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Huang Y, Hatakeyama M, Shimmi O. Wing vein development in the sawfly Athalia rosae is regulated by spatial transcription of Dpp/BMP signaling components. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:408-415. [PMID: 29596913 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wing venation among insects serves as an excellent model to address how diversified patterns are produced. Previous studies suggest that evolutionarily conserved Decapentaplegic (Dpp)/Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signal plays a critical role in wing vein development in the dipteran Drosophila melanogaster and the hymenopteran sawfly Athalia rosae. In sawfly, dpp is ubiquitously expressed in the wing during prepupal stages, but Dpp/BMP signal is localized in the future vein cells. Since localized BMP signaling involves BMP binding protein Crossveinless (Cv), redistribution of BMP ligands appears to be crucial for sawfly wing vein formation. However, how ubiquitously expressed ligands lead to a localized signal remains to be addressed. Here, we found that BMP binding protein short gastrulation (Sog) is highly expressed in the intervein cells. Our data also reveal that BMP type I receptors thickveins (Tkv) and saxophone (Sax) are highly expressed in intervein cells and at lower levels in the vein progenitor cells. RNAi knockdown of Ar-tkv or Ar-sax indicates that both receptors are required for localized BMP signaling in the wing vein progenitor cells. Taken together, our data suggest that spatial transcription of core- and co-factors of the BMP pathway sustain localized BMP signaling during sawfly wing vein development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxian Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Masatsugu Hatakeyama
- Division of Applied Genetics, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Owashi, Tsukuba, 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Osamu Shimmi
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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52
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Wang XC, Liu Z, Jin LH. Anchor negatively regulates BMP signalling to control Drosophila wing development. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:308-317. [PMID: 29735293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors play particularly important roles in many organisms. The novel Drosophila gene anchor is an orthologue of vertebrate GPR155. However, the roles of anchor in molecular functions and biological processes, especially in wing development, remain unknown. Knockdown of anchor resulted in an increased wing size and additional and thickened veins. These abnormal wing phenotypes were similar to those observed in BMP signalling gain-of-function experiments. We observed that the BMP signalling indicator p-Mad was significantly increased in wing discs in which anchor RNAi was induced in larvae and accumulated abnormally in intervein regions in pupae. Furthermore, the expression of target genes of the BMP signalling pathway was examined using a lacZ reporter, and the results indicated that omb and sal were substantially increased in anchor-knockdown wing discs. An investigation of genetic interactions between Anchor and the BMP signalling pathway revealed that the thickened and ectopic vein tissues were rescued by knocking down BMP levels. These results suggested that Anchor functions to negatively regulate BMP signalling during wing development and vein formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ziguang Liu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Li Hua Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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53
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Nijhout HF, McKenna KZ. Wing morphogenesis in Lepidoptera. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 137:88-94. [PMID: 29786506 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The wings of Lepidoptera develop from imaginal disks that are made up of a simple two-layered epithelium whose structure is always congruent with the final adult wing. It is therefore possible to map every point on the imaginal disk to a location on the adult wing throughout the period of growth and morphogenesis. The wings of different species of Lepidoptera differ greatly in both size and shape, yet it is possible to fate-map homologous locations on the developing wing disks and explicitly monitor the growth, size, and shape of the wing, or any of its regions, throughout the entire ontogeny of the wing. The wing achieves its final form through spatially patterned cell divisions, oriented cell divisions, physical constraints on directional growth by an actin network between the wing veins, and by patterned cell death. Each of these factors contributes differently to morphogenesis and to the development of species-specific differences in wing shape. The final shape of the wing is sculpted out of the much larger imaginal disk by a pattern of programmed cell death that removes all cells distal to the bordering lacuna, and is responsible for the detailed outline of the wing.
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54
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Malzer E, Dominicus CS, Chambers JE, Dickens JA, Mookerjee S, Marciniak SJ. The integrated stress response regulates BMP signalling through effects on translation. BMC Biol 2018; 16:34. [PMID: 29609607 PMCID: PMC5881181 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Developmental pathways must be responsive to the environment. Phosphorylation of eIF2α enables a family of stress-sensing kinases to trigger the integrated stress response (ISR), which has pro-survival and developmental consequences. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate multiple developmental processes in organisms from insects to mammals. Results Here we show in Drosophila that GCN2 antagonises BMP signalling through direct effects on translation and indirectly via the transcription factor crc (dATF4). Expression of a constitutively active GCN2 or loss of the eIF2α phosphatase dPPP1R15 impairs developmental BMP signalling in flies. In cells, inhibition of translation by GCN2 blocks downstream BMP signalling. Moreover, loss of d4E-BP, a target of crc, augments BMP signalling in vitro and rescues tissue development in vivo. Conclusion These results identify a novel mechanism by which the ISR modulates BMP signalling during development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-018-0503-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Malzer
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Caia S Dominicus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Joseph E Chambers
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Jennifer A Dickens
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Souradip Mookerjee
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Stefan J Marciniak
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK. .,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.
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55
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Caria S, Magtoto CM, Samiei T, Portela M, Lim KYB, How JY, Stewart BZ, Humbert PO, Richardson HE, Kvansakul M. Drosophila melanogaster Guk-holder interacts with the Scribbled PDZ1 domain and regulates epithelial development with Scribbled and Discs Large. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4519-4531. [PMID: 29378849 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.817528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell polarity is controlled by components of the Scribble polarity module, and its regulation is critical for tissue architecture and cell proliferation and migration. In Drosophila melanogaster, the adaptor protein Guk-holder (Gukh) binds to the Scribbled (Scrib) and Discs Large (Dlg) components of the Scribble polarity module and plays an important role in the formation of neuromuscular junctions. However, Gukh's role in epithelial tissue formation and the molecular basis for the Scrib-Gukh interaction remain to be defined. We now show using isothermal titration calorimetry that the Scrib PDZ1 domain is the major site for an interaction with Gukh. Furthermore, we defined the structural basis of this interaction by determining the crystal structure of the Scrib PDZ1-Gukh complex. The C-terminal PDZ-binding motif of Gukh is located in the canonical ligand-binding groove of Scrib PDZ1 and utilizes an unusually extensive network of hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions to enable binding to PDZ1 with high affinity. We next examined the role of Gukh along with those of Scrib and Dlg in Drosophila epithelial tissues and found that Gukh is expressed in larval-wing and eye-epithelial tissues and co-localizes with Scrib and Dlg at the apical cell cortex. Importantly, we show that Gukh functions with Scrib and Dlg in the development of Drosophila epithelial tissues, with depletion of Gukh enhancing the eye- and wing-tissue defects caused by Scrib or Dlg depletion. Overall, our findings reveal that Scrib's PDZ1 domain functions in the interaction with Gukh and that the Scrib-Gukh interaction has a key role in epithelial tissue development in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Caria
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086
| | - Charlene M Magtoto
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086.,Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, and.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, and
| | - Tinaz Samiei
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086.,the Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory
| | - Marta Portela
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086.,the Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory
| | - Krystle Y B Lim
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086
| | - Jing Yuan How
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086
| | - Bryce Z Stewart
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086.,Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, and.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, and.,the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Pathology, and
| | - Helena E Richardson
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, and.,the Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory.,the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086,
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56
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Bala Tannan N, Collu G, Humphries AC, Serysheva E, Weber U, Mlodzik M. AKAP200 promotes Notch stability by protecting it from Cbl/lysosome-mediated degradation in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007153. [PMID: 29309414 PMCID: PMC5785023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AKAP200 is a Drosophila melanogaster member of the “A Kinase Associated Protein” family of scaffolding proteins, known for their role in the spatial and temporal regulation of Protein Kinase A (PKA) in multiple signaling contexts. Here, we demonstrate an unexpected function of AKAP200 in promoting Notch protein stability. In Drosophila, AKAP200 loss-of-function (LOF) mutants show phenotypes that resemble Notch LOF defects, including eye patterning and sensory organ specification defects. Through genetic interactions, we demonstrate that AKAP200 interacts positively with Notch in both the eye and the thorax. We further show that AKAP200 is part of a physical complex with Notch. Biochemical studies reveal that AKAP200 stabilizes endogenous Notch protein, and that it limits ubiquitination of Notch. Specifically, our genetic and biochemical evidence indicates that AKAP200 protects Notch from the E3-ubiquitin ligase Cbl, which targets Notch to the lysosomal pathway. Indeed, we demonstrate that the effect of AKAP200 on Notch levels depends on the lysosome. Interestingly, this function of AKAP200 is fully independent of its role in PKA signaling and independent of its ability to bind PKA. Taken together, our data indicate that AKAP200 is a novel tissue specific posttranslational regulator of Notch, maintaining high Notch protein levels and thus promoting Notch signaling. AKAP200 belongs to a family of scaffolding proteins best known for their regulation of PKA localization. In this study, we have identified a novel role of AKAP200 in Notch protein stability and signaling. In Drosophila melanogaster, AKAP200’s loss and gain-of-function (LOF/GOF) phenotypes are characteristic of Notch signaling defects. Furthermore, we demonstrated genetic interactions between AKAP200 and Notch. Consistent with this, AKAP200 stabilizes the endogenous Notch protein and limits its ubiquitination. AKAP200 exerts its effects on Notch by antagonizing Cbl-mediated ubiquitination and thus lysosome targeting of Notch. Based on these data, we postulate a novel PKA independent mechanism of AKAP200 to achieve optimal Notch protein levels, with AKAP200 preventing Cbl-mediated lysosomal degradation of Notch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Bala Tannan
