phase arrest. In addition, eFT226 blocked the development of TSC2-deficient tumors. The translation initiation inhibitor is thus a promising regimen for the treatment of hyperactive mTOR-mediated tumors.
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Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6 are critical mediators of cellular transition into S phase and are important for the initiation, growth and survival of many cancer types. Pharmacological inhibitors of CDK4/6 have rapidly become a new standard of care for patients with advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. As expected, CDK4/6 inhibitors arrest sensitive tumour cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. However, the effects of CDK4/6 inhibition are far more wide-reaching. New insights into their mechanisms of action have triggered identification of new therapeutic opportunities, including the development of novel combination regimens, expanded application to a broader range of cancers and use as supportive care to ameliorate the toxic effects of other therapies. Exploring these new opportunities in the clinic is an urgent priority, which in many cases has not been adequately addressed. Here, we provide a framework for conceptualizing the activity of CDK4/6 inhibitors in cancer and explain how this framework might shape the future clinical development of these agents. We also discuss the biological underpinnings of CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance, an increasingly common challenge in clinical oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shom Goel
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Johann S Bergholz
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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67
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Symbiosis with Dinoflagellates Alters Cnidarian Cell-Cycle Gene Expression. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/3330160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis, hosts show altered expression of genes involved in growth and proliferation when in the symbiotic state, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie the host’s altered growth rate. Using tissue-specific transcriptomics, we determined how symbiosis affects expression of cell cycle-associated genes, in the model symbiotic cnidarian Exaiptasia diaphana (Aiptasia). The presence of symbionts within the gastrodermis elicited cell-cycle arrest in the G1 phase in a larger proportion of host cells compared with the aposymbiotic gastrodermis. The symbiotic gastrodermis also showed a reduction in the amount of cells synthesizing their DNA and progressing through mitosis when compared with the aposymbiotic gastrodermis. Host apoptotic inhibitors (Mdm2) were elevated, while host apoptotic sensitizers (c-Myc) were depressed, in the symbiotic gastrodermis when compared with the aposymbiotic gastrodermis and epidermis of symbiotic anemones, respectively. This indicates that the presence of symbionts negatively regulates host apoptosis, possibly contributing to their persistence within the host. Transcripts (ATM/ATR) associated with DNA damage were also downregulated in symbiotic gastrodermal tissues. In epidermal cells, a single gene (Mob1) required for mitotic completion was upregulated in symbiotic compared with aposymbiotic anemones, suggesting that the presence of symbionts in the gastrodermis stimulates host cell division in the epidermis. To further corroborate this hypothesis, we performed microscopic analysis using an S-phase indicator (EdU), allowing us to evaluate cell cycling in host cells. Our results confirmed that there were significantly more proliferating host cells in both the gastrodermis and epidermis in the symbiotic state compared with the aposymbiotic state. Furthermore, when comparing between tissue layers in the presence of symbionts, the epidermis had significantly more proliferating host cells than the symbiont-containing gastrodermis. These results contribute to our understanding of the influence of symbionts on the mechanisms of cnidarian cell proliferation and mechanisms associated with symbiont maintenance.
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Castro-Guarda M, Arancibia Y, Chipón C, Matamala C, Oyarzo P, Vargas G, Reyes A, Salas M, Morera FJ, Zambrano A. Metabolic changes induced by DNA damage in Ramos cells: Exploring the role of mTORC1 complex. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1509-1522. [PMID: 35538662 PMCID: PMC9340868 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage induces the activation of many different signals associated with repair or cell death, but it is also connected with physiological events, such as adult neurogenesis and B‐cell differentiation. DNA damage induces different signaling pathways, some of them linked to important metabolic changes. The mTORC1 pathway has a central role in the regulation of growth processes and cell division in response to environmental changes and also controls protein synthesis, lipid biogenesis, nucleotide synthesis, and expression of glycolytic genes. Here, we report that double‐strand breaks induced with etoposide affect the expression of genes encoding different enzymes associated with specific metabolic pathways in Ramos cells. We also analyzed the role of mTOR signaling, demonstrating that double‐strand breaks induce downregulation of mTOR signaling. Specific inhibition of mTORC1 using rapamycin also induced changes in the expression of metabolic genes. Finally, we demonstrated that DNA damage and rapamycin can regulate glucose uptake. In summary, our findings show that etoposide and rapamycin affect the expression of metabolic genes as well as apoptotic and proliferation markers in Ramos cells, increasing our understanding of cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Castro-Guarda
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Yennyfer Arancibia
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Carina Chipón
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Christofer Matamala
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Paola Oyarzo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Gabriela Vargas
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Alejandro Reyes
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile.,Campus Patagonia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Coyhaique, 5950000, Chile
| | - Mónica Salas
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Francisco J Morera
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Angara Zambrano
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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69
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Gonzalez P, Lozano P, Solano F. Unraveling the Metabolic Hallmarks for the Optimization of Protein Intake in Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061182. [PMID: 35334840 PMCID: PMC8954715 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The daily amount and quality of protein that should be administered by enteral nutrition in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is a widely studied but still controversial issue. This is due to a compromise between the protein necessary to maintain muscular proteostasis avoiding sarcopenia, and the minimal amount required to prevent uremia and the accumulation of nitrogenous toxic substances in blood because of the renal function limitations. This review underlines some intracellular and extracellular features that should be considered to reconcile those two opposite factors. On one hand, the physiological conditions and usual side effects associated with CKD, mTOR and other proteins and nutrients involved in the regulation of protein synthesis in the muscular tissue are discussed. On the other hand, the main digestive features of the most common proteins used for enteral nutrition formulation (i.e., whey, casein and soy protein) are highlighted, due to the importance of supplying key amino acids to serum and tissues to maintain their concentration above the anabolic threshold needed for active protein synthesis, thereby minimizing the catabolic pathways leading to urea formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gonzalez
- Project Manager, Fresenius Kabi España, Sociedad Anonima Unipersonal, Marina 16-18, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Pedro Lozano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology “B” and Immunology, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Francisco Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology “B” and Immunology, IMIB (Murcian Institute of Health Research), Faculty of Medicine, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.G.); (F.S.)
