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Yan C, Fang F, Zhang YZ, Dong X, Wu J, Liu HL, Fan CY, Koda S, Zhang BB, Yu Q, Wang L, Wang YG, Chen JX, Zheng KY. Recombinant CsHscB of carcinogenic liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis induces IL-10 production by binding with TLR2. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008643. [PMID: 33044969 PMCID: PMC7549790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonorchis sinensis, a fluke dwelling in the intrahepatic bile ducts causes clonorchiasis, which affect about 15 million people wide-distributed in eastern Asia. During C. sinensis infection, worm-host interaction results in activation of patterns recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and further triggers immune responses, which determines the outcome of the infection. However, the mechanisms by which pathogen-associated molecules patterns from C. sinensis interact with TLRs were poorly understood. In the present study, we assumed that the molecules from C. sinensis may regulate host immune responses via TLR2 signaling pathway. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present study, we have identified a ~34 kDa CsHscB from C. sinensis which physically bound with TLR2 as demonstrated by molecular docking and pull-down assay. We also found that recombinant CsHscB (rCsHscB) potently activates macrophage to express various proteins including TLR2, CD80, MHCII, and cytokines like IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10, but rCsHscB failed to induce IL-10 in macrophages from Tlr2-/- mice. Moreover, ERK1/2 activation was required for rCsHscB-induced IL-10 production in macrophages. In vivo study revealed that rCsHscB triggered a high production of IL-10 in the wild-type (WT) but not in Tlr2-/- mice. Consistently, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was also attenuated in Tlr2-/- mice compared to the WT mice, after the treatment with rCsHscB. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data thus demonstrate that rCsHscB from C. sinensis interacts with TLR2 to be endowed with immune regulatory activities, and may have some therapeutic implications in future beyond parasitology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fan Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Zhao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xin Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | | | - Chun-Yang Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Stephane Koda
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Bioinformatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Gang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center of Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Zawawi A, Else KJ. Soil-Transmitted Helminth Vaccines: Are We Getting Closer? Front Immunol 2020; 11:576748. [PMID: 33133094 PMCID: PMC7565266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths infect over one-fourth of the human population resulting in significant morbidity, and in some cases, death in endemic countries. Despite mass drug administration (MDA) to school-aged children and other control measures, helminth infections are spreading into new areas. Thus, there is a strong rationale for developing anthelminthic vaccines as cost-effective, long-term immunological control strategies, which, unlike MDA, are not haunted by the threat of emerging drug-resistant helminths nor limited by reinfection risk. Advances in vaccinology, immunology, and immunomics include the development of new tools that improve the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of vaccines; and some of these tools have been used in the development of helminth vaccines. The development of anthelminthic vaccines is fraught with difficulty. Multiple lifecycle stages exist each presenting stage-specific antigens. Further, helminth parasites are notorious for their ability to dampen down and regulate host immunity. One of the first significant challenges in developing any vaccine is identifying suitable candidate protective antigens. This review explores our current knowledge in lead antigen identification and reports on recent pre-clinical and clinical trials in the context of the soil-transmitted helminths Trichuris, the hookworms and Ascaris. Ultimately, a multivalent anthelminthic vaccine could become an essential tool for achieving the medium-to long-term goal of controlling, or even eliminating helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Zawawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Ayat Zawawi
| | - Kathryn J. Else
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom,Kathryn J. Else
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Anter A, El-Ghany MA, Abou El Dahab M, Mahana N. Does Curcumin Have a Role in the Interaction between Gut Microbiota and Schistosoma mansoni in Mice? Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090767. [PMID: 32961786 PMCID: PMC7558489 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong correlation between changes in abundance of specific bacterial species and several diseases including schistosomiasis. Several studies have described therapeutic effects of curcumin (CUR) which may arise from its regulative effects on intestinal microbiota. Thus, we examined the impact of CUR on the diversity of intestinal microbiota with/without infection by Schistosoma mansoni cercariae for 56 days. Enterobacteriaceae was dominating in a naive and S. mansoni infected mice group without CUR treatment, the most predominant species was Escherichia coli with relative density (R.D%) = 80.66% and the least one was Pseudomonas sp. (0.52%). The influence of CUR on murine microbiota composition was examined one week after oral administration of high (40) and low (20 mg/kg b.w.) CUR doses were administered three times, with two day intervals. CUR induced high variation in the Enterobacteriaceae family, characterized by a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in E. coli and asignificant (p < 0.001) increase in Pseudomonas sp. in both naïve and S. mansoni-infected mice, compared to untreated mice, in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, our study showed the effects of high CUR doses on S. mansoni infection immunological and parasitological parameters. These data support CUR’s ability to promote Pseudomonas sp. known to produce schistosomicidal toxins and offset the sequelae of murine schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assmaa Anter
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed Abd El-Ghany
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Marwa Abou El Dahab
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Noha Mahana
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +20-2-3567-6708
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Duque-Correa MA, Schreiber F, Rodgers FH, Goulding D, Forrest S, White R, Buck A, Grencis RK, Berriman M. Development of caecaloids to study host-pathogen interactions: new insights into immunoregulatory functions of Trichuris muris extracellular vesicles in the caecum. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:707-718. [PMID: 32659277 PMCID: PMC7435689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Development of new methods to generate, culture and characterise mouse caecaloids is described. Caecaloids recapitulate the caecal epithelium composition and spatial organisation. Caecaloids can be used to study host–caecal pathogen interactions in vitro. Trichuris muris EVs exert novel immunoregulatory effects on intestinal epithelial cells.
The caecum, an intestinal appendage in the junction of the small and large intestines, displays a unique epithelium that serves as an exclusive niche for a range of pathogens including whipworms (Trichuris spp.). While protocols to grow organoids from small intestine (enteroids) and colon (colonoids) exist, the conditions to culture organoids from the caecum have yet to be described. Here, we report methods to grow, differentiate and characterise mouse adult stem cell-derived caecal organoids, termed caecaloids. We compare the cellular composition of caecaloids with that of enteroids, identifying differences in intestinal epithelial cell populations that mimic those found in the caecum and small intestine. The remarkable similarity in the intestinal epithelial cell composition and spatial conformation of caecaloids and their tissue of origin enables their use as an in vitro model to study host interactions with important caecal pathogens. Thus, exploiting this system, we investigated the responses of caecal intestinal epithelial cells to extracellular vesicles secreted/excreted by the intracellular helminth Trichuris muris. Our findings reveal novel immunoregulatory effects of whipworm extracellular vesicles on the caecal epithelium, including the downregulation of responses to nucleic acid recognition and type-I interferon signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Faye H Rodgers
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sally Forrest
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ruby White
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Amy Buck
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Richard K Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
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55
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Su CW, Chen CY, Jiao L, Long SR, Mao T, Ji Q, O'Donnell S, Stanton C, Zheng S, Walker WA, Cherayil BJ, Shi HN. Helminth-Induced and Th2-Dependent Alterations of the Gut Microbiota Attenuate Obesity Caused by High-Fat Diet. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:763-778. [PMID: 32629118 PMCID: PMC7498948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epidemiological and animal studies have indicated an inverse correlation between the rising prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome and exposure to helminths. Whether helminth-induced immune response contributes to microbiota remodeling in obesity remains unknown. The aim of this study is to explore the immune-regulatory role of helminth in the prevention of HFD-induced obesity through remodeling gut microbiome. METHODS C57BL/6J WT and STAT6-/- mice were infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus and followed by high fat diet (HFD) feeding for 6 weeks. The host immune response, body weight, and fecal microbiota composition were analyzed. We used adoptive transfer of M2 macrophages and microbiota transplantation approaches to determine the impact of these factors on HFD-obesity. We also examined stool microbiota composition and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration and determined the expression of SCFA-relevant receptors in the recipient mice. RESULTS Helminth infection of STAT6-/- (Th2-deficient) mice and adoptive transfer of helminth-induced alternatively activated (M2) macrophages demonstrated that the helminth-associated Th2 immune response plays an important role in the protection against obesity and induces changes in microbiota composition. Microbiota transplantation showed that helminth-induced, Th2-dependent alterations of the gut microbiota are sufficient to confer protection against obesity. Collectively, these results indicate that helminth infection protects against HFD-induced obesity by Th2-dependent, M2 macrophage-mediated alterations of the intestinal microbiota. CONCLUSION Our findings provide new mechanistic insights into the complex interplay between helminth infection, the immune system and the gut microbiota in a HFD-induced obesity model and holds promise for gut microbiome-targeted immunotherapy in obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Wen Su
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Chih-Yu Chen
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Lefei Jiao
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Tangyou Mao
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Qiaorong Ji
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Shane O'Donnell
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Shasha Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, California Baptist University, Riverside, California
| | - W Allan Walker
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Bobby J Cherayil
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Hai Ning Shi
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.
