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Berardi L, Pivato M, Arrigoni G, Mitali E, Trentin AR, Olivieri M, Kerdelhué C, Dorkeld F, Nidelet S, Dubois E, Battisti A, Masi A. Proteome Analysis of Urticating Setae From Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:1560-1566. [PMID: 28981804 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) is harmful to conifer trees because of defoliation and to public health because of the release of urticating setae from the caterpillars. Contact with setae by humans and domestic animals induces dermatitis, usually localized to the exposed areas. Recent studies demonstrated the presence of a complex urticating mechanism where proteins present in the setae may play a role as activators of immune responses. Yet, limited information is available at present about the proteins occurring in the setae of T. pityocampa. Using a refined method for protein extraction from the setae, and a combination of liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), de novo assembly of transcriptomic data, and sequence similarity searches, an extensive data set of 353 proteins was obtained. These were further categorized by molecular function, biological process, and cellular location. All the 353 proteins identified were found to match through BLAST search with at least one Lepidoptera sequence available in databases. We found the previously known allergens Tha p 1 and Tha p 2 described from T. pityocampa, as well as enzymes involved in chitin biosynthesis, one of the principal components of the setae, and serine proteases that were responsible for inflammatory and allergic reactions in other urticating Lepidoptera. This new proteomic database may allow for a better understanding of the complexity of allergenic reactions due to T. pityocampa and to other Lepidoptera sharing similar defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Berardi
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - M Pivato
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - G Arrigoni
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, via G. Orus 2/B, 35129 Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - E Mitali
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - A R Trentin
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - M Olivieri
- Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - C Kerdelhué
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/CIRAD/IRD/Montpellier Supagro), 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, CS30016, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - F Dorkeld
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/CIRAD/IRD/Montpellier Supagro), 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, CS30016, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - S Nidelet
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/CIRAD/IRD/Montpellier Supagro), 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, CS30016, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, Montpellier, France
| | - E Dubois
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, Montpellier, France
| | - A Battisti
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - A Masi
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Assessing Pine Processionary Moth Defoliation Using Unmanned Aerial Systems. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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The optical imaging of tarantula hair corneal injury: One case report and review of the literature. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 19:352-354. [PMID: 28736046 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tarantulas belonging to the Theraphosidae family are more and more popular as family pets. Ocular injuries caused by tarantulas are reported in several articles. We hereby report the first known case of ocular injury caused by a tarantula in China and observed by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). CASE A 22-year-old girl was referred to our hospital with one-week history of red and irritated left eye after she grabbed her molting Chilean Rose Tarantula. Her best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 on both eyes. Her left eyelid was slightly red and edema. Slit-lamp examination found that more than a dozen of microscopic barbed hairs embedded into the cornea. AS-OCT showed that barbed hairs embedded in the cornea in different direction and the length of the hairs ranged from 173μm to 395μm. The anterior chamber was quiet with normal fundus and intraocular pressure. Topical steroid treatment was prescribed and the response was good. No corneal opacity or intraocular inflammation was observed after topical steroid treatment for one month. CONCLUSIONS As exotic pets become more and more popular, the importance of wearing ocular protection when handling tarantulas should be emphasized when they are sold. Tarantulas are unsuitable pet for children. When a patient presents with an unusual red eye, pet-keeping history, spiders included, should be asked.
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Stingeni L, Bianchi L, Hansel K, Neve D, Foti C, Corazza M, Bini V, Moretta I, Principato M. Dermatitis caused by arthropods in domestic environment: an Italian multicentre study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1526-1533. [PMID: 28653403 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin diseases caused by mites and insects living in domestic environments have been rarely systematically studied. OBJECTIVES To study patients with dermatitis induced by arthropods in domestic environment describing their clinical features, isolating culprit arthropods and relating the clinical features to the parasitological data. METHODS The study was performed in 105 subjects with clinical and anamnestic data compatible with the differential diagnosis of ectoparasitoses in domestic environments. Clinical data and arthropods findings obtained by indoor dust direct examination were studied. RESULTS Indoor dust direct examination demonstrated possible arthropods infestation in 98 subjects (93.3%), more frequently mites (56.1%) (mainly Pyemotes ventricosus and Glycyphagus domesticus) than insects (43.9%) (mainly Formicidae and Bethylidae). Strophulus (46.9%) and urticaria-like eruption (36.7%) in upper limbs and trunk with severe extent were prevalent. Itch was mostly severe (66.3%) and continuous (55.1%). Ectoparasitoses occurred frequently with acute course in summer (44.9%) and spring (30.6%). CONCLUSIONS Possible correlation between clinical and aetiological diagnosis of arthropods ectoparasitoses in domestic environments needs the close cooperation between dermatologist and parasitologist. This is crucial to successfully and definitely resolve skin lesions by eradicating the factors favouring infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stingeni
- Section of Clinical, Allergological and Venereological Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - L Bianchi
- Section of Clinical, Allergological and Venereological Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - K Hansel
- Section of Clinical, Allergological and Venereological Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - D Neve
- Section of Clinical, Allergological and Venereological Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Foti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - M Corazza
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - V Bini
- Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - I Moretta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Principato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Predator–prey interaction between greenhead ants and processionary caterpillars is mediated by chemical defence. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bogan MT, Eppehimer DE. Attempted Predation of Western Desert Tarantula By Sonoran Desert Toad. SOUTHWEST NAT 2017. [DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-62.2.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Bogan
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 East Lowell Street, Room N384, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Drew E. Eppehimer
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 East Lowell Street, Room N384, Tucson, AZ 85721
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Sheppard-Brennand H, Poore AGB, Dworjanyn SA. A Waterborne Pursuit-Deterrent Signal Deployed by a Sea Urchin. Am Nat 2017; 189:700-708. [PMID: 28514632 DOI: 10.1086/691437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Selection by consumers has led to the evolution of a vast array of defenses in animals and plants. These defenses include physical structures, behaviors, and chemical signals that mediate interactions with predators. Some of the strangest defensive structures in nature are the globiferous pedicellariae of the echinoderms. These are small venomous appendages with jaws and teeth that cover the test of many sea urchins and sea stars. In this study, we report a unique use of these defensive structures by the collector sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. In both the laboratory and the field, globiferous pedicellariae were unpalatable to fish consumers. When subject to simulated predator attack, sea urchins released a cloud of pedicellaria heads into the water column. Flume experiments established the presence of a waterborne cue associated with this release of pedicellariae that is deterrent to predatory fish. These novel results add to our understanding of how the ecosystem-shaping sea urchin T. gratilla is able to reach high densities in many reef habitats, with subsequent impacts on algal cover.
