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Venkatas J, Singh M. Cervical cancer: a meta-analysis, therapy and future of nanomedicine. Ecancermedicalscience 2020; 14:1111. [PMID: 33144879 PMCID: PMC7581334 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2020.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of female death, with an annual mortality rate exceeding 200,000 in developing communities. Despite the past decade bearing witness to a reduction in cervical cancer cases throughout developed countries, the prevalence in developing countries continues to rapidly rise. The increase in cervical cancer cases is attributed to the lack of financial resources and the unavoidable risk factors of the disease. Traditional means of anticancer therapy are compromised by reduced drug potency, non-specificity, negative side effects and the development of multiple drug resistance (MDR), which leads to a decrease in the long-term anticancer therapeutic efficacy. Recent advances in nanomedicine have elucidated the potential of nanoparticles to reduce the side effects and improve the survival rate of patients, by enhancing selective delivery and uptake of photosensitive, therapeutic and genetic material to cervical cancer cells, thereby enhancing antitumour efficiency. This review paper analyses the risk factors and epidemiology of cervical cancer globally, especially in developing communities, whilst demonstrating the enhanced anticancer treatment using selected nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeaneen Venkatas
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
- https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5061-0788
| | - Moganavelli Singh
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9985-6567
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52
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Di Maria V, Moindrot M, Ryde M, Bono A, Quintino L, Ledri M. Development and Validation of CRISPR Activator Systems for Overexpression of CB1 Receptors in Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:168. [PMID: 33013319 PMCID: PMC7506083 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy approaches using viral vectors for the overexpression of target genes have been for several years the focus of gene therapy research against neurological disorders. These approaches deliver robust expression of therapeutic genes, but are typically limited to the delivery of single genes and often do not manipulate the expression of the endogenous locus. In the last years, the advent of CRISPR-Cas9 technologies have revolutionized many areas of scientific research by providing novel tools that allow simple and efficient manipulation of endogenous genes. One of the applications of CRISPR-Cas9, termed CRISPRa, based on the use of a nuclease-null Cas9 protein (dCas9) fused to transcriptional activators, enables quick and efficient increase in target endogenous gene expression. CRISPRa approaches are varied, and different alternatives exist with regards to the type of Cas9 protein and transcriptional activator used. Several of these approaches have been successfully used in neurons in vitro and in vivo, but have not been so far extensively applied for the overexpression of genes involved in synaptic transmission. Here we describe the development and application of two different CRISPRa systems, based on single or dual Lentiviral and Adeno-Associated viral vectors and VP64 or VPR transcriptional activators, and demonstrate their efficiency in increasing mRNA and protein expression of the Cnr1 gene, coding for neuronal CB1 receptors. Both approaches were similarly efficient in primary neuronal cultures, and achieved a 2–5-fold increase in Cnr1 expression, but the AAV-based approach was more efficient in vivo. Our dual AAV-based VPR system in particular, based on Staphylococcus aureus dCas9, when injected in the hippocampus, displayed almost complete simultaneous expression of both vectors, high levels of dCas9 expression, and good efficiency in increasing Cnr1 mRNA as measured by in situ hybridization. In addition, we also show significant upregulation of CB1 receptor protein in vivo, which is reflected by an increased ability in reducing neurotransmitter release, as measured by electrophysiology. Our results show that CRISPRa techniques could be successfully used in neurons to target overexpression of genes involved in synaptic transmission, and can potentially represent a next-generation gene therapy approach against neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Maria
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurophysiology and Epilepsy, Department of Clinical Sciences, Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marine Moindrot
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurophysiology and Epilepsy, Department of Clinical Sciences, Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Ryde
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurophysiology and Epilepsy, Department of Clinical Sciences, Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Antonino Bono
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurophysiology and Epilepsy, Department of Clinical Sciences, Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Luis Quintino
- Laboratory of CNS Gene Therapy, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marco Ledri
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurophysiology and Epilepsy, Department of Clinical Sciences, Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Xu H, Zhang X, Cai Z, Dong X, Chen G, Li Z, Qiu L, He L, Liang B, Liu X, Liu J. An Isothermal Method for Sensitive Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas12a Cis and Trans Cleavage. J Mol Diagn 2020; 22:1020-1029. [PMID: 32470556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.04.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the most serious infectious diseases, resulting in death worldwide. Traditional detection methods are not enough to meet the clinical requirements of rapid diagnosis, high specificity, and high sensitivity. Fast, sensitive, and accurate detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is urgently needed to treat and control tuberculosis disease. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated proteins (Cas12a) exhibit strong nonspecific degradation ability of exogenous single-strand nucleic acids (trans cleavage) after specific recognition of target sequence. We purified Cas12a protein and selected a proper guide RNA based on conserved sequences of MTB from designed guide RNA library. Then, we proposed a novel detection method based on recombinase polymerase amplification and CRISPR/Cas12a nuclease system for specific and sensitive detection of MTB DNA. The assay, based on fluorescence detection, showed 4.48 fmol/L of limit of detection and good linear correlation of concentration with fluorescence value (R2 = 0.9775). It also showed good performance in distinguishing other bacteria. Furthermore, its clinical performance was evaluated by 193 samples and showed sensitivity of 99.29% (139/140) and specificity of 100% (53/53) at 99% CI, compared with culture method. Taken together, the CRISPR/Cas12a system showed good specificity, excellent sensitivity, and excellent accuracy for MTB detection, and it meets requirements of MTB detection in clinical samples and has great potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipo Xu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiong Cai
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuqing Dong
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Geng Chen
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenli Li
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liman Qiu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei He
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liang
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Liver Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
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54
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CRISPR/Cas9 novel therapeutic road for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Life Sci 2020; 259:118165. [PMID: 32735884 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic Repeats)/Cas9 is a new genetic editing technology that can be a beneficial method to advance gene therapy. CRISPR technology is a defense system of some bacteria against invading viruses. Genome editing based on the CRISPR/Cas9 system is an efficient and potential technology that can be a viable alternative to traditional methods. This system is a compound of a short guide RNAs (gRNAs) for identifying the target DNA sequence and Cas9 protein as nuclease for breaking and cutting of DNA. In this review, recent advances in the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing tools are presented as well as their use in gene therapy strategies for the treatment of neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease.