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70
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Watt AC, Goel S. Cellular mechanisms underlying response and resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors in the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:17. [PMID: 35248122 PMCID: PMC8898415 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) are now an established standard of care for patients with advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. The canonical mechanism underlying CDK4/6 inhibitor activity is the suppression of phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein, which serves to prevent cancer cell proliferation. Recent data suggest that these agents induce other diverse effects within both tumor and stromal compartments, which serve to explain aspects of their clinical activity. Here, we review these phenomena and discuss how they might be leveraged in the development of novel CDK4/6 inhibitor-containing combination treatments. We also briefly review the various known mechanisms of acquired resistance in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- April C Watt
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Shom Goel
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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71
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An amino acid-defined diet impairs tumour growth in mice by promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress and mTOR inhibition. Mol Metab 2022; 60:101478. [PMID: 35367410 PMCID: PMC9014392 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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72
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Yamada C, Morooka A, Miyazaki S, Nagai M, Mase S, Iemura K, Tasnin MN, Takuma T, Nakamura S, Morshed S, Koike N, Mostofa MG, Rahman MA, Sharmin T, Katsuta H, Ohara K, Tanaka K, Ushimaru T. TORC1 inactivation promotes APC/C-dependent mitotic slippage in yeast and human cells. iScience 2022; 25:103675. [PMID: 35141499 PMCID: PMC8814761 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsatisfied kinetochore-microtubule attachment activates the spindle assembly checkpoint to inhibit the metaphase-anaphase transition. However, some cells eventually override mitotic arrest by mitotic slippage. Here, we show that inactivation of TORC1 kinase elicits mitotic slippage in budding yeast and human cells. Yeast mitotic slippage was accompanied with aberrant aspects, such as degradation of the nucleolar protein Net1, release of phosphatase Cdc14, and anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-Cdh1-dependent degradation of securin and cyclin B in metaphase. This mitotic slippage caused chromosome instability. In human cells, mammalian TORC1 (mTORC1) inactivation also invoked mitotic slippage, indicating that TORC1 inactivation-induced mitotic slippage is conserved from yeast to mammalian cells. However, the invoked mitotic slippage in human cells was not dependent on APC/C-Cdh1. This study revealed an unexpected involvement of TORC1 in mitosis and provides information on undesirable side effects of the use of TORC1 inhibitors as immunosuppressants and anti-tumor drugs. Yeast TORC1 inhibition promotes Net1 degradation and Cdc14 release Yeast TORC1 inhibition invokes mitotic slippage in an APC/C-Cdh1-dependent manner Human mTORC1 inhibition also elicits mitotic slippage
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Aya Morooka
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Seira Miyazaki
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nagai
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Mase
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Kenji Iemura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Most Naoshia Tasnin
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Takuma
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nakamura
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Shamsul Morshed
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Naoki Koike
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Md Golam Mostofa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Muhammad Arifur Rahman
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Tasnuva Sharmin
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Haruko Katsuta
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ohara
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takashi Ushimaru
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan.,Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
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73
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ADRB3 induces mobilization and inhibits differentiation of both breast cancer cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:141. [PMID: 35145073 PMCID: PMC8831559 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic tumors are mainly composed of neoplastic cells escaping from the primary tumor and inflammatory cells egressing from bone marrow. Cancer cell and inflammatory cell are remained in the state of immaturity during migration to distant organs. Here, we show that ADRB3 is crucial in cell mobilization and differentiation. Immunohistochemistry revealed ADRB3 expression is significantly more frequent in breast cancer tissues than in adjacent noncancerous tissues (92.1% vs. 31.5%). Expression of ADRB3 correlated with malignant degree, TNM stage and poor prognosis. Moreover, ADRB3 expression was markedly high in activated disseminated tumor cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), lymphocytes and neutrophil extracellular traps of patients. Importantly, ADRB3 promoted the expansion of MDSC through stimulation of bone marrow mobilization and inhibiting of the differentiation of immature myeloid cells. Furthermore, ADRB3 promoted MCF-7 cells proliferation and inhibited transdifferentiation into adipocyte-like cell by activating mTOR pathway. Ultimately, the MDSC-deficient phenotype of ADRB3 -/- PyMT mice was associated with impairment of mammary tumorigenesis and reduction in pulmonary metastasis. Collectively, ADRB3 promotes metastasis by inducing mobilization and inhibiting differentiation of both breast cancer cells and MDSCs.
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74
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Wong YK, Wang J, Lim TK, Lin Q, Yap CT, Shen HM. O-GlcNAcylation promotes fatty acid synthase activity under nutritional stress as a pro-survival mechanism in cancer cells. Proteomics 2022; 22:e2100175. [PMID: 35083852 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Protein O-GlcNAcylation is a specific form of protein glycosylation that targets a wide range of proteins with important functions. O-GlcNAcylation is known to be deregulated in cancer and has been linked to multiple aspects of cancer pathology. Despite its ubiquity and importance, the current understanding of the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the stress response remains limited. In this study, we performed a quantitative chemical proteomics-based open study of the O-GlcNAcome in HeLa cells, and identified 163 differentially-glycosylated proteins under starvation, involving multiple metabolic pathways. Among them, fatty acid metabolism was found to be targeted and subsequent analysis confirmed that fatty acid synthase (FASN) is O-GlcNAcylated. O-GlcNAcylation led to enhanced de novo fatty acid synthesis activity, and fatty acids contributed to the cytoprotective effects of O-GlcNAcylation under starvation. Moreover, dual inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation and FASN displayed a strong synergistic effect in vitro in inducing cell death in cancer cells. Together, the results from this study provide novel insights into the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the nutritional stress response and suggest the potential of combining inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation and fatty acid synthesis in cancer therapy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Kwan Wong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Jigang Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Teck Kwang Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Qingsong Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Celestial T Yap
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore.,Cancer Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore.,National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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75
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Ziegler DV, Huber K, Fajas L. The Intricate Interplay between Cell Cycle Regulators and Autophagy in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010153. [PMID: 35008317 PMCID: PMC8750274 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic program regulated by multiple external and internal cues. A large amount of evidence unraveled that cell-cycle regulators are crucial in its control. This review highlights the interplay between cell-cycle regulators, including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, cyclin-dependent kinases, and E2F factors, in the control of autophagy all along the cell cycle. Beyond the intimate link between cell cycle and autophagy, this review opens therapeutic perspectives in modulating together these two aspects to block cancer progression. Abstract In the past decade, cell cycle regulators have extended their canonical role in cell cycle progression to the regulation of various cellular processes, including cellular metabolism. The regulation of metabolism is intimately connected with the function of autophagy, a catabolic process that promotes the efficient recycling of endogenous components from both extrinsic stress, e.g., nutrient deprivation, and intrinsic sub-lethal damage. Mediating cellular homeostasis and cytoprotection, autophagy is found to be dysregulated in numerous pathophysiological contexts, such as cancer. As an adaptative advantage, the upregulation of autophagy allows tumor cells to integrate stress signals, escaping multiple cell death mechanisms. Nevertheless, the precise role of autophagy during tumor development and progression remains highly context-dependent. Recently, multiple articles has suggested the importance of various cell cycle regulators in the modulation of autophagic processes. Here, we review the current clues indicating that cell-cycle regulators, including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs), cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and E2F transcription factors, are intrinsically linked to the regulation of autophagy. As an increasing number of studies highlight the importance of autophagy in cancer progression, we finally evoke new perspectives in therapeutic avenues that may include both cell cycle inhibitors and autophagy modulators to synergize antitumor efficacy.