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Battisti A, Larsson S, Roques A. Processionary Moths and Associated Urtication Risk: Global Change-Driven Effects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 62:323-342. [PMID: 27860523 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-034918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Processionary moths carry urticating setae, which cause health problems in humans and other warm-blooded animals. The pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa has responded to global change (climate warming and increased global trade) by extending its distribution range. The subfamily Thaumetopoeinae consists of approximately 100 species. An important question is whether other processionary moth species will similarly respond to these specific dimensions of global change and thus introduce health hazards into new areas. We describe, for the first time, how setae are distributed on different life stages (adult, larva) of major groups within the subfamily. Using the available data, we conclude that there is little evidence that processionary moths as a group will behave like T. pityocampa and expand their distributional range. The health problems caused by setae strongly relate to population density, which may, or may not, be connected to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Battisti
- Department DAFNAE, University of Padova, Legnaro I-35020, Italy;
| | - Stig Larsson
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala S-75007, Sweden;
| | - Alain Roques
- Forest Zoology, UR INRA 0633, Orléans F-45075, France;
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Reed Z, Doering C, Barrett PM. Tarantula Hair Keratoconjunctivitis with Concurrent Fungal Infection in a Rat Terrier. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2016; 52:392-397. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A 9 yr old rat terrier presented with corneal ulceration and conjunctivitis that developed acutely after digging among dry leaves in wooded northern Arizona. Ophthalmic examination revealed multiple linear foreign bodies throughout the adnexal tissue and cornea of the left eye. Manual removal of material was unsuccessful. The palpebral conjunctiva required excision with tenotomy scissors to remove structures and allow corneal healing. Microscopic examination revealed structures believed to be setae from a Theraphosidae tarantula. This was confirmed morphologically by an entomologist and by comparison with hairs from a captive spider of the suspected species. The excised tissue also contained fruiting bodies, hyphae, and microconidia consistent with Aspergillus spp. The captive spider hairs also cultured positive for Aspergillus, suggesting a relationship between this fungus and tarantulas in captivity and in their native habitat. This is the first report in the veterinary literature to confirm tarantula hair as the causative agent in keratoconjunctivitis and corneal ulceration, adding it to the list of differential diagnoses for ocular foreign body. This is also the first report to suggest a relationship between Aspergillus and tarantulas of the Theraphosidae family, which should be considered in the diagnostics and treatment of patients with suspected tarantula hair keratoconjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Reed
- From Eye Care for Animals, Phoenix, Arizona
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Cabrera G, Lundberg U, Rodríguez-Ulloa A, Herrera M, Machado W, Portela M, Palomares S, Espinosa LA, Ramos Y, Durán R, Besada V, Vonasek E, González LJ. Protein content of the Hylesia metabus egg nest setae (Cramer [1775]) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) and its association with the parental investment for the reproductive success and lepidopterism. J Proteomics 2016; 150:183-200. [PMID: 27568362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hylesia metabus is a neotropical moth possessing toxic setae, which once in contact with the skin cause a severe dermatitis to humans known as lepidopterism. The only known function of the setae in the life cycle is to provide protection during the mating and egg-hatching stages. Approximately 65% of the protein content of the setae is a cluster of five proteases (28-45kDa) showing sequence homology to other S1A serine proteases. The N-glycans of a 40kDa protease are a mixture of neutral and sulfated G0F structures. The sulfated N-glycans have an important role in triggering the inflammatory response typical of lepidopterism while the proteolytic activity may promote the erosion of blood vessels and tissues causing focal hemorrhages. The presence of Chitinase and a 30kDa lipoprotein is probably related to the antifungal defense. In addition, chitin digestion of the setae may potentiate the inflammatory reaction caused by the toxins due to the formation of chitin adjuvants fragments. The combined effect of proteases and a chitinase may dissuade predating arthropods, by damaging their exoskeletons. Vitellogenin, a bacteriostatic protein, is able to recognize pathogen-associated patterns, which suggests its possible role in protecting the embryonated eggs from pathogenic microorganisms. SIGNIFICANCE The present study is the first report describing the different protein species present in the urticating egg nest setae of the neotropical moth Hylesia metabus - the most harmful of the Hylesia moths - causing a severe urticating dermatitis in humans known as lepidopterism. A distinctive feature of the venom is the presence of five different S1A serine proteases probably used to guarantee a more efficient degradation of a wider number of protein substrates. This work confirms that the presence of sulfated N-glycans is not an isolated finding since its presence has been demonstrated in two different proteases affirming that this PTM is of importance for the activation of the inflammatory response typical of lepidopterism. Additionally, this study gives useful information on the defense mechanisms used for protection of its progeny vs. vertebrate predators, fungus, bacteria or other arthropods such as ants. The proteins detected in the egg nest should be seen as an extended parental effort made by the females in order to achieve an optimal reproductive success, thus compensating for the considerable loss of progeny during the larval stages that seriously limits the number of sexually mature adults reaching the reproductive phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleysin Cabrera
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and GlycoLab, Department of Proteomics, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ulf Lundberg
- Unit for Invertebrate Toxins, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Arielis Rodríguez-Ulloa
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and GlycoLab, Department of Proteomics, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, Cuba
| | - Melfran Herrera
- Coordinación de Vigilancia Entomológica, Gerencia de Saneamiento Ambiental y Control de Endemias, FUNDASALUD, Carúpano, Estado Sucre, Venezuela
| | - Wendy Machado
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and GlycoLab, Department of Proteomics, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, Cuba
| | - Madelón Portela
- IIBCE y Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sucel Palomares
- Bioinformatic Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, Cuba
| | - Luis Ariel Espinosa
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and GlycoLab, Department of Proteomics, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yassel Ramos
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and GlycoLab, Department of Proteomics, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, Cuba
| | - Rosario Durán
- IIBCE y Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Vladimir Besada
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and GlycoLab, Department of Proteomics, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, Cuba
| | - Eva Vonasek
- Proteomics Unit, Center of Structural Biology, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Luis Javier González
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and GlycoLab, Department of Proteomics, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, Cuba.