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Else KJ, Keiser J, Holland CV, Grencis RK, Sattelle DB, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL, Asaolu SO, Sowemimo OA, Cooper PJ. Whipworm and roundworm infections. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020; 6:44. [PMID: 32467581 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-020-0171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Trichuriasis and ascariasis are neglected tropical diseases caused by the gastrointestinal dwelling nematodes Trichuris trichiura (a whipworm) and Ascaris lumbricoides (a roundworm), respectively. Both parasites are staggeringly prevalent, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas, and are associated with substantial morbidity. Infection is initiated by ingestion of infective eggs, which hatch in the intestine. Thereafter, T. trichiura larvae moult within intestinal epithelial cells, with adult worms embedded in a partially intracellular niche in the large intestine, whereas A. lumbricoides larvae penetrate the gut mucosa and migrate through the liver and lungs before returning to the lumen of the small intestine, where adult worms dwell. Both species elicit type 2 anti-parasite immunity. Diagnosis is typically based on clinical presentation (gastrointestinal symptoms and inflammation) and the detection of eggs or parasite DNA in the faeces. Prevention and treatment strategies rely on periodic mass drug administration (generally with albendazole or mebendazole) to at-risk populations and improvements in water, sanitation and hygiene. The effectiveness of drug treatment is very high for A. lumbricoides infections, whereas cure rates for T. trichiura infections are low. Novel anthelminthic drugs are needed, together with vaccine development and tools for diagnosis and assessment of parasite control in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Else
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Celia V Holland
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard K Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - David B Sattelle
- Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lilian L Bueno
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Samuel O Asaolu
- Department of Zoology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluyomi A Sowemimo
- Department of Zoology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Philip J Cooper
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK.,Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, de la Salud y la Vida, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Rubel MA, Abbas A, Taylor LJ, Connell A, Tanes C, Bittinger K, Ndze VN, Fonsah JY, Ngwang E, Essiane A, Fokunang C, Njamnshi AK, Bushman FD, Tishkoff SA. Lifestyle and the presence of helminths is associated with gut microbiome composition in Cameroonians. Genome Biol 2020; 21:122. [PMID: 32450885 PMCID: PMC7249393 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African populations provide a unique opportunity to interrogate host-microbe co-evolution and its impact on adaptive phenotypes due to their genomic, phenotypic, and cultural diversity. We integrate gut microbiome 16S rRNA amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequence data with quantification of pathogen burden and measures of immune parameters for 575 ethnically diverse Africans from Cameroon. Subjects followed pastoralist, agropastoralist, and hunter-gatherer lifestyles and were compared to an urban US population from Philadelphia. RESULTS We observe significant differences in gut microbiome composition across populations that correlate with subsistence strategy and country. After these, the variable most strongly associated with gut microbiome structure in Cameroonians is the presence of gut parasites. Hunter-gatherers have high frequencies of parasites relative to agropastoralists and pastoralists. Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis soil-transmitted helminths ("ANTS" parasites) significantly co-occur, and increased frequency of gut parasites correlates with increased gut microbial diversity. Gut microbiome composition predicts ANTS positivity with 80% accuracy. Colonization with ANTS, in turn, is associated with elevated levels of TH1, TH2, and proinflammatory cytokines, indicating an association with multiple immune mechanisms. The unprecedented size of this dataset allowed interrogation of additional questions-for example, we find that Fulani pastoralists, who consume high levels of milk, possess an enrichment of gut bacteria that catabolize galactose, an end product of lactose metabolism, and of bacteria that metabolize lipids. CONCLUSIONS These data document associations of bacterial microbiota and eukaryotic parasites with each other and with host immune responses; each of these is further correlated with subsistence practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan A. Rubel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Present Address: Department of Radiology, Center for Translational Imaging and Precision Medicine, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Arwa Abbas
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Present Address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Louis J. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Andrew Connell
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Ceylan Tanes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Valantine N. Ndze
- Johns Hopkins Cameroon Program, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology, Hematology, Parasitology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Julius Y. Fonsah
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Eric Ngwang
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts, Letters and Social Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 755, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Charles Fokunang
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alfred K. Njamnshi
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Neuroscience Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Sarah A. Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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Shute A, Wang A, Jayme TS, Strous M, McCoy KD, Buret AG, McKay DM. Worm expulsion is independent of alterations in composition of the colonic bacteria that occur during experimental Hymenolepis diminuta-infection in mice. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:497-510. [PMID: 31928118 PMCID: PMC7524392 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1688065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta fails to establish in mice. Given the potential for helminth-bacteria interaction in the gut and the influence that commensal bacteria exert on host immunity, we tested if worm expulsion was related to alterations in the gut microbiota. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice, treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, or germ-free wild-type mice were infected with H. diminuta, gut bacterial composition assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and worm counts, blood eosinophilia, goblet cells, splenic IL-4, -5 and -10, and colonic cytokines/chemokines mRNA were assessed. Effects of a PBS-soluble extract of adult H. diminuta on bacterial growth in vitro was tested. H. diminuta-infected mice displayed increased α and β diversity in colonic mucosa-associated and fecal bacterial communities, characterized by increased Lachnospiraceae and clostridium cluster XIVa. In vitro analysis revealed that the worm extract promoted the growth of anaerobic bacteria on M2GSC agar. H. diminuta-infection was accompanied by increased Th2 immune responses, and colon from infected mice had increased levels of IL-10, IL-25, Muc2, trefoil factor 3, and β2-defensin mRNA. SPF-mice treated with antibiotics, or germ-free mice, expelled H. diminuta with kinetics similar to control SPF mice. In both settings, measurements of Th2-immune responses were not significantly different across the groups. Thus, while infection with H. diminuta results in subtle but distinct changes to the colonic microbiota, we have no evidence to support an essential role for gut bacteria in the expulsion of the worm from the mouse host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shute
- Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arthur Wang
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy S. Jayme
- Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marc Strous
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kathy D. McCoy
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andre G. Buret
- Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek M. McKay
- Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,CONTACT Derek M. McKay Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, 1877 HSC, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AlbertaT2N 4N1, Canada
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Bakhshani A, Shirvan SP, Maleki M, Haghparast A, Borji H. Evaluation of the effect of Toxocara cati infection in the mouse model of allergic asthma: Exacerbation of allergic asthma symptoms and Th2 types of response. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 71:101488. [PMID: 32408006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is considered a neglected disease despite the importance of Toxocara spp. infections for human health and is little recognized as a significant problem by public health institutions in developing countries. Epidemiological studies suggest that infection with Toxocara cati contributes to the development of allergic asthma.In the present study, we investigated the effect of T. cati infection on experimental allergic airway inflammation using murine model. BALB/c mice were infected by oral administration with 500 embryonated T. cati eggs followed by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge to induce allergic airway inflammation. Infection with T. cati in combination with OVA treatment leads to exacerbation of pulmonary inflammation, eosinophilia, airway hyperresponsiveness, OVA specific IgE. Cytokines measurement in bronchoalveolar lavage indicated that the levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in BAL fluid significantly increased after T. cati infected, OVA treated or a combination of both. Increased level of IL-5 was measured in the lungs of T. cati-infected or OVA-treated mice compared with controls. Moreover, combining infection and OVA treatment significantly increase the level of these cytokines. A direct association between T. cati infection and asthma was found in murine model. Although a wide range of helminth species have been demonstrated to modulate allergic responses, most notably the intestinal nematode T. cati, increases airway hyperresponsiveness, lung histopathology, eosinophil recruitment, and Th2 cytokines in alum-sensitized models of airway allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Bakhshani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sima Parande Shirvan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Maleki
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Haghparast
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hassan Borji
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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60
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Ryan N, Anderson K, Volpedo G, Varikuti S, Satoskar M, Satoskar S, Oghumu S. The IL-33/ST2 Axis in Immune Responses Against Parasitic Disease: Potential Therapeutic Applications. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:153. [PMID: 32363166 PMCID: PMC7180392 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections pose a wide and varying threat globally, impacting over 25% of the global population with many more at risk of infection. These infections are comprised of, but not limited to, toxoplasmosis, malaria, leishmaniasis and any one of a wide variety of helminthic infections. While a great deal is understood about the adaptive immune response to each of these parasites, there remains a need to further elucidate the early innate immune response. Interleukin-33 is being revealed as one of the earliest players in the cytokine milieu responding to parasitic invasion, and as such has been given the name "alarmin." A nuclear cytokine, interleukin-33 is housed primarily within epithelial and fibroblastic tissues and is released upon cellular damage or death. Evidence has shown that interleukin-33 seems to play a crucial role in priming the immune system toward a strong T helper type 2 immune response, necessary in the clearance of some parasites, while disease exacerbating in the context of others. With the possibility of being a double-edged sword, a great deal remains to be seen in how interleukin-33 and its receptor ST2 are involved in the immune response different parasites elicit, and how those parasites may manipulate or evade this host mechanism. In this review article we compile the current cutting-edge research into the interleukin-33 response to toxoplasmosis, malaria, leishmania, and helminthic infection. Furthermore, we provide insight into directions interleukin-33 research may take in the future, potential immunotherapeutic applications of interleukin-33 modulation and how a better clarity of early innate immune system responses involving interleukin-33/ST2 signaling may be applied in development of much needed treatment options against parasitic invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Ryan
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Anatomy, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kelvin Anderson
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Greta Volpedo
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sanjay Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Monika Satoskar
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Sanika Satoskar
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Steve Oghumu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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61
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Guia S, Narni-Mancinelli E. Helper-like Innate Lymphoid Cells in Humans and Mice. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:436-452. [PMID: 32223931 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The innate lymphoid cell (ILC) family consists of natural killer (NK) cells, helper-like lymphoid cells (ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s), and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells. Helper-like ILCs are considered the innate counterpart of T-helper cells because of similarities in their cytokine output and expression of key transcription factors. ILCs provide and regulate innate immune functions before the development of adaptive immunity. They are involved in host defense against pathogens, inflammation, tissue repair, and metabolic homeostasis. However, they can also be involved in inflammatory disorders and carcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the latest research on ILC development and plasticity in humans and mice, focusing on the pathogenic role of helper-like ILCs in inflammatory disorders, such as asthma, Crohn's disease (CD), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Guia
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Narni-Mancinelli
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.