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76
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Shen C, He Y, Chen Q, Feng H, Williams TM, Lu Y, He Z. Narrative review of emerging roles for AKT-mTOR signaling in cancer radioimmunotherapy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1596. [PMID: 34790802 PMCID: PMC8576660 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective To summarize the roles of AKT-mTOR signaling in the regulation of the DNA damage response and PD-L1 expression in cancer cells, and propose a novel strategy of targeting AKT-mTOR signaling in combination with radioimmunotherapy in the era of cancer immunotherapy Background Immunotherapy has greatly improved the clinical outcomes of many cancer patients and has changed the landscape of cancer patient management. However, only a small subgroup of cancer patients (~20–30%) benefit from immune checkpoint blockade-based immunotherapy. The current challenge is to find biomarkers to predict the response of patients to immunotherapy and strategies to sensitize patients to immunotherapy. Methods Search and review the literature which were published in PUBMED from 2000–2021 with the key words mTOR, AKT, drug resistance, DNA damage response, immunotherapy, PD-L1, DNA repair, radioimmunotherapy. Conclusions More than 50% of cancer patients receive radiotherapy during their course of treatment. Radiotherapy has been shown to reduce the growth of locally irradiated tumors as well as metastatic non-irradiated tumors (abscopal effects) by affecting systemic immunity. Consistently, immunotherapy has been demonstrated to enhance radiotherapy with more than one hundred clinical trials of radiation in combination with immunotherapy (radioimmunotherapy) across cancer types. Nevertheless, current available data have shown limited efficacy of trials testing radioimmunotherapy. AKT-mTOR signaling is a major tumor growth-promoting pathway and is upregulated in most cancers. AKT-mTOR signaling is activated by growth factors as well as genotoxic stresses including radiotherapy. Importantly, recent advances have shown that AKT-mTOR is one of the main signaling pathways that regulate DNA damage repair as well as PD-L1 levels in cancers. These recent advances clearly suggest a novel cancer therapy strategy by targeting AKT-mTOR signaling in combination with radioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxian Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yuqi He
- Monash School of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haihua Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Terence M Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yuanzhi Lu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengfu He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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77
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Smith AE, Ferraro E, Safonov A, Morales CB, Lahuerta EJA, Li Q, Kulick A, Ross D, Solit DB, de Stanchina E, Reis-Filho J, Rosen N, Arribas J, Razavi P, Chandarlapaty S. HER2 + breast cancers evade anti-HER2 therapy via a switch in driver pathway. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6667. [PMID: 34795269 PMCID: PMC8602441 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of HER2 in HER2-amplified breast cancer has been remarkably successful clinically, as demonstrated by the efficacy of HER-kinase inhibitors and HER2-antibody treatments. Whilst resistance to HER2 inhibition is common in the metastatic setting, the specific programs downstream of HER2 driving resistance are not established. Through genomic profiling of 733 HER2-amplified breast cancers, we identify enrichment of somatic alterations that promote MEK/ERK signaling in metastatic tumors with shortened progression-free survival on anti-HER2 therapy. These mutations, including NF1 loss and ERBB2 activating mutations, are sufficient to mediate resistance to FDA-approved HER2 kinase inhibitors including tucatinib and neratinib. Moreover, resistant tumors lose AKT dependence while undergoing a dramatic sensitization to MEK/ERK inhibition. Mechanistically, this driver pathway switch is a result of MEK-dependent activation of CDK2 kinase. These results establish genetic activation of MAPK as a recurrent mechanism of anti-HER2 therapy resistance that may be effectively combated with MEK/ERK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Smith
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Emanuela Ferraro
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Breast Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Anton Safonov
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Breast Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | | | - Qing Li
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Amanda Kulick
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Dara Ross
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - David B Solit
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jorge Reis-Filho
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Neal Rosen
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Joaquín Arribas
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedram Razavi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Breast Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sarat Chandarlapaty
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Breast Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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78
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Djuzenova CS, Fischer T, Katzer A, Sisario D, Korsa T, Steussloff G, Sukhorukov VL, Flentje M. Opposite effects of the triple target (DNA-PK/PI3K/mTOR) inhibitor PI-103 on the radiation sensitivity of glioblastoma cell lines proficient and deficient in DNA-PKcs. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1201. [PMID: 34763650 PMCID: PMC8582108 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy is routinely used to combat glioblastoma (GBM). However, the treatment efficacy is often limited by the radioresistance of GBM cells. METHODS Two GBM lines MO59K and MO59J, differing in intrinsic radiosensitivity and mutational status of DNA-PK and ATM, were analyzed regarding their response to DNA-PK/PI3K/mTOR inhibition by PI-103 in combination with radiation. To this end we assessed colony-forming ability, induction and repair of DNA damage by γH2AX and 53BP1, expression of marker proteins, including those belonging to NHEJ and HR repair pathways, degree of apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle alterations. RESULTS We found that PI-103 radiosensitized MO59K cells but, surprisingly, it induced radiation resistance in MO59J cells. Treatment of MO59K cells with PI-103 lead to protraction of the DNA damage repair as compared to drug-free irradiated cells. In PI-103-treated and irradiated MO59J cells the foci numbers of both proteins was higher than in the drug-free samples, but a large portion of DNA damage was quickly repaired. Another cell line-specific difference includes diminished expression of p53 in MO59J cells, which was further reduced by PI-103. Additionally, PI-103-treated MO59K cells exhibited an increased expression of the apoptosis marker cleaved PARP and increased subG1 fraction. Moreover, irradiation induced a strong G2 arrest in MO59J cells (~ 80% vs. ~ 50% in MO59K), which was, however, partially reduced in the presence of PI-103. In contrast, treatment with PI-103 increased the G2 fraction in irradiated MO59K cells. CONCLUSIONS The triple-target inhibitor PI-103 exerted radiosensitization on MO59K cells, but, unexpectedly, caused radioresistance in the MO59J line, lacking DNA-PK. The difference is most likely due to low expression of the DNA-PK substrate p53 in MO59J cells, which was further reduced by PI-103. This led to less apoptosis as compared to drug-free MO59J cells and enhanced survival via partially abolished cell-cycle arrest. The findings suggest that the lack of DNA-PK-dependent NHEJ in MO59J line might be compensated by DNA-PK independent DSB repair via a yet unknown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cholpon S Djuzenova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Katzer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri Sisario
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Korsa
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Steussloff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir L Sukhorukov
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Flentje
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
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79
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Zhang S, Lin X, Hou Q, Hu Z, Wang Y, Wang Z. Regulation of mTORC1 by amino acids in mammalian cells: A general picture of recent advances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:1009-1023. [PMID: 34738031 PMCID: PMC8536509 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates various types of signal inputs, such as energy, growth factors, and amino acids to regulate cell growth and proliferation mainly through the 2 direct downstream targets, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1). Most of the signal arms upstream of mTORC1 including energy status, stress signals, and growth factors converge on the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) - Ras homologue enriched in brain (Rheb) axis. Amino acids, however, are distinct from other signals and modulate mTORC1 using a unique pathway. In recent years, the transmission mechanism of amino acid signals upstream of mTORC1 has been gradually elucidated, and some sensors or signal transmission pathways for individual amino acids have also been discovered. With the help of these findings, we propose a general picture of recent advances, which demonstrates that various amino acids from lysosomes, cytoplasm, and Golgi are sensed by their respective sensors. These signals converge on mTORC1 and form a huge and complicated signal network with multiple synergies, antagonisms, and feedback mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xueyan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuling Hou
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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80
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Analysis of the early response to spinal cord injury identified a key role for mTORC1 signaling in the activation of neural stem progenitor cells. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:68. [PMID: 34686684 PMCID: PMC8536777 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenopus laevis are able to regenerate the spinal cord during larvae stages through the activation of neural stem progenitor cells (NSPCs). Here we use high-resolution expression profiling to characterize the early transcriptome changes induced after spinal cord injury, aiming to identify the signals that trigger NSPC proliferation. The analysis delineates a pathway that starts with a rapid and transitory activation of immediate early genes, followed by migration processes and immune response genes, the pervasive increase of NSPC-specific ribosome biogenesis factors, and genes involved in stem cell proliferation. Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis showed that mTORC1 is rapidly and transiently activated after SCI, and its pharmacological inhibition impairs spinal cord regeneration and proliferation of NSPC through the downregulation of genes involved in the G1/S transition of cell cycle, with a strong effect on PCNA. We propose that the mTOR signaling pathway is a key player in the activation of NPSCs during the early steps of spinal cord regeneration.