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El Mokhefi M, Kerdelhué C, Burban C, Battisti A, Chakali G, Simonato M. Genetic differentiation of the pine processionary moth at the southern edge of its range: contrasting patterns between mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4274-88. [PMID: 27386074 PMCID: PMC4884675 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) is an important pest of coniferous forests at the southern edge of its range in Maghreb. Based on mitochondrial markers, a strong genetic differentiation was previously found in this species between western (pityocampa clade) and eastern Maghreb populations (ENA clade), with the contact zone between the clades located in Algeria. We focused on the moth range in Algeria, using both mitochondrial (a 648 bp fragment of the tRNA-cox2) and nuclear (11 microsatellite loci) markers. A further analysis using a shorter mtDNA fragment and the same microsatellite loci was carried out on a transect in the contact zone between the mitochondrial clades. Mitochondrial diversity showed a strong geographical structure and a well-defined contact zone between the two clades. In particular, in the pityocampa clade, two inner subclades were found whereas ENA did not show any further structure. Microsatellite analysis outlined a different pattern of differentiation, with two main groups not overlapping with the mitochondrial clades. The inconsistency between mitochondrial and nuclear markers is probably explained by sex-biased dispersal and recent afforestation efforts that have bridged isolated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M'hamed El Mokhefi
- Département de Zoologie Agricole et ForestièreEcole Nationale Supérieure AgronomiqueEl‐Harrach16200AlgiersAlgeria
| | | | | | - Andrea Battisti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, & Environment (DAFNAE)University of PaduaViale dell'Università 1635020Legnaro (PD)Italy
| | - Gahdab Chakali
- Département de Zoologie Agricole et ForestièreEcole Nationale Supérieure AgronomiqueEl‐Harrach16200AlgiersAlgeria
| | - Mauro Simonato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, & Environment (DAFNAE)University of PaduaViale dell'Università 1635020Legnaro (PD)Italy
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Perkins LE, Zalucki MP, Perkins NR, Cawdell-Smith AJ, Todhunter KH, Bryden WL, Cribb BW. The urticating setae of Ochrogaster lunifer, an Australian processionary caterpillar of veterinary importance. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 30:241-5. [PMID: 26669823 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The bag-shelter moth, Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich-Schaffer (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), is associated with a condition called equine amnionitis and fetal loss (EAFL) on horse farms in Australia. Setal fragments from O. lunifer larvae have been identified in the placentas of experimentally aborted fetuses and their dams, and in clinical abortions. The gregarious larvae build silken nests in which large numbers cohabit over spring, summer and autumn. The final instars disperse to pupation sites in the ground where they overwinter. Field-collected O. lunifer larvae, their nests and nearby soil were examined using light and electron microscopy to identify setae likely to cause EAFL and to determine where and how many were present. Microtrichia, barbed hairs and true setae were found on the exoskeletons of the larvae. True setae matching the majority of setal fragments described from equine tissue were found on third to eighth instar larvae or exuviae. The number of true setae increased with the age of the larva; eighth instars carried around 2.0-2.5 million true setae. The exuvia of the pre-pupal instar was incorporated into the pupal chamber. The major sources of setae are likely to be nests, dispersing pre-pupal larvae and their exuviae, and pupal chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Perkins
- School of Biological Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M P Zalucki
- School of Biological Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - N R Perkins
- AusVet Animal Health Services, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
- Equine Research Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - A J Cawdell-Smith
- Equine Research Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - W L Bryden
- Equine Research Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - B W Cribb
- School of Biological Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Wills PJ, Anjana M, Nitin M, Varun R, Sachidanandan P, Jacob TM, Lilly M, Thampan RV, Karthikeya Varma K. Population Explosions of Tiger Moth Lead to Lepidopterism Mimicking Infectious Fever Outbreaks. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152787. [PMID: 27073878 PMCID: PMC4830441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lepidopterism is a disease caused by the urticating scales and toxic fluids of adult moths, butterflies or its caterpillars. The resulting cutaneous eruptions and systemic problems progress to clinical complications sometimes leading to death. High incidence of fever epidemics were associated with massive outbreaks of tiger moth Asota caricae adult populations during monsoon in Kerala, India. A significant number of monsoon related fever characteristic to lepidopterism was erroneously treated as infectious fevers due to lookalike symptoms. To diagnose tiger moth lepidopterism, we conducted immunoblots for tiger moth specific IgE in fever patients' sera. We selected a cohort of patients (n = 155) with hallmark symptoms of infectious fevers but were tested negative to infectious fevers. In these cases, the total IgE was elevated and was detected positive (78.6%) for tiger moth specific