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62
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Yurdagul A, Subramanian M, Wang X, Crown SB, Ilkayeva OR, Darville L, Kolluru GK, Rymond CC, Gerlach BD, Zheng Z, Kuriakose G, Kevil CG, Koomen JM, Cleveland JL, Muoio DM, Tabas I. Macrophage Metabolism of Apoptotic Cell-Derived Arginine Promotes Continual Efferocytosis and Resolution of Injury. Cell Metab 2020; 31:518-533.e10. [PMID: 32004476 PMCID: PMC7173557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Continual efferocytic clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs) by macrophages prevents necrosis and promotes injury resolution. How continual efferocytosis is promoted is not clear. Here, we show that the process is optimized by linking the metabolism of engulfed cargo from initial efferocytic events to subsequent rounds. We found that continual efferocytosis is enhanced by the metabolism of AC-derived arginine and ornithine to putrescine by macrophage arginase 1 (Arg1) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Putrescine augments HuR-mediated stabilization of the mRNA encoding the GTP-exchange factor Dbl, which activates actin-regulating Rac1 to facilitate subsequent rounds of AC internalization. Inhibition of any step along this pathway after first-AC uptake suppresses second-AC internalization, whereas putrescine addition rescues this defect. Mice lacking myeloid Arg1 or ODC have defects in efferocytosis in vivo and in atherosclerosis regression, while treatment with putrescine promotes atherosclerosis resolution. Thus, macrophage metabolism of AC-derived metabolites allows for optimal continual efferocytosis and resolution of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Manikandan Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Scott B Crown
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Olga R Ilkayeva
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Lancia Darville
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Department of Molecular Oncology, and Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Gopi K Kolluru
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | | | - Brennan D Gerlach
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ze Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - George Kuriakose
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Department of Molecular Oncology, and Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John L Cleveland
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Department of Molecular Oncology, and Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Deborah M Muoio
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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63
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Arora P, Moll JM, Andersen D, Workman CT, Williams AR, Kristiansen K, Brix S. Body fluid from the parasitic worm Ascaris suum inhibits broad-acting pro-inflammatory programs in dendritic cells. Immunology 2020; 159:322-334. [PMID: 31705653 PMCID: PMC7011627 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for generating T-cell-based immune responses through sensing of potential inflammatory and metabolic cues in the local environment. However, there is still limited insight into the processes defining the resultant DC phenotype, including the type of early transcriptional changes in pro-inflammatory cues towards regulatory or type 2 immune-based cues induced by a variety of exogenous and endogenous molecules. Here we compared the ability of a selected number of molecules to modulate the pro-inflammatory phenotype of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-stimulated human monocyte-derived DCs towards an anti-inflammatory or regulatory phenotype, including Ascaris suum body fluid [helminth pseudocoelomic fluid (PCF)], the metabolites succinate and butyrate, and the type 2 cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin and interleukin-25. Our data show that helminth PCF and butyrate treatment suppress the T helper type 1 (Th1)-inducing pro-inflammatory DC phenotype through induction of different transcriptional programs in DCs. RNA sequencing indicated that helminth PCF treatment strongly inhibited the Th1 and Th17 polarizing ability of LPS + IFN-γ-matured DCs by down-regulating myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent and MyD88-independent pathways in Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. By contrast, butyrate treatment had a strong Th1-inhibiting action, and transcripts encoding important gut barrier defending factors such as IL18, IL1B and CXCL8 were up-regulated. Collectively, our results further understanding of how compounds from parasites and gut microbiota-derived butyrate may exert immunomodulatory effects on the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Arora
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Janne Marie Moll
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Daniel Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Andrew R. Williams
- Parasitology and Aquatic PathobiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular BiomedicineDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Susanne Brix
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
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64
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Duque-Correa MA, Maizels RM, Grencis RK, Berriman M. Organoids - New Models for Host-Helminth Interactions. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:170-181. [PMID: 31791691 PMCID: PMC7106373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are multicellular culture systems that replicate tissue architecture and function, and are increasingly used as models of viral, bacterial, and protozoan infections. Organoids have great potential to improve our current understanding of helminth interactions with their hosts and to replace or reduce the dependence on using animal models. In this review, we discuss the applicability of this technology to helminth infection research, including strategies of co-culture of helminths or their products with organoids and the challenges, advantages, and drawbacks of the use of organoids for these studies. We also explore how complementing organoid systems with other cell types and components may allow more complex models to be generated in the future to further investigate helminth-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard K. Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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65
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Gesquiere LR, Habig B, Hansen C, Li A, Freid K, Learn NH, Alberts SC, Graham AL, Archie EA. Noninvasive measurement of mucosal immunity in a free-ranging baboon population. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23093. [PMID: 31930746 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ecoimmunological patterns and processes remain understudied in wild primates, in part because of the lack of noninvasive methods to measure immunity. Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is the most abundant antibody present at mammalian mucosal surfaces and provides an important first line of defense against pathogens. Recent studies show that sIgA can be measured noninvasively in feces and is a good marker of mucosal immunity. Here we validated a commercial ELISA kit to measure fecal IgA in baboons, tested the robustness of its results to variation in collection and storage conditions, and developed a cost-effective in-house ELISA for baboon fecal IgA. Using data from the custom ELISA, we assessed the relationship between fecal IgA concentrations and gastrointestinal parasite burden, and tested how sex, age, and reproductive effort predict fecal IgA in wild baboons. We find that IgA concentrations can be measured in baboon feces using an in-house ELISA and are highly correlated to the values obtained with a commercial kit. Fecal IgA concentrations are stable when extracts are stored for up to 22 months at -20°C. Fecal IgA concentrations were negatively correlated with parasite egg counts (Trichuris trichiura), but not parasite richness. Fecal IgA did not vary between the sexes, but for males, concentrations were higher in adults versus adolescents. Lactating females had significantly lower fecal IgA than pregnant females, but neither pregnant nor lactating female concentrations differed significantly from cycling females. Males who engaged in more mate-guarding exhibited similar IgA concentrations to those who engaged in little mate-guarding. These patterns may reflect the low energetic costs of mucosal immunity, or the complex dependence of IgA excretion on individual condition. Adding a noninvasive measure of mucosal immunity will promote a better understanding of how ecology modulates possible tradeoffs between the immune system and other energetically costly processes in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bobby Habig
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Christina Hansen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Amanda Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Kimberly Freid
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Niki H Learn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Susan C Alberts
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Elizabeth A Archie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.,Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
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66
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Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to the treatment of infections with antimicrobial drugs. In doing so, an ecological and evolutionary approach is taken that sees humans as just one part of the biosphere, which is the totality of life on earth. Our interaction with microorganisms is constant and ever changing, and it is this dynamic relationship between evolving organisms that makes the treatment of infectious diseases so challenging. Early in the chapter, this ecological approach is introduced, followed by the key to treating infectious diseases, which is the concept of selective toxicity. After that the key groups of organisms and their treatment are discussed, most notably bacteria, viruses and fungi, but also protozoa and helminths. More general topics of identification, testing and resistance are then discussed and before the chapter ends with consideration of opportunistic infections and pharmacological approaches to prevention.