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81
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Saba JA, Liakath-Ali K, Green R, Watt FM. Translational control of stem cell function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:671-690. [PMID: 34272502 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate into many different cell types. Research has focused primarily on how these processes are regulated at a transcriptional level. However, recent studies have indicated that stem cell behaviour is strongly coupled to the regulation of protein synthesis by the ribosome. In this Review, we discuss how different translation mechanisms control the function of adult and embryonic stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by low global translation rates despite high levels of ribosome biogenesis. The maintenance of pluripotency, the commitment to a specific cell fate and the switch to cell differentiation depend on the tight regulation of protein synthesis and ribosome biogenesis. Translation regulatory mechanisms that impact on stem cell function include mTOR signalling, ribosome levels, and mRNA and tRNA features and amounts. Understanding these mechanisms important for stem cell self-renewal and differentiation may also guide our understanding of cancer grade and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Saba
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kifayathullah Liakath-Ali
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Green
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Fiona M Watt
- King's College London Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
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82
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Moustafa-Kamal M, Kucharski TJ, El-Assaad W, Abbas YM, Gandin V, Nagar B, Pelletier J, Topisirovic I, Teodoro JG. The mTORC1/S6K/PDCD4/eIF4A Axis Determines Outcome of Mitotic Arrest. Cell Rep 2021; 33:108230. [PMID: 33027666 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase and a master regulator of cell growth and proliferation. Raptor, a scaffolding protein that recruits substrates to mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), is known to be phosphorylated during mitosis, but the significance of this phosphorylation remains largely unknown. Here we show that raptor expression and mTORC1 activity are dramatically reduced in cells arrested in mitosis. Expression of a non-phosphorylatable raptor mutant reactivates mTORC1 and significantly reduces cytotoxicity of the mitotic poison Taxol. This effect is mediated via degradation of PDCD4, a tumor suppressor protein that inhibits eIF4A activity and is negatively regulated by the mTORC1/S6K pathway. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of eIF4A is able to enhance the effects of Taxol and restore sensitivity in Taxol-resistant cancer cells. These findings indicate that the mTORC1/S6K/PDCD4/eIF4A axis has a pivotal role in the death versus slippage decision during mitotic arrest and may be exploited clinically to treat tumors resistant to anti-mitotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Moustafa-Kamal
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas J Kucharski
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Wissal El-Assaad
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yazan M Abbas
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Valentina Gandin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Bhushan Nagar
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ivan Topisirovic
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, and Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jose G Teodoro
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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83
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Pathological Role of Phosphoglycerate Kinase 1 in Balloon Angioplasty-Induced Neointima Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168822. [PMID: 34445528 PMCID: PMC8396187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Restenosis is a common vascular complication after balloon angioplasty. Catheter balloon inflation-induced transient ischemia (hypoxia) of local arterial tissues plays a pathological role in neointima formation. Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-generating glycolytic enzyme, has been reported to associate with cell survival and can be triggered under hypoxia. The purposes of this study were to investigate the possible role and regulation of PGK1 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and balloon-injured arteries under hypoxia. Neointimal hyperplasia was induced by a rat carotid artery injury model. The cellular functions and regulatory mechanisms of PGK1 in VSMCs were investigated using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), chemical inhibitors, or anaerobic cultivation. Our data indicated that protein expression of PGK1 can be rapidly induced at a very early stage after balloon angioplasty, and the silencing PGK1-induced low cellular energy circumstance resulted in the suppressions of VSMC proliferation and migration. Moreover, the experimental results demonstrated that blockage of PDGF receptor-β (PDGFRB) or its downstream pathway, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) axis, effectively reduced hypoxia-induced factor-1 (HIF-1α) and PGK1 expressions in VSMCs. In vivo study evidenced that PGK1 knockdown significantly reduced neointima hyperplasia. PGK1 was expressed at the early stage of neointimal formation, and suppressing PGK1 has a potential beneficial effect for preventing restenosis.
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84
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Zhang EB, Zhang X, Wang K, Zhang F, Chen TW, Ma N, Ni QZ, Wang YK, Zheng QW, Cao HJ, Xia J, Zhu B, Xu S, Ding X, Wang X, Li Z, Cheng S, Xie D, Li JJ. Antifungal agent Terbinafine restrains tumor growth in preclinical models of hepatocellular carcinoma via AMPK-mTOR axis. Oncogene 2021; 40:5302-5313. [PMID: 34247189 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unsatisfactory due to limited effective treatment options. In this work, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of Terbinafine for HCC and the underlying mechanism. The influence of Terbinafine on cell growth, 3D spheroid formation, clonogenic survival, and protein synthesis was investigated in human HCC cell lines. Co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and other techniques were employed to explore how Terbinafine exerts its anticancer effect. Subcutaneous tumorigenicity assay, orthotopic and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) HCC models were used to evaluate the anticancer effect of Terbinafine monotherapy and the combinatorial treatment with Terbinafine and sorafenib against HCC. The anticancer activity of Terbinafine was Squalene epoxidase (SQLE)-independent. Instead, Terbinafine robustly suppressed the proliferation of HCC cells by inhibiting mTORC1 signaling via activation of AMPK. Terbinafine alone or in combination with sorafenib delayed tumor progression and markedly prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. The synergy between Terbinafine and sorafenib was due to concomitant inhibition of mTORC1 and induction of severe persistent DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which led to the delayed proliferation and accelerated cell death. Terbinafine showed promising anticancer efficacy in preclinical models of HCC and may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Bin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuping Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery VI, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, 2000438, Shanghai, China
- Faculty of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Chinese People Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital; Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery of Chinese PLA, 100853, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery VI, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, 2000438, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengkun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Zhi Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Kang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Wen Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Jun Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Xufen Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- First People's Hospital of Huzhou, First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, 313000, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Section of Esophageal Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqun Cheng
- Department of Hepatic Surgery VI, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, 2000438, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dong Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, 100022, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.