- Dept. of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Giovanna Collu
- Dept. of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ashley C. Humphries
- Dept. of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ekatherina Serysheva
- Dept. of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ursula Weber
- Dept. of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Dept. of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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57
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Salazar JL, Yamamoto S. Integration of Drosophila and Human Genetics to Understand Notch Signaling Related Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1066:141-185. [PMID: 30030826 PMCID: PMC6233323 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89512-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling research dates back to more than one hundred years, beginning with the identification of the Notch mutant in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Since then, research on Notch and related genes in flies has laid the foundation of what we now know as the Notch signaling pathway. In the 1990s, basic biological and biochemical studies of Notch signaling components in mammalian systems, as well as identification of rare mutations in Notch signaling pathway genes in human patients with rare Mendelian diseases or cancer, increased the significance of this pathway in human biology and medicine. In the 21st century, Drosophila and other genetic model organisms continue to play a leading role in understanding basic Notch biology. Furthermore, these model organisms can be used in a translational manner to study underlying mechanisms of Notch-related human diseases and to investigate the function of novel disease associated genes and variants. In this chapter, we first briefly review the major contributions of Drosophila to Notch signaling research, discussing the similarities and differences between the fly and human pathways. Next, we introduce several biological contexts in Drosophila in which Notch signaling has been extensively characterized. Finally, we discuss a number of genetic diseases caused by mutations in genes in the Notch signaling pathway in humans and we expand on how Drosophila can be used to study rare genetic variants associated with these and novel disorders. By combining modern genomics and state-of-the art technologies, Drosophila research is continuing to reveal exciting biology that sheds light onto mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Salazar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA.
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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58
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Bolatto C, Parada C, Colmenares V. A Rapid and Efficient Method to Dissect Pupal Wings of Drosophila Suitable for Immunodetections or PCR Assays. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29364201 DOI: 10.3791/55854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wing development in Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model for studying morphogenesis at tissue level. These appendages develop from a group of cells named wing imaginal discs formed during embryonic development. In the larval stages the imaginal discs grow, increasing its number of cells and forming monolayered epithelial structures. Inside the pupal case, the imaginal discs bud out and fold into bilayers along a line that becomes the future margin of the wing. During this process, the longitudinal primodia veins originate vein cells on the prospective dorsal and ventral surfaces of the wing. During the pupal stage the stripes of vein cells of each surface communicate in order to generate tight tubes; at the same time, the cross-veins begin their formation. With the help of appropriate molecular markers, it is possible to identify the major elements composing the wing during its development. For this reason, the ability to accurately detect transcripts or proteins in this structure is critical for studying their abundance and localization related to the development process of the wing. The procedure described here focuses on manipulating pupal wings, providing detailed instructions on how to dissect the wing during the pupal stage. The dissection of pupal tissue is more difficult to perform than their counterparts in third instar larvae. This is why this approach was developed, to obtain rapid and efficient high quality samples. Details of how to immunostain and mount these wing samples, to allow the visualization of proteins or cell components, are provided in the protocol. With little expertise it is possible to collect 8-10 high quality pupal wings in a short amount of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bolatto
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo;
| | - Cristina Parada
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo
| | - Victoria Colmenares
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo
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Court H, Ahearn IM, Amoyel M, Bach EA, Philips MR. Regulation of NOTCH signaling by RAB7 and RAB8 requires carboxyl methylation by ICMT. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:4165-4182. [PMID: 29051265 PMCID: PMC5716267 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201701053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT) methylesterifies C-terminal prenylcysteine residues of CaaX proteins and some RAB GTPases. Deficiency of either ICMT or NOTCH1 accelerates pancreatic neoplasia in Pdx1-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D mice, suggesting that ICMT is required for NOTCH signaling. We used Drosophila melanogaster wing vein and scutellar bristle development to screen Rab proteins predicted to be substrates for ICMT (ste14 in flies). We identified Rab7 and Rab8 as ICMT substrates that when silenced phenocopy ste14 deficiency. ICMT, RAB7, and RAB8 were all required for efficient NOTCH1 signaling in mammalian cells. Overexpression of RAB8 rescued NOTCH activation after ICMT knockdown both in U2OS cells expressing NOTCH1 and in fly wing vein development. ICMT deficiency induced mislocalization of GFP-RAB7 and GFP-RAB8 from endomembrane to cytosol, enhanced binding to RABGDI, and decreased GTP loading of RAB7 and RAB8. Deficiency of ICMT, RAB7, or RAB8 led to mislocalization and diminished processing of NOTCH1-GFP. Thus, NOTCH signaling requires ICMT in part because it requires methylated RAB7 and RAB8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Court
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ian M Ahearn
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Marc Amoyel
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK
| | - Erika A Bach
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Mark R Philips
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Wound healing, calcium signaling, and other novel pathways are associated with the formation of butterfly eyespots. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:788. [PMID: 29037153 PMCID: PMC5644175 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One hypothesis surrounding the origin of novel traits is that they originate from the co-option of pre-existing genes or larger gene regulatory networks into novel developmental contexts. Insights into a trait’s evolutionary origins can, thus, be gained via identification of the genes underlying trait development, and exploring whether those genes also function in other developmental contexts. Here we investigate the set of genes associated with the development of eyespot color patterns, a trait that originated once within the Nymphalid family of butterflies. Although several genes associated with eyespot development have been identified, the eyespot gene regulatory network remains largely unknown. Results In this study, next-generation sequencing and transcriptome analyses were used to identify a large set of genes associated with eyespot development of Bicyclus anynana butterflies, at 3-6 h after pupation, prior to the differentiation of the color rings. Eyespot-associated genes were identified by comparing the transcriptomes of homologous micro-dissected wing tissues that either develop or do not develop eyespots in wild-type and a mutant line of butterflies, Spotty, with extra eyespots. Overall, 186 genes were significantly up and down-regulated in wing tissues that develop eyespots compared to wing tissues that do not. Many of the differentially expressed genes have yet to be annotated. New signaling pathways, including the Toll, Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) and/or Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways are associated for the first time with eyespot development. In addition, several genes involved in wound healing and calcium signaling were also found to be associated with eyespots. Conclusions Overall, this study provides the identity of many new genes and signaling pathways associated with eyespots, and suggests that the ancient wound healing gene regulatory network may have been co-opted to cells at the center of the pattern to aid in eyespot origins. New transcription factors that may be providing different identities to distinct wing sectors, and genes with sexually dimorphic expression in the eyespots were also identified. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4175-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Bosch PS, Ziukaite R, Alexandre C, Basler K, Vincent JP. Dpp controls growth and patterning in Drosophila wing precursors through distinct modes of action. eLife 2017; 6:22546. [PMID: 28675374 PMCID: PMC5560859 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dpp, a member of the BMP family, is a morphogen that specifies positional information in Drosophila wing precursors. In this tissue, Dpp expressed along the anterior-posterior boundary forms a concentration gradient that controls the expression domains of target genes, which in turn specify the position of wing veins. Dpp also promotes growth in this tissue. The relationship between the spatio-temporal profile of Dpp signalling and growth has been the subject of debate, which has intensified recently with the suggestion that the stripe of Dpp is dispensable for growth. With two independent conditional alleles of dpp, we find that the stripe of Dpp is essential for wing growth. We then show that this requirement, but not patterning, can be fulfilled by uniform, low level, Dpp expression. Thus, the stripe of Dpp ensures that signalling remains above a pro-growth threshold, while at the same time generating a gradient that patterns cell fates. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22546.001 From the wings of a butterfly to the fingers of a human hand, living tissues often have complex and intricate patterns. Developmental biologists have long been fascinated by the signals – called morphogens – that guide how these kinds of pattern develop. Morphogens are substances that are produced by groups of cells and spread to the rest of the tissue to form a gradient. Depending on where they sit along this gradient, cells in the tissue activate different sets of genes, and the resulting pattern of gene activity ultimately defines the position of the different parts of the tissue. Decades worth of studies into how limbs develop in animals from mice to fruit flies have revealed common principles of morphogen gradients that regulate the development of tissue patterns. Morphogens have been shown to help regulate the growth of tissues in a number of different animals as well. However, how the morphogens regulate tissue size and what role their gradients play in this process remain topics of intense debate in the field of developmental biology. In the developing wing of a fruit fly, a morphogen called Dpp is expressed in a thin stripe located in the centre and spreads to the rest of the tissue to form a gradient. Bosch, Ziukaite, Alexandre et al. have now characterised where and when the Dpp morphogen must be produced to regulate both the final size of the fly’s wing and the number of cells the wing eventually contains. The experiments involved preventing the production of Dpp in the developing wing in specific cells and at specific stages of development. This approach confirmed that Dpp must be produced in the central stripe for the wing to grow. Matsuda and Affolter and, independently, Barrio and Milán report the same findings in two related studies. Moreover, Bosch et al. and Barrio and Milán also conclude that the gradient of Dpp throughout the wing is not required for growth. Further work will be needed to explain how the Dpp signal regulates the growth of the wing. The answer to this question will contribute to a better understanding of the role of morphogens in regulating the size of human organs and how a failure to do so might cause developmental disorders. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22546.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sanchez Bosch
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Konrad Basler
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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The Exon Junction Complex and Srp54 Contribute to Hedgehog Signaling via ci RNA Splicing in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2017. [PMID: 28637711 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.202457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) regulates the Cubitus interruptus (Ci) transcription factor in Drosophila melanogaster by activating full-length Ci-155 and blocking processing to the Ci-75 repressor. However, the interplay between the regulation of Ci-155 levels and activity, as well as processing-independent mechanisms that affect Ci-155 levels, have not been explored extensively. Here, we identified Mago Nashi (Mago) and Y14 core Exon Junction Complex (EJC) proteins, as well as the Srp54 splicing factor, as modifiers of Hh pathway activity under sensitized conditions. Mago inhibition reduced Hh pathway activity by altering the splicing pattern of ci to reduce Ci-155 levels. Srp54 inhibition also affected pathway activity by reducing ci RNA levels but additionally altered Ci-155 levels and activity independently of ci splicing. Further tests using ci transgenes and ci mutations confirmed evidence from studying the effects of Mago and Srp54 that relatively small changes in the level of Ci-155 primary translation product alter Hh pathway activity under a variety of sensitized conditions. We additionally used ci transgenes lacking intron sequences or the presumed translation initiation codon for an alternatively spliced ci RNA to provide further evidence that Mago acts principally by modulating the levels of the major ci RNA encoding Ci-155, and to show that ci introns are necessary to support the production of sufficient Ci-155 for robust Hh signaling and may also be important mediators of regulatory inputs.
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63
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Si Q, Luo JY, Hu Z, Zhang W, Zhou CF. De novo transcriptome of the mayfly Cloeon viridulum and transcriptional signatures of Prometabola. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28636618 PMCID: PMC5479533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) display many primitive characters and a unique type of metamorphosis (Prometabola). However, information on the genomes and transcriptomes of this insect group is limited. The RNA sequencing study presented here generated the first de novo transcriptome assembly of Cloeon viridulum (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), and compared gene expression signatures among the young larva (YL), mature larva (ML), subimago (SI), and imago (IM) stages of this mayfly. The transcriptome, based on 88 Gb of sequence data, comprised a set of 81,185 high quality transcripts. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in YL vs. ML, ML vs. SI, and SI vs. IM, was 4,825, 1,584, and 1,278, respectively, according to the reads per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads analysis, assuming a false discovery rate <0.05 and a fold change >2. Gene enrichment analysis revealed that these DEGs were enriched in the "chitin metabolic process", "germ cell development", "steroid hormone biosynthesis", and "cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis" pathways. Finally, the expression pattern of a selected group of candidate signature genes for Prometabola, including vestigial, methoprene-tolerant, wingless, and broad-complex were confirmed by quantitative real time-PCR analysis. The Q-PCR analysis of larval, subimaginal, and imaginal stages of C. viridulum suggests that the development of mayflies more closely resembles hemimetamorphosis than holometamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Si
- The Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan-Yan Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ze Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chang-Fa Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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64
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65
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Capovilla M, Robichon A, Rassoulzadegan M. A new paramutation-like example at the Delta gene of Drosophila. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172780. [PMID: 28355214 PMCID: PMC5371283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The hereditary transmission of a phenotype independent from DNA sequence implies epigenetic effects. Paramutation is a heritable epigenetic phenomenon observed in plants and animals. To investigate paramutation in Drosophila, we used the P{ry+t7.2= PZ}Dl05151 P-element insertion in the Drosophila melanogaster genome that causes a dominant visible phenotype: the presence of characteristic extra-veins in the fly wings. This extra-vein phenotype presents variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. The insert is a PZ element located 680 bp upstream from the ATG of the Delta (Dl) gene, encoding the Notch ligand involved in wing vein development, and acts as a null allele. In the G2 offspring from a cross between the heterozygous transgenic stock and wild-type flies, we observed the transmission of the extra-vein phenotype to wild-type flies without the transgene, independently of gender and across many generations. This is a “paramutation-like” example in the fly: the heritable transmission of a phenotypic change not linked to a classical genetic mutation. A “paramutagenic” allele in heterozygotes transmits the phenotype of the heterozygotes to the wild-type allele (“paramutant”) in a stable manner through generations. Distinct from paramutation events so far described in Drosophila, here we deal with a dominant effect on a single gene involving variable hereditary signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Capovilla
- UMR 1355–7254 INRA/Université Côte d’Azur/CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia Antipolis, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Alain Robichon
- UMR 1355–7254 INRA/Université Côte d’Azur/CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia Antipolis, France
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66
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Abstract
Although the insect wing is a textbook example of morphological novelty, the origin of insect wings remains a mystery and is regarded as a chief conundrum in biology. Centuries of debates have culminated into two prominent hypotheses: the tergal origin hypothesis and the pleural origin hypothesis. However, between these two hypotheses, there is little consensus in regard to the origin tissue of the wing as well as the evolutionary route from the origin tissue to the functional flight device. Recent evolutionary developmental (evo-devo) studies have shed new light on the origin of insect wings. A key concept in these studies is “serial homology”. In this review, we discuss how the wing serial homologs identified in recent evo-devo studies have provided a new angle through which this century-old conundrum can be explored. We also review what we have learned so far from wing serial homologs and discuss what we can do to go beyond simply identifying wing serial homologs and delve further into the developmental and genetic mechanisms that have facilitated the evolution of insect wings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Tomoyasu
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Pearson Hall, 700E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Takahiro Ohde
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Courtney Clark-Hachtel
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Pearson Hall, 700E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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67
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Raja E, Tzavlaki K, Vuilleumier R, Edlund K, Kahata K, Zieba A, Morén A, Watanabe Y, Voytyuk I, Botling J, Söderberg O, Micke P, Pyrowolakis G, Heldin CH, Moustakas A. The protein kinase LKB1 negatively regulates bone morphogenetic protein receptor signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1120-43. [PMID: 26701726 PMCID: PMC4811448 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase LKB1 regulates cell metabolism and growth and is implicated in intestinal and lung cancer. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling regulates cell differentiation during development and tissue homeostasis. We demonstrate that LKB1 physically interacts with BMP type I receptors and requires Smad7 to promote downregulation of the receptor. Accordingly, LKB1 suppresses BMP-induced osteoblast differentiation and affects BMP signaling in Drosophila wing longitudinal vein morphogenesis. LKB1 protein expression and Smad1 phosphorylation analysis in a cohort of non-small cell lung cancer patients demonstrated a negative correlation predominantly in a subset enriched in adenocarcinomas. Lung cancer patient data analysis indicated strong correlation between LKB1 loss-of-function mutations and high BMP2 expression, and these two events further correlated with expression of a gene subset functionally linked to apoptosis and migration. This new mechanism of BMP receptor regulation by LKB1 has ramifications in physiological organogenesis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Raja
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kalliopi Tzavlaki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Vuilleumier
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies and Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karolina Edlund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kaoru Kahata
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agata Zieba
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anita Morén
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yukihide Watanabe