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67
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Escribano C, Saravia A, Costa M, Castells D, Ciappesoni G, Riet-Correa F, Freire T. Resistance to Haemonchus contortus in Corriedale sheep is associated to high parasite-specific IgA titer and a systemic Th2 immune response. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19579. [PMID: 31862904 PMCID: PMC6925110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode infections, including Haemonchus contortus, are one of the main causes of economic losses to ovine farmers worldwide. In order to contribute to the control of nematode infections and avoid parasite spreading we generated divergent resistant and susceptible sheep breeds and evaluated the adaptive immunity of these animals developed upon experimental infection against H. contortus. The selection of resistant or susceptible animals from the Corriedale Breed has been based on Expected Progeny Differences for faecal egg counts per gram. Furthermore, animals from the resistant Corriedale line were inseminated with imported semen from Australian Rylington Merino rams. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the adaptive immune response in both susceptible and resistant obtained lambs. Our results indicate that there is a potent parasite-specific local and systemic immune response in resistant animals and that although susceptible lambs can produce high levels of IgA antibodies during the infection, their antibody response is delayed which, together with an impaired specific-Th2 response, does not contribute to initial parasite elimination. Our results shed light into the immune mechanisms that mediate resistance to H. contortus and could constitute important assets to sheep farmers, not only as a means to detect resistance, but also to enhance the efficiency of selection in stud flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Escribano
- Grupo de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Plataforma de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Uruguay
| | - Anderson Saravia
- Plataforma de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Uruguay
| | - Monique Costa
- Grupo de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Gabriel Ciappesoni
- Programa Carne y Lana. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Las Brujas, Uruguay
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Plataforma de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Uruguay
| | - Teresa Freire
- Grupo de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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68
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Yasuda K, Kuroda E. Role of eosinophils in protective immunity against secondary nematode infections. Immunol Med 2019; 42:148-155. [DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2019.1697135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koubun Yasuda
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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69
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Campbell L, Hepworth MR, Whittingham-Dowd J, Thompson S, Bancroft AJ, Hayes KS, Shaw TN, Dickey BF, Flamar AL, Artis D, Schwartz DA, Evans CM, Roberts IS, Thornton DJ, Grencis RK. ILC2s mediate systemic innate protection by priming mucus production at distal mucosal sites. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2714-2723. [PMID: 31582416 PMCID: PMC6888984 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Host immunity to parasitic nematodes requires the generation of a robust type 2 cytokine response, characterized by the production of interleukin 13 (IL-13), which drives expulsion. Here, we show that infection with helminths in the intestine also induces an ILC2-driven, IL-13-dependent goblet cell hyperplasia and increased production of mucins (Muc5b and Muc5ac) at distal sites, including the lungs and other mucosal barrier sites. Critically, we show that type 2 priming of lung tissue through increased mucin production inhibits the progression of a subsequent lung migratory helminth infection and limits its transit through the airways. These data show that infection by gastrointestinal-dwelling helminths induces a systemic innate mucin response that primes peripheral barrier sites for protection against subsequent secondary helminth infections. These data suggest that innate-driven priming of mucus barriers may have evolved to protect from subsequent infections with multiple helminth species, which occur naturally in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Campbell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew R. Hepworth
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK,Manchester Centre for Collaborative Inflammation Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jayde Whittingham-Dowd
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Seona Thompson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Allison J. Bancroft
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Kelly S. Hayes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Tovah N. Shaw
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK,Manchester Centre for Collaborative Inflammation Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Burton F. Dickey
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Anne-Laure Flamar
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - David A. Schwartz
- University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Ian S. Roberts
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK,Ian S. Roberts:
| | - David J. Thornton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK,David J. Thornton:
| | - Richard K. Grencis
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK,Correspondence to Richard K. Grencis:
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70
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Ebihara T, Taniuchi I. Exhausted-like Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Chronic Allergic Inflammation. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:1095-1104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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71
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Glover M, Colombo SAP, Thornton DJ, Grencis RK. Trickle infection and immunity to Trichuris muris. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007926. [PMID: 31730667 PMCID: PMC6881069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of experiments investigating the immune response to gastrointestinal helminth infection use a single bolus infection. However, in situ individuals are repeatedly infected with low doses. Therefore, to model natural infection, mice were repeatedly infected (trickle infection) with low doses of Trichuris muris. Trickle infection resulted in the slow acquisition of immunity reflected by a gradual increase in worm burden followed by partial expulsion. Flow cytometry revealed that the CD4+ T cell response shifted from Th1 dominated to Th2 dominated, which coincided with an increase in Type 2 cytokines. The development of resistance following trickle infection was associated with increased worm expulsion effector mechanisms including goblet cell hyperplasia, Muc5ac production and increased epithelial cell turn over. Depletion of CD4+ T cells reversed resistance confirming their importance in protective immunity following trickle infection. In contrast, depletion of group 2 innate lymphoid cells did not alter protective immunity. T. muris trickle infection resulted in a dysbiotic mircrobiota which began to recover alpha diversity following the development of resistance. These data establish trickle infection as a robust and informative model for analysis of immunity to chronic intestinal helminth infection more akin to that observed under natural infection conditions and confirms the importance of CD4+ T cell adaptive immunity in host protection. Infection with parasitic worms (helminths) is a considerable cause of morbidity in humans. Understanding how we respond to infection is crucial to developing novel therapies. Laboratory models of helminth infection have been a valuable tool in understanding fundamental immune responses to infection. However, typically an individual mouse will be infected with a large, single-dose of the parasite. This is in contrast to the natural scenario in which individuals will receive frequent low level exposures. However, it is unknown how repeated infection alters the development of immunity to infection. We have developed a laboratory model to tackle this question. We infected mice with the model helminth Trichuris muris on a weekly basis and assessed a range of responses in comparison with a more traditional infection regime. We found striking differences in the dynamics of the infection, the host immune response, and in changes to host gut microbial populations. Our study shows how resistance to helminth infection can develop over time in response to repeat infection, and provides a model system that better reflects human immunity to this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Glover
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano A. P. Colombo
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Thornton
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard K. Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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72
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Prakash Babu S, Narasimhan PB, Babu S. Eosinophil Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes in TB: What We Know so Far. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2639. [PMID: 31798582 PMCID: PMC6868031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on the cellular immune responses to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis has improved drastically in recent years. Though eosinophils and hypereosinophilia are linked with the disease process of tuberculosis, there is paucity of information to prove the actual role played by these polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the existing literature on what is known so far about eosinophils and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prakash B Narasimhan
- Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India.,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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73
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Long SR, Lanter BB, Pazos MA, Mou H, Barrios J, Su CW, Wang ZQ, Walker WA, Hurley BP, Shi HN. Intestinal helminth infection enhances bacteria-induced recruitment of neutrophils to the airspace. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15703. [PMID: 31673002 PMCID: PMC6823376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal helminth infections elicit Th2-type immunity, which influences host immune responses to additional threats, such as allergens, metabolic disease, and other pathogens. Th2 immunity involves a shift of the CD4+ T-cell population from type-0 to type-2 (Th2) with increased abundance of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. This study sought to investigate if existing gut-restricted intestinal helminth infections impact bacterial-induced acute airway neutrophil recruitment. C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: uninfected; helminth-Heligmosomoides polygyrus infected; Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected; and coinfected. Mice infected with H. polygyrus were incubated for 2 weeks, followed by P. aeruginosa intranasal inoculation. Bronchial alveolar lavage, blood, and lung samples were analyzed. Interestingly, infection with gut-restricted helminths resulted in immunological and structural changes in the lung. These changes include increased lung CD4+ T cells, increased Th2 cytokine expression, and airway goblet cell hyperplasia. Furthermore, coinfected mice exhibited significantly more airspace neutrophil infiltration at 6 hours following P. aeruginosa infection and exhibited an improved rate of survival compared with bacterial infected alone. These results suggest that chronic helminth infection of the intestines can influence and enhance acute airway neutrophil responses to P. aeruginosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Rong Long
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bernard B Lanter
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Pazos
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Hongmei Mou
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Juliana Barrios
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Chien-Wen Su
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - W Allan Walker
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Bryan P Hurley
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Hai Ning Shi
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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74
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Filbey KJ, Varyani F, Harcus Y, Hewitson JP, Smyth DJ, McSorley HJ, Ivens A, Nylén S, Rottenberg M, Löser S, Maizels RM. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Is Essential for Type 2 Effector Cell Immunity to an Intestinal Helminth Parasite. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2375. [PMID: 31708913 PMCID: PMC6821780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity to intestinal helminths is known to require both innate and adaptive components of the immune system activated along the Type 2 IL-4R/STAT6-dependent pathway. We have found that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is essential for the development of effective immunity to the intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus, even following vaccination which induces sterile immunity in wild-type mice. A chemical inhibitor of MIF, 4-IPP, was similarly found to compromise anti-parasite immunity. Cellular analyses found that the adaptive arm of the immune response, including IgG1 antibody responses and Th2-derived cytokines, was intact and that Foxp3+ T regulatory cell responses were unaltered in the absence of MIF. However, MIF was found to be an essential cytokine for innate cells, with ablated eosinophilia and ILC2 responses, and delayed recruitment and activation of macrophages to the M2 phenotype (expressing Arginase 1, Chil3, and RELM-α) upon infection of MIF-deficient mice; a macrophage deficit was also seen in wild-type BALB/c mice exposed to 4-IPP. Gene expression analysis of intestinal and lymph node tissues from MIF-deficient and -sufficient infected mice indicated significantly reduced levels of Arl2bp, encoding a factor involved in nuclear localization of STAT3. We further found that STAT3-deficient macrophages expressed less Arginase-1, and that mice lacking STAT3 in the myeloid compartment (LysMCrexSTAT3fl/fl) were unable to reject a secondary infection with H. polygyrus. We thus conclude that in the context of a Type 2 infection, MIF plays a critical role in polarizing macrophages into the protective alternatively-activated phenotype, and that STAT3 signaling may make a previously unrecognized contribution to immunity to helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara J. Filbey
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Fumi Varyani
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Harcus
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Hewitson
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle J. Smyth
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Henry J. McSorley