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Ikari S, Yang Q, Lu SL, Liu Y, Hao F, Tong G, Lu S, Noda T. Quercetin in Tartary Buckwheat Induces Autophagy against Protein Aggregations. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081217. [PMID: 34439466 PMCID: PMC8388858 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat is used as an ingredient in flour and tea, as well as in traditional Chinese medicine for its antioxidant effects. Here, we found that an ethanol extract of tartary buckwheat (TBE) potently induced autophagy flux in HeLa cells by suppressing mTORC1 activity, as revealed by dephosphorylation of the mTORC1 substrates Ulk1, S6K, and 4EBP, as well as by the nuclear translocation of transcriptional factor EB. In addition to non-selective bulk autophagy, TBE also induced aggrephagy, which is defined as autophagy against aggregated proteins. Quercetin is a flavonol found at high levels in TBE. We showed that quercetin induced both non-selective bulk autophagy and aggrephagy. These effects were also observed in Huh-7 cells derived from hepatocytes. Thus, aggrephagy induction by TBE and quercetin may relieve alcoholic hepatitis, which is closely linked to the accumulation of protein aggregations called Mallory–Denk bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiko Ikari
- Center for Frontier of Oral Sciences, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan; (S.I.); (S.-L.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Qiang Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Lab for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Daye 435100, China; (Q.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shiou-Ling Lu
- Center for Frontier of Oral Sciences, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan; (S.I.); (S.-L.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Yuancai Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Lab for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Daye 435100, China; (Q.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Feike Hao
- Center for Frontier of Oral Sciences, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan; (S.I.); (S.-L.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Guoqiang Tong
- Jing Brand Company, Ltd., Daye 435100, China; (G.T.); (S.L.)
| | - Shiguang Lu
- Jing Brand Company, Ltd., Daye 435100, China; (G.T.); (S.L.)
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Center for Frontier of Oral Sciences, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan; (S.I.); (S.-L.L.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6879-2976
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Diaz-Muñoz MD, Osma-Garcia IC. The RNA regulatory programs that govern lymphocyte development and function. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2021; 13:e1683. [PMID: 34327847 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes require of constant and dynamic changes in their transcriptome for timely activation and production of effector molecules to combat external pathogens. Synthesis and translation of messenger (m)RNAs into these effector proteins is controlled both quantitatively and qualitatively by RNA binding proteins (RBPs). RBP-dependent regulation of RNA editing, subcellular location, stability, and translation shapes immune cell development and immunity. Extensive evidences have now been gathered from few model RBPs, HuR, PTBP1, ZFP36, and Roquin. However, recently developed methodologies for global characterization of protein:RNA interactions suggest the existence of complex RNA regulatory networks in which RBPs co-ordinately regulate the fate of sets of RNAs controlling cellular pathways and functions. In turn, RNA can also act as scaffolding of functionally related proteins modulating their activation and function. Here we review current knowledge about how RBP-dependent regulation of RNA shapes our immune system and discuss about the existence of a hidden immune cell epitranscriptome. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel D Diaz-Muñoz
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Inserm UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Ines C Osma-Garcia
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Inserm UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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87
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Wang Y, Wang X, Wang M, Zhang L, Zan L, Yang W. Bta-miR-34b controls milk fat biosynthesis via the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway by targeting RAI14 in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:83. [PMID: 34275467 PMCID: PMC8287749 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biosynthesis of milk fat affects both the technological properties and organoleptic quality of milk and dairy products. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs that inhibit the expression of their mRNA targets and are involved in downstream signaling pathways that control several biological processes, including milk fat synthesis. miR-34b is a member of the miR-34 miRNA cluster, which is differentially expressed in the mammary gland tissue of dairy cows during lactation and dry periods. Previous studies have indicated miR-34b is a potential candidate gene that plays a decisive role in regulating milk fat synthesis; therefore, it is important to focus on miR-34b and investigate its regulatory effect on the biosynthesis of milk fat in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). RESULTS In this study, elevated miR-34b levels reduced milk fat synthesis, upregulated 1,999 genes, and downregulated 2,009 genes in BMECs. Moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of differentially expressed genes suggested that miR-34b may play an inhibitory role in milk fat synthesis via the protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway by reducing phosphorylation levels. Notably, the mTOR activator MHY1485 rescued the inhibitory effect of miR-34b. Furthermore, we demonstrated that retinoic acid-induced protein 14 (RAI14) is a target of miR-34b via TargetScan and immunofluorescence assays. RAI14 mRNA and protein levels were significantly decreased by the miR-34b mimic and increased by the miR-34b inhibitor. Moreover, the reduction in RAI14 levels led to the inhibition of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results identified a miR-34b-RAI14-Akt/mTOR regulatory network, while also providing a theoretical basis for the molecular breeding of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Linsen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Wucai Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi China
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88
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Chen L, Dai L, Yan D, Zhou B, Zheng W, Yin J, Zhou T, Liu Z, Deng J, Wang R, Ding X, Chen J. Gleevec and Rapamycin Synergistically Reduce Cell Viability and Inhibit Proliferation and Angiogenic Function of Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells. J Vasc Res 2021; 58:330-342. [PMID: 34247157 DOI: 10.1159/000515816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates the synergistic effects of Gleevec (imatinib) and rapamycin on the proliferative and angiogenic properties of mouse bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS EPCs were isolated from mouse bone marrow and treated with different concentrations of Gleevec or rapamycin individually or in combination. The cell viability and proliferation were examined using the MTT assay. An analysis of cell cycle and apoptosis was performed using flow cytometry. Formation of capillary-like tubes was examined in vitro, and the protein expression of cell differentiation markers was determined using Western blot analysis. RESULTS Gleevec significantly reduced cell viability, cell proliferation, and induced cell apoptosis in EPCs. Rapamycin had similar effects on EPCs, but it did not induce cell apoptosis. The combination of Gleevec and rapamycin reduced the cell proliferation but increased cell apoptosis. Although rapamycin had no demonstratable effect on tube formation, the combined therapy of Gleevec and rapamycin significantly reduced tube formation when compared with Gleevec alone. Mechanistically, Gleevec, but not rapamycin, induced a significant elevation in caspase-3 activity in EPCs, and it attenuated the expression of the endothelial protein marker platelet-derived growth factor receptor α. Functionally, rapamycin, but not Gleevec, significantly enhanced the expression of endothelial differentiation marker proteins, while attenuating the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling-related proteins. CONCLUSIONS Gleevec and rapamycin synergistically suppress cell proliferation and tube formation of EPCs by inducing cell apoptosis and endothelial differentiation. Mechanistically, it is likely that rapamycin enhances the proapoptotic and antiangiogenic effects of Gleevec by promoting the endothelial differentiation of EPCs. Given that EPCs are involved in the pathogenesis of some cardiovascular diseases and critical to angiogenesis, pharmacological inhibition of EPC proliferation by combined Gleevec and rapamycin therapy may be a promising approach for suppressing cardiovascular disease pathologies associated with angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luping Dai
- Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dewen Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Boya Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zehua Liu
- Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianxin Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rehua Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Ding
- Nursing Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
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89
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Lee BJ, Boyer JA, Burnett GL, Thottumkara AP, Tibrewal N, Wilson SL, Hsieh T, Marquez A, Lorenzana EG, Evans JW, Hulea L, Kiss G, Liu H, Lee D, Larsson O, McLaughlan S, Topisirovic I, Wang Z, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Wildes D, Aggen JB, Singh M, Gill AL, Smith JAM, Rosen N. Selective inhibitors of mTORC1 activate 4EBP1 and suppress tumor growth. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:1065-1074. [PMID: 34168367 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The clinical benefits of pan-mTOR active-site inhibitors are limited by toxicity and relief of feedback inhibition of receptor expression. To address these limitations, we designed a series of compounds that selectively inhibit mTORC1 and not mTORC2. These 'bi-steric inhibitors' comprise a rapamycin-like core moiety covalently linked to an mTOR active-site inhibitor. Structural modification of these components modulated their affinities for their binding sites on mTOR and the selectivity of the bi-steric compound. mTORC1-selective compounds potently inhibited 4EBP1 phosphorylation and caused regressions of breast cancer xenografts. Inhibition of 4EBP1 phosphorylation was sufficient to block cancer cell growth and was necessary for maximal antitumor activity. At mTORC1-selective doses, these compounds do not alter glucose tolerance, nor do they relieve AKT-dependent feedback inhibition of HER3. Thus, in preclinical models, selective inhibitors of mTORC1 potently inhibit tumor growth while causing less toxicity and receptor reactivation as compared to pan-mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca J Lee
- Department of Biology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Jacob A Boyer
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - G Leslie Burnett
- Department of Chemistry, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Arun P Thottumkara
- Department of Chemistry, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Nidhi Tibrewal
- Department of Discovery Technologies, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Stacy L Wilson
- Department of Biology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Tientien Hsieh
- Department of Discovery Technologies, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Abby Marquez
- Department of Discovery Technologies, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Edward G Lorenzana
- Department of Biology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - James W Evans
- Department of Biology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Laura Hulea
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology and Departments of Biochemistry and Experimental Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gert Kiss
- Department of Discovery Technologies, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Dong Lee
- Department of Non-clinical Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Ola Larsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Shannon McLaughlan
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology and Departments of Biochemistry and Experimental Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ivan Topisirovic
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology and Departments of Biochemistry and Experimental Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Department of Non-clinical Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Zhican Wang
- Department of Non-clinical Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Yongyuan Zhao
- Department of Non-clinical Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - David Wildes
- Department of Biology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - James B Aggen
- Department of Chemistry, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Mallika Singh
- Department of Biology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Adrian L Gill
- Department of Chemistry, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | - Neal Rosen
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA.