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55
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Huang T, Song X, Xu D, Tiek D, Goenka A, Wu B, Sastry N, Hu B, Cheng SY. Stem cell programs in cancer initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:8721-8743. [PMID: 32754274 PMCID: PMC7392012 DOI: 10.7150/thno.41648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, substantial evidence has convincingly revealed the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) as a minor subpopulation in cancers, contributing to an aberrantly high degree of cellular heterogeneity within the tumor. CSCs are functionally defined by their abilities of self-renewal and differentiation, often in response to cues from their microenvironment. Biological phenotypes of CSCs are regulated by the integrated transcriptional, post-transcriptional, metabolic, and epigenetic regulatory networks. CSCs contribute to tumor progression, therapeutic resistance, and disease recurrence through their sustained proliferation, invasion into normal tissue, promotion of angiogenesis, evasion of the immune system, and resistance to conventional anticancer therapies. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that drive cancer stem cell maintenance, plasticity, and therapeutic resistance will enhance our ability to improve the effectiveness of targeted therapies for CSCs. In this review, we highlight the key features and mechanisms that regulate CSC function in tumor initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. We discuss factors for CSC therapeutic resistance, such as quiescence, induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and resistance to DNA damage-induced cell death. We evaluate therapeutic approaches for eliminating therapy-resistant CSC subpopulations, including anticancer drugs that target key CSC signaling pathways and cell surface markers, viral therapies, the awakening of quiescent CSCs, and immunotherapy. We also assess the impact of new technologies, such as single-cell sequencing and CRISPR-Cas9 screening, on the investigation of the biological properties of CSCs. Moreover, challenges remain to be addressed in the coming years, including experimental approaches for investigating CSCs and obstacles in therapeutic targeting of CSCs.
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Wu X, Ma W, Mei C, Chen X, Yao Y, Liu Y, Qin X, Yuan Y. Description of CRISPR/Cas9 development and its prospect in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:97. [PMID: 32487115 PMCID: PMC7268395 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies today. Patients suffer from HCC since its high malignancy and limited treatment means. With the development of genetic research, new therapeutic strategy comes up in the way of gene editing. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) was discovered as an immune sequence in bacteria and archaea. After artificial transformation and follow-up research, it is widely used as a gene editing tool. In this review, the development of CRISPR/Cas9 is summarized in retrospect. Through the evaluation of novel research in HCC, it is concluded that CRISPR/Cas9 would promote cancer research and provide a new tool for genetic treatment in prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Weijie Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chengjie Mei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ye Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yingyi Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xian Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yufeng Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China.
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Saber A, Liu B, Ebrahimi P, Haisma HJ. CRISPR/Cas9 for overcoming drug resistance in solid tumors. Daru 2020; 28:295-304. [PMID: 30666557 PMCID: PMC7214581 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this review, we focus on the application of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated nuclease 9 (Cas9), as a powerful genome editing system, in the identification of resistance mechanisms and in overcoming drug resistance in the most frequent solid tumors. DATA ACQUISITION Data were collected by conducting systematic searching of scientific English literature using specific keywords such as "cancer", "CRISPR" and related combinations. RESULTS The review findings revealed the importance of CRISPR/Cas9 system in understanding drug resistance mechanisms and identification of resistance-related genes such as PBRM1, SLFN11 and ATPE1 in different cancers. We also provided an overview of genes, including RSF1, CDK5, and SGOL1, whose disruption can synergize with the currently available drugs such as paclitaxel and sorafenib. CONCLUSION The data suggest CRISPR/Cas9 system as a useful tool in elucidating the molecular basis of drug resistance and improving clinical outcomes. Graphical abstract The mechanisms of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saber
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pirooz Ebrahimi
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran
- Parseh Medical Genetics Clinic, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hidde J Haisma
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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58
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Hong L, Zhang C, Jiang Y, Liu H, Huang H, Guo D. Therapeutic status and the prospect of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in multiple myeloma. Future Oncol 2020; 16:1125-1136. [PMID: 32338048 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, CRISPR/Cas9, a novel gene-editing technology, has shown considerable potential in the design of novel research methods and future options for treating multiple myeloma (MM). The use of CRISPR/Cas9 promises faster and more accurate identification and validation of target genes. In this review, we summarize the current research status of the application of CRISPR technology in MM, especially in detecting the expression of MM gene, exploring the mechanism of drug action, screening for drug-resistant genes, developing immunotherapy and screening for new drug targets. Given the tremendous progress that has been made, we believe that CRISPR/Cas9 possesses great potential in MM-related clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemin Hong
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chenlu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yijing Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongming Huang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, PR China
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Madariaga-Perpiñan I, Duque-Restrepo JC, Ayala-Ramirez P, García-Robles R. La edición del ADN. IATREIA 2020. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.iatreia.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentro del mundo de las ciencias biológicas la terapia génica ha sido un tema llamativo desde su aparición. El desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías y avances en el campo de la bioingeniería como las nucleasas de dedos de zinc (ZFN), las nucleasas tipo activadores de transcripción (TALEN) y las repeticiones palindrómicas cortas agrupadas y regularmente interespaciadas (CRISPR/Cas9), abrieron las puertas a un sinnúmero de posibilidades en biología, entre ellas, la edición del genoma. Esta última consiste en la modificación directa del genoma a través de la introducción o escisión de secuencias nucleotídicas dentro de la hebra de ADN. Hoy en día su aplicación es extensa, desde el campo de la agroindustria y el control de plagas hasta el ámbito clínico con la “corrección” de enfermedades mendelianas, modulación de receptores inmunológicos en enfermedades infecciosas, modificaciones genéticas en líneas germinales, entre muchos otros empleos. Sin embargo, desde su descubrimiento en 1987, el sistema CRISPR/Cas9 no ha estado exento de polémica en aspectos bioéticos, la adquisición de su patente e, incluso, en cuanto a su eficacia. A pesar de las dificultades e incertidumbre que han surgido, el futuro del sistema es prometedor dada su sencillez y versatilidad de uso.