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Ivens
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Nylén
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Rottenberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Löser
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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75
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Al Kalaldeh M, Gibson J, Lee SH, Gondro C, van der Werf JHJ. Detection of genomic regions underlying resistance to gastrointestinal parasites in Australian sheep. Genet Sel Evol 2019; 51:37. [PMID: 31269896 PMCID: PMC6609385 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-019-0479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed at identifying genomic regions that underlie genetic variation of worm egg count, as an indicator trait for parasite resistance in a large population of Australian sheep, which was genotyped with the high-density 600 K Ovine single nucleotide polymorphism array. This study included 7539 sheep from different locations across Australia that underwent a field challenge with mixed gastrointestinal parasite species. Faecal samples were collected and worm egg counts for three strongyle species, i.e. Teladorsagia circumcincta, Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis were determined. Data were analysed using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and regional heritability mapping (RHM). RESULTS Both RHM and GWAS detected a region on Ovis aries (OAR) chromosome 2 that was highly significantly associated with parasite resistance at a genome-wise false discovery rate of 5%. RHM revealed additional significant regions on OAR6, 18, and 24. Pathway analysis revealed 13 genes within these significant regions (SH3RF1, HERC2, MAP3K, CYFIP1, PTPN1, BIN1, HERC3, HERC5, HERC6, IBSP, SPP1, ISG20, and DET1), which have various roles in innate and acquired immune response mechanisms, as well as cytokine signalling. Other genes involved in haemostasis regulation and mucosal defence were also detected, which are important for protection of sheep against invading parasites. CONCLUSIONS This study identified significant genomic regions on OAR2, 6, 18, and 24 that are associated with parasite resistance in sheep. RHM was more powerful in detecting regions that affect parasite resistance than GWAS. Our results support the hypothesis that parasite resistance is a complex trait and is determined by a large number of genes with small effects, rather than by a few major genes with large effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al Kalaldeh
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia. .,School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
| | - John Gibson
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.,School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Sang Hong Lee
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Cedric Gondro
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.,College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Julius H J van der Werf
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.,School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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76
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Sobotková K, Parker W, Levá J, Růžková J, Lukeš J, Jirků Pomajbíková K. Helminth Therapy - From the Parasite Perspective. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:501-515. [PMID: 31153721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies in animal models and humans suggest that intentional exposure to helminths or helminth-derived products may hold promise for treating chronic inflammatory-associated diseases (CIADs). Although the mechanisms underlying 'helminth therapy' are being evaluated, little attention has been paid to the actual organisms in use. Here we examine the notion that, because of the complexity of biological symbiosis, intact helminths rather than helminth-derived products are likely to prove more useful for clinical purposes. Further, weighing potential cost/benefit ratios of various helminths along with other factors, such as feasibility of production, we argue that the four helminths currently in use for CIAD treatments in humans were selected more by happenstance than by design, and that other candidates not yet tested may prove superior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Sobotková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - William Parker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jana Levá
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Růžková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Jirků Pomajbíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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77
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Hrabar J, Trumbić Ž, Bočina I, Bušelić I, Vrbatović A, Mladineo I. Interplay between proinflammatory cytokines, miRNA, and tissue lesions in Anisakis-infected Sprague-Dawley rats. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007397. [PMID: 31091271 PMCID: PMC6538193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anisakiasis is an emerging public health problem, caused by Anisakis spp. nematode larvae. Anisakiasis presents as variable and unspecific gastrointestinal and/or allergic clinical symptoms, which accounts for the high rate of misdiagnosed cases. Methodology/Principal findings The aim of this study was to characterize the early cellular (6–72 h p.i.) and molecular (6 h p.i.) immune response and general underlying regulatory mechanism in Anisakis infected rats. Each Sprague-Dawley rat was infected with 10 Anisakis spp. larvae by gastric intubation. Tissues with visible lesions were processed for: i) classic histopathology (HE), immunofluorescence (CD3, iNOS, S100A8/A9), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM); ii) target genes (Il1b, Il6, Il18, Ccl3, Icam1, Mmp9) and microRNA (Rat Immunopathology MIRN-104ZF plate, Quiagen) expression analysis; and iii) global DNA methylation. Histopathology revealed that Anisakis larval migration caused moderate to extensive hemorrhages in submucosal and epimysial/perimysial connective tissue. In stomach and muscle, moderate to abundant mixed inflammatory infiltrate was present, dominated by neutrophils and macrophages, while only mild infiltration was seen in intestine. Lesions were characterized by the presence of CD3+, iNOS+, and S100A8/A9+ cells. The greatest number of iNOS+ and S100A8/A9+ cells was seen in muscle. Il6, Il1b, and Ccl3 showed particularly strong expression in stomach and visceral adipose tissues, but the order of expression differed between tissues. In total, three miRNAs were differentially expressed, two in stomach (miRNA-451 and miRNA-223) and two in intestine (miRNA-451 and miRNA-672). No changes in global DNA methylation were observed in infected tissues relative to controls. Conclusions/Significance Anisakis infection induces strong immune responses in infected rats with marked induction of specific proinflammatory cytokines and miRNA expression. Deciphering the functional role of these cytokines and miRNAs will help in understanding the anisakiasis pathology and controversies surrounding Anisakis infection in humans. Anisakiasis is a zoonotic disease (infection transmitted between animals and humans) contracted by consumption of raw or undercooked seafood contaminated with Anisakis spp. nematode larvae. Anisakiasis usually presents with variable and unspecific gastrointestinal and/or allergic symptoms, which accounts for the high rate of misdiagnosed cases. Due to changes in dietary habits, such as eating raw or undercooked seafood, anisakiasis is considered an emerging public health problem. Despite the increase in number of reported cases worldwide, mechanisms of immune response to this unspecific human pathogen are poorly known. We have shown that in experimentally infected rats, Anisakis larvae cause severe hemorrhages and necrotic changes of affected tissues in the early phase of infections. Neutrophils and macrophages were abundantly present in tissue lesions, while eosinophils, hallmark of helminth infections, were scarcely present. We have also demonstrated particularly strong expression of several inflammatory genes. Moreover, we give for the first-time insight into putative regulatory mechanism mediated via a distinct class of RNA molecules. Our study may provide new opportunities for better understanding of cellular and molecular response to Anisakis spp., aiming at development of more specific therapeutics and alleviation of pathologies associated with Anisakis spp. infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerko Hrabar
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
- * E-mail:
| | - Željka Trumbić
- Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Bočina
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Bušelić
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
| | - Anamarija Vrbatović
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivona Mladineo
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
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78
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Yasuda K, Nakanishi K. Host responses to intestinal nematodes. Int Immunol 2019; 30:93-102. [PMID: 29346656 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infection remains common in developing countries, where residents who suffer from the consequences of such infections can develop serious physical and mental disorders and often persist in the face of serious economic problems. Intestinal nematode infection induces the development of Th2-type immune responses including the B-cell IgE response; additionally, this infection induces an increase in the numbers and activation of various types of effector cells, such as mast cells, eosinophils and basophils, as well as the induction of goblet cell hyperplasia, anti-microbial peptide production and smooth-muscle contraction, all of which contribute to expel nematodes. Innate immunity is important in efforts to eliminate helminth infection; cytokines, including IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, which are products of epithelial cells and mast cells, induce Th2 cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells to proliferate and produce Th2 cytokines. Nematodes also facilitate chronic infection by suppression of immune reactions through an increased number of Treg cells. Immunosuppression by parasite infection may ultimately be beneficial for the host animals; indeed, a negative correlation has been found between parasite infection and the prevalence of inflammatory disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koubun Yasuda
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakanishi
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
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Bouchery T, Le Gros G, Harris N. ILC2s-Trailblazers in the Host Response Against Intestinal Helminths. Front Immunol 2019; 10:623. [PMID: 31019505 PMCID: PMC6458269 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were first discovered in experimental studies of intestinal helminth infection—and much of our current knowledge of ILC2 activation and function is based on the use of these models. It is perhaps not surprising therefore that these cells have also been found to play a key role in mediating protection against these large multicellular parasites. ILC2s have been intensively studied over the last decade, and are known to respond quickly and robustly to the presence of helminths—both by increasing in number and producing type 2 cytokines. These mediators function to activate and repair epithelial barriers, to recruit other innate cells such as eosinophils, and to help activate T helper 2 cells. More recent investigations have focused on the mechanisms by which the host senses helminth parasites to activate ILC2s. Such studies have identified novel stromal cell types as being involved in this process—including intestinal tuft cells and enteric neurons, which respond to the presence of helminths and activate ILC2s by producing IL-25 and Neuromedin, respectively. In the current review, we will outline the latest insights into ILC2 activation and discuss the requirement for—or redundancy of—ILC2s in providing protective immunity against intestinal helminth parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Bouchery
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, AMREP, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Allergic & Parasitic Diseases Programme, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Harris
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, AMREP, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Sheng ZA, Li J, Wang DY, Kang YQ, Wei ZY, Zhang FK, Zhu XQ, Luo HL, Huang WY. Th2-related cytokines are associated with Fasciola gigantica infection and evasion in the natural host, swamp buffalo. Vet Parasitol 2019; 268:73-80. [PMID: 30981309 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The infection of ruminants by Fasciola spp. always induces a non-protective Th2-type immune response. However, little is known about changes in the local and systemic immune environment during F. gigantica migration in buffalo. In this study, native swamp buffaloes were each infected with 500 viable F. gigantica metacercariae. Mesenteric lymph node (MLN), hepatic lymph node (HLN), spleen, and serum samples were collected from control and infected buffaloes at 3, 10, 28, 42, 70, and 98 days post-infection (DPI). The mRNA expression levels of the Th1- and Th2-related cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and CD4 were measured during different infection stages in the MLNs, spleens, and HLNs using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Levels of the specific anti-ESP isotype antibodies IgG, IgG1, and IgG2 were used to reflect changes in humoral immunity. The results of this study indicated that swamp buffaloes were susceptible to F. gigantica infection, and that susceptibility to this infection was closely related to the cytokine environment associated with the Th2-type immune response. The MLNs showed a mixed Th1- and Th2-type immune response during the acute infection stages, after which the production of these cytokines returned to normal. Cytokine expression in the HLNs also expressed a mixed Th1- and Th2-type immune response during the early infection stages. When the infection became chronic, the typical Th2 immune response was induced in the HLNs. At the acute infection stages, the spleen exhibited a Th2 immune response. Nevertheless, cytokines associated with the Th1 and Th2 immune responses were upregulated at 98 DPI. In addition, the total IgG and IgG1 of the parasite-specific antibodies increased. This suggested that the Th2-related cytokines and IgG1 induced by F. gigantica infection might mediate successful F. gigantica infection in the natural host, swamp buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-An Sheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Dong-Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, PR China
| | - Yang-Qun Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, PR China
| | - Fu-Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, PR China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, PR China
| | - Hong-Lin Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, PR China.
| | - Wei-Yi Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, PR China.