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Iryna Voytyuk
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Botling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ola Söderberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrick Micke
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - George Pyrowolakis
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies and Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Nemetschke L, Knust E. Drosophila Crumbs prevents ectopic Notch activation in developing wings by inhibiting ligand-independent endocytosis. Development 2016; 143:4543-4553. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.141762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many signalling components are apically restricted in epithelial cells, and receptor localisation and abundance is key for morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Hence, controlling apicobasal epithelial polarity is crucial for proper signalling. Notch is a ubiquitously expressed, apically localised receptor, which performs a plethora of functions; therefore, its activity has to be tightly regulated. Here, we show that Drosophila Crumbs, an evolutionarily conserved polarity determinant, prevents Notch endocytosis in developing wings through direct interaction between the two proteins. Notch endocytosis in the absence of Crumbs results in the activation of the ligand-independent, Deltex-dependent Notch signalling pathway, and does not require the ligands Delta and Serrate or γ-secretase activity. This function of Crumbs is not due to general defects in apicobasal polarity, as localisation of other apical proteins is unaffected. Our data reveal a mechanism to explain how Crumbs directly controls localisation and trafficking of the potent Notch receptor, and adds yet another aspect of Crumbs regulation in Notch pathway activity. Furthermore, our data highlight a close link between the apical determinant Crumbs, receptor trafficking and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nemetschke
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, Dresden 01307, Germany
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69
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Gui J, Huang Y, Shimmi O. Scribbled Optimizes BMP Signaling through Its Receptor Internalization to the Rab5 Endosome and Promote Robust Epithelial Morphogenesis. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006424. [PMID: 27814354 PMCID: PMC5096713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are characterized by apical-basal polarity. Intrinsic factors underlying apical-basal polarity are crucial for tissue homeostasis and have often been identified to be tumor suppressors. Patterning and differentiation of epithelia are key processes of epithelial morphogenesis and are frequently regulated by highly conserved extrinsic factors. However, due to the complexity of morphogenesis, the mechanisms of precise interpretation of signal transduction as well as spatiotemporal control of extrinsic cues during dynamic morphogenesis remain poorly understood. Wing posterior crossvein (PCV) formation in Drosophila serves as a unique model to address how epithelial morphogenesis is regulated by secreted growth factors. Decapentaplegic (Dpp), a conserved bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-type ligand, is directionally trafficked from longitudinal veins (LVs) into the PCV region for patterning and differentiation. Our data reveal that the basolateral determinant Scribbled (Scrib) is required for PCV formation through optimizing BMP signaling. Scrib regulates BMP-type I receptor Thickveins (Tkv) localization at the basolateral region of PCV cells and subsequently facilitates Tkv internalization to Rab5 endosomes, where Tkv is active. BMP signaling also up-regulates scrib transcription in the pupal wing to form a positive feedback loop. Our data reveal a unique mechanism in which intrinsic polarity genes and extrinsic cues are coupled to promote robust morphogenesis. Epithelial morphogenesis is one of the key processes in animal development. Evolutionarily conserved growth factors frequently instruct patterning and differentiation in morphogenesis. However, little is known about how extracellular cues and epithelial morphogenesis are mutually coordinated in vivo. Wing posterior crossvein (PCV) development in Drosophila provides an excellent system for understanding how bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling regulates patterning and differentiation of epithelia. We find that the apical-basal polarity gene Scribbled (Scrib) is required for PCV formation by optimizing BMP signaling in the PCV region as follows. First, Scrib regulates BMP type-I receptor Thickveins (Tkv) localization basally. Second, Scrib facilitates Tkv internalization to the Rab5 endosomes to optimize signal transduction after receptor-ligand binding. Third, BMP signaling up-regulates scrib transcription in the pupal wing to form a positive feedback loop. These results suggest that coupling between epithelial polarity genes and conserved growth factors play crucial roles in patterning and differentiation of epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Gui
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yunxian Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Osamu Shimmi
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (OS)
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70
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Etournay R, Merkel M, Popović M, Brandl H, Dye NA, Aigouy B, Salbreux G, Eaton S, Jülicher F. TissueMiner: A multiscale analysis toolkit to quantify how cellular processes create tissue dynamics. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27228153 PMCID: PMC4946903 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmentation and tracking of cells in long-term time-lapse experiments has emerged as a powerful method to understand how tissue shape changes emerge from the complex choreography of constituent cells. However, methods to store and interrogate the large datasets produced by these experiments are not widely available. Furthermore, recently developed methods for relating tissue shape changes to cell dynamics have not yet been widely applied by biologists because of their technical complexity. We therefore developed a database format that stores cellular connectivity and geometry information of deforming epithelial tissues, and computational tools to interrogate it and perform multi-scale analysis of morphogenesis. We provide tutorials for this computational framework, called TissueMiner, and demonstrate its capabilities by comparing cell and tissue dynamics in vein and inter-vein subregions of the Drosophila pupal wing. These analyses reveal an unexpected role for convergent extension in shaping wing veins. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14334.001 Cells interact, divide, rearrange and change shape to build an organ during development. Modern microscopy and computer technology can follow each individual cell of an entire organ in a living organism. However, to understand how the complex choreography of cells leads to well-shaped organs, researchers need tools to help the store and analyze the large amounts of data generated. Tools are also needed to visualize and quantify the complex cell behaviors in an easy and flexible manner. During its development, a fruit fly’s wings become divided into distinct regions separated by tubular supports called veins. Early on in development, the vein cells are indistinguishable from their neighbors, but at late stages, vein cells become a different shape. Veins also become narrower, which is assumed to be due to the number of vein cells falling. However, the way in which cells behave to bring about these changes has not been studied in detail. Etournay, Merkel, Popović, Brandl et al. have now developed a toolkit called TissueMiner that enables users to store large amounts of data about cells and analyze how cells collectively shape an organ. TissueMiner was then used to identify vein cells at late stages of wing development and follow them backward in time to reveal their position at early stages. This showed that veins become narrower and more elongated because the cells that make up the veins shrink more than cells in other regions. TissueMiner was then used to show that vein cells specifically rearrange and elongate to produce thinner regions, while the number of cells increases slightly because the cells divide. These results suggest that the cell behaviors responsible for making veins elongate and narrow are likely to be different from what had previously been assumed. TissueMiner can be used in future studies to help understand the molecule signals that influence how cells behave in veins during wing development. The toolkit could also now be used to explore the changes involved in the development of other organs in other organisms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14334.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Etournay
- Division of Cell Polarity, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Merkel
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, United States
| | - Marko Popović
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Brandl
- Division of Cell Polarity, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Natalie A Dye
- Division of Cell Polarity, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benoît Aigouy
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Division of Cell Polarity, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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71
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Pascoal S, Liu X, Ly T, Fang Y, Rockliffe N, Paterson S, Shirran SL, Botting CH, Bailey NW. Rapid evolution and gene expression: a rapidly evolving Mendelian trait that silences field crickets has widespread effects on mRNA and protein expression. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1234-46. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Pascoal
- Centre for Biological Diversity; University of St Andrews; St Andrews UK
| | - X. Liu
- Centre for Genomic Research; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - T. Ly
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression; College of Life Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | - Y. Fang
- Centre for Genomic Research; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - N. Rockliffe
- Centre for Genomic Research; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - S. Paterson
- Centre for Genomic Research; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - S. L. Shirran
- School of Chemistry; Biomedical Sciences Research Complex; BMS Annexe; University of St Andrews; St Andrews UK
| | - C. H. Botting
- School of Chemistry; Biomedical Sciences Research Complex; BMS Annexe; University of St Andrews; St Andrews UK
| | - N. W. Bailey
- Centre for Biological Diversity; University of St Andrews; St Andrews UK
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72