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Meng D, Yang Q, Melick CH, Park BC, Hsieh T, Curukovic A, Jeong M, Zhang J, James NG, Jewell JL. ArfGAP1 inhibits mTORC1 lysosomal localization and activation. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106412. [PMID: 33988249 PMCID: PMC8204869 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates nutrients, growth factors, stress, and energy status to regulate cell growth and metabolism. Amino acids promote mTORC1 lysosomal localization and subsequent activation. However, the subcellular location or interacting proteins of mTORC1 under amino acid-deficient conditions is not completely understood. Here, we identify ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 1 (ArfGAP1) as a crucial regulator of mTORC1. ArfGAP1 interacts with mTORC1 in the absence of amino acids and inhibits mTORC1 lysosomal localization and activation. Mechanistically, the membrane curvature-sensing amphipathic lipid packing sensor (ALPS) motifs that bind to vesicle membranes are crucial for ArfGAP1 to interact with and regulate mTORC1 activity. Importantly, ArfGAP1 represses cell growth through mTORC1 and is an independent prognostic factor for the overall survival of pancreatic cancer patients. Our study identifies ArfGAP1 as a critical regulator of mTORC1 that functions by preventing the lysosomal transport and activation of mTORC1, with potential for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Meng
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Qianmei Yang
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Chase H Melick
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Brenden C Park
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Ting‐Sung Hsieh
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Adna Curukovic
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Mi‐Hyeon Jeong
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Junmei Zhang
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Nicholas G James
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyJohn A. Burns School of MedicineUniversity of HawaiiHonoluluHIUSA
| | - Jenna L Jewell
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
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91
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Holloway RW, Marignani PA. Targeting mTOR and Glycolysis in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2922. [PMID: 34208071 PMCID: PMC8230691 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to one third of all breast cancers are classified as the aggressive HER2-positive subtype, which is associated with a higher risk of recurrence compared to HER2-negative breast cancers. The HER2 hyperactivity associated with this subtype drives tumor growth by up-regulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activity and a metabolic shift to glycolysis. Although inhibitors targeting the HER2 receptor have been successful in treating HER2-positive breast cancer, anti-HER2 therapy is associated with a high risk of recurrence and drug resistance due to stimulation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway and glycolysis. Combination therapies against HER2 with inhibition of mTOR improve clinical outcomes compared to HER2 inhibition alone. Here, we review the role of the HER2 receptor, mTOR pathway, and glycolysis in HER2-positive breast cancer, along with signaling mechanisms and the efficacy of treatment strategies of HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola A. Marignani
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
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92
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Bejaoui M, Taarji N, Saito M, Nakajima M, Isoda H. Argan (Argania Spinosa) press cake extract enhances cell proliferation and prevents oxidative stress and inflammation of human dermal papilla cells. J Dermatol Sci 2021; 103:33-40. [PMID: 34158211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair follicle undergoes a growth cycle under the regulation of dermal papilla cells. Due to their enormous roles, these fibroblast cells have been used in various in vitro studies as a screening model to evaluate the effect of hair growth regulating agents. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we aim to check the hair growth potential effect of Argan press cake (APC) extracted using 50 or 80 % aqueous ethanol on human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) and to determine the molecular mechanism. METHODS APC were applied to HFDPCs, then cell proliferation assays, mitochondrial biogenesis assay, and oxidative stress assay were assessed. DNA microarray was performed from the cells treated with our samples and minoxidil. Validation of the results was done using Quantitative Real-Time PCR with primers for hair-growth related genes. GC/MS analysis was used to determine the compounds contained in APC 50 and 80 %. RESULTS APC enhanced cell proliferation along with the stimulation of the ATP content. Additionally, APC had an anti-oxidant activity against H2O2 mediated oxidative stress preventing dermal papilla cell senescence. Consistent with this, global gene profiling analysis showed an activation of hair growth-related pathway, and a downregulation of inflammation- and oxidative stress-related genes by APC extracts. GC/MS analysis revealed that these extracts contained pure fatty acids, derived sugar chains, and pure compounds including tocopherols, squalene, and spinasterol. CONCLUSION Taken together, here we showed that APC extracts had an effect on stimulating hair growth while inhibiting the inflammation and the oxidative stress of HFDPCs and thus can potentially contribute to an anti-hair loss drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Bejaoui
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; AIST-University of Tsukuba Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering (FoodMed-OIL), AIST, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Noamane Taarji
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; AIST-University of Tsukuba Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering (FoodMed-OIL), AIST, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masako Saito
- Planning Department R & D Division, ADEKA CORPORATION, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakajima
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; AIST-University of Tsukuba Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering (FoodMed-OIL), AIST, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; AIST-University of Tsukuba Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering (FoodMed-OIL), AIST, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
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Ai K, Yan J, Li K, Li C, Zhang Y, Liang W, Li J, Wei X, Yang J. Akt1/mTORC1 signaling modulates adaptive immune response of Nile tilapia by promoting lymphocyte activation and proliferation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:104042. [PMID: 33582106 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Serving as a significant signaling molecule, RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt1) plays indispensable roles in cell cycle, growth, survival, metabolism, as well as immune response. However, how Akt1 regulates adaptive immune response in early vertebrate, especially the teleost, is largely unknown. Here, using a Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus model, we investigated the regulatory role of Akt1 in adaptive immunity of teleost. Both sequence and structure of the O. niloticus Akt1 (OnAkt1), were evolutionarily conserved comparing with the counterparts from other vertebrates. mRNA of OnAkt1 was widely expressed in lymphoid organs/tissues of Nile tilapia, with relative higher level in PBL. After Nile tilapia was infected by Aeromonas hydrophila, both transcription and phosphorylation levels of OnAkt1 were obviously elevated in spleen lymphocytes at the adaptive immune stage, suggesting Akt1 participated in primary adaptive immune response of Nile tilapia. Furthermore, OnAkt1 transcript or phosphorylation was dramatically augmented after spleen lymphocytes were activated by T cell specific mitogen PHA or lymphocyte agonist PMA. More critically, inhibition of Akt1 by specific inhibitor crippled the activation of downstream mTORC1 signaling, and impaired the up-regulation of T cell activation markers CD44, IFN-γ and CD122 in spleen lymphocytes upon PHA-induced T cell activation. Meanwhile, blockade of Akt1-activated mTORC1 signaling also decreased the frequency of BrdU+ lymphocytes during A. hydrophila infection, indicating the critical role of Akt1 in regulating lymphocyte proliferation of Nile tilapia. Together, our results demonstrated that Akt1 modulated adaptive immune response of Nile tilapia by promoting lymphocyte activation and proliferation via mTORC1 signaling. Our study enriched the regulatory mechanism of lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immunity in teleost, and thus provided novel insights into the evolution of adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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94