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81
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Classon C, Feng X, Eidsmo L, Nylén S. Intestinal nematode infection exacerbates experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12618. [PMID: 30742324 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani exposure often results in subclinical infection in immunocompetent individuals, and the factors dictating development of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are not known. Infection with intestinal worms skew immunity towards type 2 and regulatory responses, thereby theoretically increases susceptibility to intracellular infections controlled by type 1 responses. Here we have tested how chronic infection with the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus affected immunity to a secondary infection with L donovani. We found that mice infected with H polygyrus displayed higher Leishmania burden in liver and spleen compared to worm-free animals. This increased infectious load was accompanied by reduced leucocyte infiltration and nos2 transcription in livers and increased il4 and il10 transcription in spleens. Collectively, these data show that chronic infection with intestinal nematodes skew immune responses in a way that may favour development of VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cajsa Classon
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Xiaogang Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Liv Eidsmo
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Susanne Nylén
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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82
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Pillai MR, Mihi B, Ishiwata K, Nakamura K, Sakuragi N, Finkelstein DB, McGargill MA, Nakayama T, Ayabe T, Coleman ML, Bix M. Myc-induced nuclear antigen constrains a latent intestinal epithelial cell-intrinsic anthelmintic pathway. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211244. [PMID: 30807587 PMCID: PMC6391002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Expulsion of parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes requires diverse effector mechanisms coordinated by a Th2-type response. The evolutionarily conserved JmjC protein; Myc Induced Nuclear Antigen (Mina) has been shown to repress IL4, a key Th2 cytokine, suggesting Mina may negatively regulate nematode expulsion. Here we report that expulsion of the parasitic nematode Trichuris muris was indeed accelerated in Mina deficient mice. Unexpectedly, this was associated not with an elevated Th2- but rather an impaired Th1-type response. Further reciprocal bone marrow chimera and conditional KO experiments demonstrated that retarded parasite expulsion and a normal Th1-type response both required Mina in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Transcriptional profiling experiments in IECs revealed anti-microbial α-defensin peptides to be the major target of Mina-dependent retention of worms in infected mice. In vitro exposure to recombinant α-defensin peptides caused cytotoxic damage to whipworms. These results identify a latent IEC-intrinsic anthelmintic pathway actively constrained by Mina and point to α-defensins as important effectors that together with Mina may be attractive therapeutic targets for the control of nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu R Pillai
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Belgacem Mihi
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishiwata
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakuragi
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - David B Finkelstein
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mathew L Coleman
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bix
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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83
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84
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Duque-Correa MA, Karp NA, McCarthy C, Forman S, Goulding D, Sankaranarayanan G, Jenkins TP, Reid AJ, Cambridge EL, Ballesteros Reviriego C, Müller W, Cantacessi C, Dougan G, Grencis RK, Berriman M. Exclusive dependence of IL-10Rα signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007265. [PMID: 30640950 PMCID: PMC6347331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The whipworm Trichuris trichiura is a soil-transmitted helminth that dwells in the epithelium of the caecum and proximal colon of their hosts causing the human disease, trichuriasis. Trichuriasis is characterized by colitis attributed to the inflammatory response elicited by the parasite while tunnelling through intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The IL-10 family of receptors, comprising combinations of subunits IL-10Rα, IL-10Rβ, IL-22Rα and IL-28Rα, modulates intestinal inflammatory responses. Here we carefully dissected the role of these subunits in the resistance of mice to infection with T. muris, a mouse model of the human whipworm T. trichiura. Our findings demonstrate that whilst IL-22Rα and IL-28Rα are dispensable in the host response to whipworms, IL-10 signalling through IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ is essential to control caecal pathology, worm expulsion and survival during T. muris infections. We show that deficiency of IL-10, IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ results in dysbiosis of the caecal microbiota characterised by expanded populations of opportunistic bacteria of the families Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Moreover, breakdown of the epithelial barrier after whipworm infection in IL-10, IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ-deficient mice, allows the translocation of these opportunistic pathogens or their excretory products to the liver causing organ failure and lethal disease. Importantly, bone marrow chimera experiments indicate that signalling through IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ in haematopoietic cells, but not IECs, is crucial to control worm expulsion and immunopathology. These findings are supported by worm expulsion upon infection of conditional mutant mice for the IL-10Rα on IECs. Our findings emphasize the pivotal and complex role of systemic IL-10Rα signalling on immune cells in promoting microbiota homeostasis and maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier, thus preventing immunopathology during whipworm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natasha A Karp
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine McCarthy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Forman
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Timothy P Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Reid
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Cambridge
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Werner Müller
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard K Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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85
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Abstract
Nematode parasites rely on successful host infection to perpetuate their species. Infection by individual nematode parasites can be risky, however; any one individual could be killed by the host's immune response. Here we use a model system to show that environmental cues and parasite past experience can be used by entomopathogenic nematodes to reduce individual risk of infection. Past parasite experience can more than double the infective virulence (number of host invaders) of a given cohort of entomopathogenic nematode parasites. This plasticity in individual parasite risk-taking and associated infection can be used to manage infection of parasitic nematodes: enhancing biological control with entomopathogenic nematodes and developing behavioral and chemical strategies to reduce infection by vertebrate and plant parasitic nematodes.
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86
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Guivier E, Criscuolo F, Zahn S, Bellenger J, Galan M, Faivre B, Sorci G. Early life infection and host senescence. Exp Gerontol 2018; 114:19-26. [PMID: 30366039 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advanced age is often associated with a chronic inflammatory status and inflammatory diseases. It has been suggested that exposure to infectious agents that stimulate the inflammatory response at early ages might have carry over effects in terms of accelerated senescence and increased mortality at late ages. However, not all pathogens and parasites have pro-inflammatory effects. In particular, parasitic nematodes have been shown to dampen the inflammatory response and to prevent or alleviate the symptoms of inflammatory diseases. We, therefore, tentatively predicted that early infection with a parasite that has anti-inflammatory properties might postpone aging. We tested this idea using the association between the nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus and its rodent host. In addition to the infection with H. polygyrus, we also activated the systemic inflammatory response with an Escherichia coli LPS injection, to explore the effect of H. polygyrus under control and inflammatory conditions. In addition to lifespan, we also assessed several biomarkers of aging, once the infection had been cleared. We found that both treatments (H. polygyrus infection and LPS challenge) reduced longevity. Most of the biomarkers of aging were affected by the previous infection status, suggesting that mice exposed to the nematode had an accentuated senescent phenotype. These results show that infection with immunomodulatory parasites per se does not prolong host lifespan and rather support the view that infection in early life accelerates the rate of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Guivier
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France; Lipides Nutrition Cancer, INSERM UMR 866, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France; Laboratoire IMBE, Université Aix Marseille, Campus St Charles, 13001 Marseille, France.
| | - François Criscuolo
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Sandrine Zahn
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Jérôme Bellenger
- Laboratoire IMBE, Université Aix Marseille, Campus St Charles, 13001 Marseille, France.
| | - Maxime Galan
- Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France.