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Nowak-Terpiłowska A, Lipiński D, Hryhorowicz M, Juzwa W, Jura J, Słomski R, Mazurkiewicz N, Gawrońska B, Zeyland J. Production of ULBP1-KO pigs with human CD55 expression using CRISPR technology. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1735396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Lipiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Hryhorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Juzwa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Jura
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Ryszard Słomski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Mazurkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Barbara Gawrońska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Zeyland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Liu Q, Cheng X, Liu G, Li B, Liu X. Deep learning improves the ability of sgRNA off-target propensity prediction. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:51. [PMID: 32041517 PMCID: PMC7011380 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-3395-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CRISPR/Cas9 system, as the third-generation genome editing technology, has been widely applied in target gene repair and gene expression regulation. Selection of appropriate sgRNA can improve the on-target knockout efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9 system with high sensitivity and specificity. However, when CRISPR/Cas9 system is operating, unexpected cleavage may occur at some sites, known as off-target. Presently, a number of prediction methods have been developed to predict the off-target propensity of sgRNA at specific DNA fragments. Most of them use artificial feature extraction operations and machine learning techniques to obtain off-target scores. With the rapid expansion of off-target data and the rapid development of deep learning theory, the existing prediction methods can no longer satisfy the prediction accuracy at the clinical level. RESULTS Here, we propose a prediction method named CnnCrispr to predict the off-target propensity of sgRNA at specific DNA fragments. CnnCrispr automatically trains the sequence features of sgRNA-DNA pairs with GloVe model, and embeds the trained word vector matrix into the deep learning model including biLSTM and CNN with five hidden layers. We conducted performance verification on the data set provided by DeepCrispr, and found that the auROC and auPRC in the "leave-one-sgRNA-out" cross validation could reach 0.957 and 0.429 respectively (the Pearson value and spearman value could reach 0.495 and 0.151 respectively under the same settings). CONCLUSION Our results show that CnnCrispr has better classification and regression performance than the existing states-of-art models. The code for CnnCrispr can be freely downloaded from https://github.com/LQYoLH/CnnCrispr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyue Liu
- Department of information and computing science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of information and computing science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Gan Liu
- Department of information and computing science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bohao Li
- Department of information and computing science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiuqin Liu
- Department of information and computing science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Xia L, Liu W, Song Y, Zhu H, Duan Y. The Present and Future of Novel Protein Degradation Technology. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1784-1788. [PMID: 31644408 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191011162955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), as a novel therapeutic modality, play a vital role in drug discovery. Each PROTAC contains three key parts; a protein-of-interest (POI) ligand, a E3 ligase ligand, and a linker. These bifunctional molecules could mediate the degradation of POIs by hijacking the activity of E3 ubiquitin ligases for POI ubiquitination and subsequent degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). With several advantages over other therapeutic strategies, PROTACs have set off a new upsurge of drug discovery in recent years. ENDTAC, as the development of PROTACs technology, is now receiving more attention. In this review, we aim to summarize the rapid progress from 2018 to 2019 in protein degradation and analyze the challenges and future direction that need to be addressed in order to efficiently develop potent protein degradation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Xia
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450018, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Yinsen Song
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Hailiang Zhu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Yongtao Duan
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
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Simioni C, Bergamini F, Ferioli M, Rimondi E, Caruso L, Neri LM. New biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in acute lymphoblastic leukemias: Recent advances. Hematol Oncol 2019; 38:22-33. [PMID: 31487068 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) represents a heterogeneous group of hematologic malignancies, and it is normally characterized by an aberrant proliferation of immature lymphoid cells. Moreover, dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways that normally regulate cellular transcription, growth, translation, and proliferation is frequently encountered in this malignancy. ALL is the most frequent tumor in childhood, and adult ALL patients still correlate with poor survival. This review focuses on modern therapies in ALL that move beyond standard chemotherapy, with a particular emphasis on immunotherapeutic approaches as new treatment strategies. Bi-specific T-cell Engagers (BiTE) antibodies, the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, or CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats [CRISPR]-associated nuclease 9) represent other new innovative approaches for this disease. Target and tailored therapy could make the difference in previously untreatable cases, i.e., precision and personalized medicine. Clinical trials will help to select the most efficient novel therapies in ALL management and to integrate them with existing treatments to achieve durable cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Simioni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Bergamini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Ferioli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erika Rimondi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA-Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Caruso
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca M Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA-Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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ElMallah MK, Kalfopolous M, Flotte TR. GENE THERAPY. Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119645214.ch28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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65
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Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) in ‘beyond rule-of-five’ chemical space: Recent progress and future challenges. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1555-1564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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66
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Xu X, Wan T, Xin H, Li D, Pan H, Wu J, Ping Y. Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 for therapeutic genome editing. J Gene Med 2019; 21:e3107. [PMID: 31237055 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered, regularly-interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) is emerging as a promising genome-editing tool for treating diseases in a precise way, and has been applied to a wide range of research in the areas of biology, genetics, and medicine. Delivery of therapeutic genome-editing agents provides a promising platform for the treatment of genetic disorders. Although viral vectors are widely used to deliver CRISPR/Cas9 elements with high efficiency, they suffer from several drawbacks, such as mutagenesis, immunogenicity, and off-target effects. Recently, non-viral vectors have emerged as another class of delivery carriers in terms of their safety, simplicity, and flexibility. In this review, we discuss the modes of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery, the barriers to the delivery process and the application of CRISPR/Cas9 system for the treatment of genetic disorders. We also highlight several representative types of non-viral vectors, including polymers, liposomes, cell-penetrating peptides, and other synthetic vectors, for the therapeutic delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system. The applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in treating genetic disorders mediated by the non-viral vectors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tao Wan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huhu Xin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Da Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Ping
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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67
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You L, Tong R, Li M, Liu Y, Xue J, Lu Y. Advancements and Obstacles of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology in Translational Research. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2019; 13:359-370. [PMID: 30989086 PMCID: PMC6447755 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The expanding CRISPR-Cas9 technology is an easily accessible, programmable, and precise gene-editing tool with numerous applications, most notably in biomedical research. Together with advancements in genome and transcriptome sequencing in the era of metadata, genomic engineering with CRISPR-Cas9 meets the developmental requirements of precision medicine, and clinical tests using CRISPR-Cas9 are now possible. This review summarizes developments and established preclinical applications of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, along with its current challenges, and highlights future applications in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting You
- Department of Thoracic Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ruizhan Tong