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Kapun M, Schmidt C, Durmaz E, Schmidt PS, Flatt T. Parallel effects of the inversion In(3R)Payne on body size across the North American and Australian clines in Drosophila melanogaster. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1059-72. [PMID: 26881839 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal inversions are thought to play a major role in climatic adaptation. In D. melanogaster, the cosmopolitan inversion In(3R)Payne exhibits latitudinal clines on multiple continents. As many fitness traits show similar clines, it is tempting to hypothesize that In(3R)P underlies observed clinal patterns for some of these traits. In support of this idea, previous work in Australian populations has demonstrated that In(3R)P affects body size but not development time or cold resistance. However, similar data from other clines of this inversion are largely lacking; finding parallel effects of In(3R)P across multiple clines would considerably strengthen the case for clinal selection. Here, we have analysed the phenotypic effects of In(3R)P in populations originating from the endpoints of the latitudinal cline along the North American east coast. We measured development time, egg-to-adult survival, several size-related traits (femur and tibia length, wing area and shape), chill coma recovery, oxidative stress resistance and triglyceride content in homokaryon lines carrying In(3R)P or the standard arrangement. Our central finding is that the effects of In(3R)P along the North American cline match those observed in Australia: standard arrangement lines were larger than inverted lines, but the inversion did not influence development time or cold resistance. Similarly, In(3R)P did not affect egg-to-adult survival, oxidative stress resistance and lipid content. In(3R)P thus seems to specifically affect size traits in populations from both continents. This parallelism strongly suggests an adaptive pattern, whereby the inversion has captured alleles associated with growth regulation and clinal selection acts on size across both continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kapun
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Schmidt
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Durmaz
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P S Schmidt
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T Flatt
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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73
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Okano M, Matsuo H, Nishimura Y, Hozumi K, Yoshioka S, Tonoki A, Itoh M. Mib1 modulates dynamin 2 recruitment via Snx18 to promote Dll1 endocytosis for efficient Notch signaling. Genes Cells 2016; 21:425-41. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Okano
- Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Nagoya Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Hiromi Matsuo
- Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Nagoya Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Yuya Nishimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Katsuto Hozumi
- Department of Immunology; Tokai University School of Medicine; Isehara Kanagawa 259-1193 Japan
| | - Saho Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Ayako Tonoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Motoyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Nagoya Aichi 464-8602 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
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74
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Sharifkhodaei Z, Padash-Barmchi M, Gilbert MM, Samarasekera G, Fulga TA, Van Vactor D, Auld VJ. The Drosophila tricellular junction protein Gliotactin regulates its own mRNA levels through BMP-mediated induction of miR-184. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1477-89. [PMID: 26906422 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.178608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial bicellular and tricellular junctions are essential for establishing and maintaining permeability barriers. Tricellular junctions are formed by the convergence of three bicellular junctions at the corners of neighbouring epithelia. Gliotactin, a member of the Neuroligin family, is located at theDrosophilatricellular junction, and is crucial for the formation of tricellular and septate junctions, as well as permeability barrier function. Gliotactin protein levels are tightly controlled by phosphorylation at tyrosine residues and endocytosis. Blocking endocytosis or overexpressing Gliotactin results in the spread of Gliotactin from the tricellular junction, resulting in apoptosis, delamination and migration of epithelial cells. We show that Gliotactin levels are also regulated at the mRNA level by micro (mi)RNA-mediated degradation and that miRNAs are targeted to a short region in the 3'UTR that includes a conserved miR-184 target site. miR-184 also targets a suite of septate junction proteins, including NrxIV, coracle and Mcr. miR-184 expression is triggered when Gliotactin is overexpressed, leading to activation of the BMP signalling pathway. Gliotactin specifically interferes with Dad, an inhibitory SMAD, leading to activation of the Tkv type-I receptor and activation of Mad to elevate the biogenesis and expression of miR-184.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Sharifkhodaei
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Mary M Gilbert
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Tudor A Fulga
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Van Vactor
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vanessa J Auld
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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75
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BMP morphogen gradients in flies. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 27:119-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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76
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77
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Ravisankar P, Lai YT, Sambrani N, Tomoyasu Y. Comparative developmental analysis of Drosophila and Tribolium reveals conserved and diverged roles of abrupt in insect wing evolution. Dev Biol 2015; 409:518-29. [PMID: 26687509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Morphological innovation is a fundamental process in evolution, yet its molecular basis is still elusive. Acquisition of elytra, highly modified beetle forewings, is an important innovation that has driven the successful radiation of beetles. Our RNAi screening for candidate genes has identified abrupt (ab) as a potential key player in elytron evolution. In this study, we performed a series of RNA interference (RNAi) experiments in both Tribolium and Drosophila to understand the contributions of ab to the evolution of beetle elytra. We found that (i) ab is essential for proper wing vein patterning both in Tribolium and Drosophila, (ii) ab has gained a novel function in determining the unique elytron shape in the beetle lineage, (iii) unlike Hippo and Insulin, other shape determining pathways, the shape determining function of ab is specific to the elytron and not required in the hindwing, (iv) ab has a previously undescribed role in the Notch signal-associated wing formation processes, which appears to be conserved between beetles and flies. These data suggest that ab has gained a new function during elytron evolution in beetles without compromising the conserved wing-related functions. Gaining a new function without losing evolutionarily conserved functions may be a key theme in the evolution of morphologically novel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Ting Lai
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Nagraj Sambrani
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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78
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Mund T, Graeb M, Mieszczanek J, Gammons M, Pelham HRB, Bienz M. Disinhibition of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase WWP2 by polymerized Dishevelled. Open Biol 2015; 5:150185. [PMID: 26701932 PMCID: PMC4703060 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dishevelled is a pivot in Wnt signal transduction, controlling both β-catenin-dependent transcription to specify proliferative cell fates, and cell polarity and other non-nuclear events in post-mitotic cells. In response to Wnt signals, or when present at high levels, Dishevelled forms signalosomes by dynamic polymerization. Its levels are controlled by ubiquitylation, mediated by various ubiquitin ligases, including NEDD4 family members that bind to a conserved PPxY motif in Dishevelled (mammalian Dvl1-3). Here, we show that Dvl2 binds to the ubiquitin ligase WWP2 and unlocks its ligase activity from autoinhibition. This disinhibition of WWP2 depends on several features of Dvl2 including its PPxY motif and to a lesser extent its DEP domain, but crucially on the ability of Dvl2 to polymerize, indicating that WWP2 is activated in Wnt signalosomes. We show that Notch intracellular domains are substrates for Dvl-activated WWP2 and their transcriptional activity is consequently reduced, providing a molecular mechanism for cross-talk between Wnt and Notch signalling. These regulatory interactions are conserved in Drosophila whose WWP2 orthologue, Suppressor-of-deltex, downregulates Notch signalling upon activation by Dishevelled in developing wing tissue. Attentuation of Notch signalling by Dishevelled signalosomes could be important during the transition of cells from the proliferative to the post-mitotic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mund
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Michael Graeb
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Juliusz Mieszczanek
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Melissa Gammons
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Hugh R B Pelham
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Mariann Bienz
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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79
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Dean DM, Maroja LS, Cottrill S, Bomkamp BE, Westervelt KA, Deitcher DL. The wavy Mutation Maps to the Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate 3-Kinase 2 (IP3K2) Gene of Drosophila and Interacts with IP3R to Affect Wing Development. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2015; 6:299-310. [PMID: 26613949 PMCID: PMC4751550 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.024307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) regulates a host of biological processes from egg activation to cell death. When IP3-specific receptors (IP3Rs) bind to IP3, they release calcium from the ER into the cytoplasm, triggering a variety of cell type- and developmental stage-specific responses. Alternatively, inositol polyphosphate kinases can phosphorylate IP3; this limits IP3R activation by reducing IP3 levels, and also generates new signaling molecules altogether. These divergent pathways draw from the same IP3 pool yet cause very different cellular responses. Therefore, controlling the relative rates of IP3R activation vs. phosphorylation of IP3 is essential for proper cell functioning. Establishing a model system that sensitively reports the net output of IP3 signaling is crucial for identifying the controlling genes. Here we report that mutant alleles of wavy (wy), a classic locus of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, map to IP3 3-kinase 2 (IP3K2), a member of the inositol polyphosphate kinase gene family. Mutations in wy disrupt wing structure in a highly specific pattern. RNAi experiments using GAL4 and GAL80(ts) indicated that IP3K2 function is required in the wing discs of early pupae for normal wing development. Gradations in the severity of the wy phenotype provide high-resolution readouts of IP3K2 function and of overall IP3 signaling, giving this system strong potential as a model for further study of the IP3 signaling network. In proof of concept, a dominant modifier screen revealed that mutations in IP3R strongly suppress the wy phenotype, suggesting that the wy phenotype results from reduced IP4 levels, and/or excessive IP3R signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Dean
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts 01267
| | - Luana S Maroja
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts 01267
| | - Sarah Cottrill
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts 01267
| | - Brent E Bomkamp
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts 01267
| | | | - David L Deitcher
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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80