| | - Bruno Faivre
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Gabriele Sorci
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
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87
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Li Y, Guan X, Liu W, Chen HL, Truscott J, Beyatli S, Metwali A, Weiner GJ, Zavazava N, Blumberg RS, Urban JF, Blazar BR, Elliott DE, Ince MN. Helminth-Induced Production of TGF-β and Suppression of Graft-versus-Host Disease Is Dependent on IL-4 Production by Host Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2910-2922. [PMID: 30291167 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helminths stimulate the secretion of Th2 cytokines, like IL-4, and suppress lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after bone marrow transplantation. This suppression depends on the production of immune-modulatory TGF-β and is associated with TGF-β-dependent in vivo expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg). In vivo expansion of Tregs is under investigation for its potential as a therapy for GVHD. Nonetheless, the mechanism of induced and TGF-β-dependent in vivo expansion of Tregs, in a Th2 polarized environment after helminth infection, is unknown. In this study, we show that helminth-induced IL-4 production by host cells is critical to the induction and maintenance of TGF-β secretion, TGF-β-dependent expansion of Foxp3+ Tregs, and the suppression of GVHD. In mice with GVHD, the expanding donor Tregs express the Th2-driving transcription factor, GATA3, which is required for helminth-induced production of IL-4 and TGF-β. In contrast, TGF-β is not necessary for GATA3 expression by Foxp3+ Tregs or by Foxp3- CD4 T cells. Various cell types of innate or adaptive immune compartments produce high quantities of IL-4 after helminth infection. As a result, IL-4-mediated suppression of GVHD does not require invariant NKT cells of the host, a cell type known to produce IL-4 and suppress GVHD in other models. Thus, TGF-β generation, in a manner dependent on IL-4 secretion by host cells and GATA3 expression, constitutes a critical effector arm of helminthic immune modulation that promotes the in vivo expansion of Tregs and suppresses GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Xiaoqun Guan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Weiren Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Hung-Lin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Jamie Truscott
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Sonay Beyatli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Ahmed Metwali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - George J Weiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Nicholas Zavazava
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Joseph F Urban
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705; and
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - David E Elliott
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - M Nedim Ince
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; .,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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88
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Affinass N, Zhang H, Löhning M, Hartmann S, Rausch S. Manipulation of the balance between Th2 and Th2/1 hybrid cells affects parasite nematode fitness in mice. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1958-1964. [PMID: 30267404 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T-helper type 2 (Th2) responses are central to the control of helminth infections, but sensitive to opposing cytokine signals favoring Th1 priming. We previously reported on GATA-3+ T-bet+ Th2/1 hybrid cell differentiation in helminth mono-infections, resulting in a substantial proportion of cells coproducing IFN-γ next to Th2 cytokines. Here, we demonstrate Th2/1 cells as the major source of parasite-specific IFN-γ production in acute and chronic infections with the enteric nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Th2/1 cells differentiated from naive precursors and accumulated in spleen and intestine of infected mice, resulting in increased systemic and mucosal IFN-γ production. IFN-γ supplementation early during infection supported Th2/1 differentiation, associated with elevated parasite fecundity and the maintenance of high worm burdens in the chronic stage of infection, whereas mice lacking IFN-γ signals generated poor Th2/1 responses and restricted parasite fecundity more efficiently. These findings suggest that Th2/1 hybrid responses take part in immune regulation during helminth infection and restrain effective anti-helminth immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Affinass
- Institute of Immunology, Centre of Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Centre of Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Löhning
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Centre of Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rausch
- Institute of Immunology, Centre of Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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89
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Li Y, Liu W, Guan X, Truscott J, Creemers JW, Chen HL, Pesu M, El Abiad RG, Karacay B, Urban JF, Elliott DE, Kaplan MH, Blazar BR, Ince MN. STAT6 and Furin Are Successive Triggers for the Production of TGF-β by T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2612-2623. [PMID: 30266770 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Production of TGF-β by T cells is key to various aspects of immune homeostasis, with defects in this process causing or aggravating immune-mediated disorders. The molecular mechanisms that lead to TGF-β generation by T cells remain largely unknown. To address this issue, we take advantage of the fact that intestinal helminths stimulate Th2 cells besides triggering TGF-β generation by T lymphocytes and regulate immune-mediated disorders. We show that the Th2 cell-inducing transcription factor STAT6 is necessary and sufficient for the expression of TGF-β propeptide in T cells. STAT6 is also necessary for several helminth-triggered events in mice, such as TGF-β-dependent suppression of alloreactive inflammation in graft-versus-host disease. Besides STAT6, helminth-induced secretion of active TGF-β requires cleavage of propeptide by the endopeptidase furin. Thus, for the immune regulatory pathway necessary for TGF-β production by T cells, our results support a two-step model, composed of STAT6 and furin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Weiren Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Xiaqun Guan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Jamie Truscott
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - John W Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000 Belgium
| | - Hung-Lin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Marko Pesu
- Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.,Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Rami G El Abiad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Bahri Karacay
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Joseph F Urban
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - David E Elliott
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - M Nedim Ince
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; .,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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90
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Smith KA, Löser S, Varyani F, Harcus Y, McSorley HJ, McKenzie AN, Maizels RM. Concerted IL-25R and IL-4Rα signaling drive innate type 2 effector immunity for optimal helminth expulsion. eLife 2018; 7:38269. [PMID: 30238872 PMCID: PMC6173579 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 25 (IL-25) is a major 'alarmin' cytokine, capable of initiating and amplifying the type immune response to helminth parasites. However, its role in the later effector phase of clearing chronic infection remains unclear. The helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus establishes long-term infections in susceptible C57BL/6 mice, but is slowly expelled in BALB/c mice from day 14 onwards. We noted that IL-25R (Il17rb)-deficient BALB/c mice were unable to expel parasites despite type 2 immune activation comparable to the wild-type. We then established that in C57BL/6 mice, IL-25 adminstered late in infection (days 14-17) drove immunity. Moreover, when IL-25 and IL-4 were delivered to Rag1-deficient mice, the combination resulted in near complete expulsion of the parasite, even following administration of an anti-CD90 antibody to deplete innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Hence, effective anti-helminth immunity during chronic infection requires an innate effector cell population that is synergistically activated by the combination of IL-4Rα and IL-25R signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Smith
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephan Löser
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Fumi Varyani
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Harcus
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Henry J McSorley
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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91
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King IL, Li Y. Host-Parasite Interactions Promote Disease Tolerance to Intestinal Helminth Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2128. [PMID: 30298071 PMCID: PMC6160735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths are among the most pervasive pathogens of the animal kingdom. To complete their life cycle, these intestinal worms migrate through host tissues causing significant damage in their wake. As a result, infection can lead to malnutrition, anemia and increased susceptibility to co-infection. Despite repeated deworming treatment, individuals living in endemic regions remain highly susceptible to re-infection by helminths, but rarely succumb to excessive tissue damage. The chronicity of infection and inability to resist numerous species of parasitic helminths that have co-evolved with their hosts over millenia suggests that mammals have developed mechanisms to tolerate this infectious disease. Distinct from resistance where the goal is to destroy and eliminate the pathogen, disease tolerance is an active process whereby immune and structural cells restrict tissue damage to maintain host fitness without directly affecting pathogen burden. Although disease tolerance is evolutionary conserved and has been well-described in plant systems, only recently has this mode of host defense, in its strictest sense, begun to be explored in mammals. In this review, we will examine the inter- and intracellular networks that support disease tolerance during enteric stages of parasitic helminth infection and why this alternative host defense strategy may have evolved to endure the presence of non-replicating pathogens and maintain the essential functions of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irah L King
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yue Li
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Montreal, QC, Canada
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92
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Yasuda K, Adachi T, Koida A, Nakanishi K. Nematode-Infected Mice Acquire Resistance to Subsequent Infection With Unrelated Nematode by Inducing Highly Responsive Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Lung. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2132. [PMID: 30283458 PMCID: PMC6157322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune responses against helminths have been investigated individually, and it is well-established that infected hosts develop an immunological memory to resist reinfection by the same pathogen. In contrast, it is poorly understood how the host immune system responds to subsequent infection by unrelated parasites after elimination of the first infection. We previously reported that infection of mice with Strongyloides venezuelensis induces the accumulation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in the lung. Here, we demonstrated that S. venezuelensis-experienced (Sv-exp) mice became significantly resistant against infection by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. N. brasiliensis infection induced enhanced accumulation of ILC2s and eosinophils with increased expressions of mRNA for Th2 cytokines in the lungs of Sv-exp mice. The resistance was dependent on ILC2s, and eosinophils but not on CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, pulmonary ILC2s in Sv-exp mice acquired a highly responsive “trained” phenotype; in response to N. brasiliensis infection, they rapidly increased and produced IL-5 and IL-13, which in turn induced the early accumulation of eosinophils in the lungs. IL-33 was required for the accumulation of ILC2s and the resistance of mice against N. brasiliensis infection but insufficient for the induction of trained ILC2s. In conclusion, animals infected with one type of lung-migratory nematodes acquire a specific-antigen-independent resistance to another type of lung-migrating nematodes, providing animals with the capacity to protect against sequential infections with various lung-migratory nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koubun Yasuda
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takumi Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Atsuhide Koida
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakanishi
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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93