IgE allergens. Chemical characterization of caterpillar and adult moth fluids was performed by HPLC and GC-MS analysis and structural identification of moth scales was performed by SEM analysis. The body fluids and chitinous scales were found to be highly toxic and inflammatory in nature. To replicate the disease in experimental model, wistar rats were exposed to live tiger moths in a dose dependant manner and observed similar clinico-pathological complications reported during the fever epidemics. Further, to link larval abundance and fever epidemics we conducted cointegration test for the period 2009 to 2012 and physical presence of the tiger moths were found to be cointegrated with fever epidemics. In conclusion, our experiments demonstrate that inhalation of aerosols containing tiger moth fluids, scales and hairs cause systemic reactions that can be fatal to human. All these evidences points to the possible involvement of tiger moth disease as a major cause to the massive and fatal fever epidemics observed in Kerala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallara Janardhanan Wills
- MIMS Research Foundation, Malabar Institute of Medical Sciences (Aster MIMS), Kozhikode, Kerala, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohan Anjana
- MIMS Research Foundation, Malabar Institute of Medical Sciences (Aster MIMS), Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Mohan Nitin
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raghuveeran Varun
- MIMS Research Foundation, Malabar Institute of Medical Sciences (Aster MIMS), Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Madhavan Lilly
- MIMS Research Foundation, Malabar Institute of Medical Sciences (Aster MIMS), Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Raghava Varman Thampan
- MIMS Research Foundation, Malabar Institute of Medical Sciences (Aster MIMS), Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Koyikkal Karthikeya Varma
- MIMS Research Foundation, Malabar Institute of Medical Sciences (Aster MIMS), Kozhikode, Kerala, India
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Pentzold S, Zagrobelny M, Khakimov B, Engelsen SB, Clausen H, Petersen BL, Borch J, Møller BL, Bak S. Lepidopteran defence droplets - a composite physical and chemical weapon against potential predators. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22407. [PMID: 26940001 PMCID: PMC4778013 DOI: 10.1038/srep22407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects often release noxious substances for their defence. Larvae of Zygaena filipendulae (Lepidoptera) secrete viscous and cyanogenic glucoside-containing droplets, whose effectiveness was associated with their physical and chemical properties. The droplets glued mandibles and legs of potential predators together and immobilised them. Droplets were characterised by a matrix of an aqueous solution of glycine-rich peptides (H-WG11-NH2) with significant amounts of proteins and glucose. Among the proteins, defensive proteins such as protease inhibitors, proteases and oxidases were abundant. The neurotoxin β-cyanoalanine was also found in the droplets. Despite the presence of cyanogenic glucosides, which release toxic hydrogen cyanide after hydrolysis by a specific β-glucosidase, the only β-glucosidase identified in the droplets (ZfBGD1) was inactive against cyanogenic glucosides. Accordingly, droplets did not release hydrogen cyanide, unless they were mixed with specific β-glucosidases present in the Zygaena haemolymph. Droplets secreted onto the cuticle hardened and formed sharp crystalline-like precipitates that may act as mandible abrasives to chewing predators. Hardening followed water evaporation and formation of antiparallel β-sheets of the peptide oligomers. Consequently, after mild irritation, Zygaena larvae deter predators by viscous and hardening droplets that contain defence proteins and β-cyanoalanine. After severe injury, droplets may mix with exuding haemolymph to release hydrogen cyanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pentzold
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and Villum Research Center ‘Plant Plasticity’, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mika Zagrobelny
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and Villum Research Center ‘Plant Plasticity’, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Spectroscopy and Chemometrics, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Spectroscopy and Chemometrics, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bent Larsen Petersen
- Plant Glycobiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Borch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and Villum Research Center ‘Plant Plasticity’, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and Villum Research Center ‘Plant Plasticity’, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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66
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Yang Y, Christakis T, Mireskandari K. Acute conjunctivitis and corneal foreign bodies secondary to tarantula hairs. CMAJ 2016; 188:212-214. [PMID: 26283718 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.150571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yelin Yang
- Faculty of Medicine (Yang), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Christakis, Mireskandari), University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont
| | - Ted Christakis
- Faculty of Medicine (Yang), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Christakis, Mireskandari), University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont
| | - Kamiar Mireskandari
- Faculty of Medicine (Yang), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Christakis, Mireskandari), University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.