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Alboushi L, Hackett AP, Naeli P, Bakhti M, Jafarnejad SM. Multifaceted control of mRNA translation machinery in cancer. Cell Signal 2021; 84:110037. [PMID: 33975011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mRNA translation machinery is tightly regulated through several, at times overlapping, mechanisms that modulate its efficiency and accuracy. Due to their fast rate of growth and metabolism, cancer cells require an excessive amount of mRNA translation and protein synthesis. However, unfavorable conditions, such as hypoxia, amino acid starvation, and oxidative stress, which are abundant in cancer, as well as many anti-cancer treatments inhibit mRNA translation. Cancer cells adapt to the various internal and environmental stresses by employing specialised transcript-specific translation to survive and gain a proliferative advantage. We will highlight the major signaling pathways and mechanisms of translation that regulate the global or mRNA-specific translation in response to the intra- or extra-cellular signals and stresses that are key components in the process of tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilas Alboushi
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Angela P Hackett
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Parisa Naeli
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Mostafa Bakhti
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Seyed Mehdi Jafarnejad
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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95
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Miricescu D, Balan DG, Tulin A, Stiru O, Vacaroiu IA, Mihai DA, Popa CC, Papacocea RI, Enyedi M, Sorin NA, Vatachki G, Georgescu DE, Nica AE, Stefani C. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway involvement in renal cell carcinoma pathogenesis (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:540. [PMID: 33815613 PMCID: PMC8014975 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for over 90% of all renal malignancies, and mainly affects the male population. Obesity and smoking are involved in the pathogenesis of several systemic cancers including RCC. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, migration, survival, angiogenesis, and metabolism. Growth factors, hormones, cytokine and many extracellular cues activate PI3K/AKT/mTOR. Dysregulation of this molecular pathway is frequently reported in human cancers including RCC and is associated with aggressive development and poor survival rate. mTOR is the master regulator of cell metabolism and growth, and is activated in many pathological processes such as tumour formation, insulin resistance and angiogenesis. mTOR inhibitors are used at present as drug therapy for RCC to inhibit cell proliferation, growth, survival, and the cell cycle. Temsirolimus and everolimus are two mTOR inhibitors that are currently used for the treatment of RCC. Drugs targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway may be one of the best therapeutic options for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Miricescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Gabriela Balan
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Tulin
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of General Surgery, ‘Prof. Dr. Agrippa Ionescu’ Clinical Emergency Hospital, 011356 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Stiru
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, ‘Prof. Dr. C. C. Iliescu’ Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, 022322 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Adela Vacaroiu
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, ‘Sf. Ioan’ Emergency Clinical Hospital, 042122 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Nephrology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Doina Andrada Mihai
- Discipline of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department II of Diabetes, ‘Prof. N. Paulescu’ Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases National Institute of Diabetes, 020474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Constantin Popa
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Surgery, Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Ioana Papacocea
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaly Enyedi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Radiology, ‘Victor Babes’ Private Medical Clinic, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nedelea Andrei Sorin
- Division of Urology, ‘Prof. Dr. Agrippa Ionescu’ Clinical Emergency Hospital, 011356 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Guenadiy Vatachki
- Department of General Surgery, ‘Fundeni’ Clinical Institute 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragoș Eugen Georgescu
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Elena Nica
- Department of Orthopedics, Anesthesia Intensive Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Stefani
- Department of Family Medicine and Clinical Base, Dr. Carol Davila Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
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96
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Zhu M, Miao S, Zhou W, Elnesr SS, Dong X, Zou X. MAPK, AKT/FoxO3a and mTOR pathways are involved in cadmium regulating the cell cycle, proliferation and apoptosis of chicken follicular granulosa cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 214:112091. [PMID: 33706141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of cadmium (Cd) in feed is a major problem in animal health and production. Studies have confirmed that Cd depresses egg production of laying hens, which is closely related to follicular atresia. This study aimed to assess the toxic impacts of Cd on the ovarian tissue, and to examine the mechanism of Cd-induced granulosa cell proliferation and apoptosis. Results from the nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxide (GSH-Px), total nitric oxide synthase (T-NOS) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and hematoxylin-eosin (H & E) staining indicated that excess Cd induced oxidative stress, granulosa cell apoptosis and follicular atresia in the layer ovary. Low-dose Cd exposure (1 μM) induced the granulosa cell proliferation, upregulated the mRNA levels of RSK1 and RHEB, activated FoxO3a, AKT, ERK1/2, mTOR and p70S6K1 phosphorylation, and promoted cell cycle progression from phase G1 to S. However, high-dose Cd exposure (15 μM) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell apoptosis, upregulated the mRNA levels of the inflammatory factors, ASK1, JNK, p38 and TAK1, downregulated the expressions of RSK1 and RHEB genes, and inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, mTOR and p70S6K1 proteins, and the cell cycle progression. Rapamycin pre-treatment completely blocked the phosphorylation of mTOR and p70S6K1 proteins, and the cell cycle progression induced by 1 μM Cd, and accelerated 15 μM Cd-induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The microRNA sequencing result showed that 15 μM Cd induced differential expression of microRNA genes, which may regulate AKT, ERK1/2 and mTOR signaling and cell cycle progression by regulating the activity of G proteins and cell cycle-related proteins. Conclusively, these results indicated that Cd can cause the ovarian damage and follicular atresia, and regulate cell cycle, cell proliferation or apoptosis of granulosa cells through MAPK, AKT/FoxO3a and mTOR pathways in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Sasa Miao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Wenting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Shaaban Saad Elnesr
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, 63514 Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Xinyang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xiaoting Zou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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97