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Robertson E, Harcus Y, Johnston CJC, Page AP, Walkinshaw MD, Maizels RM, Houston D. DEMONSTRATION OF THE ANTHELMINTIC POTENCY OF MARIMASTAT IN THE HELIGMOSOMOIDES POLYGYRUS RODENT MODEL. J Parasitol 2018; 104:705-709. [PMID: 30085900 DOI: 10.1645/18-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of a structure based drug discovery program the known anticancer candidate marimastat was uncovered as a potent inhibitor of an enzyme in nematode cuticle biogenesis. It was shown to kill Caenorhabditis elegans, and the sheep parasites Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcinta via an entirely novel nematode-specific pathway, specifically by inhibiting cuticle-remodelling enzymes that the parasites require for the developmentally essential moulting process. This discovery prompted an investigation of the compound's effect on Heligmosomoides polygyrus parasites in a mouse model of helminth infection. Mice were administered the drug via oral gavage daily from day of infection for a period of 2 wk. A second group received the drug via intra-peritoneal implantation of an osmotic minipump for 4 wk. Control groups were administered identical volumes of water by oral gavage in both cases. Counts of H. polygyrus faecal egg and larval load showed that marimastat effected a consistent and significant reduction in egg laying, and a consistent but minor reduction in adult worm load when administered every day, starting on the first day of infection. However, the drug failed to have any significant effect on egg counts or worm burdens when administered to mice with established infections. Therefore, marimastat does not appear to show promise as an anthelmintic in gastrointestinal nematode infections, although other metalloproteases such as batimastat may prove more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Robertson
- * Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, U.K
| | - Yvonne Harcus
- † The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Chris J C Johnston
- ‡ Department of Clinical Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, U.K
| | - Antony P Page
- § Urquhart Building, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, U.K
| | - Malcolm D Walkinshaw
- ¶ Michael Swann Building, Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, U.K
| | - Rick M Maizels
- ⑊ Sir Graeme Davies Building, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, U.K
| | - Douglas Houston
- ** University of Edinburgh School of Biological Sciences Michael Swann Building, Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, U.K
- †† 0000-0002-3469-1546
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94
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Cortés A, Toledo R, Cantacessi C. Classic Models for New Perspectives: Delving into Helminth–Microbiota–Immune System Interactions. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:640-654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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95
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Batugedara HM, Li J, Chen G, Lu D, Patel JJ, Jang JC, Radecki KC, Burr AC, Lo DD, Dillman AR, Nair MG. Hematopoietic cell-derived RELMα regulates hookworm immunity through effects on macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:855-869. [PMID: 29992625 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0917-369rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistin-like molecule α (RELMα) is a highly secreted protein in type 2 (Th2) cytokine-induced inflammation including helminth infection and allergy. In infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb), RELMα dampens Th2 inflammatory responses. RELMα is expressed by immune cells, and by epithelial cells (EC); however, the functional impact of immune versus EC-derived RELMα is unknown. We generated bone marrow (BM) chimeras that were RELMα deficient (RELMα-/ - ) in BM or non BM cells and infected them with Nb. Non BM RELMα-/- chimeras had comparable inflammatory responses and parasite burdens to RELMα+/+ mice. In contrast, both RELMα-/- and BM RELMα-/- mice exhibited increased Nb-induced lung and intestinal inflammation, correlated with elevated Th2 cytokines and Nb killing. CD11c+ lung macrophages were the dominant BM-derived source of RELMα and can mediate Nb killing. Therefore, we employed a macrophage-worm co-culture system to investigate whether RELMα regulates macrophage-mediated Nb killing. Compared to RELMα+ /+ macrophages, RELMα-/- macrophages exhibited increased binding to Nb and functionally impaired Nb development. Supplementation with recombinant RELMα partially reversed this phenotype. Gene expression analysis revealed that RELMα decreased cell adhesion and Fc receptor signaling pathways, which are associated with macrophage-mediated helminth killing. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that BM-derived RELMα is necessary and sufficient to dampen Nb immune responses, and identify that one mechanism of action of RELMα is through inhibiting macrophage recruitment and interaction with Nb. Our findings suggest that RELMα acts as an immune brake that provides mutually beneficial effects for the host and parasite by limiting tissue damage and delaying parasite expulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashini M Batugedara
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jiang Li
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Dihong Lu
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jay J Patel
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jessica C Jang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Kelly C Radecki
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Abigail C Burr
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - David D Lo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Adler R Dillman
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Meera G Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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96
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Brosschot TP, Reynolds LA. The impact of a helminth-modified microbiome on host immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1039-1046. [PMID: 29453411 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal helminths have well-characterized modulatory effects on mammalian immune pathways. Ongoing helminth infection has been associated with both the suppression of allergies and an altered susceptibility to microbial infections. Enteric helminths share a niche with the intestinal microbiota, and the presence of helminths alters the microbiota composition and the metabolic signature of the host. Recent studies have demonstrated that the helminth-modified intestinal microbiome has the capacity to modify host immune responses even in the absence of live helminth infection. This article discusses the mechanisms by which helminths modify the intestinal microbiome of mammals, and reviews the evidence for a helminth-modified microbiome directly influencing host immunity during infectious and inflammatory diseases. Understanding the multifaceted mechanisms that underpin helminth immunomodulation will pave the way for novel therapies to combat infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara P Brosschot
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Lisa A Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
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97
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Nusse YM, Savage AK, Marangoni P, Rosendahl-Huber AKM, Landman TA, de Sauvage FJ, Locksley RM, Klein OD. Parasitic helminths induce fetal-like reversion in the intestinal stem cell niche. Nature 2018. [PMID: 29950724 DOI: 10.1038/s41586‐018‐0257‐1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial surfaces form critical barriers to the outside world and are continuously renewed by adult stem cells1. Whereas dynamics of epithelial stem cells during homeostasis are increasingly well understood, how stem cells are redirected from a tissue-maintenance program to initiate repair after injury remains unclear. Here we examined infection by Heligmosomoides polygyrus, a co-evolved pathosymbiont of mice, to assess the epithelial response to disruption of the mucosal barrier. H. polygyrus disrupts tissue integrity by penetrating the duodenal mucosa, where it develops while surrounded by a multicellular granulomatous infiltrate2. Crypts overlying larvae-associated granulomas did not express intestinal stem cell markers, including Lgr53, in spite of continued epithelial proliferation. Granuloma-associated Lgr5- crypt epithelium activated an interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-dependent transcriptional program, highlighted by Sca-1 expression, and IFN-γ-producing immune cells were found in granulomas. A similar epithelial response accompanied systemic activation of immune cells, intestinal irradiation, or ablation of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells. When cultured in vitro, granuloma-associated crypt cells formed spheroids similar to those formed by fetal epithelium, and a sub-population of H. polygyrus-induced cells activated a fetal-like transcriptional program, demonstrating that adult intestinal tissues can repurpose aspects of fetal development. Therefore, re-initiation of the developmental program represents a fundamental mechanism by which the intestinal crypt can remodel itself to sustain function after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ysbrand M Nusse
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam K Savage
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pauline Marangoni
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Axel K M Rosendahl-Huber
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tyler A Landman
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard M Locksley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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98
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Parasitic helminths induce fetal-like reversion in the intestinal stem cell niche. Nature 2018; 559:109-113. [PMID: 29950724 PMCID: PMC6042247 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial surfaces form critical barriers to the outside world and are continuously renewed by adult stem cells1. Whereas epithelial stem cell dynamics during homeostasis are increasingly well understood, how stem cells are redirected from a tissue-maintenance program to initiate repair after injury remains unclear. Here, we examined infection by Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Hp), a co-evolved pathosymbiont of mice, to assess the epithelial response to disruption of the mucosal barrier. Hp disrupts tissue integrity by penetrating the duodenal mucosa, where it develops while surrounded by a multicellular granulomatous infiltrate2. Unexpectedly, intestinal stem cell (ISC) markers, including Lgr53, were lost in crypts overlying larvae-associated granulomas, despite continued epithelial proliferation. Granuloma-associated Lgr5− crypt epithelia activated an interferon-gamma (IFNγ)-dependent transcriptional program, highlighted by Sca-1 expression, and IFNγ-producing immune cells were found in granulomas. A similar epithelial response accompanied systemic activation of immune cells, intestinal irradiation, or ablation of Lgr5+ ISCs. Granuloma-associated crypt cells generated fetal-like spheroids in culture, and a sub-population of Hp-induced cells activated a fetal-like transcriptional program, demonstrating that adult intestinal tissues can repurpose aspects of fetal development. Thus, re-initiation of the developmental program represents a fundamental mechanism by which the intestinal crypt can remodel to sustain function after injury.
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99
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Rapin A, Harris NL. Helminth-Bacterial Interactions: Cause and Consequence. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:724-733. [PMID: 29941203 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal helminths, along with mutualistic microbes, have cohabited the intestine of mammals throughout evolution. Interactions between helminths, bacteria, and their mammalian hosts may shape not only host-helminth and host-microbiome interactions, but also the relationship between helminths and the microbiome. This 'ménage à trois' situation may not be completely balanced in that it may favor either the host or the parasite, possibly at the cost of the other partner. Similarly, helminths may favor the establishment of a particular microbiome with either positive or negative consequences for the overall health and well-being of the host. Recent studies indicate that infection with intestinal helminths can and does impact the intestinal microbiome, with important consequences for each partner in this tripartite relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Rapin
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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100
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Abstract
Approximately one-sixth of the worlds' population is infected with helminths and this class of parasite takes a major toll on domestic livestock. The majority of species of parasitic helminth that infect mammals live in the gut (the only niche for tapeworms) where they contact the hosts' epithelial cells. Here, the helminth-intestinal epithelial interface is reviewed in terms of the impact on, and regulation of epithelial barrier function, both intrinsic (epithelial permeability) and extrinsic (mucin, bacterial peptides, commensal bacteria) elements of the barrier. The data available on direct effects of helminths on epithelial permeability are scant, fragmentary and pales in comparison with knowledge of mobilization of immune reactions and effector cells in response to helminth parasites and how these impact intestinal barrier function. The interaction of helminth-host and helminth-host-bacteria is an important determinant of gut form and function and precisely defining these interactions will radically alter our understanding of normal gut physiology and pathophysiological reactions, revealing new approaches to infection with parasitic helminths, bacterial pathogens and idiopathic auto-inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M McKay
- a Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Snyder Institute of Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Adam Shute
- a Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Snyder Institute of Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Fernando Lopes
- a Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Snyder Institute of Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
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