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67
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Costa D, Esteban J, Sanz F, Vergara J, Huguet E. Ocular lesions produced by pine processionary caterpillar setae (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) in dogs: a descriptive study. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:493-497. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Costa
- Oftalmología Veterinaria Ocaña; Calle Ocaña 201 28047 Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Esteban
- Oftalmología Veterinaria Ocaña; Calle Ocaña 201 28047 Madrid Spain
| | - Fernando Sanz
- Clínica de Oftalmología Veterinaria Bellavista Visionvet; Calle Cronos s/n Bellavista 41014 Sevilla Spain
| | - Jorge Vergara
- Clínica Veterinaria San Bernardo; Calle José María Salaverría 3 20010 Donostia-San Sebastián Gipuzkoa Spain
| | - Eduardo Huguet
- Oftalmovet Oftalmología Veterinaria; Carrer de les Illes Canàries 32 46023 València Spain
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68
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Bonsignore CP, Manti F, Castiglione E. Interactions between pupae of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) and parasitoids in a Pinus forest. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:621-628. [PMID: 26104534 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids are significant enemies of many economically important insects and there is some evidence to suggest that their actions have a role in terminating the outbreaks of forest Lepidoptera populations. In this study, we examined the impact of parasitoids on the pupae of the pine processionary moth, and highlighted the presence of several parasitoid species for this developmental stage. A higher rate of parasitism was found when the pupal density in the soil was reduced, but the rate of parasitism was not influenced by pupal morphological traits or by the presence or absence of a cocoon around a pupa. Of the external factors examined, a delay in the time of descent of larvae from the trees had a positive effect on the level of parasitism. Observational data indicated that dipteran and hymenopteran were the most abundant parasitoids to emerge from moth pupae. Our study highlights the complexity of the parasitoid-host dynamics, and stresses the importance of carefully determining environmental effects on host-parasitoid relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Bonsignore
- Laboratorio di Entomologia ed Ecologia Applicata - Dipartimento PAU,Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria,Salita Melissari s.n,89100 Reggio Calabria,Italy
| | - F Manti
- Laboratorio di Entomologia ed Ecologia Applicata - Dipartimento PAU,Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria,Salita Melissari s.n,89100 Reggio Calabria,Italy
| | - E Castiglione
- Laboratorio di Entomologia ed Ecologia Applicata - Dipartimento PAU,Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria,Salita Melissari s.n,89100 Reggio Calabria,Italy
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69
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BRITO ROSÂNGELA, SPECHT ALEXANDRE, A. FILHO WILSONS, FRONZA EDEGAR, MIELKE CARLOSG. Abdominal macrochaetae of female Hylesia oratex Dyar, 1913 (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Saturniidae): external morphology and medical significance. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2015; 87:1763-70. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520130141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The representatives of the genus Hylesia Hübner, [1820] are significant among the medically important Lepidoptera. Adult females use abdominal setae to wrap and protect the eggs that remain for months in nature. These setae, in contact with human skin, may cause allergic reactions including swelling, itching and local erythema, known as lepidopterism. The morphology of the abdominal scales and setae from the female H. oratex Dyar, 1913 is herein described and aspects related to their medical significance are discussed. Portions of each abdominal segment were examined through a scanning electron microscope. Two types of scales without medical importance, and two types of setae with medical importance, classified as "true setae" and "modified setae" were found. The true setae, which are slightly fusiform and have radially arranged lateral projections, are responsible for the allergic reactions caused by skin penetration. The modified setae, which are larger, curved, with the median enlarged and serrated margins, can be responsible for the release of chemical substances. This information provides a better understanding of the structure of the urticating setae, which are responsible for lepidopterism outbreaks in humans, and contributes towards the identification of the moth species involved.
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70
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Berardi L, Battisti A, Negrisolo E. The allergenic protein Tha p 2 of processionary moths of the genus Thaumetopoea (Thaumetopoeinae, Notodontidae, Lepidoptera): Characterization and evolution. Gene 2015; 574:317-24. [PMID: 26275941 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The allergenic Tha p 2 protein has been extracted recently from the urticating setae of the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa. In the present paper, we test for the occurrence of this protein in other Thaumetopoeinae, with a particular focus on members of the genus Thaumetopoea, as well as unrelated moth species, to better understand the physicochemical properties of the protein, the nature of encoding genes and their evolutionary history. Tha p 2 is encoded by the intronless gene Tha p 2 that is restricted to the processionary moths (Thaumetopoeinae, Notodontidae, Lepidoptera). Most of the species present two isoforms of Tha p 2 that can be interpreted as the result of heterozygosity in the single gene. The only exception is represented by Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni, in which 20 different isoforms occur in a single specimen, leading to the conclusion that, at least in this species, multiple copies of Tha p 2 exist. Serine, glycine, cysteine and leucine are abundant in Tha p 2, a protein well conserved among processionary moths. The predicted secondary structures of Tha p 2 indicate the presence of 3 α-helices and six β-barrels. Finally, the evolution of the gene and the protein was characterized by a combination of positive and negative selection, with the latter being more evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Berardi
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Andrea Battisti
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Enrico Negrisolo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
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71
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Petrucco Toffolo E, Zovi D, Perin C, Paolucci P, Roques A, Battisti A, Horvath H. Size and dispersion of urticating setae in three species of processionary moths. Integr Zool 2015; 9:320-7. [PMID: 24952969 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Larvae of the processionary moths of the Palaearctic region bear urticating setae that are released against vertebrate predators, especially insectivorous birds. A few species are pests of forest and urban trees and, consequently, may threaten human and animal health during outbreaks, causing dermatitis, conjunctivitis and respiratory distress. Although some studies provide detailed information about the setae, particularly those of the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa, there is little knowledge on the morphological traits of the setae and their release by the larvae. In the present study we identify major traits of the setae of 3 species of processionary moth, T. pityocampa, T. pinivora and T. processionea, which are potentially helpful in the understanding of setae dynamics in the environment: (i) diameter and length of setae and (ii) analysis of dynamical properties of the setae in the airborne state. Setae are highly variable in size, with bimodal distribution in T. pityocampa and T. pinivora; in these 2 species, short and long setae are interspersed within the integument fields where they occur. The difference in the seta size has important consequences in dispersion, as smaller setae can spread 5 times further than their bigger counterparts. This information is relevant for a full understanding of the defensive importance of larval setae against natural enemies of the processionary moths, as well for elucidating the importance of the processionary setae as air pollutants, both close to the infested trees and at longer distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Petrucco Toffolo
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment-Entomology, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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72