- Department of Thoracic Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Mengqian Li
- Department of Thoracic Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuncong Liu
- Department of Thoracic Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, 83 Zhongshan Dong Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, China
| | - Jianxin Xue
- Department of Thoracic Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - You Lu
- Department of Thoracic Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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68
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Mirza Z, Karim S. Advancements in CRISPR/Cas9 technology-Focusing on cancer therapeutics and beyond. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 96:13-21. [PMID: 31150758 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
"CRISPR" is an abbreviation for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, which are a characteristic of the bacterial defense system and Cas9 (or "CRISPR-associated") is a RNA-guided DNA endonuclease or molecular scissor, capable of cutting DNA strands. Both together forms the basis for CRISPR-Cas9 targeted genome editing technology and enables highly specific genomic modifications to an organism's DNA. Recent advent of high-throughput genomics has revolutionizing personalized medicine and enhanced our molecular understanding of human cancers. The development of the CRISPR/Cas9 tool has unveiled advancement of new, simplistic and efficient in vivo model systems in oncology. The usage of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing systems for curing various cancers promises to be the next great biotechnological breakthrough in medicine. However, urgent attention is needed to assess the functional relevance of novel cancer-associated mutations and translate our molecular knowledge to therapeutics. Herein, we will review the development and applications of the exciting uses of the CRISPR/Cas9 technique for cancer research and therapy with focus on origin, progress, clinical trials, implications, and challenges ahead. Major ethical and safety concerns are perhaps unknown long term consequences of DNA manipulation and irreversibility of this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeenat Mirza
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sajjad Karim
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Babu K, Amrani N, Jiang W, Yogesha S, Nguyen R, Qin PZ, Rajan R. Bridge Helix of Cas9 Modulates Target DNA Cleavage and Mismatch Tolerance. Biochemistry 2019; 58:1905-1917. [PMID: 30916546 PMCID: PMC6496953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas systems are RNA-guided nucleases that provide adaptive immune protection for bacteria and archaea against intruding genomic materials. The programmable nature of CRISPR-targeting mechanisms has enabled their adaptation as powerful genome engineering tools. Cas9, a type II CRISPR effector protein, has been widely used for gene-editing applications owing to the fact that a single-guide RNA can direct Cas9 to cleave desired genomic targets. An understanding of the role of different domains of the protein and guide RNA-induced conformational changes of Cas9 in selecting target DNA has been and continues to enable development of Cas9 variants with reduced off-targeting effects. It has been previously established that an arginine-rich bridge helix (BH) present in Cas9 is critical for its activity. In the present study, we show that two proline substitutions within a loop region of the BH of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 impair the DNA cleavage activity by accumulating nicked products and reducing target DNA linearization. This in turn imparts a higher selectivity in DNA targeting. We discuss the probable mechanisms by which the BH-loop contributes to target DNA recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavan Babu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Price Family Foundation Institute of Structural Biology, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Nadia Amrani
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Sherman Center, AS5.2007, Worcester MA 01605, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3430 S. Vermont Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - S.D. Yogesha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Price Family Foundation Institute of Structural Biology, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
- Current Address: Krystal Biotech, Inc. 2100 Wharton Street, Suite 701 Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
| | - Richard Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Price Family Foundation Institute of Structural Biology, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
- Current Address: College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Stanton L Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73117
| | - Peter Z. Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3430 S. Vermont Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Rakhi Rajan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Price Family Foundation Institute of Structural Biology, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
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70
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Kaushik A, Yndart A, Atluri V, Tiwari S, Tomitaka A, Gupta P, Jayant RD, Alvarez-Carbonell D, Khalili K, Nair M. Magnetically guided non-invasive CRISPR-Cas9/gRNA delivery across blood-brain barrier to eradicate latent HIV-1 infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3928. [PMID: 30850620 PMCID: PMC6408460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9/gRNA exhibits therapeutic efficacy against latent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome but the delivery of this therapeutic cargo to the brain remains as a challenge. In this research, for the first time, we demonstrated magnetically guided non-invasive delivery of a nano-formulation (NF), composed of Cas9/gRNA bound with magneto-electric nanoparticles (MENPs), across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to inhibit latent HIV-1 infection in microglial (hμglia)/HIV (HC69) cells. An optimized ac-magnetic field of 60 Oe was applied on NF to release Cas9/gRNA from MENPs surface and to facilitate NF cell uptake resulting in intracellular release and inhibition of HIV. The outcomes suggested that developed NF reduced HIV-LTR expression significantly in comparison to unbound Cas9/gRNA in HIV latent hμglia/HIV (HC69) cells. These findings were also validated qualitatively using fluorescence microscopy to assess NF efficacy against latent HIV in the microglia cells. We believe that CNS delivery of NF (CRISPR/Cas9-gRNA-MENPs) across the BBB certainly will have clinical utility as future personalized nanomedicine to manage neuroHIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Kaushik
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Adriana Yndart
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Venkata Atluri
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sneham Tiwari
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Asahi Tomitaka
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Purnima Gupta
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rahul Dev Jayant
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - David Alvarez-Carbonell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, 19140, USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
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71
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Saha SK, Saikot FK, Rahman MS, Jamal MAHM, Rahman SMK, Islam SMR, Kim KH. Programmable Molecular Scissors: Applications of a New Tool for Genome Editing in Biotech. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 14:212-238. [PMID: 30641475 PMCID: PMC6330515 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeted genome editing is an advanced technique that enables precise modification of the nucleic acid sequences in a genome. Genome editing is typically performed using tools, such as molecular scissors, to cut a defined location in a specific gene. Genome editing has impacted various fields of biotechnology, such as agriculture; biopharmaceutical production; studies on the structure, regulation, and function of the genome; and the creation of transgenic organisms and cell lines. Although genome editing is used frequently, it has several limitations. Here, we provide an overview of well-studied genome-editing nucleases, including single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and CRISPR-Cas9 RNA-guided nucleases (CRISPR-Cas9). To this end, we describe the progress toward editable nuclease-based therapies and discuss the minimization of off-target mutagenesis. Future prospects of this challenging scientific field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-Ro, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Forhad Karim Saikot
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahedur Rahman
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
| | | | - S M Khaledur Rahman
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
| | - S M Riazul Islam
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Karimian A, Azizian K, Parsian H, Rafieian S, Shafiei‐Irannejad V, Kheyrollah M, Yousefi M, Majidinia M, Yousefi B. CRISPR/Cas9 technology as a potent molecular tool for gene therapy. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:12267-12277. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ansar Karimian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
- Cancer & Immunology Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences Sanandaj Iran
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
| | - Khalil Azizian
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science Tabriz Iran
| | - Hadi Parsian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
| | - Sona Rafieian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology School of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences Zanjan Iran
| | | | - Maryam Kheyrollah
- Department of Molecular Medicine National Institue of Genetic Engeneering and Biotechnology Tehran Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science Tabriz Iran
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Abstract