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Decapentaplegic and growth control in the developing Drosophila wing. Nature 2015; 527:375-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature15730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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81
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Kwong PN, Chambers M, Vashisht AA, Turki-Judeh W, Yau TY, Wohlschlegel JA, Courey AJ. The Central Region of the Drosophila Co-repressor Groucho as a Regulatory Hub. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30119-30. [PMID: 26483546 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.681171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Groucho (Gro) is a Drosophila co-repressor that regulates the expression of a large number of genes, many of which are involved in developmental control. Previous studies have shown that its central region is essential for function even though its three domains are poorly conserved and intrinsically disordered. Using these disordered domains as affinity reagents, we have now identified multiple embryonic Gro-interacting proteins. The interactors include protein complexes involved in chromosome organization, mRNA processing, and signaling. Further investigation of the interacting proteins using a reporter assay showed that many of them modulate Gro-mediated repression either positively or negatively. The positive regulators include components of the spliceosomal subcomplex U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (U1 snRNP). A co-immunoprecipitation experiment confirms this finding and suggests that a sizable fraction of nuclear U1 snRNP is associated with Gro. The use of RNA-seq to analyze the gene expression profile of cells subjected to knockdown of Gro or snRNP-U1-C (a component of U1 snRNP) showed a significant overlap between genes regulated by these two factors. Furthermore, comparison of our RNA-seq data with Gro and RNA polymerase II ChIP data led to a number of insights, including the finding that Gro-repressed genes are enriched for promoter-proximal RNA polymerase II. We conclude that the Gro central domains mediate multiple interactions required for repression, thus functioning as a regulatory hub. Furthermore, interactions with the spliceosome may contribute to repression by Gro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak N Kwong
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
| | | | | | - Wiam Turki-Judeh
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Tak Yu Yau
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
| | - James A Wohlschlegel
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Albert J Courey
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
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82
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Praxenthaler H, Smylla TK, Nagel AC, Preiss A, Maier D. Generation of New Hairless Alleles by Genomic Engineering at the Hairless Locus in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140007. [PMID: 26448463 PMCID: PMC4598140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hairless (H) is the major antagonist within the Notch signalling pathway of Drosophila melanogaster. By binding to Suppressor of Hairless [Su(H)] and two co-repressors, H induces silencing of Notch target genes in the absence of Notch signals. We have applied genomic engineering to create several new H alleles. To this end the endogenous H locus was replaced with an attP site by homologous recombination, serving as a landing platform for subsequent site directed integration of different H constructs. This way we generated a complete H knock out allele HattP, reintroduced a wild type H genomic and a cDNA-construct (Hgwt, Hcwt) as well as two constructs encoding H proteins defective of Su(H) binding (HLD, HiD). Phenotypes regarding viability, bristle and wing development were recorded, and the expression of Notch target genes wingless and cut was analysed in mutant wing discs or in mutant cell clones. Moreover, genetic interactions with Notch (N5419) and Delta (DlB2) mutants were addressed. Overall, phenotypes were largely as expected: both HLD and HiD were similar to the HattP null allele, indicating that most of H activity requires the binding of Su(H). Both rescue constructs Hgwt and Hcwt were homozygous viable without phenotype. Unexpectedly, the hemizygous condition uncovered that they were not identical to the wild type allele: notably Hcwt showed a markedly reduced activity, suggesting the presence of as yet unidentified regulatory or stabilizing elements in untranslated regions of the H gene. Interestingly, Hgwt homozygous cells expressed higher levels of H protein, perhaps unravelling gene-by-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Praxenthaler
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Genetik (240), Garbenstr. 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas K. Smylla
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Genetik (240), Garbenstr. 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anja C. Nagel
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Genetik (240), Garbenstr. 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anette Preiss
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Genetik (240), Garbenstr. 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dieter Maier
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Genetik (240), Garbenstr. 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
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83
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Schleede J, Blair SS. The Gyc76C Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase and the Foraging cGMP-Dependent Kinase Regulate Extracellular Matrix Organization and BMP Signaling in the Developing Wing of Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005576. [PMID: 26440503 PMCID: PMC4595086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing crossveins of the wing of Drosophila melanogaster are specified by long-range BMP signaling and are especially sensitive to loss of extracellular modulators of BMP signaling such as the Chordin homolog Short gastrulation (Sog). However, the role of the extracellular matrix in BMP signaling and Sog activity in the crossveins has been poorly explored. Using a genetic mosaic screen for mutations that disrupt BMP signaling and posterior crossvein development, we identify Gyc76C, a member of the receptor guanylyl cyclase family that includes mammalian natriuretic peptide receptors. We show that Gyc76C and the soluble cGMP-dependent kinase Foraging, likely linked by cGMP, are necessary for normal refinement and maintenance of long-range BMP signaling in the posterior crossvein. This does not occur through cell-autonomous crosstalk between cGMP and BMP signal transduction, but likely through altered extracellular activity of Sog. We identify a novel pathway leading from Gyc76C to the organization of the wing extracellular matrix by matrix metalloproteinases, and show that both the extracellular matrix and BMP signaling effects are largely mediated by changes in the activity of matrix metalloproteinases. We discuss parallels and differences between this pathway and other examples of cGMP activity in both Drosophila melanogaster and mammalian cells and tissues. Signaling between cells regulates many processes, including the choices cells make between different fates during development and regeneration, and misregulation of such signaling underlies many human pathologies. To understand how such signals control developmental decisions, it is necessary to elucidate both how cells regulate and respond to different levels of signaling, and how different types of signals combine and regulate each other. We have used genetic screening in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster to identify mutations that reduce or eliminate signals carried by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), and show that BMP signaling is sensitive Gyc76C, a peptide receptor that stimulates the production of cGMP in cells. We identify downstream intracellular effectors of this cGMP activity, but provide evidence that the effects on the BMP pathway are not mediated at the intracellular level, but rather through cGMP’s effects upon the extracellular matrix and matrix-remodeling proteinases, which in turn affects the activity of extracellular BMP-binding proteins. We discuss differences and parallels with other examples of cGMP activity in Drosophila melanogaster and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Schleede
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Genetics Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Seth S. Blair
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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84
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Perrard A, Loope KJ. Patriline Differences Reveal Genetic Influence on Forewing Size and Shape in a Yellowjacket Wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespula flavopilosa Jacobson, 1978). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130064. [PMID: 26131549 PMCID: PMC4488467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The wing venation is frequently used as a morphological marker to distinguish biological groups among insects. With geometric morphometrics, minute shape differences can be detected between closely related species or populations, making this technique useful for taxonomy. However, the direct influence of genetic differences on wing morphology has not been explored within colonies of social insects. Here, we show that the father's genotype has a direct effect on wing morphology in colonies of social wasps. Using geometric morphometrics on the venation pattern, we found significant differences in wing size and shape between patrilines of yellowjackets, taking allometry and measurement error into account. The genetic influence on wing size accounted for a small part of the overall size variation, but venation shape was highly structured by the differences between patrilines. Overall, our results showed a strong genetic influence on wing morphology likely acting at multiple levels of venation pattern development. This confirmed the pertinence of this marker for taxonomic purposes and suggests this phenotype as a potentially useful marker for phylogenies. This also raises doubts about the strength of selective pressures on this phenotype, which highlights the need to understand better the role of wing venation shape in insect flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Perrard
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. Loope
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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85
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Chou MH, Hsieh YC, Huang CW, Chen PH, Chan SP, Tsao YP, Lee HH, Wu JT, Chen SL. BCAS2 Regulates Delta-Notch Signaling Activity through Delta Pre-mRNA Splicing in Drosophila Wing Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130706. [PMID: 26091239 PMCID: PMC4475048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that BCAS2 is essential for Drosophila viability and functions in pre-mRNA splicing. In this study, we provide strong evidence that BCAS2 regulates the activity of Delta-Notch signaling via Delta pre-mRNA splicing. Depletion of dBCAS2 reduces Delta mRNA expression and leads to accumulation of Delta pre-mRNA, resulting in diminished transcriptions of Delta-Notch signaling target genes, such as cut and E(spl)m8. Furthermore, ectopic expression of human BCAS2 (hBCAS2) and Drosophila BCAS2 (dBCAS2) in a dBCAS2-deprived fly can rescue dBCAS2 depletion-induced wing damage to the normal phenotypes. These rescued phenotypes are correlated with the restoration of Delta pre-mRNA splicing, which affects Delta-Notch signaling activity. Additionally, overexpression of Delta can rescue the wing deformation by deprivation of dBCAS2; and the depletion of dBCAS2 can restore the aberrant eye associated with Delta-overexpressing retinas; providing supporting evidence for the regulation of Delta-Notch signaling by dBCAS2. Taken together, dBCAS2 participates in Delta pre-mRNA splicing that affects the regulation of Delta-Notch signaling in Drosophila wing development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Chou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Wei Huang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Peng Chan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Yeou-Ping Tsao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 104, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Hsiang Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - June-Tai Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SLC); (JTW)