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Holm G, Andersson M, Ekberg M, Fagrell B, Sjöberg J, Bottai M, Björkholm M. Setae from larvae of the northern processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pinivora, TP) stimulate proliferation of human blood lymphocytes in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113977. [PMID: 25531291 PMCID: PMC4273998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of the Northern pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pinivora, TP) carry microscopic needles (setae), which by penetrating skin and mucous membranes, may cause inflammatory/immune derived symptoms in man. In the present study the stimulatory effects of setae on human blood lymphocytes in vitro was investigated. Blood mononuclear cells were separated from venous blood or buffy coat of ten healthy individuals, six previously exposed to setae and four with no known exposure. Lymphoproliferation was measured as uptake of 3H-thymidine. Setae were prepared from TP larvae. Setae and saline setae extracts stimulated proliferation of T-lymphocytes in the presence of monocytic cells. Stimulation was pronounced in cells from persons who had been exposed to setae, and weak in cells from non-exposed donors. Chitin also induced lymphocyte proliferation in most donors, but to a lesser extent and independently of donor's previous exposure to setae. In conclusion, setae contain molecules that in the presence of monocytes activate human T-lymphocytes to proliferation. The antigenic nature of stimulatory molecules was supported by the significantly stronger lymphocyte response in persons previously exposed to setae than in non-exposed donors. The nature of such molecules remains to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Holm
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Margareta Andersson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica Ekberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Fagrell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Sjöberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matteo Bottai
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Enviromental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Björkholm
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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73
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Cookson LJ. A desire for parsimony. Behav Sci (Basel) 2014; 3:576-586. [PMID: 25379257 PMCID: PMC4217607 DOI: 10.3390/bs3040576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of wildness is being developed as a quality of interactive processing that increases survival opportunities in nature. A link is made between the need to improve interactive quality for wildness, and cognitive desires and interests in art, music, religion and philosophy as these can also be seen as attempts to improve interactive quality internally and externally. Interactive quality can be improved through gains in parsimony, that is, simplifications in the organisation of skills. The importance of parsimony in evolution is discussed, along with indicators of an internal parsimony desire that experiences joy if achieved through processes such as insight and understanding. A mechanism for the production and measurement of the parsimony desire is proposed, based on the number of subcortical pleasure hotspots that can be stimulated at once within the ‘archipelago’ available in the limbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J Cookson
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia
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74
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Sugiura S, Yamazaki K. Caterpillar hair as a physical barrier against invertebrate predators. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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75
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Todhunter KH, Cawdell-Smith AJ, Bryden WL, Perkins NR, Begg AP. Processionary Caterpillar Setae and Equine Fetal Loss. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:1131-42. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813516639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant mares were experimentally exposed to whole caterpillar or exoskeleton of the Processionary caterpillar ( Ochrogaster lunifer) via gavage. Tissues were collected from resulting abortions and near or full-term pregnancies consisting of 13 aborted fetuses, 3 fetuses from treated euthanized mares, membranes of 5 foals, and organs from 3 foals. Three control membranes and 1 control fetus and membranes were examined. Caterpillar setal fragments were present in the allantochorion of the 3 fetuses from the euthanized mares and 11 of 12 aborted fetuses (92%) embedded in the chorion (villi or stroma) or allantois (vasculature or stroma). Placental locations of fragments ranged from the cervical pole region to the body encompassing the umbilical insertion and pregnant horn. Numbers in each fetus ranged from 1 to 7 fragments. Setae were present in the allantochorion from 2 to 22 days after the initial treatment. Acute to chronic active inflammation was present in all aborted fetuses, all euthanized fetuses, and within at least 1 tissue level (chorion, allantois, umbilical cord, or amnion) of the membranes from full-term foals. Amnionitis, funisitis, and allantoitis were present in 95% of the examined membranes. Pneumonia was present in 95% of the specimens, and bacteria were present histologically in 90.5% of the specimens with or without accompanying inflammation. The rapid migration of setae within 2 days after mare exposure suggests that direct setal migration into the fetal membranes is a likely initiating factor for equine amnionitis and fetal loss (EAFL).
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Affiliation(s)
- K. H. Todhunter
- Equine Research Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - A. J. Cawdell-Smith
- Equine Research Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - W. L. Bryden
- Equine Research Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - N. R. Perkins
- Equine Research Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- AusVet Animal Health Services, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - A. P. Begg
- Vetnostics, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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76
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Todhunter KH, Cawdell-Smith AJ, Bryden WL, Perkins NR, Begg AP. Processionary caterpillar setae and equine fetal loss: 1. Histopathology of experimentally exposed pregnant mares. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:1117-30. [PMID: 24379221 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813516638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Six pregnant Standardbred mares aged between 6 and 14 years were gavaged with 50 g or 100 g of suspended emulsified whole Processionary caterpillars (Ochrogaster lunifer) for 5 days during 2 experiments undertaken to study the etiology of equine amnionitis and fetal loss (EAFL). The 6 treated mares and 1 untreated mare were between 128 and 252 days gestation. Mare 1 (untreated) was euthanized on day 5 of the treatment period, while the treated mares were euthanized on days 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, and 24 days from their first treatment. Caterpillar setae were not found in the untreated mare. Setal fragments were present in all regions of the gastrointestinal tracts in all treated mares, the uteri and mesenteric lymph nodes of 5 mares, and the liver of 4 mares. Acute gastroenteritis of varying severity was present in all treated mares, and 5 of 6 mares had acute colitis and endometritis. Focal hyperplastic serositis was found in the duodenum, cecum, dorsal colon, and uteri of various mares occasionally with embedded setal fragments. Setal invasion of the mucosa evoked a range of lesions including superficial erosion to deep ulceration. Inflammation in deeper tissues ranged from unapparent to neutrophilic (microabscesses), eosinophilic, or mononuclear (microgranulomas). The finding of setal fragments within the uterus of experimental mares suggests that direct migration of setal fragments acting as a bacterial vector is a likely mechanism for the bacterial abortions that characterize equine amnionitis and fetal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Todhunter
- Equine Research Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton Queensland, Australia
| | - A J Cawdell-Smith
- Equine Research Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton Queensland, Australia
| | - W L Bryden
- Equine Research Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton Queensland, Australia
| | - N R Perkins
- Equine Research Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton Queensland, Australia AusVet Animal Health Services, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - A P Begg
- Vetnostics, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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77
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Galicia-Curiel MF, Quintanar JL, Jiménez M, Salinas E. Mast cells respond to urticating extract from lepidoptera larva Morpheis ehrenbergii in the rat. Toxicon 2013; 77:121-4. [PMID: 24269786 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and histamine participate in toxic effects of hairs from some caterpillars. This study reports that a crude extract of Morpheis ehrenbergii caterpillar hairs induces in vitro mast cells activation, triggers the release of histamine and causes a rapid urticarial reaction in the rat skin. Heating of the extract abolishes the inflammatory reaction. These results suggest that the use of antihistamines may improve the adverse skin reactions caused by the Mexican caterpillar M. ehrenbergii.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Galicia-Curiel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, C.P. 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - J Luis Quintanar
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, C.P. 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Mariela Jiménez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, C.P. 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Eva Salinas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, C.P. 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico.