Bacterial adaptive immune systems employ clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) along with their CRISPR-associated genes (Cas) to form CRISPR RNA (crRNA)-guided surveillance complexes, which target foreign nucleic acids for destruction. Cas9 is unique in that it is composed of a single polypeptide that utilizes both a crRNA and a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) or a single guide RNA to create double-stranded breaks in sequences complementary to the RNA via the HNH and RuvC nuclease domains. Cas9 has become a revolutionary tool for gene-editing applications. Here, we describe methods for studying the cleavage activities of Cas9. We describe protocols for rapid quench-flow and stopped-flow kinetics and interpretation of the results. The protocols detailed here will be paramount for understanding the mechanistic basis for specificity of this enzyme, especially in efforts to improve accuracy for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Sen Liu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Shanzhong Gong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Helen-Hong Yu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - David W Taylor
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; LIVESTRONG Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - Kenneth A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
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Mittal RD. Gene Editing in Clinical Practice: Where are We? Indian J Clin Biochem 2019; 34:19-25. [PMID: 30728669 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-018-0804-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multitude of gene-altering capabilities in combination with ease of design and low cost have all led to the adoption of the sophisticated and yet simple gene editing system that are clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (CRISPR). The CRISPR/Cas9 system holds promise for the correction of deleterious mutations by taking advantage of the homology directed repair pathway and by supplying a correction template to the affected patient's cells. CRISPR is a tool that allows researchers to edit genes very precisely, easily and quickly. It does this by harnessing a mechanism that already existed in bacteria. Basically, there's a protein that acts like a scissors and cuts the DNA, and there's an RNA molecule that directs the scissors to any point on the genome one wants which results basically a word processor for genes. An entire gene can be taken out, put one in, or even edit just a single letter within a gene. Several platforms for molecular scissors that enable targeted genome engineering have been developed, including zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases and, most recently, CRISPR/CRISPR-associated-9 (Cas9). The CRISPR/Cas9 system's simplicity, facile engineering and amenability to multiplexing make it the system of choice for many applications. CRISPR/Cas9 has been used to generate disease models to study genetic diseases. Improvements are urgently needed for various aspects of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, including the system's precision, delivery and control over the outcome of the repair process. However, there are still some glitches to be mended like how to regulate gene drives and its safeguards. The creation of gene knockouts is one of the first and most widely used applications of the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Nuclease-active Cas9 creates a double-strand break at the single guide RNA-targeted locus. These breaks can be repaired by homologous recombination, which can be used to introduce new mutations. When the double-strand break is repaired by the error-prone nonhomologous end joining process, indels are introduced which can produce frame shifts and stop codons, leading to functional knockout of the gene. Precedence modification have to be done on mechanism of CRISPR/Cas9, including its biochemical and structural implications incorporating the latest improvements in the CRISPR/Cas9 system, especially Cas9 protein modifications for customization. Current applications, where the versatile CRISPR/Cas9 system is to be used to edit the genome, epigenome, or RNA of various organisms is debated. Although CRISPR/Cas9 allows convenient genome editing accompanied by many benefits, one should not ignore the significant ethical and biosafety concerns that it raises. Conclusively lot of prospective applications and challenges of several promising techniques adapted from CRISPR/Cas9. Is discussed. Although many mechanistic questions remain to be answered and several challenges to be addressed yet, the use of CRISPR-Cas9-based genome technologies will increase our knowledge of disease process and their treatment in near future. Undoubtedly this field is revolutionizing in current era and may open new vistas in the treatment of fatal genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Devi Mittal
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014 India
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75
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Wang Y, Zhao J, Duan N, Liu W, Zhang Y, Zhou M, Hu Z, Feng M, Liu X, Wu L, Li Z, Liang D. Paired CRISPR/Cas9 Nickases Mediate Efficient Site-Specific Integration of F9 into rDNA Locus of Mouse ESCs. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103035. [PMID: 30301136 PMCID: PMC6213315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophilia B (HB) is an X-linked recessive bleeding disorder, caused by F9 gene deficiency. Gene therapy combined with the CRISPR/Cas9 technology offers a potential cure for hemophilia B. Now the Cas9 nickase (Cas9n) shows a great advantage in reducing off-target effect compared with wild-type Cas9. In this study, we found that in the multicopy ribosomal DNA (rDNA) locus, the homology directed recombination (HDR) efficiency induced by sgRNA-Cas9n was much higher than sgRNA-Cas9, meanwhile without off-target in six predicted sites. After co-transfection into mESCs with sgRNA-Cas9n and a non-viral rDNA targeting vector pMrnF9, harboring the homology donor template and the human F9 expression cassette, a recombination efficiency of 66.7% was achieved and all targeted clones were confirmed to be site-specific integration of F9 in the rDNA locus by PCR and southern blotting. Targeted mESCs retained the main pluripotent properties and were then differentiated into hepatic progenitor like cells (HPLCs) and mature hepatocytes, which were characterized by hepatic markers and functional assays. Importantly, the differentiated cells could transcribe exogenous F9 and secrete coagulation factor IX (FIX) proteins, suggesting active transcription and stable inheritance of transgenes in the rDNA locus. After intrasplenical transplantation in severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice, targeted HPLCs could survive and migrate from spleen to liver, resulting in secretion of exogenous FIX into blood. In summary, we demonstrate an efficient and site-specific gene targeting strategy in rDNA locus for stem cell-based gene therapy for hemophilia B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchi Wang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China.
| | - Junya Zhao
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China.
| | - Nannan Duan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China.
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China.
| | - Miaojin Zhou
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China.
| | - Zhiqing Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China.
| | - Mai Feng
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China.
| | - Xionghao Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China.
| | - Lingqian Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China.
| | - Zhuo Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China.
| | - Desheng Liang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China.
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76
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Estêvão D, Rios Costa N, da Costa RG, Medeiros R. CRISPR-Cas9 therapies in experimental mouse models of cancer. Future Oncol 2018; 14:2083-2095. [PMID: 30027767 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas9, a part of the defence mechanism from bacteria, has rapidly become the simplest, fastest and the most precise genome-editing tool available. The therapeutic applications of CRISPR are boundless: correction of mutations in several disorders, inactivation of oncogenes and viral oncoproteins, and activation of tumor suppressor genes. In this review, we expose recent advances concerning animal models of cancer that use CRISPR-Cas9, addressing also the current efforts to develop CRISPR-Cas9-based therapies, focusing on proof-of-concept studies. Finally, the review exposes some of the main challenges that this genome-editing tool faces. The key issue remains: does CRISPR-Cas9 have real potential for therapeutic application or will it just remain a wonderful research tool?
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Estêvão
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal Porto, Portugal
| | - Natália Rios Costa
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Gil da Costa
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology & Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.,Center for the Research & Technology of Agro-Environmental & Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes & Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-911 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal Porto, Portugal.,Research Department of the Portuguese League Against Cancer (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro - Núcleo Regional do Norte), 4200-177 Porto, Portugal Porto, Portugal.,Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of the Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders caused by defects in lysosomal function that lead to multiorgan system damage. Due to wide clinical variability within even a single disorder, making a diagnosis can be difficult and identification may be delayed. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) was first approved as a treatment for the LSD Gaucher disease in 1991. ERT development for other LSDs followed, and ERT is currently approved for eight LSDs in the United States. ERT may help slow progression and improve clinical symptoms, but it cannot affect neurologic features due to its inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Additional therapies for LSDs that have been investigated include stem cell transplants, gene therapy, small molecule approaches, and genome editing. Although newer approaches seem promising, there is no "cure" for any LSDs, and management remains focused on early diagnosis and treatment. [Pediatr Ann. 2018;47(5):e191-e197.].