| | - Show-Li Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SLC); (JTW)
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86
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Abstract
Signaling classically involves the secretion of diverse molecules that bind specific cell-surface receptors and engage intracellular transduction cascades. Some exceptions-namely, lipophilic agents-can cross plasma membranes to bind intracellular receptors and be carried to the nucleus to regulate transcription. Homeoprotein transcription factors are among the few proteins with such a capacity. Here, we review the signaling activities of homeoproteins in the developing and adult nervous system, with particular emphasis on axon/cell migration and postnatal critical periods of cerebral cortex plasticity. We also describe homeoprotein non-cell-autonomous mechanisms and explore how this "novel" signaling pathway impacts emerging research in brain development and physiology. In this context, we explore hypotheses on the evolution of signaling, the role of homeoproteins as early morphogens, and their therapeutic potential for neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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87
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Sonnenschein A, VanderZee D, Pitchers WR, Chari S, Dworkin I. An image database of Drosophila melanogaster wings for phenomic and biometric analysis. Gigascience 2015; 4:25. [PMID: 27390931 PMCID: PMC4942975 DOI: 10.1186/s13742-015-0065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracting important descriptors and features from images of biological specimens is an ongoing challenge. Features are often defined using landmarks and semi-landmarks that are determined a priori based on criteria such as homology or some other measure of biological significance. An alternative, widely used strategy uses computational pattern recognition, in which features are acquired from the image de novo. Subsets of these features are then selected based on objective criteria. Computational pattern recognition has been extensively developed primarily for the classification of samples into groups, whereas landmark methods have been broadly applied to biological inference. RESULTS To compare these approaches and to provide a general community resource, we have constructed an image database of Drosophila melanogaster wings - individually identifiable and organized by sex, genotype and replicate imaging system - for the development and testing of measurement and classification tools for biological images. We have used this database to evaluate the relative performance of current classification strategies. Several supervised parametric and nonparametric machine learning algorithms were used on principal components extracted from geometric morphometric shape data (landmarks and semi-landmarks). For comparison, we also classified phenotypes based on de novo features extracted from wing images using several computer vision and pattern recognition methods as implemented in the Bioimage Classification and Annotation Tool (BioCAT). CONCLUSIONS Because we were able to thoroughly evaluate these strategies using the publicly available Drosophila wing database, we believe that this resource will facilitate the development and testing of new tools for the measurement and classification of complex biological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sonnenschein
- Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - David VanderZee
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - William R Pitchers
- BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sudarshan Chari
- BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ian Dworkin
- Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada.
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88
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Pass G, Tögel M, Krenn H, Paululat A. The circulatory organs of insect wings: Prime examples for the origin of evolutionary novelties. ZOOL ANZ 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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89
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Umulis DM, Othmer HG. The role of mathematical models in understanding pattern formation in developmental biology. Bull Math Biol 2015; 77:817-45. [PMID: 25280665 PMCID: PMC4819020 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-014-0019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In a Wall Street Journal article published on April 5, 2013, E. O. Wilson attempted to make the case that biologists do not really need to learn any mathematics-whenever they run into difficulty with numerical issues, they can find a technician (aka mathematician) to help them out of their difficulty. He formalizes this in Wilsons Principle No. 1: "It is far easier for scientists to acquire needed collaboration from mathematicians and statisticians than it is for mathematicians and statisticians to find scientists able to make use of their equations." This reflects a complete misunderstanding of the role of mathematics in all sciences throughout history. To Wilson, mathematics is mere number crunching, but as Galileo said long ago, "The laws of Nature are written in the language of mathematics[Formula: see text] the symbols are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures, without whose help it is impossible to comprehend a single word." Mathematics has moved beyond the geometry-based model of Galileo's time, and in a rebuttal to Wilson, E. Frenkel has pointed out the role of mathematics in synthesizing the general principles in science (Both point and counter-point are available in Wilson and Frenkel in Notices Am Math Soc 60(7):837-838, 2013). We will take this a step further and show how mathematics has been used to make new and experimentally verified discoveries in developmental biology and how mathematics is essential for understanding a problem that has puzzled experimentalists for decades-that of how organisms can scale in size. Mathematical analysis alone cannot "solve" these problems since the validation lies at the molecular level, but conversely, a growing number of questions in biology cannot be solved without mathematical analysis and modeling. Herein, we discuss a few examples of the productive intercourse between mathematics and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Umulis
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hans G. Othmer
- School of Mathematics and Digital Technology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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90
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Matamoro-Vidal A, Salazar-Ciudad I, Houle D. Making quantitative morphological variation from basic developmental processes: Where are we? The case of the Drosophila wing. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1058-1073. [PMID: 25619644 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the aims of evolutionary developmental biology is to discover the developmental origins of morphological variation. The discipline has mainly focused on qualitative morphological differences (e.g., presence or absence of a structure) between species. Studies addressing subtle, quantitative variation are less common. The Drosophila wing is a model for the study of development and evolution, making it suitable to investigate the developmental mechanisms underlying the subtle quantitative morphological variation observed in nature. Previous reviews have focused on the processes involved in wing differentiation, patterning and growth. Here, we investigate what is known about how the wing achieves its final shape, and what variation in development is capable of generating the variation in wing shape observed in nature. Three major developmental stages need to be considered: larval development, pupariation, and pupal development. The major cellular processes involved in the determination of tissue size and shape are cell proliferation, cell death, oriented cell division and oriented cell intercalation. We review how variation in temporal and spatial distribution of growth and transcription factors affects these cellular mechanisms, which in turn affects wing shape. We then discuss which aspects of the wing morphological variation are predictable on the basis of these mechanisms. Developmental Dynamics 244:1058-1073, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Matamoro-Vidal
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.,Genomics, Bioinformatics and Evolution Group, Department de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isaac Salazar-Ciudad
- Genomics, Bioinformatics and Evolution Group, Department de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Center of Excellence in Experimental and Computational Developmental Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Houle
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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91
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Schachat SR, Oliver JC, Monteiro A. Nymphalid eyespots are co-opted to novel wing locations following a similar pattern in independent lineages. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:20. [PMID: 25886182 PMCID: PMC4335541 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in the number of repeated traits, or serial homologs, has contributed greatly to animal body plan diversity. Eyespot color patterns of nymphalid butterflies, like arthropod and vertebrate limbs, are an example of serial homologs. These eyespot color patterns originated in a small number of wing sectors on the ventral hindwing surface and later appeared in novel wing sectors, novel wings, and novel wing surfaces. However, the details of how eyespots were co-opted to these novel wing locations are currently unknown. RESULTS We used a large data matrix of eyespot/presence absence data, previously assembled from photographs of contemporary species, to perform a phylogenetic investigation of eyespot origins in nine independent nymphalid lineages. To determine how the eyespot gene regulatory network acquired novel positional information, we used phylogenetic correlation analyses to test for non-independence in the origination of eyespots. We found consistent patterns of eyespot gene network redeployment in the nine lineages, where eyespots first redeployed from the ventral hindwing to the ventral forewing, then to new sectors within the ventral wing surface, and finally to the dorsal wing surface. Eyespots that appeared in novel wing sectors modified the positional information of their serial homolog ancestors in one of two ways: by changing the wing or surface identity while retaining sector identity, or by changing the sector identity while retaining wing and surface identity. CONCLUSIONS Eyespot redeployment to novel sectors, wings, and surfaces happened multiple times in different nymphalid subfamilies following a similar pattern. This indicates that parallel mutations altering expression of the eyespot gene regulatory network led to its co-option to novel wing locations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Schachat
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA. .,Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA.
| | - Jeffrey C Oliver
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore. .,Yale-NUS College, 138614, Singapore, Singapore.