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Wang W, Zhou Y, Cai Y, Wang S, Shao F, Du J, Fang J, Liu J, Shao X, Liu B, Fang J, Liang Y. Phosphoproteomic Profiling of Rat's Dorsal Root Ganglia Reveals mTOR as a Potential Target in Bone Cancer Pain and Electro-Acupuncture's Analgesia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:593043. [PMID: 33995007 PMCID: PMC8117331 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.593043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone cancer pain (BCP) is a clinical refractory mixed pain involving neuropathic and inflammatory pain, with the underlying mechanisms remaining largely unknown. Electro-acupuncture (EA) can partly alleviate BCP according to previous research. We aim to explore the proteins and major pathways involved in BCP and EA treatment through phosphoproteomic profiling. BCP rat model was built by tibial inoculation of MRMT-1 mammary gland carcinoma cells. Mechanical hyperalgesia determined by paw withdrawal thresholds (PWTs) and bone destruction manifested on the radiographs confirmed the success of modeling, which were attenuated by EA treatment. The differentially expressed phosphorylated proteins (DEPs) co-regulated by BCP modeling and EA treatment in rat dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) were analyzed through PEX100 Protein microarray. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that DEPs were significantly enriched in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. The phosphorylations of mTOR at Ser2448 and Thr2446 were increased in BCP and downregulated by EA. In addition, the phosphorylation of S6K and Akt, markers of the mTOR complex, were also increased in BCP and downregulated by EA. Inhibition of mTOR signaling alleviated the PWTs of BCP rats, while the mTOR agonist impaired the analgesic effect of EA. Thus, our study provided a landscape of protein phosphorylation changes in DRGs of EA-treated BCP rats and revealed that mTOR signaling can be potentially targeted to alleviate BCP by EA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Quzhou Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Quzhou, China
| | - You Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangqian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sisi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangbing Shao
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junying Du
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinggen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Shao
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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98
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Karalis V, Bateup HS. Current Approaches and Future Directions for the Treatment of mTORopathies. Dev Neurosci 2021; 43:143-158. [PMID: 33910214 PMCID: PMC8440338 DOI: 10.1159/000515672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a kinase at the center of an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that orchestrates cell growth and metabolism. mTOR responds to an array of intra- and extracellular stimuli and in turn controls multiple cellular anabolic and catabolic processes. Aberrant mTOR activity is associated with numerous diseases, with particularly profound impact on the nervous system. mTOR is found in two protein complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and 2 (mTORC2), which are governed by different upstream regulators and have distinct cellular actions. Mutations in genes encoding for mTOR regulators result in a collection of neurodevelopmental disorders known as mTORopathies. While these disorders can affect multiple organs, neuropsychiatric conditions such as epilepsy, intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorder have a major impact on quality of life. The neuropsychiatric aspects of mTORopathies have been particularly challenging to treat in a clinical setting. Current therapeutic approaches center on rapamycin and its analogs, drugs that are administered systemically to inhibit mTOR activity. While these drugs show some clinical efficacy, adverse side effects, incomplete suppression of mTOR targets, and lack of specificity for mTORC1 or mTORC2 may limit their utility. An increased understanding of the neurobiology of mTOR and the underlying molecular, cellular, and circuit mechanisms of mTOR-related disorders will facilitate the development of improved therapeutics. Animal models of mTORopathies have helped unravel the consequences of mTOR pathway mutations in specific brain cell types and developmental stages, revealing an array of disease-related phenotypes. In this review, we discuss current progress and potential future directions for the therapeutic treatment of mTORopathies with a focus on findings from genetic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Karalis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Helen S Bateup
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
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99
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Buachan P, Namsa-Aid M, Sung HK, Peng C, Sweeney G, Tanechpongtamb W. Inhibitory effects of terrein on lung cancer cell metastasis and angiogenesis. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:94. [PMID: 33846818 PMCID: PMC8047749 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the leading cause of mortality in cancer patients. Over 70% of lung cancer patients are diagnosed at advanced or metastatic stages, and this results in an increased incidence of mortality. Terrein is a secondary bioactive fungal metabolite isolated from Aspergillus terreus. Numerous studies have demonstrated that terrein has anticancer properties, but in the present study, the cellular mechanisms underlying the inhibition of lung cancer cell metastasis by terrein was investigated for the first time. Using MTT assays, the cytotoxic effects of terrein were first examined in human lung cancer cells (A549 cells) and then compared with its cytotoxic effects in three noncancer control cell lines (Vero kidney, L6 skeletal muscle and H9C2 cardiomyoblast cells). The results indicated that terrein significantly reduced the viability of all these cells but exhibited a different level of toxicity in each cell type; these results revealed a specific concentration range in which the effect of terrein was specific to A549 cells. This significant cytotoxic effect of terrein in A549 cells was verified using LDH assays. It was then demonstrated that terrein attenuated the proliferation of A549 cells using IncuCyte image analysis. Regarding its antimetastatic effects, terrein significantly inhibited A549 cell adhesion, migration and invasion. In addition, terrein suppressed the angiogenic processes of A549 cells, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion, capillary-like tube formation and VEGF/VEGFR2 interaction. These phenomena were accompanied by reduced protein levels of integrins, FAK, and their downstream mediators (e.g., PI3K, AKT, mTORC1 and P70S6K). All these data indicated that terrein was able to inhibit all the major metastatic processes in human lung cancer cells, which is crucial for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paiwan Buachan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Maneekarn Namsa-Aid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Hye Kyoung Sung
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Chun Peng
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Wanlaya Tanechpongtamb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
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100
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Millet-Boureima C, He S, Le TBU, Gamberi C. Modeling Neoplastic Growth in Renal Cell Carcinoma and Polycystic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3918. [PMID: 33920158 PMCID: PMC8070407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) share several characteristics, including neoplastic cell growth, kidney cysts, and limited therapeutics. As well, both exhibit impaired vasculature and compensatory VEGF activation of angiogenesis. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Ras/Raf/ERK pathways play important roles in regulating cystic and tumor cell proliferation and growth. Both RCC and ADPKD result in hypoxia, where HIF-α signaling is activated in response to oxygen deprivation. Primary cilia and altered cell metabolism may play a role in disease progression. Non-coding RNAs may regulate RCC carcinogenesis and ADPKD through their varied effects. Drosophila exhibits remarkable conservation of the pathways involved in RCC and ADPKD. Here, we review the progress towards understanding disease mechanisms, partially overlapping cellular and molecular dysfunctions in RCC and ADPKD and reflect on the potential for the agile Drosophila genetic model to accelerate discovery science, address unresolved mechanistic aspects of these diseases, and perform rapid pharmacological screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Millet-Boureima
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada; (C.M.-B.); (S.H.); (T.B.U.L.)
| | - Stephanie He
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada; (C.M.-B.); (S.H.); (T.B.U.L.)
| | - Thi Bich Uyen Le
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada; (C.M.-B.); (S.H.); (T.B.U.L.)
- Haematology-Oncology Research Group, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Chiara Gamberi
- Department of Biology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC 29528-6054, USA
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