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Simonato M, Battisti A, Kerdelhué C, Burban C, Lopez-Vaamonde C, Pivotto I, Salvato P, Negrisolo E. Host and phenology shifts in the evolution of the social moth genus Thaumetopoea. PLoS One 2013. [PMID: 23460830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057192,] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Thaumetopoea contains the processionary moths, a group of lepidopteran associated with forest trees, well known for the social behaviour of the larvae and for carrying urticating setae. The taxonomy of the genus is partly unresolved and a phylogenetic approach is lacking. The goal of this work is to produce a phylogeny for Thaumetopoea and to identify the main traits driving the evolution of this group. Eighteen mitochondrial and three nuclear genes were fully/partly sequenced. Markers were aligned and analysed singularly or in various combinations. Phylogenetic analyses were performed according to maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. Trees obtained from largest data sets provided identical topologies that received strong statistical support. Three main clades were identified within Thaumetopoea and were further supported by several signatures located in the mitochondrial tRNAs and intergenic spacers. The reference topology was used to investigate the evolution of life history traits related to biogeography, host plant, ecology, and morphology. A multigenic approach allowed to produce a robust phylogenetic analysis of the genus Thaumetopoea, with the identification of three major clades linked to different ecological and life history traits. The first clade is associated with Angiosperm host plants and has a fast spring development of larvae on young foliage. The other clades have originated by one event of host plant shift to Gymnosperm Pinaceae, which implied a longer larval developmental time due to the lower nutritional quality of leaves. These clades showed different adaptations to such a constraint, the first with a switch of larval feeding to cold season (winter pine processionary moths), and the second with a retraction to high altitude and latitude and a development cycle extended over two years (summer pine processionary moths). Recent global warming is affecting all species and seems able to further shape the evolution of the group.
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79
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Cawdell-Smith AJ, Todhunter KH, Perkins NR, Bryden WL. Exposure of mares to processionary caterpillars (Ochrogaster lunifer) in early pregnancy: An additional dimension to equine amnionitis and fetal loss. Equine Vet J 2013; 45:755-60. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Cawdell-Smith
- Equine Research Unit; School of Agriculture and Food Sciences; The University of Queensland; Australia
| | - K. H. Todhunter
- Equine Research Unit; School of Agriculture and Food Sciences; The University of Queensland; Australia
| | | | - W. L. Bryden
- Equine Research Unit; School of Agriculture and Food Sciences; The University of Queensland; Australia
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80
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Simonato M, Battisti A, Kerdelhué C, Burban C, Lopez-Vaamonde C, Pivotto I, Salvato P, Negrisolo E. Host and phenology shifts in the evolution of the social moth genus Thaumetopoea. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57192. [PMID: 23460830 PMCID: PMC3584119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Thaumetopoea contains the processionary moths, a group of lepidopteran associated with forest trees, well known for the social behaviour of the larvae and for carrying urticating setae. The taxonomy of the genus is partly unresolved and a phylogenetic approach is lacking. The goal of this work is to produce a phylogeny for Thaumetopoea and to identify the main traits driving the evolution of this group. Eighteen mitochondrial and three nuclear genes were fully/partly sequenced. Markers were aligned and analysed singularly or in various combinations. Phylogenetic analyses were performed according to maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. Trees obtained from largest data sets provided identical topologies that received strong statistical support. Three main clades were identified within Thaumetopoea and were further supported by several signatures located in the mitochondrial tRNAs and intergenic spacers. The reference topology was used to investigate the evolution of life history traits related to biogeography, host plant, ecology, and morphology. A multigenic approach allowed to produce a robust phylogenetic analysis of the genus Thaumetopoea, with the identification of three major clades linked to different ecological and life history traits. The first clade is associated with Angiosperm host plants and has a fast spring development of larvae on young foliage. The other clades have originated by one event of host plant shift to Gymnosperm Pinaceae, which implied a longer larval developmental time due to the lower nutritional quality of leaves. These clades showed different adaptations to such a constraint, the first with a switch of larval feeding to cold season (winter pine processionary moths), and the second with a retraction to high altitude and latitude and a development cycle extended over two years (summer pine processionary moths). Recent global warming is affecting all species and seems able to further shape the evolution of the group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carole Kerdelhué
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/CIRAD/IRD/Montpellier Supagro), Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Christian Burban
- INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO (INRA/Université de Bordeaux), Cestas, France
| | | | - Isabelle Pivotto
- INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO (INRA/Université de Bordeaux), Cestas, France
| | - Paola Salvato
- DAFNAE-Entomology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Enrico Negrisolo
- BCA Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Safety, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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81
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McAnena L, Murphy C, O’Connor J. “Tarantula Keratitis” a case report. Ir J Med Sci 2012; 182:349-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s11845-012-0885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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82
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Jourdain F, Girod R, Vassal JM, Chandre F, Lagneau C, Fouque F, Guiral D, Raude J, Robert V. The moth Hylesia metabus and French Guiana lepidopterism: centenary of a public health concern. Parasite 2012; 19:117-28. [PMID: 22550622 PMCID: PMC3671431 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2012192117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The females of the moths Hylesia metabus have their abdomens covered by urticating hairs looking like micro-arrows and causing a puriginous dermatitis to humans known as “papillonite” in French Guiana and also called yellowtail moth dermatitis or Caripito itch. The densities of the moths show great seasonal and annual variations depending on mechanisms mostly unknown. When H. metabus infestations occur, numerous cases of dermatologic manifestations are reported from people living near the mangrove swamps where the moths are developing. One hundred years after the first “papillonite” epidemic reported from French Guiana in 1912, the data presented herein summarize the actual state of knowledge on H. metabus biology and ecology and on the lepidopterism. Some recommendations are proposed for the surveillance and warning systems of H. metabus infestations and to avoid contact with the moths. Research priorities are suggested to improve the control against this problem emerging between nuisance and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jourdain