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92
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Abstract
This article reviews the latest developments in our understanding of the origin, development, and evolution of nymphalid butterfly eyespots. Recent contributions to this field include insights into the evolutionary and developmental origin of eyespots and their ancestral deployment on the wing, the evolution of eyespot number and eyespot sexual dimorphism, and the identification of genes affecting eyespot development and black pigmentation. I also compare features of old and more recently proposed models of eyespot development and propose a schematic for the genetic regulatory architecture of eyespots. Using this schematic I propose two hypotheses for why we observe limits to morphological diversity across these serially homologous traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antónia Monteiro
- Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Yale-NUS-College, Singapore;
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93
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Padró J, Carreira V, Corio C, Hasson E, Soto IM. Host alkaloids differentially affect developmental stability and wing vein canalization in cactophilic Drosophila buzzatii. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:2781-97. [PMID: 25366093 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Host shifts cause drastic consequences on fitness in cactophilic species of Drosophila. It has been argued that changes in the nutritional values accompanying host shifts may elicit these fitness responses, but they may also reflect the presence of potentially toxic secondary compounds that affect resource quality. Recent studies reported that alkaloids extracted from the columnar cactus Trichocereus terscheckii are toxic for the developing larvae of Drosophila buzzatii. In this study, we tested the effect of artificial diets including increasing doses of host alkaloids on developmental stability and wing morphology in D. buzzatii. We found that alkaloids disrupt normal wing venation patterning and affect viability, wing size and fluctuating asymmetry, suggesting the involvement of stress-response mechanisms. Theoretical implications are discussed in the context of developmental stability, stress, fitness and their relationship with robustness, canalization and phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Padró
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA - CONICET/UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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94
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Cellular basis of morphological variation and temperature-related plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster strains with divergent wing shapes. Genetica 2014; 142:495-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-014-9795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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95
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Restrepo S, Zartman JJ, Basler K. Coordination of patterning and growth by the morphogen DPP. Curr Biol 2014; 24:R245-55. [PMID: 24650915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The elegance of animal body plans derives from an intimate connection between function and form, which during organ formation is linked to patterning and growth. Yet, how patterning and growth are coordinated still remains largely a mystery. To study this question the Drosophila wing imaginal disc, an epithelial primordial organ that later forms the adult wing, has proven to be an invaluable and versatile model. Wing disc development is organized around a coordinate system provided by morphogens such as the TGF-β homolog Decapentaplegic (DPP). The function of DPP has been studied at multiple levels: ranging from the kinetics of gradient formation to the establishment and maintenance of target gene domains as well as DPP's role in growth control. Here, we focus on recent publications that both enrich our view of DPP signaling but also highlight outstanding questions of how DPP coordinates patterning and growth during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Restrepo
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Jeremiah J Zartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, 182 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Konrad Basler
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland.
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96
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Shimmi O, Matsuda S, Hatakeyama M. Insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying diversified wing venation among insects. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20140264. [PMID: 25009057 PMCID: PMC4100500 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect wings are great resources for studying morphological diversities in nature as well as in fossil records. Among them, variation in wing venation is one of the most characteristic features of insect species. Venation is therefore, undeniably a key factor of species-specific functional traits of the wings; however, the mechanism underlying wing vein formation among insects largely remains unexplored. Our knowledge of the genetic basis of wing development is solely restricted to Drosophila melanogaster. A critical step in wing vein development in Drosophila is the activation of the decapentaplegic (Dpp)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway during pupal stages. A key mechanism is the directional transport of Dpp from the longitudinal veins into the posterior crossvein by BMP-binding proteins, resulting in redistribution of Dpp that reflects wing vein patterns. Recent works on the sawfly Athalia rosae, of the order Hymenoptera, also suggested that the Dpp transport system is required to specify fore- and hindwing vein patterns. Given that Dpp redistribution via transport is likely to be a key mechanism for establishing wing vein patterns, this raises the interesting possibility that distinct wing vein patterns are generated, based on where Dpp is transported. Experimental evidence in Drosophila suggests that the direction of Dpp transport is regulated by prepatterned positional information. These observations lead to the postulation that Dpp generates diversified insect wing vein patterns through species-specific positional information of its directional transport. Extension of these observations in some winged insects will provide further insights into the mechanisms underlying diversified wing venation among insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Shimmi
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Shinya Matsuda
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Masatsugu Hatakeyama
- Division of Insect Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Owashi, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
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97
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Oliveira MM, Shingleton AW, Mirth CK. Coordination of wing and whole-body development at developmental milestones ensures robustness against environmental and physiological perturbations. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004408. [PMID: 24945255 PMCID: PMC4063698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development produces correctly patterned tissues under a wide range of conditions that alter the rate of development in the whole body. We propose two hypotheses through which tissue patterning could be coordinated with whole-body development to generate this robustness. Our first hypothesis states that tissue patterning is tightly coordinated with whole-body development over time. The second hypothesis is that tissue patterning aligns at developmental milestones. To distinguish between our two hypotheses, we developed a staging scheme for the wing imaginal discs of Drosophila larvae using the expression of canonical patterning genes, linking our scheme to three whole-body developmental events: moulting, larval wandering and pupariation. We used our scheme to explore how the progression of pattern changes when developmental time is altered either by changing temperature or by altering the timing of hormone synthesis that drives developmental progression. We found the expression pattern in the wing disc always aligned at moulting and pupariation, indicating that these key developmental events represent milestones. Between these milestones, the progression of pattern showed greater variability in response to changes in temperature and alterations in physiology. Furthermore, our data showed that discs from wandering larvae showed greater variability in patterning stage. Thus for wing disc patterning, wandering does not appear to be a developmental milestone. Our findings reveal that tissue patterning remains robust against environmental and physiological perturbations by aligning at developmental milestones. Furthermore, our work provides an important glimpse into how the development of individual tissues is coordinated with the body as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa M. Oliveira
- Development, Evolution and the Environment Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alexander W. Shingleton
- Dept. of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Dept. of Biology, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christen K. Mirth
- Development, Evolution and the Environment Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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98
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Valentine M, Hogan J, Collier S. The Drosophila Chmp1 protein determines wing cell fate through regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:977-87. [PMID: 24753138 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor down-regulation by the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway is critical for many cellular signaling events. MVB generation is mediated by the highly conserved ESCRT (0, I, II, and III) protein complexes. Chmp1 is an ESCRT-III component and a putative tumor suppressor in humans. However, published data on Chmp1 activity are conflicting and its role during tissue development is not well defined. RESULTS We investigated the function of Drosophila Chmp1 and found that it is an essential gene. In the wing, loss of Chmp1 activity causes a cell fate change from intervein to vein, and interactions between Chmp1 and Drosophila Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (DER) regulators suggest that Chmp1 negatively regulates DER signaling. Chmp1 knockdown also decreases Blistered expression, which is repressed by DER signaling. We find that Chmp1 protein localizes to the late endosome in Drosophila embryos, which is consistent with its effects on DER signaling resulting from its function in the ESCRT-III complex. CONCLUSIONS Drosophila Chmp1 negatively regulates DER signaling, likely through its role in MVB formation. Loss of Chmp1 activity in the Drosophila wing induces a cell fate change from intervein to vein that should provide a useful tool for future studies of ESCRT protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Valentine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
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99
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Abstract
Wiring between signaling pathways differs according to context, as exemplified by interactions between Notch and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways, which are cooperative in some contexts but antagonistic in others. To investigate mechanisms that underlie different modes of cross talk, we have focused on argos, an EGFR pathway regulator in Drosophila melanogaster which is upregulated by Notch in adult muscle progenitors but is repressed in the wing. Results show that the alternate modes of cross talk depend on the engagement of enhancers with opposite regulatory logic, which are selected by context-determining factors. This is likely to be a general mechanism for enabling the wiring between these pathways to switch according to context.
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100
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Woolley TE, Baker RE, Tickle C, Maini PK, Towers M. Mathematical modelling of digit specification by a sonic hedgehog gradient. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:290-8. [PMID: 24115161 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The three chick wing digits represent a classical example of a pattern specified by a morphogen gradient. Here we have investigated whether a mathematical model of a Shh gradient can describe the specification of the identities of the three chick wing digits and if it can be applied to limbs with more digits. RESULTS We have produced a mathematical model for specification of chick wing digit identities by a Shh gradient that can be extended to the four digits of the chick leg with Shh-producing cells forming a digit. This model cannot be extended to specify the five digits of the mouse limb. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the parameters of a classical-type morphogen gradient are sufficient to specify the identities of three different digits. However, to specify more digit identities, this core mechanism has to be coupled to alternative processes, one being that in the chick leg and mouse limb, Shh-producing cells give rise to digits; another that in the mouse limb, the cellular response to the Shh gradient adapts over time so that digit specification does not depend simply on Shh concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Woolley
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Collaborative Applied Mathematics, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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