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78
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Karimi Z, Ahmadi A, Najafi A, Ranjbar R. Bacterial CRISPR Regions: General Features and their Potential for Epidemiological Molecular Typing Studies. Open Microbiol J 2018; 12:59-70. [PMID: 29755603 PMCID: PMC5925864 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801812010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) loci as novel and applicable regions in prokaryotic genomes have gained great attraction in the post genomics era. Methods These unique regions are diverse in number and sequence composition in different pathogenic bacteria and thereby can be a suitable candidate for molecular epidemiology and genotyping studies. Results:Furthermore, the arrayed structure of CRISPR loci (several unique repeats spaced with the variable sequence) and associated cas genes act as an active prokaryotic immune system against viral replication and conjugative elements. This property can be used as a tool for RNA editing in bioengineering studies. Conclusion The aim of this review was to survey some details about the history, nature, and potential applications of CRISPR arrays in both genetic engineering and bacterial genotyping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Karimi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Najafi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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79
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Li L, Hu S, Chen X. Non-viral delivery systems for CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing: Challenges and opportunities. Biomaterials 2018; 171:207-218. [PMID: 29704747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) genome editing systems have become one of the most robust platforms in basic biomedical research and therapeutic applications. To date, efficient in vivo delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to the targeted cells remains a challenge. Although viral vectors have been widely used in the delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in vitro and in vivo, their fundamental shortcomings, such as the risk of carcinogenesis, limited insertion size, immune responses and difficulty in large-scale production, severely limit their further applications. Alternative non-viral delivery systems for CRISPR/Cas9 are urgently needed. With the rapid development of non-viral vectors, lipid- or polymer-based nanocarriers have shown great potential for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. In this review, we analyze the pros and cons of delivering CRISPR/Cas9 systems in the form of plasmid, mRNA, or protein and then discuss the limitations and challenges of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing. Furthermore, current non-viral vectors that have been applied for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery in vitro and in vivo are outlined in details. Finally, critical obstacles for non-viral delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system are highlighted and promising strategies to overcome these barriers are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of PET Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shuo Hu
- Department of PET Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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80
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Abstract
Advances in Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR associated system (CRISPR/Cas9) has dramatically reshaped our ability to edit genomes. The scientific community is using CRISPR/Cas9 for various biotechnological and medical purposes. One of its most important uses is developing potential therapeutic strategies against diseases. CRISPR/Cas9 based approaches have been increasingly applied to the treatment of human diseases like cancer, genetic, immunological and neurological disorders and viral diseases. These strategies using CRISPR/Cas9 are not only therapy oriented but can also be used for disease modeling as well, which in turn can lead to the improved understanding of mechanisms of various infectious and genetic diseases. In addition, CRISPR/Cas9 system can also be used as programmable antibiotics to kill the bacteria sequence specifically and therefore can bypass multidrug resistance. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 based gene drive may also hold the potential to limit the spread of vector borne diseases. This bacterial and archaeal adaptive immune system might be a therapeutic answer to previous incurable diseases, of course rigorous testing is required to corroborate these claims. In this review, we provide an insight about the recent developments using CRISPR/Cas9 against various diseases with respect to disease modeling and treatment, and what future perspectives should be noted while using this technology.
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81
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Ahmad G, Amiji M. Use of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing tools for developing models in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:519-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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82
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Winick-Ng W, Rylett RJ. Into the Fourth Dimension: Dysregulation of Genome Architecture in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29541020 PMCID: PMC5835833 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by synapse dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Understanding the development and progression of AD is challenging, as the disease is highly complex and multifactorial. Both environmental and genetic factors play a role in AD pathogenesis, highlighted by observations of complex DNA modifications at the single gene level, and by new evidence that also implicates changes in genome architecture in AD patients. The four-dimensional structure of chromatin in space and time is essential for context-dependent regulation of gene expression in post-mitotic neurons. Dysregulation of epigenetic processes have been observed in the aging brain and in patients with AD, though there is not yet agreement on the impact of these changes on transcription. New evidence shows that proteins involved in genome organization have altered expression and localization in the AD brain, suggesting that the genomic landscape may play a critical role in the development of AD. This review discusses the role of the chromatin organizers and epigenetic modifiers in post-mitotic cells, the aging brain, and in the development and progression of AD. How these new insights can be used to help determine disease risk and inform treatment strategies will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Winick-Ng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - R Jane Rylett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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83
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Chen P, You L, Lu Y. Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology in Translational Research on Solid-Tumor Cancers. CRISPR J 2018; 1:47-54. [PMID: 31021191 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2017.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its introduction to genome editing, CRISPR-Cas9 has been used to generate cell and animal models of disease, investigate relations between genomes and phenotypes, and interfere with disease development. Although most of its applications have been in basic research, efforts are underway to move CRISPR-Cas9 from bench to bedside. This review summarizes current and prospective applications of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in biomedical and translational research on solid tumors, as well as the challenges of expanding this technology into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Chen
- 1 Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China .,2 Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Liting You
- 1 Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - You Lu
- 1 Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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84
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Khoshnejad M, Brenner JS, Motley W, Parhiz H, Greineder CF, Villa CH, Marcos-Contreras OA, Tsourkas A, Muzykantov VR. Molecular engineering of antibodies for site-specific covalent conjugation using CRISPR/Cas9. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1760. [PMID: 29379029 PMCID: PMC5789018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19784-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-specific modification of antibodies has become a critical aspect in the development of next-generation immunoconjugates meeting criteria of clinically acceptable homogeneity, reproducibility, efficacy, ease of manufacturability, and cost-effectiveness. Using CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing, we developed a simple and novel approach to produce site-specifically modified antibodies. A sortase tag was genetically incorporated into the C-terminal end of the third immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region (CH3) within a hybridoma cell line to manufacture antibodies capable of site-specific conjugation. This enabled an effective enzymatic site-controlled conjugation of fluorescent and radioactive cargoes to a genetically tagged mAb without impairment of antigen binding activity. After injection in mice, these immunoconjugates showed almost doubled specific targeting in the lung vs. chemically conjugated maternal mAb, and concomitant reduction in uptake in the liver and spleen. The approach outlined in this work provides a facile method for the development of more homogeneous, reproducible, effective, and scalable antibody conjugates for use as therapeutic and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makan Khoshnejad
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jacob S Brenner
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - William Motley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hamideh Parhiz
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Colin F Greineder
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carlos H Villa
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oscar A Marcos-Contreras
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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85