- Centre National d'Expertise sur les Vecteurs, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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83
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Hom-Choudhury A, Koukkoulli A, Norris JH, Mokete B, Backhouse OC. A hairy affair: tarantula setae-induced panuveitis requiring pars plana vitrectomy. Int Ophthalmol 2012; 32:161-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-011-9502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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84
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Abstract
Purpose To report a case of tarantula hairs found in the cornea and discuss treatment. Case Report A 16-year-old male presented with a 6-week history of right ocular irritation that began after letting his pet tarantula crawl on his face. Slit-lamp examination of the right eye revealed the presence of approximately 16 dark foreign bodies that had the appearance of small hairs. The foreign bodies were removed from the nasal region of the right cornea using Jewelers forceps, and the patient was prescribed a combination neomycin, polymyxin B, and dexamethasone ointment (Maxitrol®), given 4 times per day. Results The patient presented for follow-up 2 weeks later, with resolution of symptoms. Conclusion Effective treatment of keratitis caused by tarantula hairs includes taking a detailed history, conducting a careful slit-lamp examination, removal of any accessible hairs, and initiation of treatment with a topical steroid as determined by the clinical picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Stagg
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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85
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Vega J, Vega J, Moneo I. Skin Reactions on Exposure to the Pine Processionary Caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa). ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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86
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RONNÅS CECILIA, CASSEL-LUNDHAGEN ANNA, BATTISTI ANDREA, WALLÉN JOHAN, LARSSON STIG. Limited emigration from an outbreak of a forest pest insect. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:4606-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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87
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Vega J, Vega JM, Moneo I. [Skin reactions on exposure to the pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa)]. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011; 102:658-67. [PMID: 21545979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pine processionary caterpillar is the larval form of the Thaumetopoea pityocampa moth. Mediterranean forests regularly suffer plagues of this insect, which has been moving north as a result of global warming. When the small urticating hairs that develop during the last 3 larval stages are shed and can become airborne. If they come in contact with skin, they can cause a variety of reactions, notably contact urticaria and papular rashes. Irritation can also occur if the hairs lodge in the mucosa of the conjunctiva or in the respiratory tract. Several cases of anaphylactic reactions have been reported in recent years. Mechanical (irritative) mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of lesions, or immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic hypersensitivity reactions may be implicated when the process is rapid, recurrent, and progressively more severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vega
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, Spain.
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88
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Machkour-M'Rabet S, Hénaut Y, Winterton P, Rojo R. A case of zootherapy with the tarantula Brachypelma vagans Ausserer, 1875 in traditional medicine of the Chol Mayan ethnic group in Mexico. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2011; 7:12. [PMID: 21450096 PMCID: PMC3072308 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-7-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In practically every human culture, the use of arthropods as medicinal resources has been reported. In Mexico, the Mayan people mainly use plants but occasionally also animals and minerals in their medicine. This article is the first to report the traditional use of the tarantula Brachypelma vagans by medicine men in the Chol community, an ancient indigenous group that inhabits the southeastern part of Mexico. We also describe the utility of such arachnids in traditional medicine. METHODS This study was carried out in different Chol communities in the states of Chiapas and Campeche (southeastern Mexico) from 2003 until 2007. We interviewed the local medicine men, patients and non-Chol people in each village visited to collect information about the rituals involved and the effectiveness of this traditional medicine and also their opinion of this traditional medicine. RESULTS In all independent villages, the people who present an illness called 'aire de tarantula' or tarantula wind with symptoms including chest pain, coughing and asthma, were treated by the medicine man (called 'hierbatero') with a tarantula-based beverage. From village to village, the beverage has a similar base composition but some variations occur in additional ingredients depending on the individual medicine man. Like in all traditional Mayan medicine, the ritual of the ceremony consists of drinking the tarantula-based beverage and this is principally accompanied by chants and burning of incense. CONCLUSIONS The recipe of the tarantula-based beverage and the procedure of this ritual ceremony were fairly constant in all the villages visited. Our work shows that despite the tarantula's bad image in several cultures, in others positive use is made of these spiders, as in modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima Machkour-M'Rabet
- Laboratorio de Bioconservación ante el Cambio Global, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). Av. del Centenario Km. 5.5, C.P. 77900, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Yann Hénaut
- Laboratorio de Bioconservación ante el Cambio Global, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). Av. del Centenario Km. 5.5, C.P. 77900, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Peter Winterton
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Roberto Rojo
- Laboratorio de Bioconservación ante el Cambio Global, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). Av. del Centenario Km. 5.5, C.P. 77900, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
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89
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Robinet C, Imbert CE, Rousselet J, Sauvard D, Garcia J, Goussard F, Roques A. Human-mediated long-distance jumps of the pine processionary moth in Europe. Biol Invasions 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-011-9979-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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90
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Vega JM, Moneo I, Ortiz JCG, Palla PS, Sanchís ME, Vega J, Gonzalez-Muñoz M, Battisti A, Roques A. Prevalence of cutaneous reactions to the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) in an adult population. Contact Dermatitis 2011; 64:220-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.01884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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