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Shao S, Chang L, Sun Y, Hou Y, Fan X, Sun Y. Multiplexed sgRNA Expression Allows Versatile Single Nonrepetitive DNA Labeling and Endogenous Gene Regulation. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:176-186. [PMID: 28849913 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system has made significant contributions to genome editing, gene regulation and chromatin studies in recent years. High-throughput and systematic investigations into the multiplexed biological systems require simultaneous expression and coordinated functioning of multiple sgRNAs. However, current cotransfection based sgRNA coexpression systems remain inefficient, and virus-based transfection approaches are relatively costly and labor intensive. Here we established a vector-independent method allowing multiple sgRNA expression cassettes to be assembled in series into a single plasmid. This synthetic biology-based strategy excels in its efficiency, controllability and scalability. Taking the flexibility advantage of this all-in-one sgRNA expressing system, we further explored its applications in single nonrepetitive genomic locus imaging as well as coordinated gene regulation in live cells. With its full potency, our method will facilitate the research in understanding genome structure, function and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yingping Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoying Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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86
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White MK, Khalili K. CRISPR/Cas9 and cancer targets: future possibilities and present challenges. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12305-17. [PMID: 26840090 PMCID: PMC4914286 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All cancers have multiple mutations that can largely be grouped into certain classes depending on the function of the gene in which they lie and these include oncogenic changes that enhance cellular proliferation, loss of function of tumor suppressors that regulate cell growth potential and induction of metabolic enzymes that confer resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Thus the ability to correct such mutations is an important goal in cancer treatment. Recent research has led to the developments of reagents which specifically target nucleotide sequences within the cellular genome and these have a huge potential for expanding our anticancer armamentarium. One such a reagent is the clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated 9 (Cas9) system, a powerful, highly specific and adaptable tool that provides unparalleled control for editing the cellular genome. In this short review, we discuss the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 against human cancers and the current difficulties in translating this for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn K White
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive Neuroaids Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive Neuroaids Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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87
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Kumar V, Hasan GM, Hassan MI. Unraveling the Role of RNA Mediated Toxicity of C9orf72 Repeats in C9-FTD/ALS. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:711. [PMID: 29326544 PMCID: PMC5736982 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The most frequent genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is intronic hexanucleotide (G4C2) repeat expansions (HRE) in the C9orf72 gene. The non-exclusive pathogenic mechanisms by which C9orf72 repeat expansions contribute to these neurological disorders include loss of C9orf72 function and gain-of-function determined by toxic RNA molecules and dipeptides repeats protein toxicity. The expanded repeats are transcribed bidirectionally and forms RNA foci in the central nervous system, and sequester key RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) leading to impairment in RNA processing events. Many studies report widespread transcriptome changes in ALS carrying a C9orf72 repeat expansion. Here we review the contribution of RNA foci interaction with RBPs as well as transcriptome changes involved in the pathogenesis of C9orf72- associated FTD/ALS. These informations are essential to elucidate the pathology and therapeutic intervention of ALS and/or FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, India
| | - Gulam M Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, India
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88
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Morsy SG, Tonne JM, Zhu Y, Lu B, Budzik K, Krempski JW, Ali SA, El-Feky MA, Ikeda Y. Divergent susceptibilities to AAV-SaCas9-gRNA vector-mediated genome-editing in a single-cell-derived cell population. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:720. [PMID: 29221488 PMCID: PMC5721606 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-3028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors are characterized by their robust and safe transgene delivery. The CRISPR/Cas9 and guide RNA (gRNA) system present a promising genome-editing platform, and a recent development of a shorter Cas9 enzyme from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCas9) allows generation of high titer single AAV vectors which carry both saCas9- and gRNA-expression cassettes. Here, we used two AAV-SaCas9 vectors with distinct GFP-targeted gRNA sequences and determined the impact of AAV-SaCas9-gRNA vector treatment in a single cell clone carrying a GFP-expression cassette. RESULTS Our results showed comparable GFP knockout efficiencies (40-50%) upon a single low-dose infection. Three consecutive transductions of 25-fold higher doses of vectors showed 80% GFP knockout efficiency. To analyze the "AAV-SaCas9-resistant cell population", we sorted the residual GFP-positive cells and assessed their permissiveness to super-infection with two AAV-Cas9-GFP vectors. We found the sorted cells were significantly more resistant to the GFP knockout mediated by the same AAV vector, but not by the other GFP-targeted AAV vector. Our data therefore demonstrate highly efficient genome-editing by the AAV-SaCas9-gRNA vector system. Differential susceptibilities of single cell-derived cells to the AAV-SaCas9-gRNA-mediated genome editing may represent a formidable barrier to achieve 100% genome editing efficiency by this vector system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma G. Morsy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Cancer Biology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Jason M. Tonne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Yaxi Zhu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Brian Lu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Karol Budzik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - James W. Krempski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Sherine A. Ali
- Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. El-Feky
- Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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89
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Vaz-de-Macedo C, Harper J. A closer look at expanded carrier screening from a PGD perspective. Hum Reprod 2017; 32:1951-1956. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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90
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D'Agostino Y, D'Aniello S. Molecular basis, applications and challenges of CRISPR/Cas9: a continuously evolving tool for genome editing. Brief Funct Genomics 2017; 16:211-216. [PMID: 28057617 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elw038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) system is a recently discovered tool for genome editing that has quickly revolutionized the ability to generate site-specific mutations in a wide range of animal models, including nonhuman primates. Indeed, a significant number of scientific reports describing single or multiplex guide RNA microinjection, double-nicking strategies, site-specific knock-in and conditional knock-out have been published in less than three years. However, despite the great potential of this new technology, there are some limitations because of the presence of off-target genomic sites, which must be taken into consideration. To address this issue, various research teams have tried to improve the efficiency of the system through enzymatic modifications of the Cas9 protein or by the introduction of alternative strategies. Although several review articles are available that singly describe the molecular mechanism(s), applications and challenges of each of these strategies, a concise compilation of approaches is lacking. In the current review, we describe and evaluate most CRISPR/Cas9 approaches available at present, describing both mechanism of action, in addition to advantages or disadvantages. The primary goal of this work is to serve as a guide for not skilled researchers, facilitating the selection of the best strategy to target their gene of interest and allowing optimization of particular applications to the specific aims of the study. The present article also offers a unique perspective, focusing on the fact that CRISPR technology is opening a new genomic era, providing the means to manipulate specific genes in a targeted manner in all animal models, an endeavor previously considered to be difficult.
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91
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Lu XJ, Sun HM, Xu Y, Yu X, Gu B. The applications and advances of CRISPR-Cas9 in medical research. Brief Funct Genomics 2017; 16:1-3. [PMID: 28132023 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Mei Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Nephrology,, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Biao Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
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92
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Targeting Nonsense Mutations in Diseases with Translational Read-Through-Inducing Drugs (TRIDs). BioDrugs 2016; 30:49-74. [PMID: 26886021 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-016-0157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, remarkable advances in the ability to diagnose genetic disorders have been made. The identification of disease-causing genes allows the development of gene-specific therapies with the ultimate goal to develop personalized medicines for each patient according to their own specific genetic defect. In-depth genotyping of many different genes has revealed that ~12% of inherited genetic disorders are caused by in-frame nonsense mutations. Nonsense (non-coding) mutations are caused by point mutations, which generate premature termination codons (PTCs) that cause premature translational termination of the mRNA, and subsequently inhibit normal full-length protein expression. Recently, a gene-based therapeutic approach for genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations has emerged, namely the so-called translational read-through (TR) therapy. Read-through therapy is based on the discovery that small molecules, known as TR-inducing drugs (TRIDs), allow the translation machinery to suppress a nonsense codon, elongate the nascent peptide chain, and consequently result in the synthesis of full-length protein. Several TRIDs are currently under investigation and research has been performed on several genetic disorders caused by nonsense mutations over the years. These findings have raised hope for the usage of TR therapy as a gene-based pharmacogenetic therapy for nonsense mutations in various genes responsible for a variety of genetic diseases.
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93
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Bott M, Eggeling L. Novel Technologies for Optimal Strain Breeding. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 159:227-254. [PMID: 27872965 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of a knowledge-based bioeconomy requires the rapid development of highly efficient microbial production strains that are able to convert renewable carbon sources to value-added products, such as bulk and fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, or proteins at industrial scale. Starting from classical strain breeding by random mutagenesis and screening in the 1950s via rational design by metabolic engineering initiated in the 1970s, a range of powerful new technologies have been developed in the past two decades that can revolutionize future strain engineering. In particular, next-generation sequencing technologies combined with new methods of genome engineering and high-throughput screening based on genetically encoded biosensors have allowed for new concepts. In this chapter, selected new technologies relevant for breeding microbial production strains with a special emphasis on amino acid producers will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bott
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Lothar Eggeling
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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Camporesi S, Cavaliere G. Emerging ethical perspectives in the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats genome-editing debate. Per Med 2016; 13:575-586. [PMID: 28757883 PMCID: PMC5480779 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2016-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the ethical issues in the international clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genome editing debate from March 2015 to September 2016. We present the regulatory framework for embryo research in the UK, and explain why CRISPR is not a significant break with the past. We discuss the ethical issues arising from CRISPR applications beyond human embryos, namely the use of gene drive-engineered mosquitoes to eradicate diseases, engineering nonhuman animals to harvest organs for human transplant and engineering crops. We discuss the experiments that have demonstrated the technical feasibility of cultivating embryos in vitro for up to 14 days, and possibly beyond this limit, and the ethical issues arising from the proposal to extend the limit beyond 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Camporesi
- Director, Bioethics & Society Postgraduate Programme, Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Giulia Cavaliere
- Wellcome Trust PhD Student in Society & Ethics, Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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Tasan I, Jain S, Zhao H. Use of genome-editing tools to treat sickle cell disease. Hum Genet 2016; 135:1011-28. [PMID: 27250347 PMCID: PMC5002234 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genome-editing techniques have made it possible to modify any desired DNA sequence by employing programmable nucleases. These next-generation genome-modifying tools are the ideal candidates for therapeutic applications, especially for the treatment of genetic disorders like sickle cell disease (SCD). SCD is an inheritable monogenic disorder which is caused by a point mutation in the β-globin gene. Substantial success has been achieved in the development of supportive therapeutic strategies for SCD, but unfortunately there is still a lack of long-term universal cure. The only existing curative treatment is based on allogeneic stem cell transplantation from healthy donors; however, this treatment is applicable to a limited number of patients only. Hence, a universally applicable therapy is highly desirable. In this review, we will discuss the three programmable nucleases that are commonly used for genome-editing purposes: zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9). We will continue by exemplifying uses of these methods to correct the sickle cell mutation. Additionally, we will present induction of fetal globin expression as an alternative approach to cure sickle cell disease. We will conclude by comparing the three methods and explaining the concerns about their use in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Tasan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Surbhi Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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96
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Shao M, Xu TR, Chen CS. The big bang of genome editing technology: development and application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in disease animal models. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 37:191-204. [PMID: 27469250 PMCID: PMC4980067 DOI: 10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2016.4.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeted genome editing technology has been widely used in biomedical studies. The CRISPR-associated RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 has become a versatile genome editing tool. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is useful for studying gene function through efficient knock-out, knock-in or chromatin modification of the targeted gene loci in various cell types and organisms. It can be applied in a number of fields, such as genetic breeding, disease treatment and gene functional investigation. In this review, we introduce the most recent developments and applications, the challenges, and future directions of Cas9 in generating disease animal model. Derived from the CRISPR adaptive immune system of bacteria, the development trend of Cas9 will inevitably fuel the vital applications from basic research to biotechnology and bio-medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming Yunnan 650500, China;Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Tian-Rui Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Ce-Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.
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97
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Dabrowski M, Bukowy-Bieryllo Z, Zietkiewicz E. Translational readthrough potential of natural termination codons in eucaryotes--The impact of RNA sequence. RNA Biol 2016; 12:950-8. [PMID: 26176195 PMCID: PMC4615788 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2015.1068497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Termination of protein synthesis is not 100% efficient. A number of natural mechanisms that suppress translation termination exist. One of them is STOP codon readthrough, the process that enables the ribosome to pass through the termination codon in mRNA and continue translation to the next STOP codon in the same reading frame. The efficiency of translational readthrough depends on a variety of factors, including the identity of the termination codon, the surrounding mRNA sequence context, and the presence of stimulating compounds. Understanding the interplay between these factors provides the necessary background for the efficient application of the STOP codon suppression approach in the therapy of diseases caused by the presence of premature termination codons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Dabrowski
- a Institute of Human Genetics; Polish Academy of Sciences ; Poznan , Poland
| | | | - Ewa Zietkiewicz
- a Institute of Human Genetics; Polish Academy of Sciences ; Poznan , Poland
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98
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Mis MSC, Brajkovic S, Tafuri F, Bresolin N, Comi GP, Corti S. Development of Therapeutics for C9ORF72 ALS/FTD-Related Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4466-4476. [PMID: 27349438 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The identification of the hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) GGGGCC (G4C2) in the non-coding region of the C9ORF72 gene as the most frequent genetic cause of both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) has opened the path for advances in the knowledge and treatment of these disorders, which remain incurable. Recent evidence suggests that HRE RNA can cause gain-of-function neurotoxicity, but haploinsufficiency has also been hypothesized. In this review, we describe the recent developments in therapeutic targeting of the pathological expansion of C9ORF72 for ALS, FTD, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Three approaches are prominent: (1) an antisense oligonucleotides/RNA interference strategy; (2) using small compounds to counteract the toxic effects directly exerted by RNA derived from the repeat transcription (foci), by the translation of dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) from the repeated sequence, or by the sequestration of RNA-binding proteins from the C9ORF72 expansion; and (3) gene therapy, not only for silencing the toxic RNA/protein, but also for rescuing haploinsufficiency caused by the reduced transcription of the C9ORF72 coding sequence or by the diminished availability of RNA-binding proteins that are sequestered by RNA foci. Finally, with the perspective of clinical therapy, we discuss the most promising progress that has been achieved to date in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sara Cipolat Mis
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Brajkovic
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Tafuri
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
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99
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Abstract
The Cas9 protein (CRISPR-associated protein 9), derived from type II CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) bacterial immune systems, is emerging as a powerful tool for engineering the genome in diverse organisms. As an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease, Cas9 can be easily programmed to target new sites by altering its guide RNA sequence, and its development as a tool has made sequence-specific gene editing several magnitudes easier. The nuclease-deactivated form of Cas9 further provides a versatile RNA-guided DNA-targeting platform for regulating and imaging the genome, as well as for rewriting the epigenetic status, all in a sequence-specific manner. With all of these advances, we have just begun to explore the possible applications of Cas9 in biomedical research and therapeutics. In this review, we describe the current models of Cas9 function and the structural and biochemical studies that support it. We focus on the applications of Cas9 for genome editing, regulation, and imaging, discuss other possible applications and some technical considerations, and highlight the many advantages that CRISPR/Cas9 technology offers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; , ,
| | - Marie La Russa
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; , ,
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Lei S Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; , ,
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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100
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